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Hou Y, Cao Y, He Y, Dong L, Zhao L, Dong Y, Niu R, Bi Y, Liu G. SIRT3 Negatively Regulates TFH-Cell Differentiation in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:891-904. [PMID: 38630891 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are essential for inducing germinal center (GC) reactions to mediate humoral adaptive immunity in tumors; however, the mechanisms underlying TFH-cell differentiation remain unclear. In this study, we found that the metabolism sensor sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is critical for TFH-cell differentiation and GC formation during tumor development and viral infection. SIRT3 deficiency in CD4+ T cells intrinsically enhanced TFH-cell differentiation and GC reactions during tumor development and viral infection. Mechanistically, damaged oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) compensatively triggered the NAD+-glycolysis pathway to provide a cellular energy supply, which was necessary for SIRT3 deficiency-induced TFH-cell differentiation. Blocking NAD+ synthesis-glycolysis signaling or recovering OXPHOS activities reversed the TFH-cell differentiation induced by SIRT3 deficiency. Moreover, the mTOR and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) signaling axis was found to be responsible for TFH-cell differentiation induced by SIRT3 deficiency. HIF1α directly interacted with and regulated the activity of the transcription factor Bcl6. Thus, our findings identify a cellular energy compensatory mechanism, regulated by the mitochondrial sensor SIRT3, that triggers NAD+-dependent glycolysis during mitochondrial OXPHOS injuries and an mTOR-HIF1α-Bcl6 pathway to reprogram TFH-cell differentiation. These data have implications for future cancer immunotherapy research targeting SIRT3 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueru Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yejin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Longhao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Niu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Wang JN, Zheng G, Wu W, Huang H. Follicular helper T cells: emerging roles in lymphomagenesis. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:54-63. [PMID: 37939814 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that are fundamental to forming germinal centers, which are the primary sites of antibody affinity maturation and the proliferation of activated B cells. Follicular helper T cells have been extensively studied over the past 10 years, especially regarding their roles in cancer genesis. This review describes the characteristics of normal follicular helper T cells and focuses on the emerging link between follicular helper T cells and lymphomagenesis. Advances in lymphoma genetics have substantially expanded our understanding of the role of follicular helper T cells in lymphomagenesis. Moreover, we detail a range of agents and new therapies, with a major focus on chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy; these novel approaches may offer new treatment opportunities for patients with lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Nuo Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
| | - Gaofeng Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 311106, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, No.17 Old Zhejiang University Road, Hangzhou, 311112, China
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Belbezier A, Engeroff P, Fourcade G, Vantomme H, Vaineau R, Gouritin B, Bellier B, Brocheriou I, Tchitchek N, Graff-Dubois S, Klatzmann D. Interleukin-1 regulates follicular T cells during the germinal center reaction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393096. [PMID: 38855101 PMCID: PMC11157057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antibody production and the generation of memory B cells are regulated by T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells in germinal centers. However, the precise role of Tfr cells in controlling antibody production is still unclear. We have previously shown that both Tfh and Tfr cells express the IL-1R1 agonist receptor, whereas only Tfr cells express the IL-1R2 decoy and IL-1Ra antagonist receptors. We aimed to investigate the role of IL-1 receptors in the regulation of B cell responses by Tfh and Tfr. Methods We generated mice with IL-1 receptors inactivated in Tfh or Tfr and measured antibody production and cell activation after immunisation. Results While IL-1β levels are increased in the draining lymph node after immunisation, antigen-specific antibody levels and cell phenotypes indicated that IL-1β can activate both Tfh and Tfr cells through IL-1R1 stimulation. Surprisingly, expression of IL-1R2 and IL-1Ra on Tfr cells does not block IL-1 activation of Tfh cells, but rather prevents IL-1/IL-1R1-mediated early activation of Tfr cells. IL-1Rs also regulate the antibody response to autoantigens and its associated pathophysiology in an experimental lupus model. Discussion Collectively, our results show that IL-1 inhibitory receptors expressed by Tfr cells prevent their own activation and suppressive function, thus licensing IL-1-mediated activation of Tfh cells after immunisation. Further mechanistic studies should unravel these complex interactions between IL-1β and follicular helper and regulatory T cells and provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Belbezier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Gwladys Fourcade
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Hélène Vantomme
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Romain Vaineau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Gouritin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Bellier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Brocheriou
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Pari (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Graff-Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
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Rubinstein A, Kudryavtsev I, Malkova A, Mammedova J, Isakov D, Isakova-Sivak I, Kudlay D, Starshinova A. Sarcoidosis-related autoimmune inflammation in COVID-19 convalescent patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1271198. [PMID: 38179278 PMCID: PMC10765615 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1271198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are a large number of reports about the development of autoimmune conditions after COVID-19. Also, there have been cases of sarcoid-like granulomas in convalescents as a part of the post-COVID-19 syndrome. Since one of the etiological theories of sarcoidosis considers it to be an autoimmune disease, we decided to study changes in the adaptive humoral immune response in sarcoidosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection and to find out whether COVID-19 can provoke the development of sarcoidosis. This review discusses histological changes in lymphoid organs in sarcoidosis and COVID-19, changes in B cell subpopulations, T-follicular helper cells (Tfh), and T-follicular regulatory cells (Tfr), and analyzes various autoantibodies detected in these pathologies. Based on the data studied, we concluded that SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause the development of autoimmune pathologies, in particular contributing to the onset of sarcoidosis in convalescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Rubinstein
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institution of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institution of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Annа Malkova
- Ariel University Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Dmitry Isakov
- First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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De Groot AS, Khan S, Mattei AE, Lelias S, Martin WD. Does human homology reduce the potential immunogenicity of non-antibody scaffolds? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215939. [PMID: 38022550 PMCID: PMC10664710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics developers are moving beyond antibodies for delivery of a wide range of therapeutic interventions. These non-antibody modalities are often based on 'natural' protein scaffolds that are modified to deliver bioactive sequences. Both human-derived and non-human-sourced scaffold proteins have been developed. New types of "non-antibody" scaffolds are still being discovered, as they offer attractive alternatives to monoclonals due to their smaller size, improved stability, and ease of synthesis. They are believed to have low immunogenic potential. However, while several human-sourced protein scaffolds have not been immunogenic in clinical studies, this may not predict their overall performance in other therapeutic applications. A preliminary evaluation of their potential for immunogenicity is warranted. Immunogenicity risk potential has been clearly linked to the presence of T "helper" epitopes in the sequence of biologic therapeutics. In addition, tolerogenic epitopes are present in some human proteins and may decrease their immunogenic potential. While the detailed sequences of many non-antibody scaffold therapeutic candidates remain unpublished, their backbone sequences are available for review and analysis. We assessed 12 example non-antibody scaffold backbone sequences using our epitope-mapping tools (EpiMatrix) for this perspective. Based on EpiMatrix scoring, their HLA DRB1-restricted T cell epitope content appears to be lower than the average protein, and sequences that may act as tolerogenic epitopes are present in selected human-derived scaffolds. Assessing the potential immunogenicity of scaffold proteins regarding self and non-self T cell epitopes may be of use for drug developers and clinicians, as these exciting new non-antibody molecules begin to emerge from the preclinical pipeline into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Providence, RI, United States
- University of Georgia, Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Athens, GA, United States
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Chen Q, Dent AL. Nonbinary Roles for T Follicular Helper Cells and T Follicular Regulatory Cells in the Germinal Center Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:15-22. [PMID: 37339403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Development of high-affinity Abs in the germinal center (GC) is dependent on a specialized subset of T cells called "T follicular helper" (TFH) cells that help select Ag-specific B cells. A second T cell subset, T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, can act as repressors of the GC and Ab response but can also provide a helper function for GC B cells in some contexts. Recent studies showed that, apart from their traditional helper role, TFH cells can also act as repressors of the Ab response, particularly for IgE responses. We review how both TFH and TFR cells express helper and repressor factors that coordinately regulate the Ab response and how the line between these two subsets is less clear than initially thought. Thus, TFH and TFR cells are interconnected and have "nonbinary" functions. However, many questions remain about how these critical cells control the Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Xiang P, Zhang Y, Qu X, Chen Y, Xu Y, Li X, Wei X, Hu X, Zhong R, Liu C, Zhu F. Xiehuo Xiaoying decoction inhibits Tfh cell expansion and promotes Tfr cell amplification to ameliorate Graves' disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115826. [PMID: 36228893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xiehuo Xiaoying decoction (XHXY) has shown great potential in the treatment of GD, but its mechanism remains obscure. Increase of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and reduction of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells contribute to a high thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) level and possible Graves' disease (GD). Oxidative stress (OS) disrupts T helper cell differentiation and aggravates autoimmunity. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate whether XHXY decoction can ameliorate autoimmunity in GD via inhibiting OS and regulating Tfh and Tfr cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The main XHXY bioactive compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. GD was induced in the mice through three intramuscular injections of adenovirus expressing the TSH receptor. Then, the mice received oral gavage of XHXY (17 g/kg·d) and 34 g/kg·d) for 4 weeks. OS indicators were assessed. Flow cytometry was used to confirm the proportion of Tfh and Tfr cells in the lymph nodes and spleens of the mice. Cytokine expression levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Factors including interleukin-21, B-cell lymphoma-6, and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) were detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Twelve main ingredients of XHXY were identified. XHXY relieved GD by lowering thyroxine (p < 0.01) and TRAb levels (p < 0.01). XHXY ameliorated OS by decreasing the levels of NADPH oxidase 2 (p < 0.05), 4-hydroxynonenal (p < 0.01), and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (p < 0.001). It inhibited Tfh cell expansion (p < 0.05), as well as the production of cytokine interleukin -21 (p < 0.01), interleukin -4 (p < 0.01) and transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (p < 0.05). XHXY also induced Tfr cell amplification (p < 0.05), increased the production of interleukin -10 (p < 0.05) and transforming growth factor β (p < 0.05) and the mRNA levels of Foxp3 (p < 0.05). Finally, the Tfh/Tfr ratio returned to normal. In addition, XHXY activated Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, but inhibited Keap1 activation. CONCLUSIONS XHXY relieves autoimmunity in GD via inhibiting Tfh cell amplification and Tfr cell reduction, a mechanism which probably involves the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Xiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Yunnan Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Xiaoyang Qu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Yijiao Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Xingjia Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Ronglin Zhong
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.
| | - Fenxia Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China; Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.
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Salvatore B, Resop RS, Gordon BR, Epeldegui M, Martinez-Maza O, Comin-Anduix B, Lam A, Wu TT, Uittenbogaart CH. Characterization of T Follicular Helper Cells and T Follicular Regulatory Cells in HIV-Infected and Sero-Negative Individuals. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020296. [PMID: 36672230 PMCID: PMC9856637 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune response is important in fighting pathogens by the production of specific antibodies by B cells. In germinal centers, T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide important help to B-cell antibody production but also contribute to HIV persistence. T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, which inhibit the function of TFH cells, express similar surface markers. Since FOXP3 is the only marker that distinguishes TFR from TFH cells it is unknown whether the increase in TFH cells observed in HIV infection and HIV persistence may be partly due to an increase in TFR cells. Using multicolor flow cytometry to detect TFH and TFR cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected and non-infected participants in the UCLA Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), we identified CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8-BCL6+ peripheral blood TFH (pTFH) cells and CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8-FOXP3+ peripheral blood TFR (pTFR) cells. Unlike TFR cells in germinal centers, pTFR cells do not express B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a TFH cell master transcriptional regulator. Our major findings are that the frequency of pTFH cells, but not pTFR cells was higher in HIV-infected participants of the MACS and that pTFH cells expressed less CCR5 in HIV-infected MACS participants. Constitutive expression of CCR5 in TFR cells supports their potential to contribute to HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Salvatore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brent R. Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Otoniel Martinez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Surgical-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alex Lam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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Qi J, Liu C, Bai Z, Li X, Yao G. T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178792. [PMID: 37187757 PMCID: PMC10175690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are heterogeneous and mainly characterized by expressing surface markers CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1; cytokine IL-21; and transcription factor Bcl6. They are crucial for B-cell differentiation into long-lived plasma cells and high-affinity antibody production. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were described to express markers of conventional T regulatory (Treg) cells and Tfh cells and were able to suppress Tfh-cell and B-cell responses. Evidence has revealed that the dysregulation of Tfh and Tfr cells is positively associated with the pathogenic processes of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we briefly introduce the phenotype, differentiation, and function of Tfh and Tfr cells, and review their potential roles in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we discuss perspectives to develop novel therapies targeting Tfh/Tfr balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Genhong Yao, ; Jingjing Qi,
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ziran Bai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Genhong Yao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Genhong Yao, ; Jingjing Qi,
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Different antibody-associated autoimmune diseases have distinct patterns of T follicular cell dysregulation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17638. [PMID: 36271118 PMCID: PMC9587230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies are produced within germinal centers (GC), in a process regulated by interactions between B, T follicular helper (Tfh), and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. The GC dysregulation in human autoimmunity has been inferred from circulating cells, albeit with conflicting results due to diverse experimental approaches. We applied a consistent approach to compare circulating Tfr and Tfh subsets in patients with different autoimmune diseases. We recruited 97 participants, including 72 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT, n = 18), rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 16), or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 32), and 31 matched healthy donors (HD). We found that the frequency of circulating T follicular subsets differed across diseases. Patients with HT had an increased frequency of blood Tfh cells (p = 0.0215) and a reduced Tfr/Tfh ratio (p = 0.0338) when compared with HD. This was not observed in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (RA, SLE), who had a reduction in both Tfh (p = 0.0494 and p = 0.0392, respectively) and Tfr (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0001, respectively) cells, resulting in an unchanged Tfr/Tfh ratio. Activated PD-1+ICOS+Tfh and CD4+PD-1+CXCR5-Tph cells were raised only in patients with SLE (p = 0.0022 and p = 0.0054), without association with disease activity. Our data suggest that GC dysregulation, assessed by T follicular subsets, is not uniform in human autoimmunity. Specific patterns of dysregulation may become potential biomarkers for disease and patient stratification.
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11
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Grydziuszko E, Phelps A, Bruton K, Jordana M, Koenig JFE. Heterogeneity, subsets, and plasticity of T follicular helper cells in allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:990-998. [PMID: 36070826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses are critical for protection against pathogens. However, diseases such as allergic rhinitis or food allergy result from aberrant production of IgE antibodies against otherwise innocuous environmental antigens. The production of allergen-specific IgE requires interaction between B cells and CD4+ T cells, and a granular understanding of these interactions is required to develop novel therapies for allergic disease. CD4+ T cells are exceptionally heterogeneous in their transcriptional, epigenetic, and proteomic profiles, which poses significant challenges when attempting to define subsets relevant to the study of allergy among a continuum of cells. Defining subsets such as the T follicular helper (TFH) cell cluster provides a shorthand to understand the functions of CD4+ T cells in antibody production and supports mechanistic experimentation for hypothesis-driven discovery. With a focus on allergic disease, this Rostrum article broadly discusses heterogeneity among CD4+ T cells and provides a rationale for subdividing TFH cells into both functional and cytokine-skewed subsets. Further, it highlights the plasticity demonstrated by TFH cells during the primary response and after recall, and it explores the possibility of harnessing this plasticity to reprogram immunity for therapeutic benefit in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Grydziuszko
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allyssa Phelps
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Bruton
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua F E Koenig
- Department of Medicine, Schroeder Allergy and Immunology Research Institute, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Ribeiro F, Perucha E, Graca L. T follicular cells: the regulators of germinal centre homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2022; 244:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Ribeiro F, Ávila-Ribeiro P, Fonseca JE, Graca L. Identification of Human Blood and Tissue T Follicular Regulatory (Tfr) Cells by Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:41-46. [PMID: 34802120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are crucially involved in the regulation of germinal center reactions. Thus, as key players, the assessment of these cell subsets is necessary for a better understanding of the humoral immune response. Flow cytometry (FC) is one of the most used techniques to perform immunophenotypic analysis, allowing the simultaneous study of different proteins by using multicolor fluorescent panels. Here, we describe an approach to identify Tfr cells from human blood and tissues, namely tonsil and lymph node, by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ávila-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte - Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte - Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal.
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14
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Schmidt A, Baumjohann D. 3D Tissue Explant and Single-Cell Suspension Organoid Culture Systems for Ex Vivo Drug Testing on Human Tonsil-Derived T Follicular Helper Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:267-288. [PMID: 34802138 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on the human immune system is often restricted to peripheral blood cells. However, these cells can be different from those found in secondary lymphoid organs. For instance, specialized T and B cells that are localized in germinal centers (GCs), which are complex anatomical structures being required for the generation of potent antibodies, are not found in peripheral blood. Most T helper cells located in GCs belong to the T follicular helper (Tfh) cell subset, which provides critical support to B cells. Bona fide human GC Tfh cells can be obtained from secondary lymphoid tissues such as tonsils, which are routinely removed by surgery. We here describe a method that is based on human lymphoid histoculture (HLH) and human lymphoid aggregate culture (HLAC) to culture human adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil) tissue ex vivo, followed by deep Tfh cell phenotyping by flow cytometry. This method allows studying Tfh cells in a versatile explant culture system that preserves many aspects of the original in vivo three-dimensional (3D) structure, in parallel to single-cell suspension organoid cultures in which the original tissue structure is disintegrated. We also describe how this versatile platform can be used for drug testing or manipulation of human Tfh cells in vitro for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmidt
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany.
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Pedroso R, Ribeiro F, Pires AR, Graca L, Fonseca VR. Identification of Human T Follicular Cells in Ectopic Lymphoid Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:225-233. [PMID: 34802135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are the two T cell subsets able to interact with B cells driving germinal center (GC) reactions. These T-B interactions are important for protective immune responses within secondary lymphoid tissue. However, the pathological emergence of ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) that characterize several autoimmune diseases also involves Tfh and Tfr cells. ELS, often with ectopic GCs, can be identified through biopsies. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an example of an autoimmune disease where minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies are often performed for diagnosis and where ELS can be found. Here, we describe a protocol to identify and isolate T follicular cells from MSGs by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pedroso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Pires
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciências, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Valter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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16
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Vecchione A, Jofra T, Gerosa J, Shankwitz K, Di Fonte R, Galvani G, Ippolito E, Cicalese MP, Schultz AR, Seay HR, Favellato M, Milardi G, Stabilini A, Ragogna F, Grogan P, Bianconi E, Laurenzi A, Caretto A, Nano R, Melzi R, Danzl N, Bosi E, Piemonti L, Aiuti A, Brusko T, Petrovas C, Battaglia M, Fousteri G. Reduced Follicular Regulatory T Cells in Spleen and Pancreatic Lymph Nodes of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2892-2902. [PMID: 34620616 PMCID: PMC8660982 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the attempt to understand the origin of autoantibody (AAb) production in patients with and at risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple studies have analyzed and reported alterations in T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in presymptomatic AAb+ subjects and patients with T1D. Yet, whether the regulatory counterpart of Tfh cells, represented by T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, is similarly altered is still unclear. To address this question, we performed analyses in peripheral blood, spleen, and pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) of organ donor subjects with T1D. Blood analyses were also performed in living AAb- and AAb+ subjects. While negligible differences in the frequency and phenotype of blood Tfr cells were observed among T1D, AAb-, and AAb+ adult subjects, the frequency of Tfr cells was significantly reduced in spleen and PLN of T1D as compared with nondiabetic control subjects. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of Tfr cells delayed disease development in a mouse model of T1D, a finding that could indicate that Tfr cells play an important role in peripheral tolerance and regulation of autoreactive Tfh cells. Together, our findings provide evidence of Tfr cell alterations within disease-relevant tissues in patients with T1D, suggesting a role for Tfr cells in defective humoral tolerance and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vecchione
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Tatiana Jofra
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jolanda Gerosa
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kimberly Shankwitz
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Roberta Di Fonte
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Galvani
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Ippolito
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Cicalese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew R Schultz
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | - Howie R Seay
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Giulia Milardi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Stabilini
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragogna
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pauline Grogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bianconi
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Laurenzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Amelia Caretto
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Nano
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaela Melzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nichole Danzl
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Todd Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- TrialNet Clinical Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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17
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Tulyeu J, Søndergaard JN, Sakaguchi S, Wing JB. Isolation and Characterization of Both Human and Mouse Tfh/Tfr Cells. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e283. [PMID: 34748274 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 have a critical role for the control of immune homeostasis. The Treg subgroup T follicular regulatory cells (Tfr) have a specialized function to travel to the B cell follicle and control antibody responses. While Tfr may be identified by their protein or gene expression profiles, the use of in vitro functional assays to determine their suppressive capacity is important to further characterize these cells. Here we present methods for the identification and purification of Tfr from both mice and humans followed by co-culture with B cells and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). The suppressive activity of the Tfr is then assessed by the ability to prevent Tfh-dependent B cell class switching and plasma blast formation measured by flow cytometry and immunoglobulin production in culture supernatants measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These assays will also provide in-depth characterization of the functional suppressive capacity of any isolated Tfr or Treg population. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of murine T follicular regulatory cells Basic Protocol 2: Measurement of murine T follicular regulatory cell suppressive function Basic Protocol 3: Isolation of human T follicular regulatory cells Basic Protocol 4: Measurement of human T follicular regulatory cell suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyerkye Tulyeu
- Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CIDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Jonas N Søndergaard
- Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CIDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James B Wing
- Human Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CIDER), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Immunology), WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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18
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Liu X, Zhang W, Han Z. Decreased circulating follicular regulatory T cells in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2021; 54:e11232. [PMID: 34669781 PMCID: PMC8521538 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) have critical functions in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The main purpose of the current work was to assess Tfr cell frequency in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Flow cytometry showed that, compared with normal controls, DCM cases showed markedly reduced Tfr cell rates and Tfr/Tfh ratios, but significantly increased follicular helper T cell (Tfh) rates. Correlation analysis showed that the Tfr rate in DCM patients was positively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and negatively correlated with N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. Lower Foxp3 and higher Bcl-6, ICOS, and PD-1 mRNA expression levels were found in patients with DCM. In addition, plasma interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-21 levels were significantly increased in DCM cases. Moreover, IgG and IgG3 levels were also elevated in individuals with DCM. Correlation analysis showed that the Tfr rate in DCM patients was negatively correlated with IgG and IgG3, while the Tfh rate was positively correlated with IgG and IgG3. Changes in circulating Tfr levels may have a critical immunomodulatory function in DCM and may become a new therapeutic target for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wencai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhanying Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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19
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A Germinal Center-Associated Microenvironmental Signature Reflects Malignant Phenotype and Outcome of DLBCL. Blood Adv 2021; 6:2388-2402. [PMID: 34638128 PMCID: PMC9006269 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The DLBCL microenvironment signature scoring system was established using nCounter-based profiling of GC-related microenvironmental genes. DMS scores stratified DLBCL patients with different prognosis independently of existing prognostic models.
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common B-cell malignancy, with varying prognosis after the gold standard rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). Several prognostic models have been established by focusing primarily on characteristics of lymphoma cells themselves, including cell-of-origin (COO), genomic alterations, and gene/protein expressions. However, the prognostic impact of the lymphoma microenvironment and its association with characteristics of lymphoma cells are not fully understood. Using the nCounter-based gene expression profiling of untreated DLBCL tissues, we assess the clinical impact of lymphoma microenvironment on the clinical outcomes and pathophysiological, molecular signatures in DLBCL. The presence of normal germinal center (GC)-microenvironmental cells, including follicular T cells, macrophage/dendritic cells, and stromal cells in lymphoma tissue indicates a positive therapeutic response. Our prognostic model, based on quantitation of transcripts from distinct GC-microenvironmental cell markers, clearly identified patients with graded prognosis independently of existing prognostic models. We observed increased incidences of genomic alterations and aberrant gene expression associated with poor prognosis in DLBCL tissues lacking GC-microenvironmental cells relative to those containing these cells. These data suggest that the loss of GC-associated microenvironmental signature dictates clinical outcomes of DLBCL patients reflecting the accumulation of “unfavorable” molecular signatures.
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Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease marked by xerostomia (dry mouth), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (eye dryness), and other systematic disorders. Its pathogenesis involves an inflammatory process that is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into exocrine glands and other tissues. Although the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue and overproduction of autoantibodies by hyperactive B cells suggest that they may promote SjS development, treatment directed towards them fails to induce significant laboratory or clinical improvement. T cells are overwhelming infiltrators in most phases of the disease, and the involvement of multiple T cell subsets of suggests the extraordinary complexity of SjS pathogenesis. The factors, including various cellular subtypes and molecules, regulate the activation and suppression of T cells. T cell activation induces inflammatory cell infiltration, B cell activation, tissue damage, and metabolic changes in SjS. Knowledge of the pathways that link these T cell subtypes and regulation of their activities are not completely understood. This review comprehensively summarizes the research progress and our understanding of T cells in SjS, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ TRM cells, and innate T cells, to provide insights into for clinical treatment.
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21
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Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells, Follicular Regulatory CD4 + T Cells, and Inducible Costimulator and Their Roles in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:2058964. [PMID: 34552387 PMCID: PMC8452443 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2058964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells are a specialized subset of effector T cells that play a central role in orchestrating adaptive immunity. TFH cells mainly promote germinal center (GC) formation, provide help to B cells for immunoglobulin affinity maturation and class-switch recombination of B cells, and facilitate production of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. TFH cells express the nuclear transcriptional repressor B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5), the CD28 family members programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and inducible costimulator (ICOS) and are also responsible for the secretion of interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-4. Follicular regulatory CD4+ T (TFR) cells, as a regulatory counterpart of TFH cells, participate in the regulation of GC reactions. TFR cells not only express markers of TFH cells but also express markers of regulatory T (Treg) cells containing FOXP3, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and IL-10, hence owing to the dual characteristic of TFH cells and Treg cells. ICOS, expressed on activated CD4+ effector T cells, participates in T cell activation, differentiation, and effector process. The expression of ICOS is highest on TFH and TFR cells, indicating it as a key regulator of humoral immunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and results in disability, mediated by autoreactive T cells with evolving evidence of a remarkable contribution from humoral responses. This review summarizes recent advances regarding TFH cells, TFR cells, and ICOS, as well as their functional characteristics in relation to MS.
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22
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Hewavisenti RV, Ferguson AL, Gasparini G, Ohashi T, Braun A, Watkins TS, Miles JJ, Elliott M, Sierro F, Feng CG, Britton WJ, Gebhardt T, Tangye S, Palendira U. Tissue-resident regulatory T cells accumulate at human barrier lymphoid organs. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:894-906. [PMID: 34080230 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in immune regulation and peripheral tolerance. While different types of Tregs have been identified in both mice and humans, much of our understanding about how these cells maintain immune homeostasis is derived from animal models. In this study, we examined two distinct human lymphoid organs to understand how repeated exposure to infections at the mucosal surface influences the phenotype and tissue localization of Tregs. We show that while Tregs in both tonsils and spleen express a tissue-resident phenotype, they accumulate in greater numbers in tonsils. Tonsillar-resident Tregs exhibit a highly suppressive phenotype with significantly increased expression of CD39, ICOS and CTLA-4 compared with their counterparts in circulation or in the spleen. Functionally, resident Tregs are able effectively to suppress T cell proliferation. We further demonstrate that tonsillar-resident Tregs share key features of T follicular helper cells. Spatial analysis reveals that the vast majority of resident Tregs are localized at the border of the T-zone and B cell follicle, as well as within the lymphocyte pockets enriched with resident memory T cells. Together our findings suggest that resident Tregs are strategically co-localized to maintain immune homeostasis at sites of recurrent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana V Hewavisenti
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela L Ferguson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgia Gasparini
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tomoki Ohashi
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Asolina Braun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas S Watkins
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Elliott
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederic Sierro
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Follicular Regulatory T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9943743. [PMID: 34337086 PMCID: PMC8294974 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9943743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are the regulatory T cell subset mainly localized in the germinal center (GC), acting as modulators of GC responses. They can disrupt Tfh cell- and B cell-linked recognition, induce Tfh apoptosis, and suppress B cell function. Evidences show that dysregulated Tfr cells are associated with the disease activity index and serum autoantibody levels, influencing the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review focuses on the interaction among Tfr, Tfh, and B cells, summarizes the characterization and function of Tfr cells, concludes the imbalance of CD4+T subsets in SLE, and presents potential therapies for SLE. In general, we discuss the roles of Tfr cells in the progress of SLE and provide potential treatments.
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24
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Domingues TD, Grabowska AD, Lee JS, Ameijeiras-Alonso J, Westermeier F, Scheibenbogen C, Cliff JM, Nacul L, Lacerda EM, Mouriño H, Sepúlveda N. Herpesviruses Serology Distinguishes Different Subgroups of Patients From the United Kingdom Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Biobank. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:686736. [PMID: 34291062 PMCID: PMC8287507 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.686736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence of an association between Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and chronic herpesviruses infections remains inconclusive. Two reasons for the lack of consistent evidence are the large heterogeneity of the patients' population with different disease triggers and the use of arbitrary cutoffs for defining seropositivity. In this work we re-analyzed previously published serological data related to 7 herpesvirus antigens. Patients with ME/CFS were subdivided into four subgroups related to the disease triggers: S0-42 patients who did not know their disease trigger; S1-43 patients who reported a non-infection trigger; S2-93 patients who reported an infection trigger, but that infection was not confirmed by a lab test; and S3-48 patients who reported an infection trigger and that infection was confirmed by a lab test. In accordance with a sensitivity analysis, the data were compared to those from 99 healthy controls allowing the seropositivity cutoffs to vary within a wide range of possible values. We found a negative association between S1 and seropositivity to Epstein-Barr virus (VCA and EBNA1 antigens) and Varicella-Zoster virus using specific seropositivity cutoff. However, this association was not significant when controlling for multiple testing. We also found that S3 had a lower seroprevalence to the human cytomegalovirus when compared to healthy controls for all cutoffs used for seropositivity and after adjusting for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. However, this association did not reach statistical significance when using Benjamini-Yekutieli procedure. In summary, herpesviruses serology could distinguish subgroups of ME/CFS patients according to their disease trigger, but this finding could be eventually affected by the problem of multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Dias Domingues
- Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CEAUL–Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anna D. Grabowska
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology, and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ji-Sook Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Ameijeiras-Alonso
- Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Westermeier
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Health Studies, FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacqueline M. Cliff
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Nacul
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Complex Chronic Diseases Program, British Columbia Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eliana M. Lacerda
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Mouriño
- Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CMAFcIO–Center of Mathematics, Fundamental Applications and Operations Research, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- CEAUL–Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Basto AP, Graca L. Regulation of antibody responses against self and foreign antigens by Tfr cells: implications for vaccine development. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab012. [PMID: 36845568 PMCID: PMC9914583 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of antibodies can constitute a powerful protective mechanism against infection, but antibodies can also participate in autoimmunity and allergic responses. Recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of germinal centres (GC), the sites where B cells acquire the ability to produce high-affinity antibodies, offered new prospects for the modulation of antibody production in autoimmunity and vaccination. The process of B cell affinity maturation and isotype switching requires signals from T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. In addition, Foxp3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells represent the regulatory counterpart of Tfh in the GC reaction. Tfr cells were identified one decade ago and since then it has become clear their role in controlling the emergence of autoreactive B cell clones following infection and immunization. At the same time, Tfr cells are essential for fine-tuning important features of the humoral response directed to foreign antigens that are critical in vaccination. However, this regulation is complex and several aspects of Tfr cell biology are yet to be disclosed. Here, we review the current knowledge about the regulation of antibody responses against self and foreign antigens by Tfr cells and its implications for the future rational design of safer and more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso P Basto
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Correspondence address. Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. Tel: +351 217999411; Fax: +351 217999412: E-mail:
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26
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Kumar S, Fonseca VR, Ribeiro F, Basto AP, Água-Doce A, Monteiro M, Elessa D, Miragaia RJ, Gomes T, Piaggio E, Segura E, Gama-Carvalho M, Teichmann SA, Graca L. Developmental bifurcation of human T follicular regulatory cells. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/59/eabd8411. [PMID: 34049865 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd8411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are anatomic structures where B cells undergo affinity maturation, leading to production of high-affinity antibodies. The balance between T follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) cells is critical for adequate control of GC responses. The study of human TFH and TFR cell development has been hampered because of the lack of in vitro assays reproducing in vivo biology, along with difficult access to healthy human lymphoid tissues. We used a single-cell transcriptomics approach to study the maturation of TFH and TFR cells isolated from human blood, iliac lymph nodes (LNs), and tonsils. As independent tissues have distinct proportions of follicular T cells in different maturation states, we leveraged the heterogeneity to reconstruct the maturation trajectory for human TFH and TFR cells. We found that the dominant maturation of TFR cells follows a bifurcated trajectory from precursor Treg cells, with one arm of the bifurcation leading to blood TFR cells and the other leading to the most mature GC TFR cells. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive resource for the transcriptomics of different follicular T cell populations and their dynamic relationship across different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Válter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Água-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Dikélélé Elessa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Miragaia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tomás Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave., Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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27
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Ye Y, Wang M, Huang H. Follicular regulatory T cell biology and its role in immune-mediated diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:239-255. [PMID: 33938586 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0321-601rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are recently found to be a special subgroup of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tfr cells play an important role in regulating the germinal center (GC) response, especially modulating follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and GC-B cells, thereby affecting the production of antibodies. Tfr cells are involved in the generation and development of many immune-related and inflammatory diseases. This article summarizes the advances in several aspects of Tfr cell biology, with special focus on definition and phenotype, development and differentiation, regulatory factors, functions, and interactions with T/B cells and molecules involved in performance and regulation of Tfr function. Finally, we highlight the current understanding of Tfr cells involvement in autoimmunity and alloreactivity, and describe some drugs targeting Tfr cells. These latest studies have answered some basic questions in Tfr cell biology and explored the roles of Tfr cells in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mowang Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Lymphopenia, Lymphopenia-Induced Proliferation, and Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084152. [PMID: 33923792 PMCID: PMC8073364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a tightly regulated system that is critical for defense against invasion by foreign pathogens and protection from self-reactivity for the survival of an individual. How the defects in this system might result in autoimmunity is discussed in this review. Reduced lymphocyte number, termed lymphopenia, can mediate lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) to maintain peripheral lymphocyte numbers. LIP not only occurs in normal physiological conditions but also correlates with autoimmunity. Of note, lymphopenia is also a typical marker of immune aging, consistent with the fact that not only the autoimmunity increases in the elderly, but also autoimmune diseases (ADs) show characteristics of immune aging. Here, we discuss the types and rates of LIP in normal and autoimmune conditions, as well as the coronavirus disease 2019 in the context of LIP. Importantly, although the causative role of LIP has been demonstrated in the development of type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, a two-hit model has suggested that the factors other than lymphopenia are required to mediate the loss of control over homeostasis to result in ADs. Interestingly, these factors may be, if not totally, related to the function/number of regulatory T cells which are key modulators to protect from self-reactivity. In this review, we summarize the important roles of lymphopenia/LIP and the Treg cells in various autoimmune conditions, thereby highlighting them as key therapeutic targets for autoimmunity treatments.
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29
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Wei X, Zhang J, Zhou X. Ex-TFRs: A Missing Piece of the SLE Puzzle? Front Immunol 2021; 12:662305. [PMID: 33897710 PMCID: PMC8062926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ autoimmune disease involving the production of a wide range of autoantibodies and complement activation. The production of these high-affinity autoantibodies requires T cell/B cell collaboration as well as germinal center (GC) formation. T follicular regulatory cells (TFRs) are functional specialized T regulatory cells (Tregs) that safeguard against both self-reactive T and B cells. However, recent evidence suggests that TFRs are not always stable and can lose Foxp3 expression to become pathogenic “ex-TFRs” that gain potent effector functions. In this review, we summarize the literature on intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of regulation of TFR stability and discuss the potential role of TFR reprogramming in autoantibody production and SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xundong Wei
- Center of Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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30
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Martinez F, Novarino J, Mejía JE, Fazilleau N, Aloulou M. Ageing of T-dependent B cell responses. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:97-103. [PMID: 33811941 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system is in continuous interaction with environmental factors (pathogens, exercise, stress, pollutants, diet, vaccines, and therapeutics) that condition its efficiency by promoting or moderating multiple immune mechanisms. While the deleterious impact of external factors can be avoided or limited, the immune system itself grows weaker with age. Immune cells persist in the elderly, and the observed decline of cellular immunity is related to cellular senescence. Immunosenescence, which affects both T and B cells, erodes lymphocyte-dependent responses to vaccines and pathogens. Germinal centers (GCs), the organized lymphoid structures where B cells engage in affinity maturation, are regulated by follicular helper (Tfh) and follicular regulatory (Tfr) T cells, the major T cell components of GCs. This review discusses how age-related changes affect Tfh and Tfr cells as key components of B cell immunity, and how they ultimately shape the response of the ageing immune system to vaccines and infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Martinez
- Infinity, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, Inserm U1291, CNRS U5051, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Novarino
- Infinity, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, Inserm U1291, CNRS U5051, Toulouse, France
| | - José Enrique Mejía
- Infinity, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, Inserm U1291, CNRS U5051, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Infinity, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, Inserm U1291, CNRS U5051, Toulouse, France.
| | - Meryem Aloulou
- Infinity, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, Inserm U1291, CNRS U5051, Toulouse, France.
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31
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Basto AP, Graca L. Micro RNAs in Tfh regulation: Small molecules with a big impact. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:292-295. [PMID: 33448335 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reactions are critical for the production of high-affinity antibodies that comprise the protective humoral response elicited by infection or vaccination. GCs are initiated through the interaction of B cells with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. While the transcriptional regulation of Tfh differentiation has been studied in great detail, the impact of micro RNAs (miRNAs) on Tfh development and stability has been harder to address. It was previously shown that a complete deletion of miRNAs biogenesis prevents Tfh differentiation. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology [Eur. J. Immunol. 2021. 51: 408-413], Zeiträg et al. use an inducible gene deletion approach to reveal that miRNAs are also required for the maintenance of Tfh cells induced following viral infection in mice. These results provide new clues to the regulation of GC responses through Tfh and T follicular regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso P Basto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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32
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Dudreuilh C, Basu S, Scottà C, Dorling A, Lombardi G. Potential Application of T-Follicular Regulatory Cell Therapy in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612848. [PMID: 33603742 PMCID: PMC7884443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) constitute a small proportion of circulating CD4+ T cells that function to maintain homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity. In light of their powerful immunosuppressive and tolerance-promoting properties, Tregs have become an interesting potential candidate for therapeutic use in conditions such as solid organ transplant or to treat autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Clinical studies have demonstrated the safety of polyclonally expanded Tregs in graft-versus-host disease, type 1 diabetes, and more recently in renal and liver transplantation. However, Tregs are heterogenous. Recent insights indicate that only a small proportion of Tregs, called T follicular regulatory cells (Tfr) regulate interactions between B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells within the germinal center. Tfr have been mainly described in mouse models due to the challenges of sampling secondary lymphoid organs in humans. However, emerging human studies, characterize Tfr as being CD4+CD25+FOXP3+CXCR5+ cells with different levels of PD-1 and ICOS expression depending on their localization, in the blood or the germinal center. The exact role they play in transplantation remains to be elucidated. However, given the potential ability of these cells to modulate antibody responses to allo-antigens, there is great interest in exploring translational applications in situations where B cell responses need to be regulated. Here, we review the current knowledge of Tfr and the role they play focusing on human diseases and transplantation. We also discuss the potential future applications of Tfr therapy in transplantation and examine the evidence for a role of Tfr in antibody production, acute and chronic rejection and tertiary lymphoid organs. Furthermore, the potential impact of immunosuppression on Tfr will be explored. Based on preclinical research, we will analyse the rationale of Tfr therapy in solid organ transplantation and summarize the different challenges to be overcome before Tfr therapy can be implemented into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dudreuilh
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London (KCL), Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre-Transplant Theme, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sumoyee Basu
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London (KCL), Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre-Transplant Theme, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiano Scottà
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre-Transplant Theme, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King's College London (KCL), Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London (KCL), Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre-Transplant Theme, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Centre for Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre-Transplant Theme, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Science, King's College London (KCL), Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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33
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DiPiazza AT, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection and vaccination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:211-217. [PMID: 33190827 PMCID: PMC7584424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in the human population in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and in a matter of months, spread across the globe resulting in the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and substantial economic fallout. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted between humans via respiratory particles, with infection presenting a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory failure with multiorgan dysfunction and death in severe cases. Prior experiences with human pathogenic coronaviruses and respiratory virus diseases in general have revealed an important role for cellular immunity in limiting disease severity. Here, we review some of the key mechanisms underlying cell-mediated immunity to respiratory viruses and summarize our current understanding of the functional capacity and role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells following natural infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T DiPiazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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34
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent studies elucidating the roles of follicular T cells in controlling allospecific antibody responses and antibody-mediated rejection (AbMR). RECENT FINDINGS The field of antibody regulation has provided an in depth identification of the T-cell subsets involved in regulation of antibody responses. In addition, tools have been developed to study these cells during disease. Over the past few years, these strategies have been implemented in the field of transplantation to study the roles of T cells in mediating pathogenic antibody responses. SUMMARY AbMR is largely responsible for long-term graft failure after solid organ transplantation and is induced by allospecific antibodies. In vaccination and infection, antiboody responses are controlled by humoral immunoregulation in which T follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote, and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit, antibody responses. Recent studies have suggested multifaceted roles for follicular T-cell subsets in regulating allospecific antibody responses and AbMR during organ transplantation. In addition, we discuss research priorities for the field to help elucidate mechanisms used by these cells so that new targeted therapeutics can be developed to prevent AbMR in human organ transplantation.
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Wang B, Zhu J, Ma X, Qiu S, Pan B, Zhou J, Fan J, Yang X, Guo W. Tfr-Tfh index: A new predicator for recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with HBV infection after curative resection. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 511:282-290. [PMID: 33080261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were newly identified as the subsets of cluster of CD4+ T cells. As major components of human immune system, they were found in tumor microenvironment and reported to play vital roles in the progression of cancer. But their clinical significance in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not elucidated. Thus, this research aimed to investigate their prognostic value in HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 210 subjects (including 110 HCC patients, 50 chronic hepatitis patients and 50 healthy individuals) were enrolled in the research. Tfh, Tfr cells and Treg cells from peripheral blood were measured by flow cytometry. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Tfr-Tfh Index (TTI) in early HCC and relapse status. Its further prognostic valve was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival estimate and log rank tests. RESULTS Tfh cells, Tfr cells, Treg cells and TTI were all higher in HCC patients than in chronic hepatitis patients and healthy control. TTI was found to have positive correlation with the load of HBV. The AUC of TTI for early HCC and relapse status was better than other clinical indices in HBV positive patients. An optimal cutoff point for the TTI stratified the HCC patients into high (>21.96) and low index (≤21.96) groups. High TTI was significantly correlated with recurrence. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed TTI could be a predictor for recurrence. Moreover, it retained prognostic performance for patients with lower recurrence risk. CONCLUSION Our research showed that TTI could be a promising indicator for early recurrence in HCC patients with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Shuangjian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xinrong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Yao Y, Wang N, Chen C, Pan L, Wang Z, Yunis J, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Hu S, Xu X, Zhu R, Yu D, Liu Z. CD23 expression on switched memory B cells bridges T-B cell interaction in allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2020; 75:2599-2612. [PMID: 32198890 DOI: 10.1111/all.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of B-cell subsets and T-B cell interaction to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to outline circulating B-cell signature, the underlying mechanism, and its association with clinical response to AIT in patients with AR. METHODS IgD/CD27 and CD24/CD38 core gating systems were used to determine frequencies and phenotypes of B cells. Correlations between B cells, T cells, antigen-specific IgE, and disease severity in AR patients were investigated. Switched memory B cells were co-cultured with type 2 follicular helper T (Tfh2) cells and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells. Associations between B-cell subsets and clinical benefits of AIT were analyzed. RESULTS Frequencies and absolute numbers of circulating memory B cells were increased in AR patients. CD23 expression on CD19+ CD20+ CD27+ IgD- switched memory B cells was significantly enhanced and positively correlated with antigen-specific IgE levels, symptom scores, and Tfh2/Tfr cell ratio in AR patients. Compared with those from healthy controls, Tfh2 cells from AR patients had a greater capacity to induce CD23 expression on switched memory B cells via IL-4, which was unable to be sufficiently suppressed by AR-associated Tfr cells with defective IL-10 expression. CD23 expression on switched memory B cells was downregulated after 12-month AIT, which positively associated with disease remission in AR patients. CONCLUSION T-B cell interaction, bridged by CD23 expression particularly on switched memory B cells, may be involved in the disease pathogenesis and mechanism of AIT in patients with AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Medical College Tongji Hospital Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Medical College Tongji Hospital Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Cai‐Ling Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Medical College Tongji Hospital Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Medical College Tongji Hospital Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhi‐Chao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Medical College Tongji Hospital Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Joseph Yunis
- Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Zhi‐An Chen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health Shandong Analysis and Test Center Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Si‐Tao Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Medical College Tongji Hospital Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xiao‐Yan Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery China Resources & Wisco General Hospital Wuhan China
| | - Rong‐Fei Zhu
- Department of Allergy Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health Shandong Analysis and Test Center Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Tongji Medical College Tongji Hospital Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Zhao S, Xu W, Tu B, Hong WG, Zhang Z, Chen WW, Zhao M. Alterations of the frequency and functions of follicular regulatory T cells and related mechanisms in HIV infection. J Infect 2020; 81:776-784. [PMID: 32956725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impairs both cellular and humoral immune system. Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells are a recently characterised subset of CD4+T cells. Tfr also exerts an immunosuppressive effect on humoral immune system through interaction with follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, but the role of Tfr in HIV infection needs to be further elucidated. 20 treatment-naïve and 20 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated HIV-infected individuals were enrolled for cross-sectional study and nine complete responders (CRs) and eight immune non-responders (INRs) after ART were collected for retrospective cohort study. Tfr phenotypes, cytokine secretions, and apoptosis of those subjects were evaluated by flow cytometry. HIV DNA was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Significantly increased circulating Tfr was observed in chronic HIV+ patients and the imbalance between Tfr and Tfh17 was associated with CD4+T counts. In addition, an elevated proportion of Tfr was associated with immune reconstruction failure of patients after ART. The IL-10 and CTLA-4 expressions of Tfr cells were up-regulated in treatment-naïve HIV+ patients. Ex vivo experiments showed IL-10 and CTLA-4 expressed by Tfr inhibited IL-21 secretion of Tfh. Tfr harboured a comparable HIV-1 DNA level with Tfh in HIV+ patients. Compared to Tfr of HCs, Tfr cells of HIV+ patients were more insensitive to CD95 and IFN-α induced apoptosis, had a higher proliferation rate, and had more stem-like T cell (Tscm) phenotype. The anti-apoptosis feature, higher proliferation rate, and Tscm-like features of Tfr in HIV+ patients, led to the expansion of Tfr which in turn resulted in dysfunction of Tfh. Tfr cells were also involved in immune reconstruction failure and latent infection of HIV. Tfr cells were a novel, and potentially therapeutic, target for the cure of HIV infection, especially for HIV vaccine development and HIV reservoir elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wei-Guo Hong
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China; Institute of Hepatology, Shenzhen 3rd People's Hospital, NO. 29, Bulan Road, Shenzhen City, Guangdong 518100, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, NO. 100, Xisihuan Road, FengTai District, Beijing 100039, China.
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Varadé J, Magadán S, González-Fernández Á. Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:805-828. [PMID: 32879472 PMCID: PMC7463107 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezabel Varadé
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Magadán
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.
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Lopez-Ocasio M, Buszko M, Blain M, Wang K, Shevach EM. T Follicular Regulatory Cell Suppression of T Follicular Helper Cell Function Is Context-Dependent in vitro. Front Immunol 2020; 11:637. [PMID: 32362895 PMCID: PMC7181357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory B cells requires the interaction of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells with B cells in the follicle and is modulated by T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. We compare the effects of Tfr cells in an in vitro model of bystander Tfh function in the absence of BCR engagement and in a model in which mimics cognate T-B interactions in which the BCR is engaged. In the absence of Tfr cells, Tfh cells from primed mice induce naive B cell differentiation into GC B cells and class switch recombination (CSR) in the presence of anti-CD3 alone or anti-CD3/IgM in a contact-dependent manner. Addition of primed Tfr cells efficiently suppressed GC B cell proliferation, differentiation and CSR in the anti-CD3 alone cultures, but only moderately suppressed BCR-stimulated B cells. When stimulated with anti-CD3 alone, IL-4 is critical for the induction of GC B cells and CSR. IL-21 plays a minimal role in GC B cell differentiation, but a greater role in switching. When the BCR is engaged, IL-4 is primarily required for switching and IL-21 only modestly affects switching. CD40L expression was critical for Tfh-mediated B cell proliferation/differentiation in the absence of B cell engagement. When the BCR was engaged, proliferation of CD40 deficient B cells was partially restored, but was susceptible to suppression by Tfr. These studies suggest that in vitro Tfr suppressor function is complex and is modulated by BCR signaling and CD40-CD40L interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lopez-Ocasio
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maja Buszko
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Blain
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Reduced PD-1 expression on circulating follicular and conventional FOXP3+ Treg cells in children with new onset type 1 diabetes and autoantibody-positive at-risk children. Clin Immunol 2020; 211:108319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dimitrijević M, Arsenović-Ranin N, Kosec D, Bufan B, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pilipović I, Leposavić G. Sex differences in Tfh cell help to B cells contribute to sexual dimorphism in severity of rat collagen-induced arthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1214. [PMID: 31988383 PMCID: PMC6985112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined germinal centre (GC) reaction in lymph nodes draining inflamed joints and adjacent tissues (dLNs) in male and female Dark Agouti rat collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) model of rheumatoid arthritis. Female rats exhibiting the greater susceptibility to CIA mounted stronger serum CII-specific IgG response than their male counterparts. This correlated with the higher frequency of GC B cells in female compared with male dLNs. Consistently, the frequency of activated/proliferating Ki-67+ cells among dLN B cells was higher in females than in males. This correlated with the shift in dLN T follicular regulatory (Tfr)/T follicular helper (Tfh) cell ratio towards Tfh cells in females, and greater densities of CD40L and CD40 on their dLN T and B cells, respectively. The higher Tfh cell frequency in females was consistent with the greater dLN expression of mRNA for IL-21/27, the key cytokines involved in Tfh cell generation and their help to B cells. Additionally, in CII-stimulated female rat dLN cell cultures IFN-γ/IL-4 production ratio was shifted towards IFN-γ. Consistently, the serum IgG2a(b)/IgG1 CII-specific antibody ratio was shifted towards an IgG2a(b) response in females. Thus, targeting T-/B-cell interactions should be considered in putative further sex-based translational pharmacology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana, 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe, 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe, 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Tindemans I, Joosse ME, Samsom JN. Dissecting the Heterogeneity in T-Cell Mediated Inflammation in IBD. Cells 2020; 9:E110. [PMID: 31906479 PMCID: PMC7016883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is a key characteristic of chronic intestinal inflammation. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T-cell frequencies are increased in inflamed intestinal tissue of IBD patients compared to tissue of healthy controls and are associated with disease flares and a more complicated disease course. Therefore, a tightly controlled balance between regulatory and inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is crucial to prevent uncontrolled CD4+ T-cell responses and subsequent intestinal tissue damage. While at steady state, T-cells display mainly a regulatory phenotype, increased in Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th17.1 responses, and reduced Treg and Tr1 responses have all been suggested to play a role in IBD pathophysiology. However, it is highly unlikely that all these responses are altered in each individual patient. With the rapidly expanding plethora of therapeutic options to inhibit inflammatory T-cell responses and stimulate regulatory T-cell responses, a crucial need is emerging for a robust set of immunological assays to predict and monitor therapeutic success at an individual level. Consequently, it is crucial to differentiate dominant inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T helper responses in patients and relate these to disease course and therapy response. In this review, we provide an overview of how intestinal CD4+ T-cell responses arise, discuss the main phenotypes of CD4+ T helper responses, and review how they are implicated in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ding T, Niu H, Zhao X, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. T-Follicular Regulatory Cells: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2709. [PMID: 31849938 PMCID: PMC6901970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable aggressive chronic inflammatory joint disease with a worldwide prevalence. High levels of autoantibodies and chronic inflammation may be involved in the pathology. Notably, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are critical mediators of T follicular helper (Tfh) cell generation and antibody production in the germinal center (GC) reaction. Changes in the number and function of Tfr cells may lead to dysregulation of the GC reaction and the production of aberrant autoantibodies. Regulation of the function and number of Tfr cells could be an effective strategy for precisely controlling antibody production, reestablishing immune homeostasis, and thereby improving the outcome of RA. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology and functions of Tfr cells. The involvement of Tfr cells and other immune cell subsets in RA is also discussed. Furthermore, we highlight the potential therapeutic targets related to Tfr cells and restoring the Tfr/Tfh balance via cytokines, microRNAs, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and the gut microbiota, which will facilitate further research on RA and other immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongqing Niu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangcong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Follicular regulatory T cells control humoral and allergic immunity by restraining early B cell responses. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1360-1371. [PMID: 31477921 PMCID: PMC6754271 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells have specialized roles in modulating Tfh help to B cells. However, the precise role of Tfr cells in controlling antibody responses to foreign and auto-antigens in vivo is still unclear due to a lack of specific tools. We developed a Tfr-deleter mouse that selectively deletes Tfr cells, facilitating temporal studies. We found Tfr cells regulate early, but not late, germinal center (GC) responses to control antigen-specific antibody and B cell memory. Deletion of Tfr cells also resulted in increased self-reactive IgG and IgE. The increased IgE levels led us to interrogate the role of Tfr cells in house dust mite (HDM) models. We found Tfr cells control Tfh13 cell-induced IgE. In vivo, loss of Tfr cells increased HDM-specific IgE and lung inflammation. Thus, Tfr cells control IgG and IgE responses to vaccines, allergens and autoantigens and exert critical immunoregulatory functions prior to GC formation.
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T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:475-490. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xu X, Shen M, Zhao R, Cai Y, Jiang H, Shen Z, Gao R, Xu K, Chen H, Yang T. Follicular regulatory T cells are associated with β-cell autoimmunity and the development of type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4199-4213. [PMID: 31095320 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells enhance T follicular helper (Tfh) cells activity, resulting in the expansion of autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production. However, the role of Tfr cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is unclear. METHODS We evaluated the expression and changes in function of circulating Tfr cells by studying patients with T1D alongside those with type 2 diabetes(T2D), first-degree relatives of T1D patients (T1D-FRs) and healthy controls. We also investigated the effects of Tfr cells on disease development in NOD mice and in an adoptive transfer model. RESULTS Tfr cells were significantly decreased in both patient groups. However, they showed different correlations with fasting C-peptide (C-P) and the area under the curve of blood C-peptide (C-PAUC) in patients with T1D and T2D. The frequency of Tfr cells was associated with the number of positive autoantibodies and the titer of GAD autoantibody in T1D patients. Furthermore, Tfr cells decreased significantly after 1 year of follow-up. We also observed Tfr cells in four T1D patients treated with rituximab. After rituximab therapy, the frequency of CXCR5+PD-1+ Tfr cells was decreased and of CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfr cells was increased in three patients. We also found that Tfr cells were associated with the development of diabetes in NOD mice and an adoptive transfer model. CONCLUSIONS Tfr cell deficiency could be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. Therapy with Tfr cells has potential value for T1D. Modulation of these cells may be enhance protective immunity to inhibit autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruiling Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hemin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziyang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Fonseca VR, Ribeiro F, Graca L. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells: Dissecting the complexity of Tfr‐cell compartments. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:112-127. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Válter R. Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte – Hospital de Santa Maria Lisboa Portugal
| | - Filipa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência Oeiras Portugal
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48
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Baicalin ameliorates lupus autoimmunity by inhibiting differentiation of Tfh cells and inducing expansion of Tfr cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:140. [PMID: 30760702 PMCID: PMC6374440 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin is a natural compound isolated from Chinese herb, which has been reported as an anti-inflammatory drug. Here, we demonstrated that Baicalin treatment could reduce urine protein, inhibit anti-ds-DNA antibody titers, and ameliorate lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. Baicalin inhibited Tfh cell differentiation and IL-21 production, but promoted Foxp3+ regulatory T cell differentiation including part of follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells. Intravenous injection of Baicalin-induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells could relieve nephritis, inhibit Tfh cell differentiation and IL-21 production. Baicalin inhibited mTOR activation, reduced mTOR agonist-mediated Tfh cell expansion and increased Tfr cells. These data suggest that Baicalin attenuates lupus autoimmunity by up- and downregulating the differentiation of Tfr cells and Tfh cells, respectively. Baicalin and ex vivo expanded Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are promising therapeutics for the treatment of lupus.
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49
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Altmann DM. Regulatory T-cells: receptors, repertoires and roles in disease. Immunology 2019; 155:153-154. [PMID: 30226283 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 20-or-so years that immunologists have spent describing the mechanisms and functions of regulatory T-cells, a very great deal has been learnt: a T-cell subset once described for the generic ability to harness autoimmunity in vivo or diminish T-cell proliferation in vitro is now appreciated to act on a plethora of cellular pathways using a diverse array of mechanisms. Recent studies have shed new light on basic and applied aspects of Treg function, including T-cell receptor usage, specialist functions of tissue-resident Tregs, and the therapeutic consequences of tuning Treg function up or down for applications in autoimmunity or cancer, respectively.
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50
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Fonseca VR, Graca L. Contribution of FoxP3 + Tfr cells to overall human blood CXCR5 + T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 195:302-304. [PMID: 30632146 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells is critical for the emergence of germinal centre responses prompted the study of CXCR5-expressing CD4+ T cell subsets in autoimmunity. However, circulating CXCR5-expressing T cells are heterogeneous by containing Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells in addition to bona fide Tfh cells. Such heterogeneity may hamper the analysis of the contribution of specific follicular T cell subsets for autoimmune pathogenesis. Therefore, separate assessment of Tfh and Tfr populations offer greater opportunities for stratification of autoimmune patients, such as Sjögren's syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte - Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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