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Hou R, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhao X, Li S, Guan Z, Cao J, Liu D, Zheng J, Shi M. In vivo manufacture and manipulation of CAR-T cells for better druggability. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:1075-1093. [PMID: 38592427 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The current CAR-T cell therapy products have been hampered in their druggability due to the personalized preparation required, unclear pharmacokinetic characteristics, and unpredictable adverse reactions. Enabling standardized manufacturing and having clear efficacy and pharmacokinetic characteristics are prerequisites for ensuring the effective practicality of CAR-T cell therapy drugs. This review provides a broad overview of the different approaches for controlling behaviors of CAR-T cells in vivo. The utilization of genetically modified vectors enables in vivo production of CAR-T cells, thereby abbreviating or skipping the lengthy in vitro expansion process. By equipping CAR-T cells with intricately designed control elements, using molecule switches or small-molecule inhibitors, the control of CAR-T cell activity can be achieved. Moreover, the on-off control of CAR-T cell activity would yield potential gains in phenotypic remodeling. These methods provide beneficial references for the future development of safe, controllable, convenient, and suitable for standardized production of CAR-T cell therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sijin Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangchun Guan
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ming Shi
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Center of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Henríquez R, Muñoz-Barroso I. Viral vector- and virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases: A minireview. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34927. [PMID: 39144987 PMCID: PMC11320483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of conventional vaccines, new platforms for vaccine design have emerged such as those based on viral vectors and virus-like particles (VLPs). Viral vector vaccines are highly efficient and the onset of protection is quick. Many recombinant vaccine candidates for humans are based on viruses belonging to different families such as Adenoviridae, Retroviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Parvoviridae. Also, the first viral vector vaccine licensed for human vaccination was the Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. Since then, several viral vectors have been approved for vaccination against the viruses of Lassa fever, Ebola, hepatitis B, hepatitis E, SARS-CoV-2, and malaria. VLPs are nanoparticles that mimic viral particles formed from the self-assembly of structural proteins and VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B and E viruses, human papillomavirus, and malaria have been commercialized. As evidenced by the accelerated production of vaccines against COVID-19, these new approaches are important tools for vaccinology and for generating rapid responses against pathogens and emerging pandemic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Henríquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina S/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Muñoz-Barroso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab.106. Plaza Doctores de la Reina S/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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3
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Wagner JT, Müller-Schmucker SM, Wang W, Arnold P, Uhlig N, Issmail L, Eberlein V, Damm D, Roshanbinfar K, Ensser A, Oltmanns F, Peter AS, Temchura V, Schrödel S, Engel FB, Thirion C, Grunwald T, Wuhrer M, Grimm D, Überla K. Influence of AAV vector tropism on long-term expression and Fc-γ receptor binding of an antibody targeting SARS-CoV-2. Commun Biol 2024; 7:865. [PMID: 39009807 PMCID: PMC11250830 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-acting passive immunization strategies are needed to protect immunosuppressed vulnerable groups from infectious diseases. To further explore this concept for COVID-19, we constructed Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors encoding the human variable regions of the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, TRES6, fused to murine constant regions. An optimized vector construct was packaged in hepatotropic (AAV8) or myotropic (AAVMYO) AAV capsids and injected intravenously into syngeneic TRIANNI-mice. The highest TRES6 serum concentrations (511 µg/ml) were detected 24 weeks after injection of the myotropic vector particles and mean TRES6 serum concentrations remained above 100 µg/ml for at least one year. Anti-drug antibodies or TRES6-specific T cells were not detectable. After injection of the AAV8 particles, vector mRNA was detected in the liver, while the AAVMYO particles led to high vector mRNA levels in the heart and skeletal muscle. The analysis of the Fc-glycosylation pattern of the TRES6 serum antibodies revealed critical differences between the capsids that coincided with different binding activities to murine Fc-γ-receptors. Concomitantly, the vector-based immune prophylaxis led to protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in K18-hACE2 mice. High and long-lasting expression levels, absence of anti-drug antibodies and favourable Fc-γ-receptor binding activities warrant further exploration of myotropic AAV vector-based delivery of antibodies and other biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik T Wagner
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra M Müller-Schmucker
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadja Uhlig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Preclinical Validation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leila Issmail
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Preclinical Validation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valentina Eberlein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Preclinical Validation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Damm
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kaveh Roshanbinfar
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Oltmanns
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonia Sophia Peter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Temchura
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Preclinical Validation, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Medical Faculty and Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Heidelberg; BioQuant Center, BQ0030, University of Heidelberg; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Galvez NM, Cao Y, Nitido AD, Deal CE, Boutros CL, MacDonald SW, Albrecht YES, Lam EC, Sheehan ML, Parsons D, Lin AZ, Deymier MJ, Brady JM, Moon B, Bullock CB, Tanno S, Pegu A, Chen X, Liu C, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Vrbanac VD, Lingwood D, Balazs AB. HIV broadly neutralizing antibody escapability drives the therapeutic efficacy of vectored immunotherapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.11.603156. [PMID: 39026699 PMCID: PMC11257540 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.603156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have shown great promise for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Breadth of bNAb neutralization, measured in vitro across panels of diverse viral isolates, is often used as a predictor of clinical potential. However, recent prevention studies demonstrate that the clinical efficacy of a broad and potent bNAb (VRC01) is undermined by neutralization resistance of circulating strains. Using HIV-infected humanized mice, we find that therapeutic efficacy of bNAbs delivered as Vectored ImmunoTherapy (VIT) is a function of both the fitness cost and resistance benefit of mutations that emerge during viral escape, which we term 'escapability'. Applying this mechanistic framework, we find that the sequence of the envelope V5-loop alters the resistance benefits of mutants that arise during escape, thereby impacting the therapeutic efficacy of VIT-mediated viral suppression. We also find that an emtricitabine-based antiretroviral drug regimen dramatically enhances the efficacy of VIT, by reducing the fitness of mutants along the escape path. Our findings demonstrate that bNAb escapability is a key determinant to consider in the rational design of antibody regimens with maximal efficacy and illustrates a tractable means of minimizing viral escape from existing bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M.S. Galvez
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam D. Nitido
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cailin E. Deal
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christine L. Boutros
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Scott W. MacDonald
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yentli E. Soto Albrecht
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maegan L. Sheehan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dylan Parsons
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allen Z. Lin
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Martin J. Deymier
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Brady
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Benjamin Moon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher B. Bullock
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Serah Tanno
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir D. Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Abad C, Demeules M, Guillou C, Gondé H, Zoubairi R, Tan YV, Pinto-Espinoza C, Schäfer W, Mann AM, Vouret-Craviari V, Koch-Nolte F, Adriouch S. Administration of an AAV vector coding for a P2X7-blocking nanobody-based biologic ameliorates colitis in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:27. [PMID: 38212782 PMCID: PMC10785547 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pro-inflammatory ATP-gated P2X7 receptor is widely expressed by immune and non-immune cells. Nanobodies targeting P2X7, with potentiating or antagonistic effects, have been developed. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer represents an efficient approach to achieve long-term in vivo expression of selected nanobody-based biologics. This approach (AAVnano) was used to validate the relevance of P2X7 as a target in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. RESULTS Mice received an intramuscular injection of AAV vectors coding for potentiating (14D5-dimHLE) or antagonistic (13A7-Fc) nanobody-based biologics targeting P2X7. Long-term modulation of P2X7 activity was evaluated ex vivo from blood samples. Colitis was induced with DSS in mice injected with AAV vectors coding for nanobody-based biologics. Severity of colitis, colon histopathology and expression of chemokines and cytokines were determined to evaluate the impact of P2X7 modulation. A single injection of an AAV vector coding for 13A7-Fc or 14D5-dimHLE efficiently modulated P2X7 function in vivo from day 15 up to day 120 post-injection in a dose-dependent manner. An AAV vector coding for 13A7-Fc significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and significantly reduced immune cell infiltration and expression of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in colonic tissue. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the validity of AAVnano methodology to modulate P2X7 functions in vivo. Applying this methodological approach to a DSS-induced colitis model, we have shown that P2X7 blockade reduces inflammation and disease severity. Hence, this study confirms the importance of P2X7 as a pharmacological target and suggests the use of nanobody-based biologics as potential therapeutics in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Abad
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PANTHER), Normandie Univ, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Mélanie Demeules
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PANTHER), Normandie Univ, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Charlotte Guillou
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PANTHER), Normandie Univ, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Henri Gondé
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PANTHER), Normandie Univ, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Rachid Zoubairi
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PANTHER), Normandie Univ, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PANTHER), Normandie Univ, 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Waldemar Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Marei Mann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology Autoimmunity and Immunotherapy (PANTHER), Normandie Univ, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, INSERM U1234 - PANTHER Lab, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, CS 76183, University of Rouen, 76000, Rouen, France.
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6
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van Lieshout LP, Rghei AD, Cao W, He S, Soule G, Zhu W, Thomas SP, Sorensen D, Frost K, Tierney K, Thompson B, Booth S, Safronetz D, Kulkarni RR, Bridle BW, Qiu X, Banadyga L, Wootton SK. AAV-monoclonal antibody expression protects mice from Ebola virus without impeding the endogenous antibody response to heterologous challenge. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:505-518. [PMID: 36092367 PMCID: PMC9436706 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever with case fatality rates as high as 90%. Filovirus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) confer protection in nonhuman primates as late as 5 days after challenge, and FDA-approved mAbs REGN-EB3 and mAb114 have demonstrated efficacy against Ebola virus (EBOV) infection in humans. Vectorized antibody expression mediated by adeno-associated virus (AAV) can generate protective and sustained concentrations of therapeutic mAbs in animal models for a variety of infectious diseases, including EBOV. Here we demonstrate that AAV6.2FF-mediated expression of murine IgG2a EBOV mAbs, 2G4 and 5D2, protects from mouse-adapted (MA)-EBOV infection with none of the surviving mice developing anti-VP40 antibodies above background. Protective serum concentrations of AAV6.2FF-2G4/AAV6.2FF-5D2 did not alter endogenous antibody responses to heterologous virus infection. AAV-mediated expression of EBOV mAbs 100 and 114, and pan-ebolavirus mAbs, FVM04, ADI-15878, and CA45, as human IgG1 antibodies conferred protection against MA-EBOV at low serum concentrations, with minimum protective serum levels as low as 2 μg/mL. Vectorized expression of murine IgG2a or human IgG1 mAbs led to sustained expression in the serum of mice for >400 days or for the lifetime of the animal, respectively. AAV6.2FF-mediated mAb expression offers an alternative to recombinant antibody administration in scenarios where long-term protection is preferable to passive immunization.
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7
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Casazza JP, Cale EM, Narpala S, Yamshchikov GV, Coates EE, Hendel CS, Novik L, Holman LA, Widge AT, Apte P, Gordon I, Gaudinski MR, Conan-Cibotti M, Lin BC, Nason MC, Trofymenko O, Telscher S, Plummer SH, Wycuff D, Adams WC, Pandey JP, McDermott A, Roederer M, Sukienik AN, O'Dell S, Gall JG, Flach B, Terry TL, Choe M, Shi W, Chen X, Kaltovich F, Saunders KO, Stein JA, Doria-Rose NA, Schwartz RM, Balazs AB, Baltimore D, Nabel GJ, Koup RA, Graham BS, Ledgerwood JE, Mascola JR. Safety and tolerability of AAV8 delivery of a broadly neutralizing antibody in adults living with HIV: a phase 1, dose-escalation trial. Nat Med 2022; 28:1022-1030. [PMID: 35411076 PMCID: PMC9876739 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated transfer of DNA coding for broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bnAbs) offers an alternative to attempting to induce protection by vaccination or by repeated infusions of bnAbs. In this study, we administered a recombinant bicistronic adeno-associated virus (AAV8) vector coding for both the light and heavy chains of the potent broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody VRC07 (AAV8-VRC07) to eight adults living with HIV. All participants remained on effective anti-retroviral therapy (viral load (VL) <50 copies per milliliter) throughout this phase 1, dose-escalation clinical trial ( NCT03374202 ). AAV8-VRC07 was given at doses of 5 × 1010, 5 × 1011 and 2.5 × 1012 vector genomes per kilogram by intramuscular (IM) injection. Primary endpoints of this study were to assess the safety and tolerability of AAV8-VRC07; to determine the pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity of in vivo VRC07 production; and to describe the immune response directed against AAV8-VRC07 vector and its products. Secondary endpoints were to assess the clinical effects of AAV8-VRC07 on CD4 T cell count and VL and to assess the persistence of VRC07 produced in participants. In this cohort, IM injection of AAV8-VRC07 was safe and well tolerated. No clinically significant change in CD4 T cell count or VL occurred during the 1-3 years of follow-up reported here. In participants who received AAV8-VRC07, concentrations of VRC07 were increased 6 weeks (P = 0.008) and 52 weeks (P = 0.016) after IM injection of the product. All eight individuals produced measurable amounts of serum VRC07, with maximal VRC07 concentrations >1 µg ml-1 in three individuals. In four individuals, VRC07 serum concentrations remained stable near maximal concentration for up to 3 years of follow-up. In exploratory analyses, neutralizing activity of in vivo produced VRC07 was similar to that of in vitro produced VRC07. Three of eight participants showed a non-idiotypic anti-drug antibody (ADA) response directed against the Fab portion of VRC07. This ADA response appeared to decrease the production of serum VRC07 in two of these three participants. These data represent a proof of concept that adeno-associated viral vectors can durably produce biologically active, difficult-to-induce bnAbs in vivo, which could add valuable new tools to the fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Casazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Evan M Cale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Galina V Yamshchikov
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily E Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia S Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - LaSonji A Holman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicia T Widge
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Preeti Apte
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingelise Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin R Gaudinski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Conan-Cibotti
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bob C Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olga Trofymenko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shinyi Telscher
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah H Plummer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane Wycuff
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Adams
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janardan P Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Adrian McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Avery N Sukienik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason G Gall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Travis L Terry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florence Kaltovich
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Judy A Stein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Bouza E, Arribas JR, Alejos B, Bernardino JI, Coiras M, Coll P, Del Romero J, Fuster MJ, Górgolas M, Gutiérrez A, Gracia D, Hernando V, Martínez-Picado J, Martínez Sesmero JM, Martínez E, Moreno S, Mothe B, Navarro ML, Podzamczer D, Pulido F, Ramos JT, Ruiz-Mateos E, Suárez García I, Palomo E. Past and future of HIV infection. A document based on expert opinion. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2022; 35:131-156. [PMID: 35018404 PMCID: PMC8972691 DOI: 10.37201/req/083.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is now almost 40 years old. In this time, along with the catastrophe and tragedy that it has entailed, it has also represented the capacity of modern society to take on a challenge of this magnitude and to transform an almost uniformly lethal disease into a chronic illness, compatible with a practically normal personal and relationship life. This anniversary seemed an ideal moment to pause and reflect on the future of HIV infection, the challenges that remain to be addressed and the prospects for the immediate future. This reflection has to go beyond merely technical approaches, by specialized professionals, to also address social and ethical aspects. For this reason, the Health Sciences Foundation convened a group of experts in different aspects of this disease to discuss a series of questions that seemed pertinent to all those present. Each question was presented by one of the participants and discussed by the group. The document we offer is the result of this reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense. CIBERES. Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Marino M, Zhou L, Rincon MY, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Verhaert J, Wahis J, Creemers E, Yshii L, Wierda K, Saito T, Marneffe C, Voytyuk I, Wouters Y, Dewilde M, Duqué SI, Vincke C, Levites Y, Golde TE, Saido TC, Muyldermans S, Liston A, De Strooper B, Holt MG. AAV-mediated delivery of an anti-BACE1 VHH alleviates pathology in an Alzheimer's disease model. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e09824. [PMID: 35352880 PMCID: PMC8988209 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain antibodies (VHHs) are potentially disruptive therapeutics, with important biological value for treatment of several diseases, including neurological disorders. However, VHHs have not been widely used in the central nervous system (CNS), largely because of their restricted blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Here, we propose a gene transfer strategy based on BBB-crossing Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors to deliver VHH directly into the CNS. As a proof-of-concept, we explored the potential of AAV-delivered VHH to inhibit BACE1, a well-characterized target in Alzheimer's disease. First, we generated a panel of VHHs targeting BACE1, one of which, VHH-B9, shows high selectivity for BACE1 and efficacy in lowering BACE1 activity in vitro. We further demonstrate that a single systemic dose of AAV-VHH-B9 produces positive long-term (12 months plus) effects on amyloid load, neuroinflammation, synaptic function, and cognitive performance, in the AppNL-G-F Alzheimer's disease mouse model. These results constitute a novel therapeutic approach forneurodegenerative diseases, which is applicable to a range of CNS disease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lujia Zhou
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melvin Y Rincon
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jens Verhaert
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Wahis
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline Creemers
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Electrophysiology Expertise Unit, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lidia Yshii
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe Wierda
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Electrophysiology Expertise Unit, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Catherine Marneffe
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iryna Voytyuk
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yessica Wouters
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dewilde
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra I Duqué
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Immunology Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,UK Dementia Research institute at UCL, London, UK.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Holt
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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van Dorsten RT, Wagh K, Moore PL, Morris L. Combinations of Single Chain Variable Fragments From HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Demonstrate High Potency and Breadth. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734110. [PMID: 34603312 PMCID: PMC8481832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are currently being assessed in clinical trials for their ability to prevent HIV infection. Single chain variable fragments (scFv) of bNAbs have advantages over full antibodies as their smaller size permits improved diffusion into mucosal tissues and facilitates vector-driven gene expression. We have previously shown that scFv of bNAbs individually retain significant breadth and potency. Here we tested combinations of five scFv derived from bNAbs CAP256-VRC26.25 (V2-apex), PGT121 (N332-supersite), 3BNC117 (CD4bs), 8ANC195 (gp120-gp41 interface) and 10E8v4 (MPER). Either two or three scFv were combined in equimolar amounts and tested in the TZM-bl neutralization assay against a multiclade panel of 17 viruses. Experimental IC50 and IC80 data were compared to predicted neutralization titers based on single scFv titers using the Loewe additive and the Bliss-Hill model. Like full-sized antibodies, combinations of scFv showed significantly improved potency and breadth compared to single scFv. Combinations of two or three scFv generally followed an independent action model for breadth and potency with no significant synergy or antagonism observed overall although some exceptions were noted. The Loewe model underestimated potency for some dual and triple combinations while the Bliss-Hill model was better at predicting IC80 titers of triple combinations. Given this, we used the Bliss-Hill model to predict the coverage of scFv against a 45-virus panel at concentrations that correlated with protection in the AMP trials. Using IC80 titers and concentrations of 1μg/mL, there was 93% coverage for one dual scFv combination (3BNC117+10E8v4), and 96% coverage for two of the triple combinations (CAP256.25+3BNC117+10E8v4 and PGT121+3BNC117+10E8v4). Combinations of scFv, therefore, show significantly improved breadth and potency over individual scFv and given their size advantage, have potential for use in passive immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. van Dorsten
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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11
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De Groof TWM, Bergkamp ND, Heukers R, Giap T, Bebelman MP, Goeij-de Haas R, Piersma SR, Jimenez CR, Garcia KC, Ploegh HL, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Selective targeting of ligand-dependent and -independent signaling by GPCR conformation-specific anti-US28 intrabodies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4357. [PMID: 34272386 PMCID: PMC8285524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While various GPCRs, including US28, display constitutive, ligand-independent activity, it remains to be established whether ligand-dependent and -independent active conformations differ and can be selectively modulated. Previously, the agonist-bound conformation of US28 was stabilized and its structure was solved using the anti-US28 nanobody Nb7. Here we report the recognition of the constitutively active, apo-conformation of US28 by another nanobody VUN103. While the Nb7 intrabody selectively inhibits ligand-induced signaling, the VUN103 intrabody blocks constitutive signaling, indicating the existence of distinct US28 conformational states. By displacing Gαq protein, VUN103 prevents US28 signaling and reduces tumor spheroids growth. Overall, nanobodies specific for distinct GPCR conformational states, i.e. apo- and agonist-bound, can selectively target and discern functional consequences of ligand-dependent versus independent signaling. Various GPCRs display constitutive ligand-independent activity, but it remains unclear whether ligand-dependent and -independent conformations differ. Here the authors demonstrate the recognition and blocking of G protein recruitment of either the ligand-bound active, or the constitutively active apo-conformation of the viral GPCR US28 by different nanobodies that target similar intracellular loops of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Imaging, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick D Bergkamp
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,QVQ B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Truc Giap
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten P Bebelman
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Goeij-de Haas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Sherpa C, Rausch JW, Le Grice SFJ. HIV Genetic Diversity - Superpower of a Formidable Virus. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:69-73. [PMID: 32223727 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1802200311104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chringma Sherpa
- Basic Research Laboratory Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States
| | - Jason W Rausch
- Basic Research Laboratory Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Frederick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute National Institute of Health Frederick, MD, 21702, United States
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13
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Sherpa C, Le Grice SFJ. Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Mediated Expression of Broadly- Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV-Hitting a Fast-Moving Target. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:114-131. [PMID: 32039686 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666200210121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vast genetic variability of HIV has impeded efforts towards a cure for HIV. Lifelong administration of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is highly effective against HIV and has markedly increased the life expectancy of HIV infected individuals. However, the long-term usage of cART is associated with co-morbidities and the emergence of multidrug-resistant escape mutants necessitating the development of alternative approaches to combat HIV/AIDS. In the past decade, the development of single-cell antibody cloning methods has facilitated the characterization of a diverse array of highly potent neutralizing antibodies against a broad range of HIV strains. Although the passive transfer of these broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in both animal models and humans has been shown to elicit significant antiviral effects, long term virologic suppression requires repeated administration of these antibodies. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated antibody gene transfer provides a long-term expression of these antibodies from a single administration of the recombinant vector. Therefore, this vectored approach holds promises in the treatment and prevention of a chronic disease like HIV infection. Here, we provide an overview of HIV genetic diversity, AAV vectorology, and anti-HIV bnAbs and summarize the promises and challenges of the application of AAV in the delivery of bnAbs for HIV prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chringma Sherpa
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, United States
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14
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AAV-mediated in vivo CAR gene therapy for targeting human T-cell leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:119. [PMID: 34162832 PMCID: PMC8222347 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is the most active field in immuno-oncology and brings substantial benefit to patients with B cell malignancies. However, the complex procedure for CAR T-cell generation hampers its widespread applications. Here, we describe a novel approach in which human CAR T cells can be generated within the host upon injecting an Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying the CAR gene, which we call AAV delivering CAR gene therapy (ACG). Upon single infusion into a humanized NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgem26/Nju tumor mouse model of human T-cell leukemia, AAV generates sufficient numbers of potent in vivo CAR cells, resulting in tumor regression; these in vivo-generated CAR cells produce antitumor immunological characteristics. This instantaneous generation of in vivo CAR T cells may bypass the need for patient lymphodepletion, as well as the β processes of traditional CAR T-cell production, which may make CAR therapy simpler and less expensive. It may allow the development of intricate, individualized treatments in the form of on-demand and diverse therapies.
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15
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Garcia-Beltran WF, Claiborne DT, Maldini CR, Phelps M, Vrbanac V, Karpel ME, Krupp KL, Power KA, Boutwell CL, Balazs AB, Tager AM, Altfeld M, Allen TM. Innate Immune Reconstitution in Humanized Bone Marrow-Liver-Thymus (HuBLT) Mice Governs Adaptive Cellular Immune Function and Responses to HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667393. [PMID: 34122425 PMCID: PMC8189152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized bone marrow-liver-thymus (HuBLT) mice are a revolutionary small-animal model that has facilitated the study of human immune function and human-restricted pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). These mice recapitulate many aspects of acute and chronic HIV-1 infection, but exhibit weak and variable T-cell responses when challenged with HIV-1, hindering our ability to confidently detect HIV-1-specific responses or vaccine effects. To identify the cause of this, we comprehensively analyzed T-cell development, diversity, and function in HuBLT mice. We found that virtually all HuBLT were well-reconstituted with T cells and had intact TCRβ sequence diversity, thymic development, and differentiation to memory and effector cells. However, there was poor CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responsiveness to physiologic stimuli and decreased TH1 polarization that correlated with deficient reconstitution of innate immune cells, in particular monocytes. HIV-1 infection of HuBLT mice showed that mice with higher monocyte reconstitution exhibited greater CD8+ T cells responses and HIV-1 viral evolution within predicted HLA-restricted epitopes. Thus, T-cell responses to immune challenges are blunted in HuBLT mice due to a deficiency of innate immune cells, and future efforts to improve the model for HIV-1 immune response and vaccine studies need to be aimed at restoring innate immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel T. Claiborne
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Colby R. Maldini
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Meredith Phelps
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Human Immune System Mouse Program, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marshall E. Karpel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katharine L. Krupp
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Karen A. Power
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Christian L. Boutwell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Andrew M. Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States
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16
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Could gene therapy cure HIV? Life Sci 2021; 277:119451. [PMID: 33811896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed almost 33 million lives so far. According to the recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019, about 38 million people are living with AIDS. Hence, finding a solution to overcome this life-threatening virus can save millions of lives. Scientists and medical doctors have prescribed HIV patients with specific drugs for many years. Methods such antiretroviral therapy (ART) or latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been used for a while to treat HIV patients, however they have some side effects and drawbacks causing their application to be not quite successful. Instead, the application of gene therapy which refers to the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease has shown promising results to control HIV infection. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize recent advances in gene therapy approach against HIV.
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17
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Chowdhury EA, Meno-Tetang G, Chang HY, Wu S, Huang HW, Jamier T, Chandran J, Shah DK. Current progress and limitations of AAV mediated delivery of protein therapeutic genes and the importance of developing quantitative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:214-237. [PMID: 33486008 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While protein therapeutics are one of the most successful class of drug molecules, they are expensive and not suited for treating chronic disorders that require long-term dosing. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated in vivo gene therapy represents a viable alternative, which can deliver the genes of protein therapeutics to produce long-term expression of proteins in target tissues. Ongoing clinical trials and recent regulatory approvals demonstrate great interest in these therapeutics, however, there is a lack of understanding regarding their cellular disposition, whole-body disposition, dose-exposure relationship, exposure-response relationship, and how product quality and immunogenicity affects these important properties. In addition, there is a lack of quantitative studies to support the development of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models, which can support the discovery, development, and clinical translation of this delivery system. In this review, we have provided a state-of-the-art overview of current progress and limitations related to AAV mediated delivery of protein therapeutic genes, along with our perspective on the steps that need to be taken to improve clinical translation of this therapeutic modality.
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18
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Zaheer T, Pal K, Zaheer I. Topical review on nano-vaccinology: Biochemical promises and key challenges. Process Biochem 2021; 100:237-244. [PMID: 33013180 PMCID: PMC7521878 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have wide-ranging biomedical applications in prevention, treatment and control of diseases. Nanoparticle based vaccines have proven prodigious prophylaxis of various infectious and non-infectious diseases of human and animal concern. Nano-vaccines outnumber the conventional vaccines by virtue of plasticity in physio-chemical properties and ease of administration. The efficacy of nano-based vaccines may be attributed to the improved antigen stability, minimum immuno-toxicity, sustained release, enhanced immunogenicity and the flexibility of physical features of nanoparticles. Based on these, the nano-based vaccines have potential to evoke both cellular and humoral immune responses. Targeted and highly specific immunological pathways required for solid and long lasting immunity may be achieved with specially engineered nano-vaccines. This review presents an insight into the prevention of infectious diseases (of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin) and non-infectious diseases (cancer, auto-immune diseases) using nano-vaccinology. Additionally, key challenges to the effective utilization of nano-vaccines from bench to clinical settings have been highlighted as research domains for future.
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Key Words
- CAPN, calcium-phosphate nanoparticles
- CNT, carbon nanotube
- COVID-19, Corona virus disease-2019
- Chi-Alg, chitosan alginate
- HIV, human immune deficiency virus
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- ISCOMS, immune stimulating complexes
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- Immunity
- MERS, Middle-East respiratory syndrome
- MRSA, methcillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- NMVs, nano multilamellar lipid vesicles
- Nanoparticles
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PSNP, polystyrene nanoparticles
- Pathogens
- Prevention
- SAPN, Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticle
- SARS-CoV-1, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-1
- VLP, virus like particles
- Vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
- Wuhan University, 8 East Lake South Road, Wuchang 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Iqra Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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19
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Ng PY, Chang IS, Koh RY, Chye SM. Recent advances in tau-directed immunotherapy against Alzheimer's disease: an overview of pre-clinical and clinical development. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1049-1066. [PMID: 32632666 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a worldwide concern for many years now. This is due to the fact that AD is an irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects quality of life. Failure of some Phase II/III clinical trials in AD targeting accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain has led to an increase in interest in studying alternative treatments against tubulin-associated unit (Tau) pathology. These alternative treatments include active and passive immunisation. Based on numerous studies, Tau is reported as a potential immunotherapeutic target for tauopathy-related diseases including AD. Accumulation and aggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau as neuropil threads and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are pathological hallmarks of AD. Both active and passive immunisation targeting Tau protein have shown the capabilities to decrease or prevent Tau pathology and improve either motor or cognitive impairment in various animal models. In this review, we summarise recent advances in active and passive immunisation targeting pathological Tau protein, and will discuss with data obtained from both animal and human trials. Together, we give a brief overview about problems being encountered in these immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ying Ng
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Shuen Chang
- School of Health Science, Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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20
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Page A, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Towards Physiologically and Tightly Regulated Vectored Antibody Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E962. [PMID: 32295072 PMCID: PMC7226531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent highly significant health issues and the options for their treatment are often not efficient to cure the disease. Immunotherapy strategies have been developed to modulate the patient's immune system in order to eradicate cancerous cells. For instance, passive immunization consists in the administration at high doses of exogenously produced monoclonal antibodies directed either against tumor antigen or against immune checkpoint inhibitors. Its main advantage is that it provides immediate immunity, though during a relatively short period, which consequently requires frequent injections. To circumvent this limitation, several approaches, reviewed here, have emerged to induce in vivo antibody secretion at physiological doses. Gene delivery vectors, such as adenoviral vectors or adeno-associated vectors, have been designed to induce antibody secretion in vivo after in situ cell modification, and have driven significant improvements in several cancer models. However, anti-idiotypic antibodies and escape mutants have been detected, probably because of both the continuous expression of antibodies and their expression by unspecialized cell types. To overcome these hurdles, adoptive transfer of genetically modified B cells that secrete antibodies either constitutively or in a regulated manner have been developed by ex vivo transgene insertion with viral vectors. Recently, with the emergence of gene editing technologies, the endogenous B cell receptor loci of B cells have been modified with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas-9) system to change their specificity in order to target a given antigen. The expression of the modified BCR gene hence follows the endogenous regulation mechanisms, which may prevent or at least reduce side effects. Although these approaches seem promising for cancer treatments, major questions, such as the persistence and the re-activation potential of these engineered cells, remain to be addressed in clinically relevant animal models before translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRICentre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, F-69007 Lyon, France; (A.P.); (F.F.)
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21
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Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Mendes DE, Rakasz EG, Gao G, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC. Long-Term Delivery of an Anti-SIV Monoclonal Antibody With AAV. Front Immunol 2020; 11:449. [PMID: 32256496 PMCID: PMC7089924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies using adeno-associated virus (AAV) holds promise for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. We previously reported that after receiving a single administration of AAV vector coding for anti-SIV antibody 5L7, monkey 84-05 achieved high levels of AAV-delivered 5L7 IgG1 in vivo which conferred sterile protection against six successive, escalating dose, intravenous challenges with highly infectious, highly pathogenic SIVmac239, including a final challenge with 10 animal infectious doses (1). Here we report that monkey 84-05 has successfully maintained 240-350 μg/ml of anti-SIV antibody 5L7 for over 6 years. Approximately 2% of the circulating IgG in this monkey is this one monoclonal antibody. This monkey generated little or no anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to the AAV-delivered antibody for the duration of the study. Due to the nature of the high-dose challenge used and in order to rule out a potential low-level infection not detected by regular viral loads, we have used ultrasensitive techniques to detect cell-associated viral DNA and RNA in PBMCs from this animal. In addition, we have tested serum from 84-05 by ELISA against overlapping peptides spanning the whole envelope sequence for SIVmac239 (PepScan) and against recombinant p27 and gp41 proteins. No reactivity has been detected in the ELISAs indicating the absence of naturally arising anti-SIV antibodies; moreover, the ultrasensitive cell-associated viral tests yielded no positive reaction. We conclude that macaque 84-05 was effectively protected and remained uninfected. Our data show that durable, continuous antibody expression can be achieved after one single administration of AAV and support the potential for lifelong protection against HIV from a single vector administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Desiree E. Mendes
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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22
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Chen VP, Gao Y, Geng L, Steele M, Jenks N, Peng KW, Brimijoin S. Systemic Safety of a Recombinant AAV8 Vector for Human Cocaine Hydrolase Gene Therapy: A Good Laboratory Practice Preclinical Study in Mice. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:70-79. [PMID: 31650869 PMCID: PMC6985763 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine addiction continues to impose major burdens on affected individuals and broader society but is highly resistant to medical treatment or psychotherapy. This study was undertaken with the goal of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permission for a first-in-human clinical trial of a gene therapy for treatment-seeking cocaine users to become and remain abstinent. The approach was based on intravenous administration of AAV8-hCocH, an adeno-associated viral vector encoding a modified plasma enzyme that metabolizes cocaine into harmless by-products. To assess systemic safety, we conducted "Good Laboratory Practice" (GLP) studies in cocaine-experienced and cocaine-naive mice at doses of 5E12 and 5E13 vector genomes/kg. Results showed total lack of viral vector-related adverse effects in all tests performed. Instead, mice given one injection of AAV8-hCocH and regular daily injections of cocaine had far less tissue pathology than cocaine-injected mice with no vector treatment. Biodistribution analysis showed the vector located almost exclusively in the liver. These results indicate that a liver-directed AAV8-hCocH gene transfer at reasonable dosage is safe, well tolerated, and effective. Thus, gene transfer therapy emerges as a radically new approach to treat compulsive cocaine abuse. In fact, based on these positive findings, the FDA recently accepted our latest request for investigational new drug application (IND 18579).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Ping Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Liyi Geng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mike Steele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan Jenks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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23
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Abstract
Antibody immunotherapy is revolutionizing modern medicine. The field has advanced dramatically over the past 40 years, driven in part by major advances in isolation and manufacturing technologies that have brought these important biologics to the forefront of modern medicine. However, the global uptake of monoclonal antibody (mAb) biologics is impeded by biophysical and biochemical liabilities, production limitations, the need for cold-chain storage and transport, as well as high costs of manufacturing and distribution. Some of these hurdles may be overcome through transient in vivo gene delivery platforms, such as non-viral synthetic plasmid DNA and messenger RNA vectors that are engineered to encode optimized mAb genes. These approaches turn the body into a biological factory for antibody production, eliminating many of the steps involved in bioprocesses and providing several other significant advantages, and differ from traditional gene therapy (permanent delivery) approaches. In this review, we focus on nucleic acid delivery of antibody employing synthetic plasmid DNA vector platforms, and RNA delivery, these being important approaches that are advancing simple, rapid, in vivo expression and having an impact in animal models of infectious diseases and cancer, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mamadou A Bah
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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24
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van den Berg FT, Makoah NA, Ali SA, Scott TA, Mapengo RE, Mutsvunguma LZ, Mkhize NN, Lambson BE, Kgagudi PD, Crowther C, Abdool Karim SS, Balazs AB, Weinberg MS, Ely A, Arbuthnot PB, Morris L. AAV-Mediated Expression of Broadly Neutralizing and Vaccine-like Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Envelope V2 Region. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:100-112. [PMID: 31334303 PMCID: PMC6616373 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection continues to be a global health challenge and a vaccine is urgently needed. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are considered essential as they inhibit multiple HIV-1 strains, but they are difficult to elicit by conventional immunization. In contrast, non-neutralizing antibodies that correlated with reduced risk of infection in the RV144 HIV vaccine trial are relatively easy to induce, but responses are not durable. To overcome these obstacles, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors were used to provide long-term expression of antibodies targeting the V2 region of the HIV-1 envelope protein, including the potent CAP256-VRC26.25 bNAb, as well as non-neutralizing CAP228 antibodies that resemble those elicited by vaccination. AAVs mediated effective antibody expression in cell culture and immunocompetent mice. Mean concentrations of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) in mouse sera increased rapidly following a single AAV injection, reaching 8–60 μg/mL for CAP256 antibodies and 44–220 μg/mL for CAP228 antibodies over 24 weeks, but antibody concentrations varied for individual mice. Secreted antibodies collected from serum retained the expected binding and neutralizing activity. The vectors generated here are, therefore, suitable for the delivery of V2-targeting HIV antibodies, and they could be used in a vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) approach to sustain the level of antibody expression required to prevent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona T van den Berg
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel A Makoah
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stuart A Ali
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tristan A Scott
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rutendo E Mapengo
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Z Mutsvunguma
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Prudence D Kgagudi
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marc S Weinberg
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick B Arbuthnot
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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25
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Koch-Nolte F, Eichhoff A, Pinto-Espinoza C, Schwarz N, Schäfer T, Menzel S, Haag F, Demeules M, Gondé H, Adriouch S. Novel biologics targeting the P2X7 ion channel. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 47:110-118. [PMID: 30986625 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the P2X7 ion channel, a danger sensor for extracellular nucleotides, improves outcomes in models of inflammation, cancer, and brain-diseases. Antibodies and nanobodies have been developed that antagonize or potentiate gating of P2X7. Their potential advantages over small-molecule drugs include high specificity, lower off-target effects, and tunable in vivo half-life. Genetic fusion of P2X7-specific biologics to binding modules may enable targeting of specific cell subsets. Besides directly modulating P2X7 function, antibodies can also initiate specific depletion of P2X7-expressing cells. Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) can be used to express P2X7-specific antibodies in vivo to achieve long-lasting biological effects. Furthermore, if successfully targeted to P2X7-expressing cells, AAVs may enable modulation of the function of P2X7-expressing immune cells via encoded transgenic RNA or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Eichhoff
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mélanie Demeules
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Henri Gondé
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular diseases and regenerative THERapies (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France.
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26
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Reul J, Frisch J, Engeland CE, Thalheimer FB, Hartmann J, Ungerechts G, Buchholz CJ. Tumor-Specific Delivery of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Engineered AAV Vectors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:52. [PMID: 30838171 PMCID: PMC6382738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can block distinct receptors on T cells or tumor cells thus preventing T cell inactivation and tumor immune escape. While the clinical response to treatment with ICIs in cancer patients is impressive, this therapy is often associated with a number of immune-related adverse events. There is therefore a need to explore innovative strategies of tumor-specific delivery of ICIs. Delivery of therapeutic proteins on a genetic level can be accomplished with viral vectors including those derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV). Here, we assessed the tumor-targeted Her2-AAV, a receptor-targeted AAV vector binding to the tumor antigen Her2/neu for cell entry, as vehicle for ICI gene delivery. Initially, we packaged the coding sequence of a scFv-Fc fusion protein directed against mouse programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) into Her2-AAV. Upon transduction of Her2/neu+ RENCA cells, AAV-encoded αPD-1 was readily detectable in the cell culture supernatant and revealed specific binding to its target antigen. In vivo, in BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous RENCA-Her2/neu tumors, Her2-AAV mediated specific gene delivery into tumor tissue upon intravenous administration as verified by luciferase gene transfer and in vivo imaging thus demonstrating unimpaired tumor-targeting by Her2-AAV vectors in immunocompetent animals. When delivering the αPD-1 gene, levels of ICI were similar in tumor tissue for Her2-AAV and AAV2 but substantially reduced in liver for Her2-AAV. When combined with chemotherapy a tendency for reduced progression of tumor growth was documented for Her2-AAV treated mice. To get closer to the clinical situation, AAV constructs that deliver the complete coding sequence of the therapeutic antibody nivolumab which is directed against human PD-1 were generated next. The AAV-Nivolumab constructs were expressed and released from transduced MDA-MB-453 cells in vitro and from RENCA-Her2/neu cells upon intratumoral as well as intravenous administration in vivo. Antibody processing and expression levels were further improved through optimization of construct design. In conclusion, we provide proof-of-principle for redirecting the biodistribution of ICIs from liver and serum to tumor tissue by the use of engineered AAV vectors. This strategy can be easily combined with other types of immunotherapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Reul
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janina Frisch
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jessica Hartmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Greiner V, Bou Puerto R, Liu S, Herbel C, Carmona EM, Goldberg MS. CRISPR-Mediated Editing of the B Cell Receptor in Primary Human B Cells. iScience 2019; 12:369-378. [PMID: 30769282 PMCID: PMC6374785 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination approaches have generally focused on the antigen rather than the resultant antibodies generated, which differ greatly in quality and function between individuals. The ability to replace the variable regions of the native B cell receptor (BCR) heavy and light chain loci with defined recombined sequences of a preferred monoclonal antibody could enable curative adoptive cell transfer. We report CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination (HR) into the BCR of primary human B cells. Ribonucleoprotein delivery enabled editing at the model CXCR4 locus, as demonstrated by T7E1 assay, flow cytometry, and TIDE analysis. Insertion via HR was confirmed by sequencing, cross-boundary PCR, and restriction digest. Optimized conditions were used to achieve HR at the BCR variable heavy and light chains. Insertion was confirmed at the DNA level, and transgene expression from the native BCR promoters was observed. Reprogramming the specificity of antibodies in the genomes of B cells could have clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Greiner
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Regina Bou Puerto
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Suying Liu
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christoph Herbel
- Department of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ellese M Carmona
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael S Goldberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Therapeutic Antibody Discovery in Infectious Diseases Using Single-Cell Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1068:89-102. [PMID: 29943298 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0502-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of mouse hybridoma technology by Kohler and Milstein in 1975, significant progress has been made in monoclonal antibody production. Advances in B cell immortalization and phage display technologies have generated a myriad of valuable monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment. Technological breakthroughs in various fields of 'omics have shed crucial insights into cellular heterogeneity of a biological system in which the functional individuality of a single cell must be considered. Based on this important concept, remarkable discoveries in single-cell analysis have made in identifying and isolating functional B cells that produce beneficial therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we will discuss three traditional methods of antibody discovery. Recent technological platforms for single-cell antibody discovery will be reviewed. We will discuss the application of the single-cell analysis in finding therapeutic antibodies for human immunodeficiency virus and emerging Zika arbovirus.
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29
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Zhu F, Wang Y, Xu Z, Qu H, Zhang H, Niu L, Xue H, Jing D, He H. Novel adeno‑associated virus‑based genetic vaccines encoding hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein elicit humoral immune responses in mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1016-1023. [PMID: 30569131 PMCID: PMC6323296 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major public health issue despite the introduction of several direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), with some 185 million individuals infected with HCV worldwide. There is an urgent need for an effective prophylactic HCV vaccine. In the present study, we constructed genetic vaccines based on novel recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors (AAV2/8 or AAV2/rh32.33) that express the envelope glycoprotein E2 from the HCV genotype 1b. Expression of HCV E2 protein in 293 cells was confirmed by western blot analysis. rAAV2/8.HCV E2 vaccine or rAAV2/rh32.33.HCV E2 vaccine was intramuscularly injected into C57BL/6 mice. HCV E2-specific antigen was produced, and long-lasting specific antibody responses remained detectable XVI weeks following immunization. In addition, the rAAV2/rh32.33 vaccine induced higher antigen-specific antibody levels than the rAAV2/8 vaccine or AAV plasmid. Moreover, both AAV vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies against HCV genotypes 1a and 1b. Finally, it is worth mentioning that neutralizing antibody levels directed against AAV2/rh32.33 were lower than those against AAV2/8 in both mouse and human serum. These results demonstrate that AAV vectors, especially the AAVrh32.33, have particularly favorable immunogenicity for development into an effective HCV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Hairong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Honglu Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Dehuai Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Heng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
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30
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Welles HC, Jennewein MF, Mason RD, Narpala S, Wang L, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Todd JP, Lifson JD, Balazs AB, Alter G, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Roederer M. Vectored delivery of anti-SIV envelope targeting mAb via AAV8 protects rhesus macaques from repeated limiting dose intrarectal swarm SIVsmE660 challenge. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007395. [PMID: 30517201 PMCID: PMC6296672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene based delivery of immunoglobulins promises to safely and durably provide protective immunity to individuals at risk of acquiring infectious diseases such as HIV. We used a rhesus macaque animal model to optimize delivery of naturally-arising, autologous anti-SIV neutralizing antibodies expressed by Adeno-Associated Virus 8 (AAV8) vectors. Vectored transgene expression was confirmed by quantitation of target antibody abundance in serum and mucosal surfaces. We tested the expression achieved at varying doses and numbers of injections. Expression of the transgene reached a saturation at about 2 x 1012 AAV8 genome copies (gc) per needle-injection, a physical limitation that may not scale clinically into human trials. In contrast, expression increased proportionately with the number of injections. In terms of anti-drug immunity, anti-vector antibody responses were universally strong, while those directed against the natural transgene mAb were detected in only 20% of animals. An anti-transgene antibody response was invariably associated with loss of detectable plasma expression of the antibody. Despite having atypical glycosylation profiles, transgenes derived from AAV-directed muscle cell expression retained full functional activity, including mucosal accumulation, in vitro neutralization, and protection against repeated limiting dose SIVsmE660 swarm challenge. Our findings demonstrate feasibility of a gene therapy-based passive immunization strategy against infectious disease, and illustrate the potential for the nonhuman primate model to inform clinical AAV-based approaches to passive immunization. Antibodies are the humoral component of an immune response against an invading pathogen or vaccine immunogen. For challenging vaccine targets, as an alternative to active vaccination to induce the immune system to generate antibodies, current research is exploring the delivery of these proteins to populations at high risk of infection as prophylactics against infectious diseases, like HIV, RSV, and Ebola, amongst others. Passive vaccination via purified protein will require periodic reinjection to retain protective levels in subjects, adding a barrier to large scale coverage. Alternatively, delivery of antibodies using gene therapy may provide a one-time passive vaccination alternative. This strategy comes with its own hurdles, including anti-vector immunity, anti-drug immunity, physical limitations of vector uptake and the need to confirm antibody functionality. To date, many passive vaccinations strategies remain untested in humans. Non-human primate models of infection are frequently useful for predicting the success of vaccine candidates or concepts. Here, we characterize and optimize a rhesus macaque model for the delivery of anti-viral antibodies via the gene therapy vector adeno-associated virus. Lastly, we demonstrate the ability of the mAbs to protect against viral challenge. Our work demonstrates the feasibility and utility of vectored delivery of antibody transgenes in rhesus macaques. We hope this model of antibody delivery may be applied to various disease models in non-human primates and will inform clinical trial design of passive vaccination against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C. Welles
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCW); (MR)
| | - Madeleine F. Jennewein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lingshu Wang
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory of Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Immunotechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HCW); (MR)
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31
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Jeevanandam J, Pal K, Danquah MK. Virus-like nanoparticles as a novel delivery tool in gene therapy. Biochimie 2018; 157:38-47. [PMID: 30408502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are considered as natural nanomaterials as they are in the size range of 20-500 nm with a genetical material either DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat capsid. Recently, the field of virus nanotechnology is gaining significant attention from researchers. Attention is given to the utilization of viruses as nanomaterials for medical, biotechnology and energy applications. Removal of genetic material from the viral capsid creates empty capsid for drug incorporation and coating the capsid protein crystals with antibodies, enzymes or aptamers will enhance their targeted drug deliver efficiency. Studies reported that these virus-like nanoparticles have been used in delivering drugs for cancer. It is also used in imaging and sensory applications for various diseases. However, there is reservation among researchers to utilize virus-like nanoparticles in targeted delivery of genes in gene therapy, as there is a possibility of using virus-like nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery. In addition, other biomedical applications that are explored using virus-like nanoparticles and the probable mechanism of delivering genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaison Jeevanandam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT250, Miri, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Bharath University, Department of Nanotechnology, Research Park, 173 Agharam Road, Selaiyur, Chennai, 600073, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, United States
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32
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Huang S, Ren Y, Wang X, Lazar L, Ma S, Weng G, Zhao J. Application of Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Exogenous Gene Transfer in Treating Various Renal Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:127-138. [PMID: 30205715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal disease or acute renal injury could result in end-stage renal disease or renal failure. Sonoporation, induced by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), has evolved as a new technology for gene delivery. It increases the transfection efficiency of the genes into target kidney tissues. Moreover, UTMD-mediated gene delivery can directly repair the damaged tissues or improve the recruitment and homing of stem cells in the recovery of injured tissues, which has the potential to act as a non-viral and effective method to current gene therapy. This article reviews the mechanisms and applications of UTMD in terms of renal disease, including diabetic nephropathy, renal carcinoma, acute kidney injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, nephrotoxic nephritis, urinary stones, and acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Huang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lissy Lazar
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Suya Ma
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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33
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Abstract
A large array of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV have been isolated and described, particularly in the last decade. This continually expanding array of bnAbs has crucially led to the identification of novel epitopes on the HIV envelope protein via which antibodies can block a broad range of HIV strains. Moreover, these studies have produced high-resolution understanding of these sites of vulnerability on the envelope protein. They have also clarified the mechanisms of action of bnAbs and provided detailed descriptions of B cell ontogenies from which they arise. However, it is still not possible to predict which HIV-infected individuals will go onto develop breath nor is it possible to induce neutralization breadth by immunization in humans. This review aims to discuss the major insights gained so far and also to evaluate the requirement to continue isolating and characterizing new bnAbs. While new epitopes may remain to be uncovered, a clearer probable benefit of further bnAb characterization is a greater understanding of key decision points in bnAb development within the anti-HIV immune response. This in turn may lead to new insights into how to trigger bnAbs by immunization and more clearly define the challenges to using bnAbs as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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34
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Robinson HL. HIV/AIDS Vaccines: 2018. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:1062-1073. [PMID: 30099743 PMCID: PMC6282490 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected 76 million people and killed an estimated 35 million. During its 40-year history, remarkable progress has been made on antiretroviral drugs. Progress toward a vaccine has also been made, although this has yet to deliver a licensed product. In 2007, I wrote a review, HIV AIDS Vaccines: 2007. This review, HIV AIDS Vaccines: 2018, focuses on the progress in the past 11 years. I begin with key challenges for the development of an AIDS vaccine and the lessons learned from the six completed efficacy trials, only one of which has met with some success.
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35
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Bale S, Martiné A, Wilson R, Behrens AJ, Le Fourn V, de Val N, Sharma SK, Tran K, Torres JL, Girod PA, Ward AB, Crispin M, Wyatt RT. Cleavage-Independent HIV-1 Trimers From CHO Cell Lines Elicit Robust Autologous Tier 2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1116. [PMID: 29881382 PMCID: PMC5976746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Native flexibly linked (NFL) HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers are cleavage-independent and display a native-like, well-folded conformation that preferentially displays broadly neutralizing determinants. The NFL platform simplifies large-scale production of Env by eliminating the need to co-transfect the precursor-cleaving protease, furin that is required by the cleavage-dependent SOSIP trimers. Here, we report the development of a CHO-M cell line that expressed BG505 NFL trimers at a high level of homogeneity and yields of ~1.8 g/l. BG505 NFL trimers purified by single-step lectin-affinity chromatography displayed a native-like closed structure, efficient recognition by trimer-preferring bNAbs, no recognition by non-neutralizing CD4 binding site-directed and V3-directed antibodies, long-term stability, and proper N-glycan processing. Following negative-selection, formulation in ISCOMATRIX adjuvant and inoculation into rabbits, the trimers rapidly elicited potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing antibodies. These antibodies targeted the N-glycan "hole" naturally present on the BG505 Env proximal to residues at positions 230, 241, and 289. The BG505 NFL trimers that did not expose V3 in vitro, elicited low-to-no tier 1 virus neutralization in vivo, indicating that they remained intact during the immunization process, not exposing V3. In addition, BG505 NFL and BG505 SOSIP trimers expressed from 293F cells, when formulated in Adjuplex adjuvant, elicited equivalent BG505 tier 2 autologous neutralizing titers. These titers were lower in potency when compared to the titers elicited by CHO-M cell derived trimers. In addition, increased neutralization of tier 1 viruses was detected. Taken together, these data indicate that both adjuvant and cell-type expression can affect the elicitation of tier 2 and tier 1 neutralizing responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Bale
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Richard Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anna-Janina Behrens
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Natalia de Val
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shailendra K Sharma
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Andrew B Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Max Crispin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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36
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Vectored gene delivery for lifetime animal contraception: Overview and hurdles to implementation. Theriogenology 2018; 112:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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37
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Ringel O, Vieillard V, Debré P, Eichler J, Büning H, Dietrich U. The Hard Way towards an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Env Vaccine: Lessons from Other Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040197. [PMID: 29662026 PMCID: PMC5923491 DOI: 10.3390/v10040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although effective antibody-based vaccines have been developed against multiple viruses, such approaches have so far failed for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease and has reduced the number of new infections worldwide, a vaccine against HIV-1 is still urgently needed. We discuss here the major reasons for the failure of “classical” vaccine approaches, which are mostly due to the biological properties of the virus itself. HIV-1 has developed multiple mechanisms of immune escape, which also account for vaccine failure. So far, no vaccine candidate has been able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against primary patient viruses from different clades. However, such antibodies were identified in a subset of patients during chronic infection and were shown to protect from infection in animal models and to reduce viremia in first clinical trials. Their detailed characterization has guided structure-based reverse vaccinology approaches to design better HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Furthermore, conserved Env epitopes have been identified, which are promising candidates in view of clinical applications. Together with new vector-based technologies, considerable progress has been achieved in recent years towards the development of an effective antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ringel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Patrice Debré
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Laboratory for Infection Biology & Gene Transfer, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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38
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Bannas P, Hambach J, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies and Nanobody-Based Human Heavy Chain Antibodies As Antitumor Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1603. [PMID: 29213270 PMCID: PMC5702627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, delivery to tumor cells in vivo is hampered by the large size (150 kDa) of conventional antibodies. The minimal target recognition module of a conventional antibody is composed of two non-covalently associated variable domains (VH and VL). The proper orientation of these domains is mediated by their hydrophobic interface and is stabilized by their linkage to disulfide-linked constant domains (CH1 and CL). VH and VL domains can be fused via a genetic linker into a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). scFv modules in turn can be fused to one another, e.g., to generate a bispecific T-cell engager, or they can be fused in various orientations to antibody hinge and Fc domains to generate bi- and multispecific antibodies. However, the inherent hydrophobic interaction of VH and VL domains limits the stability and solubility of engineered antibodies, often causing aggregation and/or mispairing of V-domains. Nanobodies (15 kDa) and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies (75 kDa) can overcome these limitations. Camelids naturally produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains in which the target recognition module is composed of a single variable domain (VHH or Nb). Advantageous features of nanobodies include their small size, high solubility, high stability, and excellent tissue penetration in vivo. Nanobodies can readily be linked genetically to Fc-domains, other nanobodies, peptide tags, or toxins and can be conjugated chemically at a specific site to drugs, radionuclides, photosensitizers, and nanoparticles. These properties make them particularly suited for specific and efficient targeting of tumors in vivo. Chimeric nanobody-heavy chain antibodies combine advantageous features of nanobodies and human Fc domains in about half the size of a conventional antibody. In this review, we discuss recent developments and perspectives for applications of nanobodies and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies as antitumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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39
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Abstract
In a Perspective, Lynn Morris and Nonhlanhla Mkhize discuss the prospects for broadly neutralizing antibodies to be used in preventing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service and the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service and the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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40
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Xu L, Pegu A, Rao E, Doria-Rose N, Beninga J, McKee K, Lord DM, Wei RR, Deng G, Louder M, Schmidt SD, Mankoff Z, Wu L, Asokan M, Beil C, Lange C, Leuschner WD, Kruip J, Sendak R, Kwon YD, Zhou T, Chen X, Bailer RT, Wang K, Choe M, Tartaglia LJ, Barouch DH, O'Dell S, Todd JP, Burton DR, Roederer M, Connors M, Koup RA, Kwong PD, Yang ZY, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Trispecific broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies mediate potent SHIV protection in macaques. Science 2017; 358:85-90. [PMID: 28931639 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective AIDS vaccine has been challenging because of viral genetic diversity and the difficulty of generating broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). We engineered trispecific antibodies (Abs) that allow a single molecule to interact with three independent HIV-1 envelope determinants: the CD4 binding site, the membrane-proximal external region (MPER), and the V1V2 glycan site. Trispecific Abs exhibited higher potency and breadth than any previously described single bnAb, showed pharmacokinetics similar to those of human bnAbs, and conferred complete immunity against a mixture of simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) in nonhuman primates, in contrast to single bnAbs. Trispecific Abs thus constitute a platform to engage multiple therapeutic targets through a single protein, and they may be applicable for treatment of diverse diseases, including infections, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dana M Lord
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ronnie R Wei
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gejing Deng
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zachary Mankoff
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mangaiarkarasi Asokan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jochen Kruip
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence J Tartaglia
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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41
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Ahmad M, Ahmed OM, Schnepp B, Johnson PR. Engineered Expression of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Annu Rev Virol 2017. [PMID: 28645240 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses recent progress made in developing a vaccine and novel treatments for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It highlights the shortcomings of the RV144 vaccination trial [ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and AIDSVAX B/E] and the current standard of care and proposes that engineered expression of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 could overcome these shortcomings. Current developments in three major lines of research on HIV prevention and treatment using bNAbs are reviewed: firstly, the use of sequential immunogens to activate B cells to express bNAbs; secondly, the delivery of novel and extremely potent bNAbs through passive administration; and finally, the use of gene transfer using adeno-associated viral vectors to deliver bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Ahmad
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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42
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Hollevoet K, Declerck PJ. State of play and clinical prospects of antibody gene transfer. J Transl Med 2017; 15:131. [PMID: 28592330 PMCID: PMC5463339 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of today's most successful therapeutic classes in inflammatory diseases and oncology. A wider accessibility and implementation, however, is hampered by the high product cost and prolonged need for frequent administration. The surge in more effective mAb combination therapies further adds to the costs and risk of toxicity. To address these issues, antibody gene transfer seeks to administer to patients the mAb-encoding nucleotide sequence, rather than the mAb protein. This allows the body to produce its own medicine in a cost- and labor-effective manner, for a prolonged period of time. Expressed mAbs can be secreted systemically or locally, depending on the production site. The current review outlines the state of play and clinical prospects of antibody gene transfer, thereby highlighting recent innovations, opportunities and remaining hurdles. Different expression platforms and a multitude of administration sites have been pursued. Viral vector-mediated mAb expression thereby made the most significant strides. Therapeutic proof of concept has been demonstrated in mice and non-human primates, and intramuscular vectored mAb therapy is under clinical evaluation. However, viral vectors face limitations, particularly in terms of immunogenicity. In recent years, naked DNA has gained ground as an alternative. Attained serum mAb titers in mice, however, remain far below those obtained with viral vectors, and robust pharmacokinetic data in larger animals is limited. The broad translatability of DNA-based antibody therapy remains uncertain, despite ongoing evaluation in patients. RNA presents another emerging platform for antibody gene transfer. Early reports in mice show that mRNA may be able to rival with viral vectors in terms of generated serum mAb titers, although expression appears more short-lived. Overall, substantial progress has been made in the clinical translation of antibody gene transfer. While challenges persist, clinical prospects are amplified by ongoing innovations and the versatility of antibody gene transfer. Clinical introduction can be expedited by selecting the platform approach currently best suited for the mAb or disease of interest. Innovations in expression platform, administration and antibody technology are expected to further improve overall safety and efficacy, and unlock the vast clinical potential of antibody gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hollevoet
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 2, P.B. 820, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul J. Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N 2, P.B. 820, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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43
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Yin C, Zhang T, Qu X, Zhang Y, Putatunda R, Xiao X, Li F, Xiao W, Zhao H, Dai S, Qin X, Mo X, Young WB, Khalili K, Hu W. In Vivo Excision of HIV-1 Provirus by saCas9 and Multiplex Single-Guide RNAs in Animal Models. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1168-1186. [PMID: 28366764 PMCID: PMC5417847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing provides a promising cure for HIV-1/AIDS; however, gene delivery efficiency in vivo remains an obstacle to overcome. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of excising the HIV-1 provirus in three different animal models using an all-in-one adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to deliver multiplex single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) plus Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (saCas9). The quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 vector outperformed the duplex vector in excising the integrated HIV-1 genome in cultured neural stem/progenitor cells from HIV-1 Tg26 transgenic mice. Intravenously injected quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8 excised HIV-1 proviral DNA and significantly reduced viral RNA expression in several organs/tissues of Tg26 mice. In EcoHIV acutely infected mice, intravenously injected quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8 reduced systemic EcoHIV infection, as determined by live bioluminescence imaging. Additionally, this quadruplex vector induced efficient proviral excision, as determined by PCR genotyping in the liver, lungs, brain, and spleen. Finally, in humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice with chronic HIV-1 infection, successful proviral excision was detected by PCR genotyping in the spleen, lungs, heart, colon, and brain after a single intravenous injection of quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8. In conclusion, in vivo excision of HIV-1 proviral DNA by sgRNAs/saCas9 in solid tissues/organs can be achieved via AAV delivery, a significant step toward human clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Gene Editing/methods
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Genome, Viral
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV Long Terminal Repeat
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiying Qu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Science, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Won-Bin Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Despite major advances in our understanding of the biology of HIV-1 infection, and advances in antiretroviral therapy to treat the disease, there were 2.1 million new cases of HIV-1 infection in 2015, and 36.7 million people living with AIDS (http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet ). Thus, a vaccine that can prevent HIV-infection remains a global priority. Thirty-three years after the discovery of HIV-1(1 ), and the demonstration it was the cause of AIDS(2 ) and after 6 HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials (3 –8 ), no HIV-1 candidate vaccine has shown enough efficacy to be approved for clinical use. Of several vaccine concepts tested in efficacy trials, only one, the RV144 pox virus prime, protein boost (ALVAC/AIDSVAX B/E) vaccine, showed a low level of vaccine protection with an estimated 31% vaccine efficacy (8 ). Candidate vaccines have sought to elicit both antibody and T-cell responses, but to fully prevent the acquisition of infection, a major focus has been on the induction of protective antibody responses (9 , 10 ). Hence, the focus of this issue of Immunologic Reviews is “Antibodies and Immunity to HIV”. Animal models have demonstrated that passive administration of HIV-1-- neutralizing antibodies can fully protect against infection, but the induction of such antibodies via immunization remains a major scientific challenge. With recent advances in the isolation and characterization of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from HIV-1-infected subjects, in elucidating structures of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), in defining novel approaches to immunogen design, and in improved understanding of the immunological pathways leading to bNAb elicitation, the challenge developing an HIV-1 vaccine appears to be more tractable. The articles in this issue highlight both major areas of HIV-1 vaccine development progress and remaining obstacles, and provide context for the renewed optimism that a highly effective vaccine, while not imminent, is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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