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Zhang J, Wang B. Intraspecific variation in seed size is mediated by seed dispersal modes and animal dispersers - evidence from a global-scale dataset. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:461-470. [PMID: 37858964 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal mechanisms play a crucial role in driving evolutionary changes in seed and fruit traits. While previous studies have primarily focussed on the mean or maximum values of these traits, there is also significant intraspecific variation in them. Therefore, it is pertinent to investigate whether dispersal mechanisms can explain intraspecific variations in these traits. Taking seed size as a case study, we compiled a global dataset comprising 3424 records of intraspecific variation in seed size (IVSS), belonging to 691 plant species and 131 families. We provided the first comprehensive quantification of dispersal mechanism effects on IVSS. Biotic-dispersed species exhibited a larger IVSS than abiotic-dispersed species. Synzoochory species had a larger IVSS than endozoochory, epizoochory, and myrmecochory species. Vertebrate-dispersed species exhibited a larger IVSS than invertebrate-dispersed species, and species dispersed by birds exhibited a larger IVSS than mammal-dispersed species. Additionally, a clear negative correlation was detected between IVSS and disperser body mass. Our results prove that the IVSS is associated with the seed dispersal mechanism. This study advances our understanding of the dispersal mechanisms' crucial role in seed size evolution, encompassing not only the mean value but also the variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
- Anhui Shengjin Lake Wetland Ecology National Long-Term Scientific Research Base, Dongzhi, Anhui, 247230, China
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Torices R, DeSoto L, Cerca J, Mota L, Afonso A, Poyatos C. Fruit wings accelerate germination in Anacyclus clavatus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16272. [PMID: 38247016 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE The lateral membranous expansions of fruits, commonly referred to as wings, have long been theorized to serve only dispersal functions. Alternatively, because winged fruits typically have earlier seed germination than unwinged fruits, we hypothesized that wings could increase the contact surface with water, ultimately triggering earlier germination. METHODS We investigated this alternative hypothesis by exploring the potential role of fruit wings on germination in the heterocarpic species Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. (Asteraceae), which produces both winged and unwinged fruits. First, we measured the speed and degree of water absorption in winged and unwinged fruits. Second, we investigated the effects of wings on germination performance, by either reducing wing size or by preventing water absorption by sealing wings with wax. Next, we tested the influence of water availability on the germination performance of winged and unwinged fruits by reducing the water potential. RESULTS Winged fruits absorbed more water at a faster rate than unwinged fruits. The sealing of wings delayed germination, whereas germination time was not significantly altered by wing cutting. The restriction of water availability by decreasing water potential significantly delayed seed germination of unwinged fruits, whereas winged fruits remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results support the effect of wings on germination and cast doubt on the unique role of wings in dispersal. Whether or not wings contribute to dispersal, we propose that they also improve seed germination and seedling establishment by facilitating water absorption after the release from their mother plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Torices
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Lucía DeSoto
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Cerca
- CEES - Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Lucie Mota
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Afonso
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Poyatos
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Lee CY, Wang JF, Chang CH, Tung CW. Analyzing genomic variation in cultivated pumpkins and identification of candidate genes controlling seed traits. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20393. [PMID: 37776006 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Pumpkins are important vegetable crops widely grown worldwide, and seeds are considered a popular nutraceutical food and an excellent source of protein, oil, and vitamins. Seed size is one of the most important targets for commercial breeding in Cucurbita species; studies have shown that pumpkin seed size variation has a similar trend with fruit size, shape, and seed yield. However, few studies have been conducted to identify genetic loci controlling seed-related traits in cultivated pumpkins. This study analyzed the genomic characteristics of pumpkin breeding materials of 321 Cucurbita accessions collected worldwide, including Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita pepo, using extensive single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from the genotyping-by-sequencing method, significant genetic variations were identified within and between Cucurbita species. Four major cultivar fruit types were further revealed in C. moschata species, and significant differentiation patterns were detected in several chromosomal regions. A total of 15 significant loci associated with pumpkin seed traits were mapped through a genome-wide association approach; 32 genes previously reported to be associated with seed size regulation in Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa were located in the intervals defined by linkage disequilibrium. Through this study, we gained a deep understanding of the genomic variation distribution across Cucurbita species. The available genetic resources and the associated genetic contents could be used in commercial pumpkin breeding and will facilitate molecular marker-assisted selection in pumpkin seed trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Ying Lee
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Breeding Technology Group, Known-you Seed Co., Ltd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Fen Wang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chang
- Breeding Technology Group, Known-you Seed Co., Ltd, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Tung
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ferreira CM, Dammhahn M, Eccard JA. So many choices, so little time: Food preference and movement vary with the landscape of fear. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10330. [PMID: 37520778 PMCID: PMC10372006 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variation in perceived predation risk is an important determinant of movement and foraging activity of animals. Foraging in this landscape of fear, individuals need to decide where and when to move, and what resources to choose. Foraging theory predicts the outcome of these decisions based on energetic trade-offs, but complex interactions between perceived predation risk and preferences of foragers for certain functional traits of their resources are rarely considered. Here, we studied the interactive effects of perceived predation risk on food trait preferences and foraging behavior in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in experimental landscapes. Individuals (n = 19) were subjected for periods of 24 h to two extreme, risk-uniform landscapes (either risky or safe), containing 25 discrete food patches, filled with seeds of four plant species in even amounts. Seeds varied in functional traits: size, nutrients, and shape. We evaluated whether and how risk modifies forager preference for functional traits. We also investigated whether perceived risk and distance from shelter affected giving-up density (GUD), time in patches, and number of patch visits. In safe landscapes, individuals increased time spent in patches, lowered GUD and visited distant patches more often compared to risky landscapes. Individuals preferred bigger seeds independent of risk, but in the safe treatment they preferred fat-rich over carb-rich seeds. Thus, higher densities of resource levels remained in risky landscapes, while in safe landscapes resource density was lower and less diverse due to selective foraging. Our results suggest that the interaction of perceived risk and dietary preference adds an additional layer to the cascading effects of a landscape of fear which affects biodiversity at resource level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mendes Ferreira
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Melanie Dammhahn
- Behavioural Biology, Institute for Neuro‐ and Behavioural BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Jana A. Eccard
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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Amanullah S, Li S, Osae BA, Yang T, Abbas F, Gao M, Wang X, Liu H, Gao P, Luan F. Primary mapping of quantitative trait loci regulating multivariate horticultural phenotypes of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1034952. [PMID: 36714694 PMCID: PMC9877429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Watermelon fruits exhibit a remarkable diversity of important horticultural phenotypes. In this study, we initiated a primary quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to identify the candidate regions controlling the ovary, fruit, and seed phenotypes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out for two differentiated watermelon lines, and 350 Mb (96%) and 354 Mb (97%) of re-sequenced reads covered the reference de novo genome assembly, individually. A total of 45.53% non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNPs) and 54.47% synonymous SNPs (sSNPs) were spotted, which produced 210 sets of novel SNP-based cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence (CAPS) markers by depicting 46.25% co-dominant polymorphism among parent lines and offspring. A biparental F2:3 mapping population comprised of 100 families was used for trait phenotyping and CAPS genotyping, respectively. The constructed genetic map spanned a total of 2,398.40 centimorgans (cM) in length and averaged 11.42 cM, with 95.99% genome collinearity. A total of 33 QTLs were identified at different genetic positions across the eight chromosomes of watermelon (Chr-01, Chr-02, Chr-04, Chr-05, Chr-06, Chr-07, Chr-10, and Chr-11); among them, eight QTLs of the ovary, sixteen QTLs of the fruit, and nine QTLs of the seed related phenotypes were classified with 5.32-25.99% phenotypic variance explained (PVE). However, twenty-four QTLs were identified as major-effect and nine QTLs were mapped as minor-effect QTLs across the flanking regions of CAPS markers. Some QTLs were exhibited as tightly localized across the nearby genetic regions and explained the pleiotropic effects of multigenic nature. The flanking QTL markers also depicted significant allele specific contributions and accountable genes were predicted for respective traits. Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment was categorized in molecular function (MF), cellular components (CC), and biological process (BP); however, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were classified into three main classes of metabolism, genetic information processing, and brite hierarchies. The principal component analysis (PCA) of multivariate phenotypes widely demonstrated the major variability, consistent with the identified QTL regions. In short, we assumed that our identified QTL regions provide valuable genetic insights regarding the watermelon phenotypes and fine genetic mapping could be used to confirm them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Amanullah
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Benjamin Agyei Osae
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Tiantian Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Farhat Abbas
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xuezheng Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
| | - Feishi Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, China
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6
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Coughlan JM. Indirect Effects of Parental Conflict on Conspecific Offspring Development. Am Nat 2023; 201:154-162. [PMID: 36524928 DOI: 10.1086/721919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHybrid seed inviability is a common reproductive barrier in angiosperms. Recent work suggests that the rapid evolution of hybrid seed inviability may, in part, be due to conflict between maternal and paternal optima for resource allocation to developing offspring (i.e., parental conflict). However, parental conflict requires that paternally derived resource-acquiring alleles impose a maternal cost. I test this requirement using three closely related species in the Mimulus guttatus species complex that exhibit significant hybrid seed inviability and differ in their inferred histories of parental conflict. I show that the presence of hybrid seeds significantly affects conspecific seed size for almost all crosses, such that conspecific seeds are smaller after developing with hybrids sired by fathers with a stronger history of conflict and are larger after developing with hybrids sired by fathers with a weaker history of conflict. This work demonstrates a potential maternal cost of paternally derived alleles and also has implications for species fitness in secondary contact.
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Costa e Silva J, Potts BM, Wiehl G, Prober SM. Linking leaf economic and hydraulic traits with early-age growth performance and survival of Eucalyptus pauciflora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:973087. [PMID: 36426150 PMCID: PMC9679299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Selection on plant functional traits may occur through their direct effects on fitness (or a fitness component), or may be mediated by attributes of plant performance which have a direct impact on fitness. Understanding this link is particularly challenging for long-lived organisms, such as forest trees, where lifetime fitness assessments are rarely achievable, and performance features and fitness components are usually quantified from early-life history stages. Accordingly, we studied a cohort of trees from multiple populations of Eucalyptus pauciflora grown in a common-garden field trial established at the hot and dry end of the species distribution on the island of Tasmania, Australia. We related the within-population variation in leaf economic (leaf thickness, leaf area and leaf density) and hydraulic (stomatal density, stomatal length and vein density) traits, measured from two-year-old plants, to two-year growth performance (height and stem diameter) and to a fitness component (seven-year survival). When performance-trait relationships were modelled for all traits simultaneously, statistical support for direct effects on growth performance was only observed for leaf thickness and leaf density. Performance-based estimators of directional selection indicated that individuals with reduced leaf thickness and increased leaf density were favoured. Survival-performance relationships were consistent with size-dependent mortality, with fitness-based selection gradients estimated for performance measures providing evidence for directional selection favouring individuals with faster growth. There was no statistical support for an effect associated with the fitness-based quadratic selection gradient estimated for growth performance. Conditional on a performance measure, fitness-based directional selection gradients estimated for the leaf traits did not provide statistical support for direct effects of the focal traits on tree survival. This suggested that, under the environmental conditions of the trial site and time period covered in the current study, early-stage selection on the studied leaf traits may be mediated by their effects on growth performance, which in turn has a positive direct influence on later-age survival. We discuss the potential mechanistic basis of the direct effects of the focal leaf traits on tree growth, and the relevance of a putative causal pathway of trait effects on fitness through mediation by growth performance in the studied hot and dry environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Costa e Silva
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Georg Wiehl
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, Australia
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Fletcher LR, Scoffoni C, Farrell C, Buckley TN, Pellegrini M, Sack L. Testing the association of relative growth rate and adaptation to climate across natural ecotypes of Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:413-432. [PMID: 35811421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecophysiologists have reported a range of relationships, including intrinsic trade-offs across and within species between plant relative growth rate in high resource conditions (RGR) vs adaptation to tolerate cold or arid climates, arising from trait-based mechanisms. Few studies have considered ecotypes within a species, in which the lack of a trade-off would contribute to a wide species range and resilience to climate change. For 15 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana in a common garden we tested for associations between RGR vs adaptation to cold or dry native climates and assessed hypotheses for its mediation by 15 functional traits. Ecotypes native to warmer, drier climates had higher leaf density, leaf mass per area, root mass fraction, nitrogen per leaf area and carbon isotope ratio, and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Relative growth rate was statistically independent of the climate of the ecotype native range and of individual functional traits. The decoupling of RGR and cold or drought adaptation in Arabidopsis is consistent with multiple stress resistance and avoidance mechanisms for ecotypic climate adaptation and would contribute to the species' wide geographic range and resilience as the climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Fletcher
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Colin Farrell
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Effect of priming with gibberellic acid on acorn germination and growth of plants of Quercus robur and Q. rubra (Fagaceae). UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj79.04.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of pre-sowing priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) solution (50 mg/L) on acorn germination and growth characteristics of 47-day-old plants of Quercus robur and Q. rubra was studied under laboratory conditions. The priming effect varied depending on the oak species and development phase of the plants. After priming, 86% of Q. robur acorns germinated that exceeded the control by 25%, while the number of sprouted acorns of Q. rubra was at the control level and amounted to 85%. The 47-day-old plants of Q. robur were divided into three groups: (1) sprouted acorns with cracked pericarp and main root; (2) seedlings with formed epicotyl and apical bud; (3) seedlings with unopened true leaves of juvenile type. The plants of Q. rubra were divided into two groups: (1) seedlings with formed epicotyl and apical bud; (2) seedlings with open true leaves. In plants of Q. robur, priming caused decrease of biomass in cotyledons, while no visible changes were found for those of Q. rubra. An increase in growth characteristics, fresh and dry biomass accumulation was noted for all Q. robur plants whereas thickening of shoots was observed only in seedlings of the second group. Instead, hormone treatment of acorns of Q. rubra led to inhibition of growth processes in plants of both groups. In general, priming with GA3 solution enhanced germination of acorns and stimulated growth of Q. robur plants and, conversely, slowed the growth of Q. rubra plants. Exogenous GA3 did not eliminate the syndrome of unfriendly seedlings of the studied oak species, but improved the viability of acorns and increased the number of seedlings/shoots.
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Morán-López T, Sánchez-Dávila J, Torre I, Navarro-Castilla A, Barja I, Díaz M. Ungulate presence and predation risks reduce acorn predation by mice in dehesas. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260419. [PMID: 35969588 PMCID: PMC9377575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foraging decisions by rodents are key for the long-term maintenance of oak populations in which avian seed dispersers are absent or inefficient. Decisions are determined by the environmental setting in which acorn-rodent encounters occur. In particular, seed value, competition and predation risks have been found to modify rodent foraging decisions in forest and human-modified habitats. Nonetheless, there is little information about their joint effects on rodent behavior, and hence, local acorn dispersal (or predation). In this work, we manipulate and model the mouse-oak interaction in a Spanish dehesa, an anthropogenic savanna system in which nearby areas can show contrasting levels of ungulate densities and antipredatory cover. First, we conducted a large-scale cafeteria field experiment, where we modified ungulate presence and predation risk, and followed mouse foraging decisions under contrasting levels of moonlight and acorn availability. Then, we estimated the net effects of competition and risk by means of a transition probability model that simulated mouse foraging decisions. Our results show that mice are able to adapt their foraging decisions to the environmental context, affecting initial fates of handled acorns. Under high predation risks mice foraged opportunistically carrying away large and small seeds, whereas under safe conditions large acorns tended to be predated in situ. In addition, in the presence of ungulates lack of antipredatory cover around trees reduced mice activity outside tree canopies, and hence, large acorns had a higher probability of survival. Overall, our results point out that inter-specific interactions preventing efficient foraging by scatter-hoarders can reduce acorn predation. This suggests that the maintenance of the full set of seed consumers as well as top predators in dehesas may be key for promoting local dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Morán-López
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Black River, Argentina
| | - Jesús Sánchez-Dávila
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change (BGC-MNCN-CSIC), National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignasi Torre
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers (MCNG), Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Navarro-Castilla
- Departament of Biology, Unit of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barja
- Departament of Biology, Unit of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change (BGC-MNCN-CSIC), National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Alonso A, Gallego-Narbón A, Coca-de-la-Iglesia M, Monjas D, Medina NG, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Valcárcel V. Climatic niche pre-adaptation facilitated island colonization followed by budding speciation in the Madeiran ivy ( Hedera maderensis, Araliaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:935975. [PMID: 35958224 PMCID: PMC9358290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.935975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The path followed by species in the colonization of remote oceanic islands ultimately depends on their phylogenetic constraints and ecological responses. In this study, we aim to evaluate the relative role of geographical and ecological forces in the origin and evolution of the Madeiran ivy (Hedera maderensis), a single-species endemic belonging to the western polyploid clade of Hedera. To determine the phylogenetic placement of H. maderensis within the western polyploid clade, we analyzed 40 populations (92 individuals) using genotyping-by-sequencing and including Hedera helix as outgroup. Climatic niche differences among the study species were evaluated using a database with 867 records representing the entire species ranges. To test species responses to climate, 13 vegetative and reproductive functional traits were examined for 70 populations (335 individuals). Phylogenomic results revealed a nested pattern with H. maderensis embedded within the south-western Iberian H. iberica. Gradual niche differentiation from the coldest and most continental populations of H. iberica to the warm and stable coastal population sister to H. maderensis parallels the geographical pattern observed in the phylogeny. Similarity in functional traits is observed for H. maderensis and H. iberica. The two species show leaves with higher specific leaf area (SLA), lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and thickness and fruits with lower pulp fraction than the other western polyploid species H. hibernica. Acquisition of a Macaronesian climatic niche and the associated functional syndrome in mainland European ivies (leaves with high SLA, and low LDMC and thickness, and fruits with less pulp content) was a key step in the colonization of Madeira by the H. iberica/H. maderensis lineage, which points to climatic pre-adaptation as key in the success of island colonization (dispersal and establishment). Once in Madeira, budding speciation was driven by geographical isolation, while ecological processes are regarded as secondary forces with a putative impact in the lack of further in situ diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Alonso
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - David Monjas
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nagore G. Medina
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC–UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Mazuecos
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC–UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Valcárcel
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC–UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Egan PA, Stevenson PC, Stout JC. Pollinator selection against toxic nectar as a key facilitator of a plant invasion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210168. [PMID: 35491597 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant compounds associated with herbivore defence occur widely in floral nectar and can impact pollinator health. We showed previously that Rhododendron ponticum nectar contains grayanotoxin I (GTX I) at concentrations that are lethal or sublethal to honeybees and a solitary bee in the plant's non-native range in Ireland. Here we further examined this conflict and tested the hypotheses that nectar GTX I is subject to negative pollinator-mediated selection in the non-native range, but that phenotypic linkage between GTX I levels in nectar and leaves acts as a constraint on independent evolution. We found that nectar GTX I experienced negative directional selection in the non-native range, in contrast to the native Iberian range, and that the magnitude and frequency of pollinator limitation indicated that selection was pollinator-mediated. Surprisingly, nectar GTX I levels were decoupled from those of leaves in the non-native range, which may have assisted post-invasion evolution of nectar without compromising the anti-herbivore function of GTX I (here demonstrated in bioassays with an ecologically relevant herbivore). Our study emphasizes the centrality of pollinator health as a concept linked to the invasion process, and how post-invasion evolution can be targeted toward minimizing lethal or sub-lethal effects on pollinators. This article is part of the theme issue 'Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Egan
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 102, Alnarp 23053, Sweden
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jane C Stout
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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13
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Long-Term Maternal Fertilizer Addition Increased Seed Size but Decreased Germination Capacity and Offspring Performance in Taxus baccata L. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant fitness and species persistence depend on seed quantity and their ability to germinate and produce viable offspring. Although maternal environment can have a great impact on seed quality, few studies are pointing to the transgenerational effect of maternal environment on germination rate and offspring traits. Moreover, global changes connected to nitrogen and phosphorus deposition can also impact plants’ reproductive performance. Here, we collected Taxus baccata L. seeds produced by the same genotype female plants grown in different nutritional regimes. We use them to analyze seed size and the impact of long-term fertilization on germination capacity and offspring traits. Our results show that long-term maternal fertilizer addition increases the ratio of large seeds produced, but at the same time decreases germination capacity compared to control and nonfertilized plants. Moreover, it was demonstrated that maternal environment impacts seed traits and germination rate, and seed mass rather than maternal environment impacts offspring performance. Therefore, the study provides information on how the maternal environment regulates seed traits and germination capacity as well as seedling growth to adapt to increased nitrogen and phosphorus deposition and improves prediction about plants’ response to global environmental changes.
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14
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Love NLR, Mazer SJ. Geographic variation in offspring size: Long- and short-term climate affect mean seed mass of Streptanthus populations. Ecology 2022; 103:e3698. [PMID: 35352825 PMCID: PMC9287029 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Offspring size is a key functional trait that can affect subsequent life history stages; in many species, it exhibits both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Variation among populations in offspring size may be explained by various factors, including local climatic conditions. However, geographic variation in climate may be partitioned into long‐term and interannual sources of variation, which may differ in their effects on population mean offspring size. To assess environmental correlates of offspring size, we evaluated geographic variation in seed mass among 88 populations representing 6 species of Streptanthus (Brassicaceae) distributed across a broad climatic gradient in California. We examined the effects of temperature‐mediated growing season length and precipitation on population mean seed mass to determine whether it is best explained by (1) long‐term mean climatic conditions; (2) interannual climate anomalies (i.e., deviations in climate from long‐term means) during the year of seed development, or (3) interactions between climate variables. Both long‐term mean climate and climate anomalies in the year of collection were associated with population mean seed mass, but their effects differed in direction and magnitude. Relatively large seeds were produced at chronically wet sites but also during drier‐than‐average years. This contrast indicates that these associations may be generated by different mechanisms (i.e., adaptive evolution vs. phenotypic plasticity) and may be evidence of countergradient plasticity in seed mass. In addition, populations occurring in locations characterized by relatively long growing seasons produced comparatively large seeds, particularly among chronically dry sites. This study highlights the need to consider that the responses of seed mass to long‐term versus recent climatic conditions may differ and that climate variables may interact to predict seed mass. Such considerations are especially important when using these patterns to forecast the long‐ and short‐term responses of seed mass to climate change. The results presented here also contribute to our broader understanding of how climate drives long‐term (e.g., local adaptation) and short‐term (e.g., phenotypic plasticity) variation in functional traits, such as offspring size across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L R Love
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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15
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Seed Quantity or Quality?-Reproductive Responses of Females of Two Dioecious Woody Species to Long-Term Fertilisation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063187. [PMID: 35328608 PMCID: PMC8948795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although seed quality and quantity, as well as reproductive performance are important life history stages of plants, little is known about the reproductive responses of trees to environmental changes such as increased anthropogenic deposition of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Dioecious plants are good models with which to test the environmental impact on female or male reproductive responses individually. We analysed effects of different long-term nutritional availability on the reproductive performance of two dioecious species (Taxus baccata L. and Juniperus communis L.) characterised by different life histories. By using pot experiments with vegetatively propagated plants grown in different fertilisation conditions, we observed an increase in plant growth and strobili production but a decrease in seed efficiency. Seeds produced by fertilised plants had greater seed mass. Fertiliser addition did not change C or N content nor the C/N ratio of T. baccata seeds, but increased N content and the N/P ratio; however, it did lower the C/N ratio in J. communis. Fertilisation did not change the metabolite profile in T. baccata but 18 metabolites were changed in J. communis. The study revealed new links between species life history, environmental changes, and reproduction. The findings imply that future environmental conditions may alter both seed productivity, and quality, as well as plant reproductive behaviour.
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16
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Gunderson AR, Riddell EA, Sears MW, Rosenblum EB. Thermal costs and benefits of replicated color evolution in the White Sands Desert lizard community. Am Nat 2022; 199:666-678. [DOI: 10.1086/719027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Costa e Silva J, Jordan R, Potts BM, Pinkard E, Prober SM. Directional Selection on Tree Seedling Traits Driven by Experimental Drought Differs Between Mesic and Dry Populations. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.722964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated population differences and drought-induced phenotypic selection on four seedling traits of the Australian forest tree Eucalyptus pauciflora using a glasshouse dry-down experiment. We compared dry and mesic populations and tested for directional selection on lamina length (reflecting leaf size), leaf shape, the node of ontogenetic transition to the petiolate leaf (reflecting the loss of vegetative juvenility), and lignotuber size (reflecting a recovery trait). On average, the dry population had smaller and broader leaves, greater retention of the juvenile leaf state and larger lignotubers than the mesic population, but the populations did not differ in seedling survival. While there was statistical support for directional selection acting on the focal traits in one or other population, and for differences between populations in selection gradient estimates for two traits, only one trait—lamina length—exhibited a pattern of directional selection consistent with the observed population differences being a result of past adaptation to reduce seedling susceptibility to acute drought. The observed directional selection for lamina length in the mesic population suggests that future increases in drought risk in the wild will shift the mean of the mesic population toward that of the dry population. Further, we provide evidence suggesting an early age trade-off between drought damage and recovery traits, with phenotypes which develop larger lignotubers early being more susceptible to drought death. Such trade-offs could have contributed to the absence of population mean differences in survival, despite marked differentiation in seedling traits.
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18
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Dale EE, Foest JJ, Hacket-Pain A, Bogdziewicz M, Tanentzap AJ. Macroevolutionary consequences of mast seeding. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200372. [PMID: 34657467 PMCID: PMC8520783 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Masting characterizes large, intermittent and highly synchronous seeding events among individual plants and is found throughout the plant Tree of Life (ToL). Although masting can increase plant fitness, little is known about whether it results in evolutionary changes across entire clades, such as by promoting speciation or enhanced trait selection. Here, we tested if masting has macroevolutionary consequences by combining the largest existing dataset of population-level reproductive time series and time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of vascular plants. We found that the coefficient of variation (CVp) of reproductive output for 307 species covaried with evolutionary history, and more so within clades than expected by random. Speciation rates estimated at the species level were highest at intermediate values of CVp and regional-scale synchrony (Sr) in seed production, that is, there were unimodal correlations. There was no support for monotonic correlations between either CVp or Sr and rates of speciation or seed size evolution. These results were robust to different sampling decisions, and we found little bias in our dataset compared with the wider plant ToL. While masting is often adaptive and encompasses a rich diversity of reproductive behaviours, we suggest it may have few consequences beyond the species level. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther E. Dale
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jessie J. Foest
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Hacket-Pain
- Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michał Bogdziewicz
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań 61-614, Poland
- INRAE, LESSEM, University Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Heres, France
| | - Andrew J. Tanentzap
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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19
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Hu Q, Zhang Y, Ma R, An J, Huang W, Wu Y, Hou J, Zhang D, Lin F, Xu R, Sun Q, Sun L. Genetic dissection of seed appearance quality using recombinant inbred lines in soybean. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:72. [PMID: 37309518 PMCID: PMC10236129 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean seed appearance quality greatly affects the marketability. The objective of this study was to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that control the appearance quality of soybean seeds. A total of 256 recombinant inbred lines from Qi Huang No.34 × Ji Dou No.17 were utilized for QTL mapping. We innovatively applied a machine vision system to quantify the seed appearance of each line. As a result of QTL mapping, a total of 145 QTLs for the machine vision parameters were detected across three environments. We integrated QTLs mapped overlapped and obtained 16 QTL hotspots in total. Of these hotspots, hotspot-4-1 was suggested to be a major locus controlling seed size, and hotspot-15 was identified to affect the seed color and texture. The mapping for principal components of the seed appearance also supported it. This study comprehensively dug up the QTLs for seed appearance quality of soybean cultivars while providing an efficient method for phenotyping of seed appearance. These results would contribute to dissecting the genetic bases of seed appearance quality for the improvement of soybean. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-021-01262-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250131 Shandong China
| | - Ruirui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jie An
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenxuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yueying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingjing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Dajian Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Ran Xu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250131 Shandong China
| | - Qun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lianjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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20
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Di Santo LN, Polgar M, Nies S, Hodgkiss P, Canning CA, Wright JW, Hamilton JA. Seed morphological traits as a tool to quantify variation maintained in ex situ collections: a case study in Pinus torreyana. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab058. [PMID: 34594485 PMCID: PMC8477307 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the within- and among-population distribution of trait variation within seed collections may provide a means to approximate standing genetic variation and inform plant conservation. This study aimed to estimate population- and family-level seed trait variability for existing seed collections of Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana), and to use these data to guide sampling of future collections. We quantified variation in 14 seed morphological traits and seedling emergence within and among Torrey pine populations. Using a simulation-based approach, we used estimates of within-population variance to assess the number of maternal families required to capture 95 % of trait variation within each existing seed collection. Substantial structure was observed both within and among Torrey pine populations, with island and mainland seeds varying in seed size and seed coat thickness. Despite morphological differences, seedling emergence was similar across populations. Simulations revealed that 83 % and 71 % of all maternal families within island and mainland seed collections respectively needed to be resampled to capture 95 % of seed trait variation within existing collections. From a conservation perspective, our results indicate that to optimize genetic diversity captured in Torrey pine seed collections, maximizing the number of maternal families sampled within each population will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel N Di Santo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Monica Polgar
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Storm Nies
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Paul Hodgkiss
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Courtney A Canning
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Placerville, CA, USA
| | - Jessica W Wright
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jill A Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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21
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Jevon F, Lang A, Ayres M, Matthes JH. Limited evidence that larger acorns buffer Quercus rubra seedlings from density-dependent biotic stressors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1861-1872. [PMID: 34596895 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant performance and functional traits vary considerably within species, particularly in response to environmental variation. Plant responses may reflect life-history trade-offs, such as between resource acquisition and resource conservation. Larger seeds may buffer young plants from the negative effects of environmental variation, such as limitations in nutrients or water. However, whether seed size plays a similar role in how plants respond to variation in their biotic environment, including competition and soil microbial communities, remains poorly understood. METHODS We used a greenhouse experiment to test the interactive effects of intraspecific competition, the origin of the soil microbial community, and seed size on performance and functional traits in Quercus rubra L. seedlings. RESULTS Intraspecific variation in seedling traits weakly aligned with a resource acquisition-conservation trade-off. Across the wide range of initial acorn mass, competition decreased seedling biomass by about 35%. Competition directly decreased the root mass ratio and indirectly increased specific leaf area and specific root length, via the negative effects on total biomass. In contrast, soil microbial communities had minor effects on seedlings, and we found no differences between plants receiving soil originating from a conspecific adult and plants receiving soil originating from a heterospecific adult. CONCLUSIONS Competition is a more important driver of intraspecific variation in young Quercus rubra seedling performance and traits, both directly and by delaying ontogenetic development, than soil microbial communities. Seed size is an important predictor of seedling biomass, but a larger seed does not necessarily buffer seedlings from the effects of competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Jevon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Ashley Lang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Matthew Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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22
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Leger EA, Agneray AC, Baughman OW, Brummer EC, Erickson TE, Hufford KM, Kettenring KM. Integrating evolutionary potential and ecological function into agricultural seed production to meet demands for the decade of restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Mail Stop 0314 Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Alison C. Agneray
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Mail Stop 0314 Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Owen W. Baughman
- The Nature Conservancy Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns OR 97720 U.S.A
| | - E. Charles Brummer
- Plant Breeding Center, Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park Western Australia 6005 Australia
| | - Kristina M. Hufford
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie WY 82071 U.S.A
| | - Karin M. Kettenring
- Ecology Center and Department of Watershed Sciences Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
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23
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The Effect of Seed Size on Germination and Seedling Growth in Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The quantity and quality of seedlings in the nursery has an impact on the success of re-establishment and later growth. High germination rates enable a sufficient number of seedlings, and their quality is assessed using a number of parameters, including seedling height and root collar diameter. These parameters are influenced in some species by seed size, but the correlation between them is species-specific. The model species in this research was sweet chestnut (Castaneasativa Mill.), and seeds from 12 populations from two distinct biogeographical regions of Croatia were collected. We examined the influence of seed size on four parameters: germination rate, seedling height, root collar diameter and sturdiness quotient. Seed size has been shown to have a positive influence on both seedling height and root collar diameter, whereas no such correlation was noted for germination rate and sturdiness quotient. Significant differences in nut size and seedling growth parameters were found between the Mediterranean and continental populations, with higher values observed in the coastal Mediterranean populations. We concluded that seed origin and seed size have a significant impact on seedling growth and are important factors to consider when choosing seed material. Further nursery operations should consider seed origin and local environmental conditions when choosing seedlings for reforestation efforts and general forest operations.
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24
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Palacio FX, Cataudela JF, Montalti D, Ordano M. Do frugivores exert selection on fruiting phenology? Potential scenarios across three plant populations of a Neotropical vine, Passiflora caerulea. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Cuyckens GAE, Hensen I, López VL, Cellini JM, Renison D. Germination of high Andean treeline species of contrasting environments and along elevational gradients in northwest Argentina. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1906137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Griet An Erica Cuyckens
- Instituto De Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET) Universidad Nacional De Jujuy (UNJu), San Salvador De Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
- Centro De Estudios Territoriales Ambientales Y Sociales (CETAS), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (UNJu), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Martin-Luther-Universität,Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Idiv), Biology, Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Victoria Lien López
- Laboratorio De Investigaciones En Maderas (LIMAD), Factultad De Ciencias Agrarias Y Forestales, Universidad Nacional De La Plata, Argentina
- Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Cellini
- Laboratorio De Investigaciones En Maderas (LIMAD), Factultad De Ciencias Agrarias Y Forestales, Universidad Nacional De La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel Renison
- Centro De Ecología Y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Dr. Ricardo Luti. Instituto De Investigaciones Biológicas Y Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional De Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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26
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Ramírez-Valiente JA, Solé-Medina A, Pyhäjärvi T, Savolainen O, Cervantes S, Kesälahti R, Kujala ST, Kumpula T, Heer K, Opgenoorth L, Siebertz J, Danusevicius D, Notivol E, Benavides R, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ. Selection patterns on early-life phenotypic traits in Pinus sylvestris are associated with precipitation and temperature along a climatic gradient in Europe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3009-3025. [PMID: 33098590 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of selection is key to predicting the response of tree species to new environmental conditions in the current context of climate change. However, selection patterns acting on early recruitment stages and their climatic drivers remain largely unknown in most tree species, despite being a critical period of their life cycle. We measured phenotypic selection on Pinus sylvestris seed mass, emergence time and early growth rate over 2 yr in four common garden experiments established along the latitudinal gradient of the species in Europe. Significant phenotypic plasticity and among-population genetic variation were found for all measured phenotypic traits. Heat and drought negatively affected fitness in the southern sites, but heavy rainfalls also decreased early survival in middle latitudes. Climate-driven directional selection was found for higher seed mass and earlier emergence time, while the form of selection on seedling growth rates differed among sites and populations. Evidence of adaptive and maladaptive phenotypic plasticity was found for emergence time and early growth rate, respectively. Seed mass, emergence time and early growth rate have an adaptive role in the early stages of P. sylvestris and climate strongly influences the patterns of selection on these fitness-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aida Solé-Medina
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Tanja Pyhäjärvi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Sandra Cervantes
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Robert Kesälahti
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Sonja T Kujala
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, 90570, Finland
| | - Timo Kumpula
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Katrin Heer
- Conservation Biology, Philipps Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Jan Siebertz
- Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Darius Danusevicius
- Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentų str. 11, Akademija, Kaunas, LT-53361, Lithuania
| | - Eduardo Notivol
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Raquel Benavides
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
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No Effect of Selective Maturation on Fruit Traits for a Bird-Dispersed Species, Sambucus racemosa. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020376. [PMID: 33669228 PMCID: PMC7919819 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective abortion, also called selective maturation, is a phenomenon wherein maternal plants selectively mature ovules that have the potential to grow into higher-quality fruits, such as those that contain more seeds. We hypothesized that the effects of selective maturation on fruit traits could be influenced by the dispersal mechanism. However, to date, limited studies have been conducted on selective maturation in bird-dispersed fruits. Unlike self- or wind-dispersed species, bird-dispersed species would not selectively mature fruits that contain more seeds because they are not preferred by birds. Here, we investigated the effect of selective abortion on the fruit traits of a bird-dispersed species, elderberry (Sambucus racemosa L. subsp. kamtschatica). We performed a flower-removal experiment. Half of the inflorescences on each individual tree were removed for the treatment group, whereas the control group was not manipulated. We found that the flower-removed trees showed higher fruit sets, suggesting the existence of resource limitation. The number of seeds per fruit did not increase by the experimental treatment. Additionally, the control individuals did not produce larger fruits. The lack of effects on fruit traits supported our hypothesis that the effect of selective maturation on fruit traits may differ among species with different dispersal mechanisms.
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Zhou L, Yu H, Yang K, Chen L, Yin W, Ding J. Latitudinal and Longitudinal Trends of Seed Traits Indicate Adaptive Strategies of an Invasive Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:657813. [PMID: 34177980 PMCID: PMC8222791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Invasive plants may change their seed traits to adapt to the environment and facilitate their performance. Studies on variation in seed traits among populations of an invader along latitudes/longitudes may assist in revealing how invasive plants cope with variable climates. In this study, we collected seeds of 26 populations of the global invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia along ranges spanning 23° latitudes and 20° longitudes that are highly correlated in its invasive range in China. We measured over 20 seed traits, including seed morphology, phytohormone, nutrients, and germination, and investigated how the climate along the latitudes affects those traits. We found that germination time was significantly delayed with increasing latitude and longitude, while the reversed patterns were true for the germination rate. From low to high latitude, seed size, abscisic acid, and fatty acid were increased, likely affecting seed germination. Our analysis further demonstrated that temperature is the dominant driver of the variability in seed traits and germination. Germination rates of larger seeds in cold ranges were lower, while smaller seeds from warm ranges germinated faster, likely indicating adaptive strategies of the invasive plant in seed trait functional ecology. Together, our findings provide new insights into understanding the seed adaptation strategies during the invasion process and the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved.
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Jevon FV, Record S, Grady J, Lang AK, Orwig DA, Ayres MP, Matthes JH. Seedling survival declines with increasing conspecific density in a common temperate tree. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V. Jevon
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
| | - Sydne Record
- Department of Biology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania19010USA
| | - John Grady
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center East Alton Illinois62024USA
| | - Ashley K. Lang
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
| | - David A. Orwig
- Harvard ForestHarvard University Petersham Massachusetts01366USA
| | - Matthew P. Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
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30
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van Dijk LJA, Ehrlén J, Tack AJM. The timing and asymmetry of plant-pathogen-insect interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201303. [PMID: 32962544 PMCID: PMC7542815 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and pathogens frequently exploit the same host plant and can potentially impact each other's performance. However, studies on plant–pathogen–insect interactions have mainly focused on a fixed temporal setting or on a single interaction partner. In this study, we assessed the impact of time of attacker arrival on the outcome and symmetry of interactions between aphids (Tuberculatus annulatus), powdery mildew (Erysiphe alphitoides), and caterpillars (Phalera bucephala) feeding on pedunculate oak, Quercus robur, and explored how single versus multiple attackers affect oak performance. We used a multifactorial greenhouse experiment in which oak seedlings were infected with either zero, one, two, or three attackers, with the order of attacker arrival differing among treatments. The performances of all involved organisms were monitored throughout the experiment. Overall, attackers had a weak and inconsistent impact on plant performance. Interactions between attackers, when present, were asymmetric. For example, aphids performed worse, but powdery mildew performed better, when co-occurring. Order of arrival strongly affected the outcome of interactions, and early attackers modified the strength and direction of interactions between later-arriving attackers. Our study shows that interactions between plant attackers can be asymmetric, time-dependent, and species specific. This is likely to shape the ecology and evolution of plant–pathogen–insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J A van Dijk
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Evaluating the fitness effects of seed size and maternal tree size on Polylepis tomentella (Rosaceae) seed germination and seedling performance. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467420000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn vascular plants, larger seeds are generally associated with higher germination potential, healthier seedlings and overall higher rates of survivorship. How this relationship holds or what other physiological tradeoffs evolved in plants adapted to high-altitude environments, such as the tropical and subtropical highland Polylepis tree, remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between seed mass and seedling performance by testing the reserve effect, the metabolic effect, and the seedling-size effect hypotheses in Polylepis tomentella Weddell (Rosaceae). Since the relationship between fitness and seed size can often depend on maternal plant size, we additionally investigated the association between germination success, seedling performance (survival, relative growth rate (RGR) and height), and size of bearing-seed trees under controlled greenhouse conditions. Our results showed that heavier seeds are more likely to germinate, but we did not find evidence that could support the reserve effect, metabolic effect or seedling-size effect. As seedlings from larger and medium seeds exhibited comparatively similar RGR, survival percentages and final size, maternal plant size was positively associated with improved seed quality and seedling performance. These results demonstrate that seed mass and maternal size during early seedling establishment are critical for Polylepis persistence, demography and conservation.
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32
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Palacio FX, Siepielski AM, Lacoretz MV, Ordano M. Selection on fruit traits is mediated by the interplay between frugivorous birds, fruit flies, parasitoid wasps and seed‐dispersing ants. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:874-886. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Facundo X. Palacio
- Fundación Miguel Lillo and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Tucumán Argentina
| | - Adam M. Siepielski
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA
| | - Mariela V. Lacoretz
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariano Ordano
- Fundación Miguel Lillo and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Tucumán Argentina
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33
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Wang N, He X, Zhao F, Wang D, Jiao J. Soil seed bank in different vegetation types in the Loess Plateau region and its role in vegetation restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 Shaanxi China
| | - Xinyue He
- School of Geography and Tourism Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 Shaanxi China
| | - Fuwang Zhao
- School of Geography and Tourism Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 Shaanxi China
| | - Dongli Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Liaoning Technical University Fuxin 123000 Liaoning China
| | - Juying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources Yangling 712100 Shaanxi China
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34
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Nascimento LFD, Guimarães PR, Onstein RE, Kissling WD, Pires MM. Associated evolution of fruit size, fruit colour and spines in Neotropical palms. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:858-868. [PMID: 32198956 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how ecological interactions have shaped the evolutionary dynamics of species traits remains a challenge in evolutionary ecology. Combining trait evolution models and phylogenies, we analysed the evolution of characters associated with seed dispersal (fruit size and colour) and herbivory (spines) in Neotropical palms to infer the role of these opposing animal-plant interactions in driving evolutionary patterns. We found that the evolution of fruit colour and fruit size was associated in Neotropical palms, supporting the adaptive interpretation of seed-dispersal syndromes and highlighting the role of frugivores in shaping plant evolution. Furthermore, we revealed a positive association between fruit size and the presence of spines on palm leaves, bracteas and stems. We hypothesize that interactions between palms and large-bodied frugivores/herbivores may explain the evolutionary relationship between fruit size and spines. Large-bodied frugivores, such as extinct megafauna, besides consuming the fruits and dispersing large seeds, may also have consumed the leaves or damaged the plants, thus simultaneously favouring the evolution of large fruits and defensive structures. Our findings show how current trait patterns can be understood as the result of the interplay between antagonistic and mutualistic interactions that have happened throughout the evolutionary history of a clade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renske E Onstein
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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35
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Guo Y, Gao M, Liang X, Xu M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu J, Gao Y, Qu S, Luan F. Quantitative Trait Loci for Seed Size Variation in Cucurbits - A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:304. [PMID: 32265957 PMCID: PMC7099056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae family) include many economically important fruit vegetable crops such as watermelon, pumpkin/squash, cucumber, and melon. Seed size (SS) is an important trait in cucurbits breeding, which is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL). Recent advances have deciphered several signaling pathways underlying seed size variation in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, but little is known on the genetic basis of SS variation in cucurbits. Here we conducted literature review on seed size QTL identified in watermelon, pumpkin/squash, cucumber and melon, and inferred 14, 9 and 13 consensus SS QTL based on their physical positions in respective draft genomes. Among them, four from watermelon (ClSS2.2, ClSS6.1, ClSS6.2, and ClSS8.2), two from cucumber (CsSS4.1 and CsSS5.1), and one from melon (CmSS11.1) were major-effect, stable QTL for seed size and weight. Whole genome sequence alignment revealed that these major-effect QTL were located in syntenic regions across different genomes suggesting possible structural and functional conservation of some important genes for seed size control in cucurbit crops. Annotation of genes in the four watermelon consensus SS QTL regions identified genes that are known to play important roles in seed size control including members of the zinc finger protein and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase families. The present work highlights the utility of comparative analysis in understanding the genetic basis of seed size variation, which may help future mapping and cloning of seed size QTL in cucurbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene Engineering and Preservation of Biodiversity in Cold Areas, Qiqihar, China
| | - Meiling Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene Engineering and Preservation of Biodiversity in Cold Areas, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xiujie Liu
- Qiqihar Horticultural Research Institute, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jixiu Liu
- Qiqihar Horticultural Research Institute, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Qiqihar Horticultural Research Institute, Qiqihar, China
| | - Shuping Qu
- College of Horticulture, Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Feishi Luan
- College of Horticulture, Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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36
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Zhang X, Guo W, Du D, Pu L, Zhang C. Overexpression of a maize BR transcription factor ZmBZR1 in Arabidopsis enlarges organ and seed size of the transgenic plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110378. [PMID: 32005383 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the organ size is one of the most important features and regulated by an elaborate developmental program involving both internal and external signals. The steroidal hormone brassinosteroid (BR) plays an important role in regulating the organ size. BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) is one of important transcription factors that regulate organ size in BR signal pathway in Arabidopsis. The function of BZR1 on organ size is well characterized in Arabidopsis, but poorly understood in maize (Zea mays). To understand the mechanism of intrinsic organ size regulated by BZR1 during organogenesis, we identified the maize BZR1 and examined its function in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of ZmBZR1 displayed phenotypes of enlarged cotyledons, rosette leaves, floral organ and seed size in Arabidopsis. The cells in rosette leaves as well as other organs in transgenic ZmBZR1 lines were dramatically larger and longer than those in Col-0. ChIP and RNA-seq analysis showed ZmBZR1 can directly bind to the promoter region of organ size related genes, Germination Repression and Cell Expansion receptor-like kinase (GRACE) and KIP-RELATED PROTEIN6 (KRP6) to regulate their expression, suggesting ZmBZR1 is required for the progressive increase in cells during Arabidopsis development. Collectively, our findings provide significant insights into the mechanisms underlying regulation of organ size mediated by maize BZR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weijun Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Danyao Du
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Pu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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37
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Wang Y, Chen J, Huang Y, Mu Z, Wang C. Coupled influence of precipitation regimes and seedling emergence time on the reproductive strategy in Chloris virgata. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8476. [PMID: 32095337 PMCID: PMC7017796 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Precipitation regime and seedling emergence time both influence plant growth and reproduction. However, little attention has been given to the effects of these combined factors on the reproductive strategy of Chloris virgata, which is a vital species in Songnen grassland. Here, we simulated the changes in the precipitation regime and seedling emergence time to evaluate tiller traits and seed production. The results showed that tiller number behaved similarly among three precipitation regimes when sowed on 15 May (T1), while it increased significantly with precipitation regimes when sowed on 15 June (T2) and 15 July (T3). Tiller number decreased significantly with the seedling emergence time under the same water supply treatment. The proportional allocation of reproductive tiller number to total tiller number was significantly higher at T3 than at T1 and T2. Seed number remained similar under different precipitation regimes at T2 and T3, whereas it was significantly lower under low precipitation than under other water levels at T1. Seed number reached the maximum values at T2 under the same level of precipitation treatment. Seed size was significantly lower under low precipitation compared to other water supply treatments and the lowest values in seed size, about 0.5 mg, occurred at T2 under all the precipitation regimes. The lowest values in spike number were under low precipitation at all seedling emergence times. Seed yield exhibited similar trends with seed size under different precipitation regimes, while the greatest gains in these values were at T1 under all the precipitation regimes. Our findings showed that simulated precipitation regimes and seedling emergence time affected the reproductive strategy of C. virgata. Typical and high precipitation, as well as early seedling emergence, will improve the seed yield and seed quality in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Jilin Jianzhu University, Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Jilin Jianzhu University, Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yige Huang
- Environmental Geology, The Fifth Geological Survey Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongsheng Mu
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changfu Wang
- Jilin Jianzhu University, Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin, China
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38
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Hina A, Cao Y, Song S, Li S, Sharmin RA, Elattar MA, Bhat JA, Zhao T. High-Resolution Mapping in Two RIL Populations Refines Major "QTL Hotspot" Regions for Seed Size and Shape in Soybean ( Glycine max L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1040. [PMID: 32033213 PMCID: PMC7038151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed size and shape are important traits determining yield and quality in soybean. However, the genetic mechanism and genes underlying these traits remain largely unexplored. In this regard, this study used two related recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations (ZY and K3N) evaluated in multiple environments to identify main and epistatic-effect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for six seed size and shape traits in soybean. A total of 88 and 48 QTLs were detected through composite interval mapping (CIM) and mixed-model-based composite interval mapping (MCIM), respectively, and 15 QTLs were common among both methods; two of them were major (R2 > 10%) and novel QTLs (viz., qSW-1-1ZN and qSLT-20-1K3N). Additionally, 51 and 27 QTLs were identified for the first time through CIM and MCIM methods, respectively. Colocalization of QTLs occurred in four major QTL hotspots/clusters, viz., "QTL Hotspot A", "QTL Hotspot B", "QTL Hotspot C", and "QTL Hotspot D" located on Chr06, Chr10, Chr13, and Chr20, respectively. Based on gene annotation, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, and RNA-Seq analysis, 23 genes within four "QTL Hotspots" were predicted as possible candidates, regulating soybean seed size and shape. Network analyses demonstrated that 15 QTLs showed significant additive x environment (AE) effects, and 16 pairs of QTLs showing epistatic effects were also detected. However, except three epistatic QTLs, viz., qSL-13-3ZY, qSL-13-4ZY, and qSW-13-4ZY, all the remaining QTLs depicted no main effects. Hence, the present study is a detailed and comprehensive investigation uncovering the genetic basis of seed size and shape in soybeans. The use of a high-density map identified new genomic regions providing valuable information and could be the primary target for further fine mapping, candidate gene identification, and marker-assisted breeding (MAB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Hina
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.H.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Yongce Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube; College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China;
| | - Shiyu Song
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.H.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Shuguang Li
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.H.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Ripa Akter Sharmin
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.H.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Mahmoud A. Elattar
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.H.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.H.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General), State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (A.H.); (S.S.); (S.L.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.E.)
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39
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Yuan ML, Jung C, Wake MH, Wang IJ. Habitat use, interspecific competition and phylogenetic history shape the evolution of claw and toepad morphology in Lesser Antillean anoles. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEcologically functional traits are the product of several, at times opposing, selective forces. Thus, ecomorphological patterns can be disrupted locally by biotic interactions, such as competition, and may not be consistent across lineages. Here, we studied the evolution of claws and toepads in relationship to macrohabitat (vegetation), use of structural microhabitat (perch height) and congeneric competition for two distantly related Lesser Antillean anole clades: the Anolis bimaculatus and Anolis roquet series. We collected univariate and geometric morphometric data from 254 individuals across 22 species to test the hypotheses that functional morphology should covary with both vegetation and perch height and that the presence of a competitor may disrupt such covariation. Our data showed predictable associations between morphology and macrohabitat on single-species islands but not when a congeneric competitor was present. The outcomes of competition differed between series, however. In the A. bimaculatus series, species with a sympatric congener diverged in claw and toepad traits consistent with functional predictions, whereas A. roquet series anoles showed either no association between habitat and morphology or the opposite pattern. Our results demonstrated that ecomorphological patterns across macrohabitats can be disrupted by competition-driven microhabitat partitioning and that specific morphological responses to similar ecological pressures can vary between lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine Jung
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marvalee H Wake
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ian J Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Abstract
Climate change leads to global drought-induced stress and increased plant mortality. Tree species living in rapidly changing climate conditions are exposed to danger and must adapt to new climate conditions to survive. Trees respond to changes in the environment in numerous ways. Physiological modulation at the seed stage, germination strategy and further development are influenced by many different factors. We review forest abiotic threats (such as drought and heat), including biochemical responses of plants to stress, and biotic threats (pathogens and insects) related to global warming. We then discus the varied adaptations of tree species to changing climate conditions such as seed resistance to environmental stress, improved by an increase in temperature, affinity to specific fungal symbionts, a wide range of tolerance to abiotic environmental conditions in the offspring of populations occurring in continental climate, and germination strategies closely linked to the ecological niche of the species. The existing studies do not clearly indicate whether tree adaptations are shaped by epigenetics or phenology and do not define the role of phenotypic plasticity in tree development. We have created a juxtaposition of literature that is useful in identifying the factors that play key roles in these processes. We compare scientific evidence that species distribution and survival are possible due to phenotypic plasticity and thermal memory with studies that testify that trees’ phenology depends on phylogenesis, but this issue is still open. It is possible that studies in the near future will bring us closer to understanding the mechanisms through which trees adapt to stressful conditions, especially in the context of epigenetic memory in long-lived organisms, and allow us to minimize the harmful effects of climatic events by predicting tree species’ responses or by developing solutions such as assisted migration to mitigate the consequences of these phenomena.
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Carvajal‐Endara S, Hendry AP, Emery NC, Neu CP, Carmona D, Gotanda KM, Davies TJ, Chaves JA, Johnson MTJ. The ecology and evolution of seed predation by Darwin's finches onTribulus cistoideson the Galápagos Islands. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Carvajal‐Endara
- Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield Montréal H3A 1B1 Quebec Canada
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield Montréal H3A 1B1 Quebec Canada
- Redpath Museum McGill University 859 Sherbrooke Street West Montréal H3A 0C4 Quebec Canada
| | - Nancy C. Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309‐0334 USA
| | - Corey P. Neu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309‐0427 USA
| | - Diego Carmona
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán México
| | - Kiyoko M. Gotanda
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EJ United Kingdom
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield Montréal H3A 1B1 Quebec Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre Departments of Botany, Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia 2212 Main Mall Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia Canada
| | - Jaime A. Chaves
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales ‐ Extensión Galápagos Universidad San Francisco de Quito Campus Cumbayá, Casilla Postal 17‐1200‐841 Quito Ecuador
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
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Traveset A, Escribano‐Avila G, Gómez JM, Valido A. Conflicting selection on
Cneorum tricoccon
(Rutaceae) seed size caused by native and alien seed dispersers. Evolution 2019; 73:2204-2215. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research GroupInstitut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB) 07190 Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - Gema Escribano‐Avila
- Global Change Research GroupInstitut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB) 07190 Esporles Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
| | - José María Gómez
- Departamento Ecología Funcional y EvolutivaEstación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA‐CSIC) 04120 Almería Spain
| | - Alfredo Valido
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA‐CSIC) 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Islas Canarias Spain
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Karikari B, Chen S, Xiao Y, Chang F, Zhou Y, Kong J, Bhat JA, Zhao T. Utilization of Interspecific High-Density Genetic Map of RIL Population for the QTL Detection and Candidate Gene Mining for 100-Seed Weight in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1001. [PMID: 31552060 PMCID: PMC6737081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seed-weight is one of the most important traits determining soybean yield. Hence, it is prerequisite to have detailed understanding of the genetic basis regulating seed-weight for the development of improved cultivars. In this regard, the present study used high-density interspecific linkage map of NJIR4P recombinant inbred population evaluated in four different environments to detect stable Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) as well as mine candidate genes for 100-seed weight. In total, 19 QTLs distributed on 12 chromosomes were identified in all individual environments plus combined environment, out of which seven were novel and eight are stable identified in more than one environment. However, all the novel QTLs were minor (R 2 < 10%). The remaining 12 QTLs detected in this study were co-localized with the earlier reported QTLs with narrow genomic regions, and out of these only 2 QTLs were major (R 2 > 10%) viz., qSW-17-1 and qSW-17-4. Beneficial alleles of all identified QTLs were derived from cultivated soybean parent (Nannong493-1). Based on Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships, gene annotation information, and literature search, 29 genes within 5 stable QTLs were predicted to be possible candidate genes that might regulate seed-weight/size in soybean. However, it needs further validation to confirm their role in seed development. In conclusion, the present study provides better understanding of trait genetics and candidate gene information through the use high-density inter-specific bin map, and also revealed considerable scope for genetic improvement of 100-seed weight in soybean using marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- Soybean Research Institution, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Willis JL, Schnake DK, Wetzstein B, Yow J, Guinto D, Ulrich S, DePerno CS, Lashley MA. Seed depredation negates the benefits of midstory hardwood removal on longleaf pine seedling establishment. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John L. Willis
- Department of ForestryMississippi State University 361 Thompson Hall, 775 Stone Blvd, Mississippi State MS 39762 U.S.A
| | - David K. Schnake
- Research Stations DivisionNorth Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services 2 West Edenton Street, Raleigh NC 27606 U.S.A
| | - Branson Wetzstein
- Department of ForestryMississippi State University 361 Thompson Hall, 775 Stone Blvd, Mississippi State MS 39762 U.S.A
| | - Justin Yow
- Department of ForestryMississippi State University 361 Thompson Hall, 775 Stone Blvd, Mississippi State MS 39762 U.S.A
| | - Daniel Guinto
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyNorth Carolina State University 110 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh NC 27695 U.S.A
| | - Stacy Ulrich
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyNorth Carolina State University 110 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh NC 27695 U.S.A
| | - Christopher S. DePerno
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyNorth Carolina State University 110 Brooks Avenue, Raleigh NC 27695 U.S.A
| | - Marcus A. Lashley
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and AquacultureMississippi State University Thompson Hall, 775 Stone Blvd, Mississippi State MS 39762 U.S.A
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Feldman M, Ferrandiz-Rovira M, Espelta JM, Muñoz A. Evidence of high individual variability in seed management by scatter-hoarding rodents: does ‘personality’ matter? Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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46
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Moyano J, Chiuffo MC, Nuñez MA, Rodriguez-Cabal MA. Seed predation does not explain pine invasion success. Oecologia 2019; 189:981-991. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wu LM, Chen SC, Wang B. An allometry between seed kernel and seed coat shows greater investment in physical defense in small seeds. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:371-376. [PMID: 30866038 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Numerous studies have treated the mass of a whole seed as an integrated unit, although the components seed kernel and seed coat play different roles and are subject to different evolutionary selection pressures. In this study, we provided the first global-scale quantification of the relative biomass investments in seed coats and seed kernels. We tested the following hypotheses: there is a negative allometry between seed kernel mass and seed coat mass, and therefore, seed coat ratio (SCR) is negatively correlated with seed mass. METHODS We compiled a global-scale data set from the published literature, including 680 plant species from 420 genera and 108 families. The relationships between seed components were quantified using standardized major axis regression, ordinary least squares regression, and phylogenetic independent analyses. KEY RESULTS We found a weak but significantly negative allometry between seed kernel mass and seed coat mass, which resulted in a negative relationship between seed mass and SCR. Similar results were found after accounting for the phylogeny. CONCLUSIONS The finding that smaller seeds invest more in protective tissues but less in stored reserves may explain the general prediction that larger seeds suffer greater predation than smaller seeds. Furthermore, this weak allometry may also explain, at least in part, why so many studies failed to identify a clear pattern of the effect of seed mass on many ecological processes. Our study suggests that the allometry between the two seed components must be considered when evaluating the ecological significance and evolutionary history of seed mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- La-Mei Wu
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan Province, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Si-Chong Chen
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan Province, 666303, China
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Caignard T, Delzon S, Bodénès C, Dencausse B, Kremer A. Heritability and genetic architecture of reproduction-related traits in a temperate oak species. TREE GENETICS & GENOMES 2019; 15:1. [PMID: 30546292 PMCID: PMC6287713 DOI: 10.1007/s11295-018-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction, one of the main components of plant fitness, is highly variable in response to environmental cues, but little is known about the genetic determinism underlying reproduction-related traits in forest tree species. There is therefore an urgent need to characterize the genetic architecture of those traits if we are to predict the evolutionary trajectories of forest populations facing rapidly changing environment and mitigate their impacts. Using a full-sib family of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), we investigated the within population variability of seed production and mean seed mass during four consecutive years. Reproductive traits were highly variable between trees and between years. The high narrow sense heritability and evolvability estimated underline the important genetic effect on the variability in seed production and mean seed mass. Despite a large variability over years, reproductive traits show significant genetic correlation between years. Furthermore, for the first time in forest tree species, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed production and mean mass of a seed have been identified. While it is commonly assumed and observed that fitness-traits have low narrow sense heritabilities, our findings show that reproduction-related traits may undergo evolutionary changes under selective pressure and may be determinant for tree adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Caignard
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
| | - Catherine Bodénès
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
| | | | - Antoine Kremer
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
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49
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Cardinal-McTeague WM, Wurdack KJ, Sigel EM, Gillespie LJ. Seed size evolution and biogeography of Plukenetia (Euphorbiaceae), a pantropical genus with traditionally cultivated oilseed species. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:29. [PMID: 30670006 PMCID: PMC6341577 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plukenetia is a small pantropical genus of lianas and vines with variably sized edible oil-rich seeds that presents an ideal system to investigate neotropical and pantropical diversification patterns and seed size evolution. We assessed the biogeography and seed evolution of Plukenetia through phylogenetic analyses of a 5069 character molecular dataset comprising five nuclear and two plastid markers for 86 terminals in subtribe Plukenetiinae (representing 20 of ~ 23 Plukenetia species). Two nuclear genes, KEA1 and TEB, were used for phylogenetic reconstruction for the first time. Our goals were: (1) produce a robust, time-dependent evolutionary framework for Plukenetia using BEAST; (2) reconstruct its biogeographical history with ancestral range estimation in BIOGEOBEARS; (3) define seed size categories; (4) identify patterns of seed size evolution using ancestral state estimation; and (5) conduct regression analyses with putative drivers of seed size using the threshold model. RESULTS Plukenetia was resolved into two major groups, which we refer to as the pinnately- and palmately-veined clades. Our analyses suggest Plukenetia originated in the Amazon or Atlantic Forest of Brazil during the Oligocene (28.7 Mya) and migrated/dispersed between those regions and Central America/Mexico throughout the Miocene. Trans-oceanic dispersals explain the pantropical distribution of Plukenetia, including from the Amazon to Africa in the Early Miocene (17.4 Mya), followed by Africa to Madagascar and Africa to Southeast Asia in the Late Miocene (9.4 Mya) and Pliocene (4.5 Mya), respectively. We infer a single origin of large seeds in the ancestor of Plukenetia. Seed size fits a Brownian motion model of trait evolution and is moderately to strongly associated with plant size, fruit type/dispersal syndrome, and seedling ecology. Biome shifts were not drivers of seed size, although there was a weak association with a transition to fire prone semi-arid savannas. CONCLUSIONS The major relationships among the species of Plukenetia are now well-resolved. Our biogeographical analyses support growing evidence that many pantropical distributions developed by periodic trans-oceanic dispersals throughout the Miocene and Pliocene. Selection on a combination of traits contributed to seed size variation, while movement between forest edge/light gap and canopy niches likely contributed to the seed size extremes in Plukenetia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren M. Cardinal-McTeague
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, Room 160, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
- Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4 Canada
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Kenneth J. Wurdack
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Erin M. Sigel
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Billeaud Hall, Room 108, 410 E. St. Mary Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70503 USA
| | - Lynn J. Gillespie
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, Room 160, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
- Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4 Canada
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50
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Kuprewicz EK, García‐Robledo C. Deciphering seed dispersal decisions: Size, not tannin content, drives seed fate and survival in a tropical forest. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Kuprewicz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269‐3043 USA
| | - Carlos García‐Robledo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269‐3043 USA
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