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Kumari S, Mak M, Poh YC, Tohme M, Watson N, Melo M, Janssen E, Dustin M, Geha R, Irvine DJ. Cytoskeletal tension actively sustains the migratory T-cell synaptic contact. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102783. [PMID: 31894880 PMCID: PMC7049817 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When migratory T cells encounter antigen-presenting cells (APCs), they arrest and form radially symmetric, stable intercellular junctions termed immunological synapses which facilitate exchange of crucial biochemical information and are critical for T-cell immunity. While the cellular processes underlying synapse formation have been well characterized, those that maintain the symmetry, and thereby the stability of the synapse, remain unknown. Here we identify an antigen-triggered mechanism that actively promotes T-cell synapse symmetry by generating cytoskeletal tension in the plane of the synapse through focal nucleation of actin via Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), and contraction of the resultant actin filaments by myosin II. Following T-cell activation, WASP is degraded, leading to cytoskeletal unraveling and tension decay, which result in synapse breaking. Thus, our study identifies and characterizes a mechanical program within otherwise highly motile T cells that sustains the symmetry and stability of the T cell-APC synaptic contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kumari
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT and MGH, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Mak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yeh-Chuin Poh
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mira Tohme
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicki Watson
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mariane Melo
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT and MGH, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Janssen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raif Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute of Integrative Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Harvard, MIT and MGH, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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2
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Clark DJ, McMillan LE, Tan SL, Bellomo G, Massoue C, Thompson H, Mykhaylechko L, Alibhai D, Ruan X, Singleton KL, Du M, Hedges A, Schwartzberg PL, Verkade P, Murphy RF, Wülfing C. Transient protein accumulation at the center of the T cell antigen-presenting cell interface drives efficient IL-2 secretion. eLife 2019; 8:e45789. [PMID: 31663508 PMCID: PMC6821493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular signaling assemblies are of interest for their unique signaling properties. A µm scale signaling assembly, the central supramolecular signaling cluster (cSMAC), forms at the center of the interface of T cells activated by antigen-presenting cells. We have determined that it is composed of multiple complexes of a supramolecular volume of up to 0.5 µm3 and associated with extensive membrane undulations. To determine cSMAC function, we have systematically manipulated the localization of three adaptor proteins, LAT, SLP-76, and Grb2. cSMAC localization varied between the adaptors and was diminished upon blockade of the costimulatory receptor CD28 and deficiency of the signal amplifying kinase Itk. Reconstitution of cSMAC localization restored IL-2 secretion which is a key T cell effector function as dependent on reconstitution dynamics. Our data suggest that the cSMAC enhances early signaling by facilitating signaling interactions and attenuates signaling thereafter through sequestration of a more limited set of signaling intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura E McMillan
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Sin Lih Tan
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Gaia Bellomo
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Clementine Massoue
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Harry Thompson
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Lidiya Mykhaylechko
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Dominic Alibhai
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
| | - Kentner L Singleton
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Minna Du
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Alan Hedges
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Genetic Disease Research BranchNational Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of BiochemistryUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer ScienceCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Biological SciencesCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Department of Machine LearningCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghUnited States
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced StudiesAlbert Ludwig University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of BiologyAlbert Ludwig University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular MedicineUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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3
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Britton GJ, Ambler R, Clark DJ, Hill EV, Tunbridge HM, McNally KE, Burton BR, Butterweck P, Sabatos-Peyton C, Hampton-O’Neil LA, Verkade P, Wülfing C, Wraith DC. PKCθ links proximal T cell and Notch signaling through localized regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. eLife 2017; 6:e20003. [PMID: 28112644 PMCID: PMC5310840 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch is a critical regulator of T cell differentiation and is activated through proteolytic cleavage in response to ligand engagement. Using murine myelin-reactive CD4 T cells, we demonstrate that proximal T cell signaling modulates Notch activation by a spatiotemporally constrained mechanism. The protein kinase PKCθ is a critical mediator of signaling by the T cell antigen receptor and the principal costimulatory receptor CD28. PKCθ selectively inactivates the negative regulator of F-actin generation, Coronin 1A, at the center of the T cell interface with the antigen presenting cell (APC). This allows for effective generation of the large actin-based lamellum required for recruitment of the Notch-processing membrane metalloproteinase ADAM10. Such enhancement of Notch activation is critical for efficient T cell proliferation and Th17 differentiation. We reveal a novel mechanism that, through modulation of the cytoskeleton, controls Notch activation at the T cell:APC interface thereby linking T cell receptor and Notch signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Britton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine V Hill
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kerrie E McNally
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwen R Burton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philomena Butterweck
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lea A Hampton-O’Neil
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Cameron Wraith
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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4
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Abstract
Three-dimensional live cell imaging of the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) visualizes the subcellular distributions of signaling intermediates during T cell activation at thousands of resolved positions within a cell. These information-rich maps of local protein concentrations are a valuable resource in understanding T cell signaling. Here, we describe a protocol for the efficient acquisition of such imaging data and their computational processing to create four-dimensional maps of local concentrations. This protocol allows quantitative analysis of T cell signaling as it occurs inside live cells with resolution in time and space across thousands of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Xiangtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 7723 Gates-Hillman Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 7723 Gates-Hillman Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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5
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Roybal KT, Buck TE, Ruan X, Cho BH, Clark DJ, Ambler R, Tunbridge HM, Zhang J, Verkade P, Wülfing C, Murphy RF. Computational spatiotemporal analysis identifies WAVE2 and cofilin as joint regulators of costimulation-mediated T cell actin dynamics. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs3. [PMID: 27095595 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important tools in cell biology research because it provides spatial and temporal information to investigate regulatory systems inside cells. This technique can generate data in the form of signal intensities at thousands of positions resolved inside individual live cells. However, given extensive cell-to-cell variation, these data cannot be readily assembled into three- or four-dimensional maps of protein concentration that can be compared across different cells and conditions. We have developed a method to enable comparison of imaging data from many cells and applied it to investigate actin dynamics in T cell activation. Antigen recognition in T cells by the T cell receptor (TCR) is amplified by engagement of the costimulatory receptor CD28. We imaged actin and eight core actin regulators to generate over a thousand movies of T cells under conditions in which CD28 was either engaged or blocked in the context of a strong TCR signal. Our computational analysis showed that the primary effect of costimulation blockade was to decrease recruitment of the activator of actin nucleation WAVE2 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 2) and the actin-severing protein cofilin to F-actin. Reconstitution of WAVE2 and cofilin activity restored the defect in actin signaling dynamics caused by costimulation blockade. Thus, we have developed and validated an approach to quantify protein distributions in time and space for the analysis of complex regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T Roybal
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Taráz E Buck
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Baek Hwan Cho
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Departments of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79104, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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6
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Hivroz C, Saitakis M. Biophysical Aspects of T Lymphocyte Activation at the Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2016; 7:46. [PMID: 26913033 PMCID: PMC4753286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte activation is a pivotal step of the adaptive immune response. It requires the recognition by T-cell receptors (TCR) of peptides presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC) present at the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T lymphocyte activation also involves engagement of costimulatory receptors and adhesion molecules recognizing ligands on the APC. Integration of these different signals requires the formation of a specialized dynamic structure: the immune synapse. While the biochemical and molecular aspects of this cell–cell communication have been extensively studied, its mechanical features have only recently been addressed. Yet, the immune synapse is also the place of exchange of mechanical signals. Receptors engaged on the T lymphocyte surface are submitted to many tensile and traction forces. These forces are generated by various phenomena: membrane undulation/protrusion/retraction, cell mobility or spreading, and dynamic remodeling of the actomyosin cytoskeleton inside the T lymphocyte. Moreover, the TCR can both induce force development, following triggering, and sense and convert forces into biochemical signals, as a bona fide mechanotransducer. Other costimulatory molecules, such as LFA-1, engaged during immune synapse formation, also display these features. Moreover, T lymphocytes themselves are mechanosensitive, since substrate stiffness can modulate their response. In this review, we will summarize recent studies from a biophysical perspective to explain how mechanical cues can affect T lymphocyte activation. We will particularly discuss how forces are generated during immune synapse formation; how these forces affect various aspects of T lymphocyte biology; and what are the key features of T lymphocyte response to stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, Paris, France; INSERM U932, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, Paris, France; INSERM U932, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
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7
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Malissen B, Bongrand P. Early T cell activation: integrating biochemical, structural, and biophysical cues. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:539-61. [PMID: 25861978 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells carry out the formidable task of identifying small numbers of foreign antigenic peptides rapidly and specifically against a very noisy environmental background of endogenous self-peptides. Early steps in T cell activation have thus fascinated biologists and are among the best-studied models of cell stimulation. This remarkable process, critical in adaptive immune responses, approaches and even seems to exceed the limitations set by the physical laws ruling molecular behavior. Despite the enormous amount of information concerning the nature of molecules involved in the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction network, and the description of the nanoscale organization and real-time analysis of T cell responses, the general principles of information gathering and processing remain incompletely understood. Here we review currently accepted key data on TCR function, discuss the limitations of current research strategies, and suggest a novel model of TCR triggering and a few promising ways of going further into the integration of available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy and Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM U1104 and US012, CNRS UMR7280 and UMS3367, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France;
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8
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Roybal KT, Mace EM, Clark DJ, Leard AD, Herman A, Verkade P, Orange JS, Wülfing C. Modest Interference with Actin Dynamics in Primary T Cell Activation by Antigen Presenting Cells Preferentially Affects Lamellal Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133231. [PMID: 26237588 PMCID: PMC4523178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic subcellular distributions of signaling system components are critical regulators of cellular signal transduction through their control of molecular interactions. Understanding how signaling activity depends on such distributions and the cellular structures driving them is required for comprehensive insight into signal transduction. In the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) signaling intermediates associate with various subcellular structures, prominently a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell. While actin dynamics are well established as general regulators of cellular organization, their role in controlling signaling organization in primary T cell:APC couples and the specific cellular structures driving it is unresolved. Using modest interference with actin dynamics with a low concentration of Jasplakinolide as corroborated by costimulation blockade we show that T cell actin preferentially controls lamellal signaling localization and activity leading downstream to calcium signaling. Lamellal localization repeatedly related to efficient T cell function. This suggests that the transient lamellal actin matrix regulates T cell signaling associations that facilitate T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danielle J. Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D. Leard
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Herman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Roybal KT, Mace EM, Mantell JM, Verkade P, Orange JS, Wülfing C. Early Signaling in Primary T Cells Activated by Antigen Presenting Cells Is Associated with a Deep and Transient Lamellal Actin Network. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133299. [PMID: 26237050 PMCID: PMC4523204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular signaling transduction critically depends on molecular interactions that are in turn governed by dynamic subcellular distributions of the signaling system components. Comprehensive insight into signal transduction requires an understanding of such distributions and cellular structures driving them. To investigate the activation of primary murine T cells by antigen presenting cells (APC) we have imaged more than 60 signaling intermediates during T cell stimulation with microscopy across resolution limits. A substantial number of signaling intermediates associated with a transient, wide, and actin-associated lamellum extending from an interdigitated T cell:APC interface several micrometers into the T cell, as characterized in detail here. By mapping the more than 60 signaling intermediates onto the spatiotemporal features of cell biological structures, the lamellum and other ones previously described, we also define distinct spatial and temporal characteristics of T cell signal initiation, amplification, and core signaling in the activation of primary T cells by APCs. These characteristics differ substantially from ones seen when T cells are activated using common reductionist approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Mace
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Judith M. Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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10
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Dinic J, Riehl A, Adler J, Parmryd I. The T cell receptor resides in ordered plasma membrane nanodomains that aggregate upon patching of the receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10082. [PMID: 25955440 PMCID: PMC5386217 DOI: 10.1038/srep10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related models for T cell signalling initiation suggest either that T cell receptor (TCR) engagement leads to its recruitment to ordered membrane domains, often referred to as lipid rafts, where signalling molecules are enriched or that ordered TCR-containing membrane nanodomains coalesce upon TCR engagement. That ordered domains form upon TCR engagement, as they do upon lipid raft marker patching, has not been considered. The target of this study was to differentiate between those three options. Plasma membrane order was followed in live T cells at 37 °C using laurdan to report on lipid packing. Patching of the TCR that elicits a signalling response resulted in aggregation, not formation, of ordered plasma membrane domains in both Jurkat and primary T cells. The TCR colocalised with actin filaments at the plasma membrane in unstimulated Jurkat T cells, consistent with it being localised to ordered membrane domains. The colocalisation was most prominent in cells in G1 phase when the cells are ready to commit to proliferation. At other cell cycle phases the TCR was mainly found at perinuclear membranes. Our study suggests that the TCR resides in ordered plasma membrane domains that are linked to actin filaments and aggregate upon TCR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Dinic
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Astrid Riehl
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Adler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingela Parmryd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Kumari S, Depoil D, Martinelli R, Judokusumo E, Carmona G, Gertler FB, Kam LC, Carman CV, Burkhardt JK, Irvine DJ, Dustin ML. Actin foci facilitate activation of the phospholipase C-γ in primary T lymphocytes via the WASP pathway. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25758716 PMCID: PMC4355629 DOI: 10.7554/elife.04953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiscott Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) deficiency results in defects in calcium ion signaling, cytoskeletal regulation, gene transcription and overall T cell activation. The activation of WASP constitutes a key pathway for actin filament nucleation. Yet, when WASP function is eliminated there is negligible effect on actin polymerization at the immunological synapse, leading to gaps in our understanding of the events connecting WASP and calcium ion signaling. Here, we identify a fraction of total synaptic F-actin selectively generated by WASP in the form of distinct F-actin ‘foci’. These foci are polymerized de novo as a result of the T cell receptor (TCR) proximal tyrosine kinase cascade, and facilitate distal signaling events including PLCγ1 activation and subsequent cytoplasmic calcium ion elevation. We conclude that WASP generates a dynamic F-actin architecture in the context of the immunological synapse, which then amplifies the downstream signals required for an optimal immune response. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04953.001 The immune system is made up of several types of cells that protect the body against infection and disease. Immune cells such as T cells survey the body and when receptors on their surface encounter infected cells, the receptors activate the T cell by triggering a signaling pathway. The early stages of T cell receptor signaling lead to the formation of a cell–cell contact zone called the immunological synapse. Filaments of a protein called F-actin—which are continuously assembled and taken apart—make versatile networks and help the immunological synapse to form. F-actin filaments have crucial roles in the later stages of T cell receptor signaling as well, but how they contribute to this is not clear. Whether it is the same F-actin network that participates both in synapse formation and the late stages of T cell receptor signaling, and if so, then by what mechanism, remains unknown. The answers came from examining the function of a protein named Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP), which forms an F-actin network at the synapse. Loss of WASP is known to result in the X-linked Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome immunodeficiency and bleeding disorder in humans. Although T cells missing WASP can construct immunological synapses, and these synapses do have normal levels of F-actin and early T cell receptor signaling, they still fail to respond to infected cells properly. Kumari et al. analyzed the detailed structure and dynamics of actin filament networks at immunological synapses of normal and WASP-deficient T cells. Normally, cells had visible foci of newly polymerized F-actin directly above T cell receptor clusters in the immunological synapses, but these foci were not seen in the cells lacking WASP. Kumari et al. found that the F-actin foci facilitate the later stages of the signaling that activates the T cells; this signaling was lacking in WASP-deficient cells. Altogether, Kumari et al. show that WASP-generated F-actin foci at immunological synapses bridge the early and later stages of T cell receptor signaling, effectively generating an optimal immune response against infected cells. Further work will now be needed to understand whether there are other F-actin substructures that play specialized roles in T cell signaling, and if foci play a related role in other cell types known to be affected in Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome immunodeficiency. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04953.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Kumari
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - David Depoil
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Roberta Martinelli
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Edward Judokusumo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Guillaume Carmona
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Frank B Gertler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Christopher V Carman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, United States
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12
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Malissen B, Grégoire C, Malissen M, Roncagalli R. Integrative biology of T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:790-7. [PMID: 25137453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells mediated by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) requires the interaction of dozens of proteins, and its malfunction has pathological consequences. Our major focus is on new developments in the systems-level understanding of the TCR signal-transduction network. To make sense of the formidable complexity of this network, we argue that 'fine-grained' methods are needed to assess the relationships among a few components that interact on a nanometric scale, and those should be integrated with high-throughput '-omic' approaches that simultaneously capture large numbers of parameters. We illustrate the utility of this integrative approach with the transmembrane signaling protein Lat, which is a key signaling hub of the TCR signal-transduction network, as a connecting thread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Grégoire
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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13
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Sinai P, Dozmorov IM, Song R, Schwartzberg PL, Wakeland EK, Wülfing C. T/B-cell interactions are more transient in response to weak stimuli in SLE-prone mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3522-31. [PMID: 25209945 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Changes in immune function during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are well characterized. Class-switched antinuclear antibodies are the hallmark of SLE, and T/B-cell interactions are thus critical. However, changes in immune function contributing to disease susceptibility are unknown. Here, we have analyzed primary T and B cells from a mouse model of SLE prior to the onset of disease. To allow cognate T-cell activation with low affinity, we have developed a lower potency peptide ligand for the OTII TCR. T- and B-cell couples formed less frequently and retained their polarity less efficiently preferentially in response to low-affinity stimulation in SLE-prone mice. This matched decreased recruitment of actin and Vav1 and an enhanced PKCΘ recruitment to the cellular interface in T cells. The induction of the GC B-cell marker GL7 was increased in T/B cell couples from SLE-prone mice when the T-cell numbers were limited. However, the overall gene expression changes were marginal. Taken together, the enhanced cell-couple transience may allow a more efficient sampling of a large number of T/B cell couples, preferentially in response to limiting stimuli, therefore enhancing the immune reactivity in the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sinai
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Shimoni R, Pham K, Yassin M, Ludford-Menting MJ, Gu M, Russell SM. Normalized polarization ratios for the analysis of cell polarity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99885. [PMID: 24963926 PMCID: PMC4070888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification and analysis of molecular localization in living cells is increasingly important for elucidating biological pathways, and new methods are rapidly emerging. The quantification of cell polarity has generated much interest recently, and ratiometric analysis of fluorescence microscopy images provides one means to quantify cell polarity. However, detection of fluorescence, and the ratiometric measurement, is likely to be sensitive to acquisition settings and image processing parameters. Using imaging of EGFP-expressing cells and computer simulations of variations in fluorescence ratios, we characterized the dependence of ratiometric measurements on processing parameters. This analysis showed that image settings alter polarization measurements; and that clustered localization is more susceptible to artifacts than homogeneous localization. To correct for such inconsistencies, we developed and validated a method for choosing the most appropriate analysis settings, and for incorporating internal controls to ensure fidelity of polarity measurements. This approach is applicable to testing polarity in all cells where the axis of polarity is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Shimoni
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Pham
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammed Yassin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mandy J. Ludford-Menting
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah M. Russell
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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