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Downey JP, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Ozone Loss on Painted Surfaces: Dependence on Relative Humidity, Aging, and Exposure to Reactive SVOCs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38923518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Ozone and its oxidation products result in negative health effects when inhaled. Despite painted surfaces being the most abundant surface in indoor spaces, surface loss remains one of the largest uncertainties in the indoor ozone budget. Here, ozone uptake coefficients (γO3) on painted surfaces were measured in a flow-through reactor where 79% of the inner surfaces were removable painted glass sheets. Flat white paint initially had a high uptake coefficient (8.3 × 10-6) at 20% RH which plateaued to 1.1 × 10-6 as the paint aged in an indoor office over weeks. Increasing the RH from 0 to 75% increased γO3 by a factor of 3.0, and exposure to 134 ppb of α-terpineol for 1 h increased γO3 by a factor of 1.6 at 20% RH. RH also increases α-terpineol partitioning to paint, further increasing ozone loss, but the type of paint (flat, eggshell, satin, semigloss) had no significant effect. A kinetic multilayer model captures the dependence of γO3 on RH and the presence of α-terpineol, indicating the reacto-diffusive depth for O3 is 1 to 2 μm. Given the similarity of the kinetics on aged surfaces across many paint types and the sustained reactivity during aging, these results suggest a mechanism for catalytic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P Downey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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2
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Qu Y, Zou Z, Weschler CJ, Liu Y, Yang X. Quantifying Ozone-Dependent Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from the Human Body. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13104-13113. [PMID: 37610659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Ozone reactions on human body surfaces produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that influence indoor air quality. However, the dependence of VOC emissions on the ozone concentration has received limited attention. In this study, we conducted 36 sets of single-person chamber experiments with three volunteers exposed to ozone concentrations ranging from 0 to 32 ppb. Emission fluxes from human body surfaces were measured for 11 targeted skin-oil oxidation products. For the majority of these products, the emission fluxes linearly correlated with ozone concentration, indicating a constant surface yield (moles of VOC emitted per mole of ozone deposited). However, for the second-generation oxidation product 4-oxopentanal, a higher surface yield was observed at higher ozone concentrations. Furthermore, many VOCs have substantial emissions in the absence of ozone. Overall, these results suggest that the complex surface reactions and mass transfer processes involved in ozone-dependent VOC emissions from the human body can be represented using a simplified parametrization based on surface yield and baseline emission flux. Values of these two parameters were quantified for targeted products and estimated for other semiquantified VOC signals, facilitating the inclusion of ozone/skin oil chemistry in indoor air quality models and providing new insights on skin oil chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuekun Qu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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3
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Beel G, Langford B, Carslaw N, Shaw D, Cowan N. Temperature driven variations in VOC emissions from plastic products and their fate indoors: A chamber experiment and modelling study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163497. [PMID: 37062317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products are ubiquitous in our homes, but we know very little about emissions from these products and their subsequent impact on indoor air quality. This is the first study to systematically determine temperature-dependent emissions of volatile organic compounds from commonly used plastic consumer products found in the home. The plastic types included high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polyester rubber. Plastic samples were exposed to increasing temperatures (between 18 and 28 °C) in controlled environmental chambers, connected to a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), where real-time emissions were detected. Average emission rates were determined and used to initialise an indoor air chemistry model (INCHEM-Py) at the highest and lowest experimental temperatures, to explore the impact these product emissions have on the indoor air chemistry. The PS tubing plastic proved to be the highest emitting polymer per surface area. Almost all selected VOC emissions were found to have a linear relationship with temperature. Upon observing the impacts of primary VOC emissions from plastics in modelled simulations, the hydroxyl radical concentration decreased by an average of 1.6 and 10 % relative to the baseline (with no plastics included) at 18 °C and 28 °C respectively. On the other hand, formaldehyde concentrations increased by 29 and 31.6 % relative to the baseline conditions at 18 °C and 28 °C respectively. The presence of plastic products indoors, therefore, has the potential to impact the indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Beel
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom; Department of Geography and Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben Langford
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David Shaw
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cowan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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4
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Butman JL, Thomson RJ, Geiger FM. Unanticipated Hydrophobicity Increases of Squalene and Human Skin Oil Films Upon Ozone Exposure. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9417-9423. [PMID: 36331532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The C-H and O-H oscillators on the surfaces of thin films of human-derived skin oil and squalene are probed under ambient conditions (300 K, 1 atm total pressure, 40% RH) using second-order vibrational spectroscopy and contact angle goniometry before and after exposure to ppb amounts of ozone. Skin oil and squalene are found to produce different vibrational sum frequency generation spectra in the C-H stretching region, while exposure to ozone results in surface spectra for both materials that is consistent with a loss of C-H oscillators. The measured contact angles show that the hydrophobicity of the films increases following exposure to ozone, consistent with the reduction in C═C···H2O ("πH") bonding interactions that is expected from C═C double bond loss due to ozonolysis and indicating that the polar functional groups formed point toward the films' interiors. Implications for heterogeneous indoor chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Butman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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5
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Poda SB, Buatois B, Lapeyre B, Dormont L, Diabaté A, Gnankiné O, Dabiré RK, Roux O. No evidence for long-range male sex pheromones in two malaria mosquitoes. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1676-1686. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Fitoussi R, Faure MO, Beauchef G, Achard S. Human skin responses to environmental pollutants: A review of current scientific models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119316. [PMID: 35469928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Whatever the exposure route, chemical, physical and biological pollutants modify the whole organism response, leading to nerve, cardiac, respiratory, reproductive, and skin system pathologies. Skin acts as a barrier for preventing pollutant modifications. This review aims to present the available scientific models, which help investigate the impact of pollution on the skin. The research question was "Which experimental models illustrate the impact of pollution on the skin in humans?" The review covered a period of 10 years following a PECO statement on in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo and in silico models. Of 582 retrieved articles, 118 articles were eligible. In oral and inhalation routes, dermal exposure had an important impact at both local and systemic levels. Healthy skin models included primary cells, cell lines, co-cultures, reconstructed human epidermis, and skin explants. In silico models estimated skin exposure and permeability. All pollutants affected the skin by altering elasticity, thickness, the structure of epidermal barrier strength, and dermal extracellular integrity. Some specific models concerned wound healing or the skin aging process. Underlying mechanisms were an exacerbated inflammatory skin reaction with the modulation of several cytokines and oxidative stress responses, ending with apoptosis. Pathological skin models revealed the consequences of environmental pollutants on psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and tumour development. Finally, scientific models were used for evaluating the safety and efficacy of potential skin formulations in preventing the skin aging process or skin irritation after repeated contact. The review gives an overview of scientific skin models used to assess the effects of pollutants. Chemical and physical pollutants were mainly represented while biological contaminants were little studied. In future developments, cell hypoxia and microbiota models may be considered as more representative of clinical situations. Models considering humidity and temperature variations may reflect the impact of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Odile Faure
- Scientific Consulting For You, 266 avenue Daumesnil, 75012, PARIS, France
| | | | - Sophie Achard
- HERA Team (Health Environmental Risk Assessment), INSERM UMR1153, CRESS-INRAE, Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 CEDEX 06, PARIS, France.
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7
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Coffaro B, Weisel CP. Reactions and Products of Squalene and Ozone: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7396-7411. [PMID: 35648815 PMCID: PMC9231367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This critical review describes the squalene-ozone (SqOz) reaction, or squalene ozonolysis. Ambient ozone penetrates indoors and drives indoor air chemistry. Squalene, a component of human skin oil, contains six carbon-carbon double bonds and is very reactive with ozone. Bioeffluents from people contribute to indoor air chemistry and affect the indoor air quality, resulting in exposures because people spend the majority of their time indoors. The SqOz reaction proceeds through various formation pathways and produces compounds that include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and dicarbonyl species, which have a range of volatilities. In this critical review of SqOz chemistry, information on the mechanism of reaction, reaction probability, rate constants, and reaction kinetics are compiled. Characterizations of SqOz reaction products have been done in laboratory experiments and real-world settings. The effect of multiple environmental parameters (ozone concentration, air exchange rate (AER), temperature, and relative humidity (RH)) in indoor settings are summarized. This critical review concludes by identifying the paucity of available exposure, health, and toxicological data for known reaction products. Key knowledge gaps about SqOz reactions leading to indoor exposures and adverse health outcomes are provided as well as an outlook on where the field is headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breann Coffaro
- Environmental
and Health Sciences Institute and Graduate Program in Exposure Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway Township, New
Jersey 08854, United
States
| | - Clifford P. Weisel
- Environmental
and Health Sciences Institute and School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway Township, New
Jersey 08854, United
States
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8
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Caggiano G, Lopuzzo M, Spagnuolo V, Diella G, Triggiano F, D’Ambrosio M, Trerotoli P, Marcotrigiano V, Barbuti G, Sorrenti GT, Magarelli P, Sorrenti DP, Napoli C, Montagna MT. Investigations on the Efficacy of Ozone as an Environmental Sanitizer in Large Supermarkets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050608. [PMID: 35631128 PMCID: PMC9147425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the importance of the microbial contamination of air and surfaces has increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of bacteria and fungi in the air and on surfaces within some critical areas of large supermarkets with and without an ozonation system. Surveys were conducted in four supermarkets belonging to the same commercial chain of an Apulian city in June 2021, of which two (A and B) were equipped with an ozonation system, and two (C and D) did not have any air-diffused remediation treatment. There was a statistically significant difference in the total bacterial count (TBC) and total fungal count (TFC) in the air between A/B and C/D supermarkets (p = 0.0042 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Regarding surfaces, a statistically significant difference in TBC emerged between A/B and C/D supermarkets (p = 0.0101). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effect of ozone on commercial structures in Italy. Future investigations, supported by a multidisciplinary approach, will make it possible to deepen the knowledge on this method of sanitation, in light of any other epidemic/pandemic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Caggiano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)-80-5478-475
| | - Marco Lopuzzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Valentina Spagnuolo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Giusy Diella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Francesco Triggiano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Marilena D’Ambrosio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Marcotrigiano
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Giovanna Barbuti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (M.L.); (V.S.); (F.T.); (M.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanni Trifone Sorrenti
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Pantaleo Magarelli
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Domenico Pio Sorrenti
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Barletta-Andria-Trani, 76125 Trani, Italy; (V.M.); (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.)
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (P.T.); (M.T.M.)
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9
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Or VW, Alves MR, Wade M, Schwab S, Corsi RL, Grassian VH. Nanoscopic Study of Water Uptake on Glass Surfaces with Organic Thin Films and Particles from Exposure to Indoor Cooking Activities: Comparison to Model Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1594-1604. [PMID: 35061386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake by thin organic films and organic particles on glass substrates at 80% relative humidity was investigated using atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy. Glass surfaces exposed to kitchen cooking activities show a wide variability of coverages from organic particles and organic thin films. Water uptake, as measured by changes in the volume of the films and particles, was also quite variable. A comparison of glass surfaces exposed to kitchen activities to model systems shows that they can be largely represented by oxidized oleic acid and carboxylate groups on long and medium hydrocarbon chains (i.e., fatty acids). Overall, we demonstrate that organic particles and thin films that cover glass surfaces can take up water under indoor-relevant conditions but that the water content is not uniform. The spatial heterogeneity of the changes in these aged glass surfaces under dry (5%) and wet (80%) conditions is quite marked, highlighting the need for studies at the nano- and microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Wade
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarah Schwab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Richard L Corsi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- College of Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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10
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Indoor Air Quality in Healthcare Units—A Systematic Literature Review Focusing Recent Research. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adequate assessment and management of indoor air quality in healthcare facilities is of utmost importance for patient safety and occupational health purposes. This study aims to identify the recent trends of research on the topic through a systematic literature review following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology. A total of 171 articles published in the period 2015–2020 were selected and analyzed. Results show that there is a worldwide growing research interest in this subject, dispersed in a wide variety of scientific journals. A textometric analysis using the IRaMuTeQ software revealed four clusters of topics in the sampled articles: physicochemical pollutants, design and management of infrastructures, environmental control measures, and microbiological contamination. The studies focus mainly on hospital facilities, but there is also research interest in primary care centers and dental clinics. The majority of the analyzed articles (85%) report experimental data, with the most frequently measured parameters being related to environmental quality (temperature and relative humidity), microbiological load, CO2 and particulate matter. Non-compliance with the WHO guidelines for indoor air quality is frequently reported. This study provides an overview of the recent literature on this topic, identifying promising lines of research to improve indoor air quality in healthcare facilities.
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11
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Falcó I, Randazzo W, Sánchez G, Vilarroig J, Climent J, Chiva S, Chica A, Navarro-Laboulais J. Experimental and CFD evaluation of ozone efficacy against coronavirus and enteric virus contamination on public transport surfaces. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 9:106217. [PMID: 34422551 PMCID: PMC8367738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The limited information about the routes of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the ongoing pandemic scenario mobilized the administration, industry and academy to develop sanitation and disinfection systems for public and private spaces. Ozone has been proposed as an effective disinfection method against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including viruses with similar morphology to SARS-CoV-2. Due to this efficacy, numerous gaseous and aqueous phase ozone applications have emerged potentially to inhibit virus persistence in aerosols, surfaces, and water. In this work, a numerical model, a RANS CFD model for ozone dispersion inside tram and underground coach has been developed including the chemical self-decomposition and surface reactions of the ozone. The CFD model has been developed for a real tram coach of 28.6 × 2.4 × 2.2 m (L × W × H) using 1.76 million nodes and the Menter's shear stress transport turbulence model. The model predicts the O3 concentration needed to meet disinfection criteria and the fluid dynamics inside the public transport coach. The effectiveness of the system has been validated with laboratory and field tests in real full-scale coach using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and murine norovirus (MNV-1) as SARS-CoV-2 and human norovirus surrogates, respectively. Lab-scale experiments on plastic surfaces demonstrated O3 disinfection (100 ppm, 95% RH, 25 min) inactivate > 99.8% MNV-1 and PEDV. Additionally, field tests in real full-scale coach demostrate the efficacy of the system as > 98.6% of infectious MNV-1 and > 96.3% PEDV were inactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Falcó
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Vilarroig
- Hydrodynamic and Environmental Services, Av. del Mar, 53, 12003 Castellón, Spain
| | - Javier Climent
- Hydrodynamic and Environmental Services, Av. del Mar, 53, 12003 Castellón, Spain
| | - Sergio Chiva
- Universitat Jaume I, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - A Chica
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. de Los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Navarro-Laboulais
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Outdoor ozone transported indoors initiates oxidative chemistry, forming volatile organic products. The influence of ozone chemistry on indoor air composition has not been directly quantified in normally occupied residences. Here, we explore indoor ozone chemistry in a house in California with two adult inhabitants. We utilize space- and time-resolved measurements of ozone and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) acquired over an 8-wk summer campaign. Despite overall low indoor ozone concentrations (mean value of 4.3 ppb) and a relatively low indoor ozone decay constant (1.3 h-1), we identified multiple VOCs exhibiting clear contributions from ozone-initiated chemistry indoors. These chemicals include 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), nonenal, and C8-C12 saturated aldehydes, which are among the commonly reported products from laboratory studies of ozone interactions with indoor surfaces and with human skin lipids. These VOCs together accounted for ≥12% molecular yield with respect to house-wide consumed ozone, with the highest net product yield for nonanal (≥3.5%), followed by 6-MHO (2.7%) and 4-OPA (2.6%). Although 6-MHO and 4-OPA are prominent ozonolysis products of skin lipids (specifically squalene), ozone reaction with the body envelopes of the two occupants in this house are insufficient to explain the observed yields. Relatedly, we observed that ozone-driven chemistry continued to produce 6-MHO and 4-OPA even after the occupants had been away from the house for 5 d. These observations provide evidence that skin lipids transferred to indoor surfaces made substantial contributions to ozone reactivity in the studied house.
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13
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Liquid crystal display screens as a source for indoor volatile organic compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105067118. [PMID: 34074793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105067118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have profoundly shaped the lifestyle of humans. However, despite extensive use, their impacts on indoor air quality are unknown. Here, we perform flow cell experiments on three different LCDs, including a new computer monitor, a used laptop, and a new television, to investigate whether their screens can emit air constituents. We found that more than 30 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were emitted from LCD screens, with a total screen area-normalized emission rate of up to (8.25 ± 0.90) × 109 molecules ⋅ s-1 ⋅ cm-2 In addition to VOCs, 10 liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), a commercial chemical widely used in LCDs, were also observed to be released from those LCD screens. The structural identification of VOCs is based on a "building block" hypothesis (i.e., the screen-emitted VOCs originate from the "building block chemicals" used in the manufacturing of liquid crystals), which are the key components of LCD screens. The identification of LCMs is based upon the detailed information of 362 currently produced LCMs. The emission rates of VOCs and LCMs increased by up to a factor of 9, with an increase of indoor air humidity from 23 to 58% due to water-organic interactions likely facilitating the diffusion rates of organics. These findings indicate that LCD screens are a potentially important source for indoor VOCs that has not been considered previously.
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14
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Depoorter A, Kalalian C, Emmelin C, Lorentz C, George C. Indoor heterogeneous photochemistry of furfural drives emissions of nitrous acid. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:682-692. [PMID: 33020975 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
People spend approximately 80% of their time indoor, making the understanding of the indoor chemistry an important task for safety. The high surface-area-to-volume ratio characteristic of indoor environments leads the semi-volatile organic compounds (sVOCs) to deposit on the surfaces. Using a long path absorption photometer (LOPAP), this work investigates the formation of nitrous acid (HONO) through the photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate anions and its enhancement by the presence of furfural. Using a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS), this work also investigates the surface emissions of VOCs from irradiated films of furfural and a mix of furfural and nitrate anions. Among the emitted VOCs, 2(5H)-furanone/2-Butenedial was observed at high concentrations, leading to maleic anhydride formation after UV irradiation. Moreover, the addition of potassium nitrate to the film formed NOx and HONO concentrations up to 10 ppb, which scales to ca. 4 ppb for realistic indoor conditions. This work helps to understand the high levels of HONO and NOx measured indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Kalalian
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Emmelin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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15
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Ault AP, Grassian VH, Carslaw N, Collins DB, Destaillats H, Donaldson DJ, Farmer DK, Jimenez JL, McNeill VF, Morrison GC, O'Brien RE, Shiraiwa M, Vance ME, Wells JR, Xiong W. Indoor Surface Chemistry: Developing a Molecular Picture of Reactions on Indoor Interfaces. Chem 2020; 6:3203-3218. [PMID: 32984643 PMCID: PMC7501779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions on indoor surfaces play an important role in air quality in indoor environments, where humans spend 90% of their time. We focus on the challenges of understanding the complex chemistry that takes place on indoor surfaces and identify crucial steps necessary to gain a molecular-level understanding of environmental indoor surface chemistry: (1) elucidate key surface reaction mechanisms and kinetics important to indoor air chemistry, (2) define a range of relevant and representative surfaces to probe, and (3) define the drivers of surface reactivity, particularly with respect to the surface composition, light, and temperature. Within the drivers of surface composition are the roles of adsorbed/absorbed water associated with indoor surfaces and the prevalence, inhomogeneity, and properties of secondary organic films that can impact surface reactivity. By combining laboratory studies, field measurements, and modeling we can gain insights into the molecular processes necessary to further our understanding of the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D James Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel E O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J R Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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16
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Wylie ADL, Abbatt JPD. Heterogeneous Ozonolysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol: Implications for Thirdhand Cannabis Smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14215-14223. [PMID: 33147000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) deposits to surfaces following smoking events and is a source of chemical exposure to humans. However, the evolution of THS in indoor environments is not well understood. Cannabis THS is a chemically distinct and prevalent form of THS, which has not been studied. The heterogeneous reaction of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a major component of cannabis smoke, with ozone was examined as a pure compound and within cannabis smoke. Oxidative decay via ozonolysis and product formation were monitored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Epoxide, dicarbonyl, and secondary ozonide THC reaction products were detected from both pure THC and cannabis experiments, with the product ratios dependent on relative humidity. The observed reaction kinetics for loss of THC on glass and cotton surfaces are consistent with a relatively short loss lifetime, which will be strongly dependent on the film thickness, ozone mixing ratio, and ozone reactivity of the surface substrate. The low volatility of THC and its oxidation products suggest that their contributions to thirdhand cannabis smoke will be less significant than the role that nicotine plays in thirdhand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D L Wylie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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17
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Kruza M, McFiggans G, Waring M, Wells J, Carslaw N. Indoor secondary organic aerosols: Towards an improved representation of their formation and composition in models. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT: X 2020; 240:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784. [PMID: 33594348 PMCID: PMC7884095 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) indoors is one of the many consequences of the rich and complex chemistry that occurs therein. Given particulate matter has well documented health effects, we need to understand the mechanism for SOA formation indoors and its resulting composition. This study evaluates some uncertainties that exist in quantifying gas-to-particle partitioning of SOA-forming compounds using an indoor detailed chemical model. In particular, we investigate the impacts of using different methods to estimate compound vapour pressures as well as simulating the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) via auto-oxidation on SOA formation indoors. Estimation of vapour pressures for 136 α-pinene oxidation species by six investigated methods led to standard deviations of 28-216%. Inclusion of HOM formation improved model performance across three of the six assessed vapour pressure estimation methods when comparing against experimental data, particularly when the NO2 concentration was relatively high. We also explored the predicted SOA composition using two product classification methods, the first assuming the molecule is dominated by one functionality according to its name, and the second accounting for the fractional weighting of each functional group within a molecule. The SOA composition was dominated by the HOM species when the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio was high for both product classification methods, as these conditions promoted formation of the nitrate radical and hence formation of HOM monomers. As the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio decreased, peroxides and acids dominated the simple classification, whereas for the fractional classification, carbonyl and alcohol groups became more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kruza
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - G. McFiggans
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M.S. Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J.R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - N. Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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18
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Wang Z, Kowal SF, Carslaw N, Kahan TF. Photolysis-driven indoor air chemistry following cleaning of hospital wards. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1241-1255. [PMID: 32485006 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective cleaning techniques are essential for the sterilization of rooms in hospitals and industry. No-touch devices (NTDs) that use fumigants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), formaldehyde (HCHO), ozone (O3 ), and chlorine dioxide (OClO) are a recent innovation. This paper reports a previously unconsidered potential consequence of such cleaning technologies: the photochemical formation of high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH), hydroperoxy radicals (HO2 ), organic peroxy radicals (RO2 ), and chlorine radicals (Cl) which can form harmful reaction products when exposed to chemicals commonly found in indoor air. This risk was evaluated by calculating radical production rates and concentrations based on measured indoor photon fluxes and typical fumigant concentrations during and after cleaning events. Sunlight and fluorescent tubes without covers initiated photolysis of all fumigants, and plastic-covered fluorescent tubes initiated photolysis of only some fumigants. Radical formation was often dominated by photolysis of fumigants during and after decontamination processes. Radical concentrations were predicted to be orders of magnitude greater than background levels during and immediately following cleaning events with each fumigant under one or more illumination condition. Maximum predicted radical concentrations (1.3 × 107 molecule cm-3 OH, 2.4 ppb HO2 , 6.8 ppb RO2 and 2.2 × 108 molecule cm-3 Cl) were much higher than baseline concentrations. Maximum OH concentrations occurred with O3 photolysis, HO2 with HCHO photolysis, and RO2 and Cl with OClO photolysis. Elevated concentrations may persist for hours after NTD use, depending on the air change rate and air composition. Products from reactions involving radicals could significantly decrease air quality when disinfectants are used, leading to adverse health effects for occupants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Shawn F Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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19
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Bekö G, Wargocki P, Wang N, Li M, Weschler CJ, Morrison G, Langer S, Ernle L, Licina D, Yang S, Zannoni N, Williams J. The Indoor Chemical Human Emissions and Reactivity (ICHEAR) project: Overview of experimental methodology and preliminary results. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1213-1228. [PMID: 32424858 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the gradual reduction of emissions from building products, emissions from human occupants become more dominant indoors. The impact of human emissions on indoor air quality is inadequately understood. The aim of the Indoor Chemical Human Emissions and Reactivity (ICHEAR) project was to examine the impact on indoor air chemistry of whole-body, exhaled, and dermally emitted human bioeffluents under different conditions comprising human factors (t-shirts/shorts vs long-sleeve shirts/pants; age: teenagers, young adults, and seniors) and a variety of environmental factors (moderate vs high air temperature; low vs high relative humidity; presence vs absence of ozone). A series of human subject experiments were performed in a well-controlled stainless steel climate chamber. State-of-the-art measurement technologies were used to quantify the volatile organic compounds emitted by humans and their total OH reactivity; ammonia, nanoparticle, fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP), and microbial emissions; and skin surface chemistry. This paper presents the design of the project, its methodologies, and preliminary results, comparing identical measurements performed with five groups, each composed of 4 volunteers (2 males and 2 females). The volunteers wore identical laundered new clothes and were asked to use the same set of fragrance-free personal care products. They occupied the ozone-free (<2 ppb) chamber for 3 hours (morning) and then left for a 10-min lunch break. Ozone (target concentration in occupied chamber ~35 ppb) was introduced 10 minutes after the volunteers returned to the chamber, and the measurements continued for another 2.5 hours. Under a given ozone condition, relatively small differences were observed in the steady-state concentrations of geranyl acetone, 6MHO, and 4OPA between the five groups. Larger variability was observed for acetone and isoprene. The absence or presence of ozone significantly influenced the steady-state concentrations of acetone, geranyl acetone, 6MHO, and 4OPA. Results of replicate experiments demonstrate the robustness of the experiments. Higher repeatability was achieved for dermally emitted compounds and their reaction products than for constituents of exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nijing Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden
- Division of Building Services Engineering, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Ernle
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
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20
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Wang X, Cai J, Liu L, Jiang X, Li P, Sha A, Ren J. Association between outdoor air pollution during in vitro culture and the outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:441-451. [PMID: 30689907 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does outdoor air pollution differentially affect the outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) and fresh transfer in IVF treatment? SUMMARY ANSWER Increased SO2 and O3 levels at the site of IVF unit were significantly associated with lower live birth rates following FET but did not affect the contemporary fresh transfer outcomes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Ambient air pollution has been associated with human infertility and IVF outcomes. However, most of the studies excluded FET cycles. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A retrospective cohort study of 11148 patients contributing to 16290 transfer cycles between January 2013 and December 2016 was carried out. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The average age of the cohort was 31.51 ± 4.48 years and the average BMI was 21.14 ± 2.37 kg/cm2. Inverse distance weighting interpolation was used to estimate the daily ambient exposures to six pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, O3) at an IVF clinical site, according to the data from fixed air quality monitoring stations in the city. The exposures of each cycle were presented as average daily concentrations of pollutants from oocyte retrieval to embryo transfer/cryopreservation. Exposures were analyzed in quartiles. A generalized estimating equation was used to evaluate the association between pollutants and IVF outcomes, adjusted for important confounding factors including maternal age, infertility diagnosis, BMI, endometrial status and embryo transfer policy. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate of the cycles was 55.1% (8981/16290) and 47.1% (7672/16290), respectively. Among the included cycles, 4013 patients received 5299 FET cycles, resulting in 2263 live births (42.7% per ET), whereas 9553 patients received 10991 fresh transfer cycles, resulting in 5409 live births (49.2% per ET). SO2 and O3 levels were significantly associated with live birth rates in FET cycles, whereas none of the pollutants were significantly associated with IVF outcomes in contemporary fresh transfer cycles. The FET cycles in the highest quartile of SO2 and O3 exposure had significantly lower live birth rates (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.63, 95%CI 0.53-0.74; 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.82, respectively) in comparison with those in the lowest quartile. Models involving all transfer cycles and interaction terms (FET×exposures) suggested that FET significantly enhanced the effects of SO2 and O3 exposure on IVF outcomes (P < 0.001). Multi-pollutant models gave consistent results for the association between SO2 and live birth in FET cycles. Accounting for all six pollutants, women in the highest quartile of SO2 still had the lowest live birth rates (OR 0.61, 95%CI 0.47-0.80). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The study was limited by its retrospective nature. The exposure data were estimated according to monitoring data rather than measured directly from the IVF unit. Unknown confounding factors may skew the results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data implied that embryos undergoing FET may be more vulnerable to a suboptimal environment than those undergoing fresh transfer. In heavily polluted sites or seasons, fluctuation in FET outcomes may be partially explained by the dynamic changes of ambient gaseous air pollutant. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) National Natural Science Foundation (81302454). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Wang
- College of the Environment and Ecology Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiali Cai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Aiguo Sha
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jianzhi Ren
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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21
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Bekö G, Carslaw N, Fauser P, Kauneliene V, Nehr S, Phillips G, Saraga D, Schoemaecker C, Wierzbicka A, Querol X. The past, present, and future of indoor air chemistry. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:373-376. [PMID: 32333696 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
| | - Patrik Fauser
- Department of Environmental Science, Århus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Violeta Kauneliene
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sascha Nehr
- European University of Applied Sciences, Brühl, Germany
| | - Gavin Phillips
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Dikaia Saraga
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Devision of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Yeoman AM, Shaw M, Carslaw N, Murrells T, Passant N, Lewis AC. Simplified speciation and atmospheric volatile organic compound emission rates from non-aerosol personal care products. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:459-472. [PMID: 32034823 PMCID: PMC7217173 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from personal care products (PCPs) can affect indoor air quality and outdoor air quality when ventilated. In this paper, we determine a set of simplified VOC species profiles and emission rates for a range of non-aerosol PCPs. These have been constructed from individual vapor analysis from 36 products available in the UK, using equilibrium headspace analysis with selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). A simplified speciation profile is created based on the observations, comprising four alcohols, two cyclic volatile siloxanes, and monoterpenes (grouped as limonene). Estimates are made for individual unit-of-activity VOC emissions for dose-usage of shampoos, shower gel, conditioner, liquid foundation, and moisturizer. We use these values as inputs to the INdoor air Detailed Chemical Model (INDCM) and compare results against real-world case-study experimental data. Activity-based emissions are then scaled based on plausible usage patterns to estimate the potential scale of annual per-person emissions for each product type (eg, 2 g limonene person-1 yr-1 from shower gels). Annual emissions from non-aerosol PCPs for the UK are then calculated (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 0.25 ktonne yr-1 and limonene 0.15 ktonne yr-1 ) and these compared with the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory estimates for non-aerosol cosmetics and toiletries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Yeoman
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Marvin Shaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and GeographyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Tim Murrells
- Ricardo Energy & Environment Gemini BuildingHarwellUK
| | - Neil Passant
- Ricardo Energy & Environment Gemini BuildingHarwellUK
| | - Alastair C. Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry LaboratoriesUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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23
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Veenaas C, Ripszam M, Haglund P. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in indoor environments using thermal desorption with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1489-1498. [PMID: 32052921 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Building-related health effects are frequently observed. Several factors have been listed as possible causes including temperature, humidity, light conditions, presence of particulate matter, and microorganisms or volatile organic compounds. To be able to link exposure to specific volatile organic compounds to building-related health effects, powerful and comprehensive analytical methods are required. For this purpose, we developed an active air sampling method that utilizes dual-bed tubes loaded with TENAX-TA and Carboxen-1000 adsorbents to sample two parallel air samples of 4 L each. For the comprehensive volatile organic compounds analysis, an automated thermal desorption comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was developed and used. It allowed targeted analysis of approximately 90 known volatile organic compounds with relative standard deviations below 25% for the vast majority of target volatile organic compounds. It also allowed semiquantification (no matching standards) of numerous nontarget air contaminants using the same data set. The nontarget analysis workflow included peak finding, background elimination, feature alignment, detection frequency filtering, and tentative identification. Application of the workflow to air samples from 68 indoor environments at a large hospital complex resulted in a comprehensive volatile organic compound characterization, including 178 single compounds and 13 hydrocarbon groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Wolkoff P. Indoor air chemistry: Terpene reaction products and airway effects. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113439. [PMID: 32044535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive chemistry is ubiquitous indoors with a wealth of complex oxidation reactions; some of these are initiated by both homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction of ozone with unsaturated organic compounds and subsequent the hydroxyl radical, either in the gas-phase or on reactive surfaces. One major focus has been the reaction of common and abundant terpene-based fragrances in indoor air emitted from many wood-based materials, a variety of consumer products, and citrus fruits and flowers. Inhalation of the terpenes themselves are generally not considered a health concern (both acute and long-term) due to their low indoor air concentrations; however, their gas- and surface reactions with ozone and the hydroxyl radical produce a host of products, both gaseous, i. a. formaldehyde, and ultrafine particles formed by condensation/nucleation processes. These reaction products may be of health concern. Human cell bioassays with key reaction products from ozone-initiated terpene reactions have shown some inflammatory reactions, but results are difficult to interpret for human exposure and risk assessment. Acute effects like sensory irritation in eyes and airways are unlikely or present at very low intensity in real life conditions based on rodent and human exposure studies and known thresholds for sensory irritation in eyes and airways and derived human reference values for airflow limitation and pulmonary irritation. Some fragrances and their ozone-initiated reaction products may possess anti-inflammatory properties. However, long-term effects of the reaction products as ultrafine particles are poorly explored. Material and product surfaces with high ozone deposition velocities may significantly impact the perceived air quality by altered emissions from both homogeneous and heterogeneous surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, NRCWE, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2920, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Salvador CM, Bekö G, Weschler CJ, Morrison G, Le Breton M, Hallquist M, Ekberg L, Langer S. Indoor ozone/human chemistry and ventilation strategies. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:913-925. [PMID: 31420890 PMCID: PMC6856811 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to better understand and quantify the influence of ventilation strategies on occupant-related indoor air chemistry. The oxidation of human skin oil constituents was studied in a continuously ventilated climate chamber at two air exchange rates (1 h-1 and 3 h-1 ) and two initial ozone mixing ratios (30 and 60 ppb). Additional measurements were performed to investigate the effect of intermittent ventilation ("off" followed by "on"). Soiled t-shirts were used to simulate the presence of occupants. A time-of-flight-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) in positive mode using protonated water clusters was used to measure the oxygenated reaction products geranyl acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO) and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA). The measurement data were used in a series of mass balance models accounting for formation and removal processes. Reactions of ozone with squalene occurring on the surface of the t-shirts are mass transport limited; ventilation rate has only a small effect on this surface chemistry. Ozone-squalene reactions on the t-shirts produced gas-phase geranyl acetone, which was subsequently removed almost equally by ventilation and further reaction with ozone. About 70% of gas-phase 6-MHO was produced in surface reactions on the t-shirts, the remainder in secondary gas-phase reactions of ozone with geranyl acetone. 6-MHO was primarily removed by ventilation, while further reaction with ozone was responsible for about a third of its removal. 4-OPA was formed primarily on the surfaces of the shirts (~60%); gas-phase reactions of ozone with geranyl acetone and 6-MHO accounted for ~30% and ~10%, respectively. 4-OPA was removed entirely by ventilation. The results from the intermittent ventilation scenarios showed delayed formation of the reaction products and lower product concentrations compared to continuous ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mark Salvador
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyAtmospheric SciencesUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and EnergyDepartment of Civil EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and EnergyDepartment of Civil EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences InstituteRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringGillings School of Global Public HealthThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyAtmospheric SciencesUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden
- Present address:
Volvo Group Trucks and Technology Method and Technical DevelopmentGöteborgSweden
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyAtmospheric SciencesUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden
| | - Lars Ekberg
- CIT Energy Management ABGöteborgSweden
- Division of Building Services EngineeringDepartment of Architecture and Civil EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden
| | - Sarka Langer
- Division of Building Services EngineeringDepartment of Architecture and Civil EngineeringChalmers University of TechnologyGöteborgSweden
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research InstituteGöteborgSweden
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26
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Zhang J, Chen J, Xue C, Chen H, Zhang Q, Liu X, Mu Y, Guo Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Li J, Qu Y, An J. Impacts of six potential HONO sources on HO x budgets and SOA formation during a wintertime heavy haze period in the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:110-123. [PMID: 31102812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model updated with six potential HONO sources (i.e., traffic, soil, biomass burning and indoor emissions, and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol and ground surfaces) was used to quantify the impact of the six potential HONO sources on the production and loss rates of OH and HO2 radicals and the concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Heibei (BTH) region of China during a winter heavy haze period of Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 2017. The updated WRF-Chem model well simulated the observed HONO concentrations at the Wangdu site, especially in the daytime, and well reproduced the observed diurnal variations of regional-mean O3 in the BTH region. The traffic emission source was an important HONO source during nighttime but not significant during daytime, heterogeneous reactions on ground/aerosol surfaces were important during nighttime and daytime. We found that the six potential HONO sources led to a significant enhancement in the dominant production and loss rates of HOx on the wintertime heavy haze and nonhaze days (particularly on the heavy haze day), an enhancement of 5-25 μg m-3 (75-200%) in the ground SOA in the studied heavy haze event, and an enhancement of 2-15 μg m-3 in the meridional-mean SOA on the heavy haze day, demonstrating that the six potential HONO sources accelerate the HOx cycles and aggravate haze events. HONO was the key precursor of primary OH in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and the photolysis of HONO produced a daytime mean OH production rate of 2.59 ppb h-1 on the heavy haze day, much higher than that of 0.58 ppb h-1 on the nonhaze day. Anthropogenic SOA dominated in the BTH region in the studied wintertime period, and its main precursors were xylenes (42%), BIGENE (31%) and toluene (21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China
| | - Yitian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danyun Wang
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 36102, China.
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27
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Fortenberry C, Walker M, Dang A, Loka A, Date G, de Carvalho KC, Morrison G, Williams B. Analysis of indoor particles and gases and their evolution with natural ventilation. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:761-779. [PMID: 31264732 PMCID: PMC8415620 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The air composition and reactivity from outdoor and indoor mixing field campaign was conducted to investigate the impacts of natural ventilation (ie, window opening and closing) on indoor air quality. In this study, a thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG) obtained measurements of indoor particle- and gas-phase semi- and intermediately volatile organic compounds both inside and outside a single-family test home. Together with measurements from a suite of instruments, we use TAG data to evaluate changes in indoor particles and gases at three natural ventilation periods. Positive matrix factorization was performed on TAG and adsorbent tube data to explore five distinct chemical and physical processes occurring in the indoor environment. Outdoor-to-indoor transport is observed for sulfate, isoprene epoxydiols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy alkanes. Dilution of indoor species is observed for volatile, non-reactive species including methylcyclohexane and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane. Window opening drives enhanced emissions of semi- and intermediately volatile species including TXIB, DEET, diethyl phthalate, and carvone from indoor surfaces. Formation via enhanced oxidation was observed for nonanal and 2-decanone when outdoor oxidants entered the home. Finally, oxidative depletion of gas-phase terpenes (eg, limonene and α-pinene) was anticipated but not observed due to limited measurement resolution and dynamically changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Fortenberry
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Walker
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Audrey Dang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Arun Loka
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Gauri Date
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | | | - Glenn Morrison
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brent Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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28
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Manuja A, Ritchie J, Buch K, Wu Y, Eichler CMA, Little JC, Marr LC. Total surface area in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1384-1392. [PMID: 31246204 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Certain processes in indoor air, such as deposition, partitioning, and heterogeneous reactions, involve interactions with surfaces. We have characterized the surface area, volume, shape, and material of objects in 10 bedrooms, nine kitchens, and three offices. The resolution of the measurements was ∼1 cm. The ratio of surface area with contents to that without contents did not vary by type of room and averaged 1.5 ± 0.3 (mean ± standard deviation) across all rooms. The ratio of the volume minus contents to nominal volume averaged 0.9 ± 0.1 and was lower for kitchens compared to bedrooms and offices. Ignoring contents, the surface-area-to-volume ratio was 1.8 ± 0.3 m-1; accounting for contents, the ratio was 3.2 ± 1.2 m-1, or 78% higher. These two ratios did not vary by type of room and were similar to those measured for 33 rooms in another study. Due to substantial differences in the design and contents of kitchens, their ratios had the highest variability among the three room types. The most common shape of surfaces was flat rectangular, while each room also had many irregularly-shaped objects. Paint-covered surfaces and stained wood were the two most common materials in each room, accounting for an average of 42% and 22% of total surface area, respectively, although the distribution of materials varied by room type. These findings have important implications for understanding the chemistry of indoor environments, as the available surface area for deposition, partitioning, and reactions is higher and more complex than assumed in simple models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archit Manuja
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1145 Perry Street, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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29
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Carslaw N, Shaw D. Secondary product creation potential (SPCP): a metric for assessing the potential impact of indoor air pollution on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1313-1322. [PMID: 31140998 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air is subject to emissions of chemicals from numerous sources. Many of these emissions contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which react to form a wide range of secondary products, some with adverse health effects. However, at present we lack a robust, standardised approach to rank the potential for different VOCs to cause harm, which prevents effective action to improve indoor air quality and reduce impacts on human health. This paper uses a detailed chemical model to quantify the impact of 63 VOCs on indoor air quality. We define a novel method for ranking the VOCs in terms of potentially harmful product formation through a new metric, the Secondary Product Creation Potential (SPCP). We established SPCPs for a range of ventilation rates, different proportions of transmitted outdoor light, as well as for varying outdoor concentrations of ozone and nitrogen oxides. The species having the largest SPCPs are the alkenes, terpenes and aromatic VOCs. trans-2-Butene has the largest individual SPCP owing to the ratio of its rate coefficient for reaction with the hydroxy radical relative to ozone. Increasing the proportion of outdoor transmitted light increased most SPCPs markedly. This is because oxidant levels increased under these conditions and promoted more chemical processing, suggesting that there may be more harmful products closer to a window than further from the attenuated outdoor light. The SPCP is the first metric for assessing the impact of different VOCs on human health and will be an essential tool for guiding the composition of products commonly used indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.
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30
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Zhou S, Young CJ, VandenBoer TC, Kahan TF. Role of location, season, occupant activity, and chemistry in indoor ozone and nitrogen oxide mixing ratios. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1374-1383. [PMID: 31225544 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the oxidizing environment indoors is important for predicting indoor air quality and its impact on human health. We made continuous time-resolved measurements (30 s) of several oxidants and oxidant precursors (collectively referred to as oxidant*): ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO), and NO2* - the sum of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrous acid (HONO). These species were measured in three indoor environments - an occupied residence, a chemistry laboratory, and an academic office - in Syracuse, New York, during two seasons in 2017 and 2018. Oxidant* levels differed greatly between the residence, the lab and the office. Indoor-to-outdoor ratios (I/O) of O3 were 0.03 and 0.67 in the residence and office; I/ONO (I/ONO2*) were 11.70 (1.26) in the residence and 0.13 (1.70) in the office. Little seasonal variability was observed in the lab and office, but O3 and NO2* levels in the residence were greater in spring than in winter, while NO levels were lower. Human activities such as cooking and opening patio doors resulted in large changes in oxidant* mixing ratios in the residence. In situ chamber experiments demonstrated that the increase in O3 and NO2* levels during door-open periods was due to a combination of physical mixing between indoor and outdoor air, gas-phase production of NO2 from O3-NO chemistry, and heterogeneous formation of HONO on indoor surfaces. Our results also highlight the importance of chemistry (with NO, alkenes, and surfaces) in O3 mixing ratios in the residence, especially during door-open periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
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31
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Farmer DK, Vance ME, Abbatt JPD, Abeleira A, Alves MR, Arata C, Boedicker E, Bourne S, Cardoso-Saldaña F, Corsi R, DeCarlo PF, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Hildebrandt Ruiz L, Jimenez JL, Kahan TF, Katz EF, Mattila JM, Nazaroff WW, Novoselac A, O'Brien RE, Or VW, Patel S, Sankhyan S, Stevens PS, Tian Y, Wade M, Wang C, Zhou S, Zhou Y. Overview of HOMEChem: House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1280-1300. [PMID: 31328749 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The House Observations of Microbial and Environmental Chemistry (HOMEChem) study is a collaborative field investigation designed to probe how everyday activities influence the emissions, chemical transformations and removal of trace gases and particles in indoor air. Sequential and layered experiments in a research house included cooking, cleaning, variable occupancy, and window-opening. This paper describes the overall design of HOMEChem and presents preliminary case studies investigating the concentrations of reactive trace gases, aerosol particles, and surface films. Cooking was a large source of VOCs, CO2, NOx, and particles. By number, cooking particles were predominantly in the ultrafine mode. Organic aerosol dominated the submicron mass, and, while variable between meals and throughout the cooking process, was dominated by components of hydrocarbon character and low oxygen content, similar to cooking oil. Air exchange in the house ensured that cooking particles were present for only short periods. During unoccupied background intervals, particle concentrations were lower indoors than outdoors. The cooling coils of the house ventilation system induced cyclic changes in water soluble gases. Even during unoccupied periods, concentrations of many organic trace gases were higher indoors than outdoors, consistent with housing materials being potential sources of these compounds to the outdoor environment. Organic material accumulated on indoor surfaces, and exhibited chemical signatures similar to indoor organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA 80523.
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32
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Shiraiwa M, Carslaw N, Tobias DJ, Waring MS, Rim D, Morrison G, Lakey PSJ, Kruza M, von Domaros M, Cummings BE, Won Y. Modelling consortium for chemistry of indoor environments (MOCCIE): integrating chemical processes from molecular to room scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1240-1254. [PMID: 31070639 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a modelling consortium for chemistry in indoor environments that connects models over a range of spatial and temporal scales, from molecular to room scales and from sub-nanosecond to days, respectively. Our modeling approaches include molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, kinetic process modeling, gas-phase chemistry modeling, organic aerosol modeling, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. These models are applied to investigate ozone reactions with skin and clothing, oxidation of volatile organic compounds and formation of secondary organic aerosols, and mass transport and partitioning of indoor species to surfaces. MD simulations provide molecular pictures of limonene adsorption on SiO2 and ozone interactions with the skin lipid squalene, providing kinetic parameters such as surface accommodation coefficient, desorption lifetime, and bulk diffusivity. These parameters then constrain kinetic process models, which resolve mass transport and chemical reactions in gas and condensed phases for analysis of experimental data. A detailed indoor chemical box model is applied to simulate α-pinene ozonolysis with improved representation of gas-particle partitioning. Application of 2D-volatility basis set reveals that OH-induced aging sometimes drives increases in indoor organic aerosol concentrations, due to organic mass functionalization and enhanced partitioning. CFD simulations show that concentrations of ozone and primary product change near the human surface rapidly, indicating non-uniform spatial distributions from the occupant surface to ambient air, while secondary ozone product is relatively well-mixed throughout the room. This development establishes a framework to integrate different modeling tools and experimental measurements, opening up an avenue for development of comprehensive and integrated models with representations of various chemistry in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Indoor surfaces provide a plentiful and varied substrate on which multiphase reactions can occur which can be important to the chemical makeup of the indoor environment. Here, we attempt to characterise real indoor surface films via water uptake behaviour and ionic composition. We show that water uptake by indoor films is different than that observed outdoors, and can vary according to room use, building characteristics, and season. Similarly, preliminary investigation into the ionic composition of the films showed that they varied according to the room in which they were collected. This study highlights the importance of different types of soiling to multiphase chemistry, especially those reactions controlled by relative humidity or adsorbed water.
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Liu Y, Misztal PK, Xiong J, Tian Y, Arata C, Weber RJ, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing sources and emissions of volatile organic compounds in a northern California residence using space- and time-resolved measurements. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:630-644. [PMID: 31004537 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigate source characteristics and emission dynamics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a single-family house in California utilizing time- and space-resolved measurements. About 200 VOC signals, corresponding to more than 200 species, were measured during 8 weeks in summer and five in winter. Spatially resolved measurements, along with tracer data, reveal that VOCs in the living space were mainly emitted directly into that space, with minor contributions from the crawlspace, attic, or outdoors. Time-resolved measurements in the living space exhibited baseline levels far above outdoor levels for most VOCs; many compounds also displayed patterns of intermittent short-term enhancements (spikes) well above the indoor baseline. Compounds were categorized as "high-baseline" or "spike-dominated" based on indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratio and indoor mean-to-median ratio. Short-term spikes were associated with occupants and their activities, especially cooking. High-baseline compounds indicate continuous indoor emissions from building materials and furnishings. Indoor emission rates for high-baseline species, quantified with 2-hour resolution, exhibited strong temperature dependence and were affected by air-change rates. Decomposition of wooden building materials is suggested as a major source for acetic acid, formic acid, and methanol, which together accounted for ~75% of the total continuous indoor emissions of high-baseline species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
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35
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Rivas I, Fussell JC, Kelly FJ, Querol X. Indoor Sources of Air Pollutants. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788016179-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
People spend an average of 90% of their time in indoor environments. There is a long list of indoor sources that can contribute to increased pollutant concentrations, some of them related to human activities (e.g. people's movement, cooking, cleaning, smoking), but also to surface chemistry reactions with human skin and building and furniture surfaces. The result of all these emissions is a heterogeneous cocktail of pollutants with varying degrees of toxicity, which makes indoor air quality a complex system. Good characterization of the sources that affect indoor air pollution levels is of major importance for quantifying (and reducing) the associated health risks. This chapter reviews some of the more significant indoor sources that can be found in the most common non-occupational indoor environments.
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36
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Kruza M, Carslaw N. How do breath and skin emissions impact indoor air chemistry? INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:369-379. [PMID: 30663813 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
People are an important source of pollution indoors, through activities such as cleaning, and also from "natural" emissions from breath and skin. This paper investigates natural emissions in high-occupancy environments. Model simulations are performed for a school classroom during a typical summer in a polluted urban area. The results show that classroom occupants have a significant impact on indoor ozone, which increases from ~9 to ~20 ppb when the pupils leave for lunch and decreases to ~14 ppb when they return. The concentrations of 4-OPA, formic acid, and acetic acid formed as oxidation products following skin emissions attained maximum concentrations of 0.8, 0.5, and 0.1 ppb, respectively, when pupils were present, increasing from near-zero concentrations in their absence. For acetone, methanol, and ethanol from breath emissions, maximum concentrations were ~22.3, 6.6, and 21.5 ppb, respectively, compared to 7.4, 2.1, and 16.9 ppb in their absence. A rate of production analysis showed that occupancy reduced oxidant concentrations, while enhancing formation of nitrated organic compounds, owing to the chemistry that follows from increased aldehyde production. Occupancy also changes the peroxy radical composition, with those formed through isoprene oxidation becoming relatively more important, which also has consequences for subsequent oxidant concentrations.
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37
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Rizk M, Guo F, Verriele M, Ward M, Dusanter S, Blond N, Locoge N, Schoemaecker C. Impact of material emissions and sorption of volatile organic compounds on indoor air quality in a low energy building: Field measurements and modeling. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:924-935. [PMID: 30022528 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of VOC emission rates and sorption coefficients was performed for ten surfaces present within a classroom, using field and laboratory emission cells (FLEC) coupled to online and off-line VOC quantification techniques. A total of 21 identified VOCs were emitted by the different surfaces. VOC emission rates measured using PTR-ToF-MS were compared to gas chromatographic measurements. The results showed that the two methods are complementary to one another. Sorption parameters were also successfully measured for a mixture of 14 VOCs within a few hours (<17 hours per surface). A study of the spatial and temporal variability of the measured parameters was also carried out on the two surfaces that presented the most potential for interaction with VOCs, accounting for the largest surface areas within the room. The dataset of emission rates and sorption parameters was used in the INCA-Indoor model to predict indoor air concentrations of VOCs that are compared to experimental values measured in the room. Modeling results showed that sorption processes had a limited effect on indoor concentrations of VOCs for these field campaigns. Modeled daily profiles show good agreement with the experimental observations for VOCs such as toluene (indoor source) and xylenes (outdoor source) but underestimate concentrations of methanol (both indoor and outdoor sources).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Rizk
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université de Lille 1 & CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Fangfang Guo
- Laboratoire Image, Ville, Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Verriele
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michael Ward
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université de Lille 1 & CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sebastien Dusanter
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadège Blond
- Laboratoire Image, Ville, Environnement (LIVE), UMR 7362, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE - Département Science de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Coralie Schoemaecker
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université de Lille 1 & CNRS, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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38
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Flament F, Bourokba N, Nouveau S, Li J, Charbonneau A. A severe chronic outdoor urban pollution alters some facial aging signs in Chinese women. A tale of two cities. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:467-481. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Flament
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Clichy France
| | - N. Bourokba
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Singapore Singapore
| | - S. Nouveau
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Aulnay-sous-Bois France
| | - J. Li
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Shanghai China
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Abstract
This review aims to encapsulate the importance, ubiquity, and complexity of indoor chemistry. We discuss the many sources of indoor air pollutants and summarize their chemical reactions in the air and on surfaces. We also summarize some of the known impacts of human occupants, who act as sources and sinks of indoor chemicals, and whose activities (e.g., cooking, cleaning, smoking) can lead to extremely high pollutant concentrations. As we begin to use increasingly sensitive and selective instrumentation indoors, we are learning more about chemistry in this relatively understudied environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Environment Department , University of York , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5NG , U.K
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40
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Cataldo F. Early stages of p-phenylenediamine antiozonants reaction with ozone: Radical cation and nitroxyl radical formation. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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