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de Franca MNF, Rodrigues LS, Barreto AS, da Cruz GS, Aragão-Santos JC, da Silva AM, de Jesus AR, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, de Almeida RP, Corrêa CB. CD4 + Th1 and Th17 responses and multifunctional CD8 T lymphocytes associated with cure or disease worsening in human visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1277557. [PMID: 38410517 PMCID: PMC10895669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1277557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In VL, a proinflammatory phenotype is typically associated with enhanced phagocytosis and a Th1 mediated immune response resulting in infection control. In contrast, an anti-inflammatory phenotype, associated with a predominant regulatory response, typically enables intracellular multiplication of Leishmania parasites and disease progression. Methods To investigate the impact of chemotherapy on Th2 and Th17 immune responses in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we assessed all combinations of intracellular expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-17 in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from patients, after antigenic stimulation with Leishmania lysate, throughout treatment and follow-up. As increases in spleen and liver sizes and decreases in hematocrit, hemogloblin, erythrocytes, monocytes, leukocytes and platelets levels are strongly related to the disease, we studied the correlations between the frequencies of T cells producing the afore mentioned cytokines, individually and in combination, and these variables, as markers of disease or cure. Results We found that the frequency of IFN-γ-producingCD4+ T cells increased until the end of chemotherapy with Glucantime® or AmBisome ®, while IL-10, IL-4 and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells peaked on day 7 following the start of treatment. Although the frequency of CD4+IL-17+ cells decreased during treatment an increase was observed after clinical cure. The frequency of CD4+ T cells producing only IFN-γ or IL-17 correlated with blood monocytes levels. Frequencies of double-producers of IFN-γ and IL-10 or IL-4 correlated positively with eosinophils and platelets levels. Together, this suggest that IFN-γ drives the immune response towards Th1 at cure. In contrast, and associated with disease or Th2 response, the frequency of CD4+ IL-10+ cells correlated positively with spleen sizes and negatively with circulating monocyte levels, while the frequency of CD4+ producing both IL-4 and IL-10 correlated negatively with platelets levels. The frequency of CD8+ single-producers of IFN-γ increased from day 21 to 90 while that of single-producers of IL-10 peaked on day 7, of IL-4 on day 30 and of IL-17, on day 180. IFN-γ expression in CD8+ single- and double-producers of cytokines was indicative of an immune response associated with cure. In contrast, frequencies of CD8+ double-producers of IL-4 and IL-10, IL-4 and IL-17 and IL-10 and IL-17 and producers of three and four cytokines, were associated with disease and were low after the cure. Frequencies of CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ alone or with IL-17 were positively correlated with platelets levels. In contrast, as markers of disease: 1) frequencies of single producers of IL-10 correlated negatively with leukocytes levels, 2) frequencies of double producers of IL-4 and IL-10 correlated negatively with platelet, leukocyte, lymphocyte and circulating monocyte levels, 3) frequencies of triple-producers of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 correlated negatively with platelet, leukocyte and neutrophil levels and 4) frequencies of producers of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17 simultaneously correlated positively with spleen size, and negatively with leukocyte and neutrophil levels. Discussion Our results confirmed that the clinical improvement of VL patients correlates with the decrease of an IL-4 and IL-10 CD4+Th2 response, the recovery of CD4+ Th1 and Th17 responses and the frequency of CD8+ single-producers of IFN-γ and double producers of IFN-γ and IL-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nobre Farias de Franca
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lorranny Santana Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Barreto
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERBH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Geydson Silveira da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERBH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Aragão-Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria da Silva
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERBH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), INCT, CNPq, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Clarisa B. Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), Insititutos nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Vegetal Biotechnology and Bioprocesses, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERBH), Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), INCT, CNPq, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Bani Corrêa
- Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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Jesus-Oliveira P, Silva-Couto L, Pinho N, Da Silva-Ferreira AT, Saboia-Vahia L, Cuervo P, Da-Cruz AM, Gomes-Silva A, Pinto EF. Identification of Immunodominant Proteins of the Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi SubProteome as Pan-Specific Vaccine Targets against Leishmaniasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1129. [PMID: 37514945 PMCID: PMC10386316 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a wide-spectrum disease caused by parasites from Leishmania genus. A well-modulated immune response that is established after the long-lasting clinical cure of leishmaniasis can represent a standard requirement for a vaccine. Previous studies demonstrated that Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi causes benign disease and its antigens induce well-modulated immune responses in vitro. In this work we aimed to identify the immunodominant proteins present in the soluble extract of L. naiffi (sLnAg) as candidates for composing a pan-specific anti-leishmaniasis vaccine. After immunoblotting using cured patients of cutaneous leishmaniasis sera and proteomics approaches, we identified a group of antigenic proteins from the sLnAg. In silico analyses allowed us to select mildly similar proteins to the host; in addition, we evaluated the binding potential and degree of promiscuity of the protein epitopes to HLA molecules and to B-cell receptors. We selected 24 immunodominant proteins from a sub-proteome with 328 proteins. Homology analysis allowed the identification of 13 proteins with the most orthologues among seven Leishmania species. This work demonstrated the potential of these proteins as promising vaccine targets capable of inducing humoral and cellular pan-specific immune responses in humans, which may in the future contribute to the control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisciliana Jesus-Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luzinei Silva-Couto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pinho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas de Neuroinflamação do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, Laboratório de Referência para COVID-19 (World Health Organization), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas de Neuroinflamação do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-170, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Neuroimunomodulação (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fonseca Pinto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20020-000, Brazil
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Maksoud S, El Hokayem J. The cytokine/chemokine response in Leishmania/HIV infection and co-infection. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15055. [PMID: 37082641 PMCID: PMC10112040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection progressively weakens the immune system by infecting and destroying cells involved in host defense. Viral infection symptoms are generated and aggravated as immunosuppression progresses, triggered by the presence of opportunistic infections: among these is leishmaniasis, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania. The incidence of this co-infection is growing progressively due to the geographic distribution overlap. Both pathogens infect monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, although they can also modulate the activity of other cells without co-infecting, such as T and B lymphocytes. Leishmania/HIV co-infection could be described as a system comprising modulations of cell surface molecule expression, production of soluble factors, and intracellular death activities, leading ultimately to the potentiation of infectivity, replication, and spread of both pathogens. This review describes the cytokine/chemokine response in Leishmania/HIV infection and co-infection, discussing how these molecules modulate the course of the disease and analyzing the therapeutic potential of targeting this network.
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Sandoval Pacheco CM, Araujo Flores GV, Ferreira AF, da Matta VLR, de Castro Gomes CM, Sosa-Ochoa WH, Zúniga C, Silveira FT, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Role of antigen-presenting cells in non-ulcerated skin lesions caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12971. [PMID: 36695719 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In Central America, infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi causes visceral leishmaniasis and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). This work aimed to evaluate the participation of subpopulations of antigen-presenting cells in skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL through double-staining immunohistochemistry using cellular and intracellular markers. Twenty-three skin biopsies from patients affected by NUCL were used. Histological sections stained by HE were used for histopathological study. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using primary antibodies against Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and the cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-10. The histopathological lesions were characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly lymphohistiocytic, of variable intensity, with a diffuse arrangement associated with epithelioid granulomas and discreet parasitism. Double-staining immunohistochemistry showed higher participation of dendritic cells producing the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 in relation to the other evaluated cytokines. Activation of the cellular immune response was marked by a higher density of CD8 Tc1-lymphocytes followed by CD4 Th1-lymphocytes producing mainly IFN-γ. The data obtained in the present study suggest that antigen-presenting cells play an important role in the in situ immune response through the production of proinflammatory cytokines, directing the cellular immune response preferentially to the Th1 and Tc1 types in NUCL caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela V Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aurea F Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vânia L R da Matta
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia M de Castro Gomes
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo H Sosa-Ochoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Recent Advances in the Development of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines for Parasitic Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030334. [PMID: 36986434 PMCID: PMC10058461 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against parasites have lagged centuries behind those against viral and bacterial infections, despite the devastating morbidity and widespread effects of parasitic diseases across the globe. One of the greatest hurdles to parasite vaccine development has been the lack of vaccine strategies able to elicit the complex and multifaceted immune responses needed to abrogate parasitic persistence. Viral vectors, especially adenovirus (AdV) vectors, have emerged as a potential solution for complex disease targets, including HIV, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases, to name a few. AdVs are highly immunogenic and are uniquely able to drive CD8+ T cell responses, which are known to be correlates of immunity in infections with most protozoan and some helminthic parasites. This review presents recent developments in AdV-vectored vaccines targeting five major human parasitic diseases: malaria, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. Many AdV-vectored vaccines have been developed for these diseases, utilizing a wide variety of vectors, antigens, and modes of delivery. AdV-vectored vaccines are a promising approach for the historically challenging target of human parasitic diseases.
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Design of a Chimeric Multi-Epitope Vaccine (CMEV) against Both Leishmania martiniquensis and Leishmania orientalis Parasites Using Immunoinformatic Approaches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101460. [PMID: 36290364 PMCID: PMC9598663 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan flagellates of the genus Leishmania. Recently, Leishmania martiniquensis and Leishmania orientalis, emerging species of Leishmania, were isolated from patients in Thailand. Development of the vaccine is demanded; however, genetic differences between the two species make it difficult to design a vaccine that is effective for both species. In this study, we applied immuno-informatic approaches to design a chimeric multi-epitope vaccine (CMEV) against both L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis. We identified seven helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, sixteen cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, and eleven B-cell epitopes from sixteen conserved antigenic proteins found in both species. All these epitopes were joined together, and to further enhance immunogenicity, protein and peptides adjuvant were also added at the N-terminal of the molecule by using specific linkers. The candidate CMEV was subsequently analyzed from the perspectives of the antigenicity, allergenicity, and physiochemical properties. The interaction of the designed multi-epitope vaccine and immune receptor (TLR4) of the host were evaluated based on molecular dockings of the predicted 3D structures. Finally, in silico cloning was performed to construct the expression vaccine vector. Docking analysis showed that the vaccine/TLR4 complex took a stable form. Based on the predicted immunogenicity, physicochemical, and structural properties in silico, the vaccine candidate was expected to be appropriately expressed in bacterial expression systems and show the potential to induce a host immune response. This study proposes the experimental validation of the efficacy of the candidate vaccine construct against the two Leishmania.
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miRNA-21 regulates CD69 and IL-10 expression in canine leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265192. [PMID: 35324917 PMCID: PMC8947396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis in humans is a chronic and fatal disease if left untreated. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a severe public health problem because infected animals are powerful transmitters of the parasite to humans via phlebotomine vectors. Therefore, dogs are an essential target for control measures. Progression of canine infection is accompanied by failure of cellular immunity with reduction of circulating lymphocytes and increased cytokines that suppress macrophage function. Studies showed that the regulation of the effector function of macrophages and T cells appears to depend on miRNAs; miRNA-21 (miR-21) shows increased expression in splenic leukocytes of dogs with CanL and targets genes related to the immune response. Mimics and inhibitors of miR-21 were used in vitro to transfect splenic leukocytes from dogs with CanL. After transfection, expression levels of the proteins FAS, FASL, CD69, CCR7, TNF-α, IL-17, IFN-γ, and IL-10 were measured. FAS, FASL, CD69, and CCR7 expression levels decreased in splenic leukocytes from dogs with CanL. The miR-21 mimic decreased CD69 expression in splenic leukocytes from CanL and healthy groups. The miR-21 inhibitor decreased IL-10 levels in culture supernatants from splenic leukocytes in the CanL group. These findings suggest that miR-21 alters the immune response in CanL; therefore, miR-21 could be used as a possible therapeutic target for CanL.
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High levels of anti-Leishmania IgG3 and low CD4 + T cells count were associated with relapses in visceral leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:369. [PMID: 33874901 PMCID: PMC8056614 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is severe and potentially fatal. Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest endemicity for the disease in the world. The reduction of CD4+ T lymphocytes, B cells activation and high levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6/IL-8/TNF/IL-1β), plasma LPS, soluble CD14, anti-Leishmania IgG3 and low leptin levels are involved in the immunopathogenesis of VL, most associated with severe VL. Despite relapses occurring in about 4–5% of patients with VL not associated with HIV infection, the factors underlying relapses are little known. Our aim was to identify clinical, laboratory and immunological parameters that may be associated with recurrences in VL. Methods Fifteen VL patients recruited from Hospital Eduardo de Menezes (BH-MG) were grouped into relapsing (R-VL, n = 5) and non-relapsing (NR-VL, n = 10) and evaluated during active disease, immediately after treatment (post-treatment) and 6 months post-treatment (6mpt). Clinical and laboratory data obtained from medical records were correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and anti-Leishmania Igs and IL-6 plasma levels and compared to those parameters of ten healthy controls. Results During the active phase of VL, despite similarity in the clinical symptoms, the rates of thrombocytopenia, elevated transaminases (AST and ALT) and hyperbilirubinemia were higher in the NR-VL group compared to R-VL (p < 0.05), a profile reversed during the post-treatment phase. All patients had low CD4+ T counts in active phase, however, NR-VL patients had a higher gain of this cell type than R-VL in the post-treatment (p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in IgG3 levels during the follow-up in the NR-VL group compared to the R-VL, especially at 6mpt (p < 0.05). In addition, IgG3 levels were negatively correlated with CD4+ T counts in the R-VL group (r = − 0.52). Elevated levels of IL-6 were observed in active VL and correlated with clinical markers of severity. Conclusions During active phase of VL, the NR-VL patients presented more severe laboratorial abnormalities compared to R-VL, probably because the latter had already received previous treatment. On the other hand, R-VL exhibited greater impairment of immune reconstitution and a high degree of B lymphocyte activation, which must be a factor that favored relapses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06051-5.
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Samant M, Sahu U, Pandey SC, Khare P. Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624009. [PMID: 33680991 PMCID: PMC7930837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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Soto M, Ramírez L, Solana JC, Cook ECL, Hernández-García E, Charro-Zanca S, Redondo-Urzainqui A, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, Iborra S. Resistance to Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice Infected With Leishmania infantum Requires Batf3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590934. [PMID: 33362772 PMCID: PMC7758202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the protective immune response to visceral leishmaniasis is critical for a rational design of vaccines aimed at reducing the impact caused by this fatal, if left untreated, vector-borne disease. In this study we sought to determine the role of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) in the evolution of infection with Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin and Latin America. For that, Batf3-deficient mice in C57BL/6 background were infected with an L. infantum strain expressing the luciferase gene. Bioluminescent imaging, as well as in vitro parasite titration, demonstrated that Batf3-deficient mice were unable to control hepatic parasitosis as opposed to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The impaired microbicide capacities of L. infantum-infected macrophages from Batf3-deficient mice mainly correlated with a reduction of parasite-specific IFN-γ production. Our results reinforce the implication of Batf3 in the generation of type 1 immunity against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Solana
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma C L Cook
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-García
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Charro-Zanca
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Redondo-Urzainqui
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Iborra
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Martínez-Flórez A, Martori C, Monteagudo PL, Rodriguez F, Alberola J, Rodríguez-Cortés A. Sirolimus enhances the protection achieved by a DNA vaccine against Leishmania infantum. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:294. [PMID: 32517744 PMCID: PMC7282043 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are a group of neglected tropical parasitic diseases, mainly affecting vulnerable populations of countries with poor socioeconomic status. Development of efficient vaccines is a priority due to the increasing incidence of drug resistance and toxicity to current treatments. In the search for a safe and efficient protective vaccine for human and dog visceral leishmaniases, we analyzed the suitability of the immunomodulatory drug sirolimus (SIR) to boost a preventive DNA vaccine against leishmaniasis. SIR is an already marketed drug that has been described to boost immune protection against different disease models and has also emerged as a promising therapeutic drug against L. major. Methods Syrian hamsters were treated with SIR concomitantly with the administration of a DNA vaccine formulation consisting in four plasmids carrying the Leishmania genes LACK, TRYP, PAPLE22 and KMPII, respectively. Two weeks after the last vaccination, the animals were infected intraperitoneally with L. infantum parasites. Five weeks post-infection the parasite load was measured by real-time PCR in target tissues and immune response was evaluated by determining anti-Leishmania specific antibodies in combination with cytokine expression in the spleen. Results Our results show that the DNA vaccine itself efficiently reduced the burden of parasites in the skin (P = 0.0004) and lymph nodes (P = 0.0452). SIR administration also enhanced the protection by reducing the parasite load in the spleen (P = 0.0004). Vaccinated animals with or without SIR co-treatment showed lower IFN-γ expression levels than those found in the spleen of control animals. mRNA expression levels of NOS2 and IL-10 were found to be significantly higher in the vaccinated plus SIR treated group. Conclusions Co-administration of SIR enhances a DNA vaccination regimen against L. infantum, improving the reduction of parasite load in skin, lymph node and spleen. The analysis of immune markers in the spleen after challenge suggests that the trend to recover naïve levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, and the concurrent higher expression of NOS2, may be responsible for the protection induced by our vaccine co-administered with SIR.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martínez-Flórez
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Martori
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula L Monteagudo
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Centre de Recerca En Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberola
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Ferreira C, Mesquita I, Barbosa AM, Osório NS, Torrado E, Beauparlant CJ, Droit A, Cunha C, Carvalho A, Saha B, Estaquier J, Silvestre R. Glutamine supplementation improves the efficacy of miltefosine treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008125. [PMID: 32214337 PMCID: PMC7138311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The disturbance of host metabolic pathways by Leishmania parasites has crucial consequences for the activation status of immune cells and the outcome of infection. Glutamine has been described as an immunomodulatory amino acid, yet its role during Leishmania infection is still unknown. Methods We performed transcriptomics in uninfected and L. donovani-infected macrophages 6 hours post-infection. Glutamine quantification by HPLC was assessed in the supernatant of macrophages throughout the infection course. For experimental L. donovani infections, mice were infected with 1.0 x 108 stationary L. donovani promastigotes. Glutaminase (GLS) chemical inhibition was performed using BPTES and glutamine was administered throughout infection. For combined therapy experiment, a daily administration of miltefosine and glutamine was performed by oral gavage. Parasite burden was determined using a Taqman-based assay. Immune cell phenotyping and cytotoxicity were performed in splenic cells using flow cytometry. Findings We show that glutamine is essential for the control of L. donovani infection. Transcriptomic analysis of L. donovani-infected macrophages demonstrated an upregulation of genes involved in glutamine metabolism. Pharmacological inhibition of glutaminolysis significantly increased the susceptibility to infection, accompanied by an increased recruitment of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells and impaired T cell responses. Remarkably, the supplementation of glutamine to mice infected with L. donovani during miltefosine treatment potentiates parasite clearance through the development of a more effective anti-Leishmania adaptive immune response. Conclusions Our data indicates that dietary glutamine supplementation may act as a promising adjuvant for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis is a life threatening neglected tropical disease affecting around 500,000 and killing 50,000 individuals a year. Despite its obligatory dependence on host cell metabolism and the lack of effective, non-toxic, orally bioavailable anti-leishmanial drugs, Leishmania-perturbed host cell metabolomes and its relation to anti-leishmanial chemotherapy remains unexplored. Transcriptomic analysis performed on L. donovani-infected macrophages identified patterns of gene expression associated with glutamine metabolism. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological inhibition of glutaminase (GLS), which catalyzes the first reaction in the primary pathway for the catabolism of glutamine, significantly increased the susceptibility to infection demonstrating the role of glutamine metabolism to L. donovani infection. More importantly, we demonstrated that glutamine supplementation during miltefosine treatment potentiates L. donovani clearance through the development of a more effective anti-Leishmania innate and adaptive immune response. Overall, our work demonstrated that glutamine-miltefosine synergy is a novel combined host- and pathogen-directed treatment for combating visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Barbosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sampaio Osório
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Charles-Joly Beauparlant
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire—Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire—Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jerôme Estaquier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- INSERM U1124, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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13
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Agallou M, Athanasiou E, Kammona O, Tastsoglou S, Hatzigeorgiou AG, Kiparissides C, Karagouni E. Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Immune Markers Related to Visceral Leishmaniasis Establishment in the Experimental Model of BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2749. [PMID: 31849951 PMCID: PMC6902045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani and L. infantum is a potentially fatal disease. To date there are no registered vaccines for disease prevention despite the fact that several vaccines are in preclinical development. Thus, new strategies are needed to improve vaccine efficacy based on a better understanding of the mechanisms mediating protective immunity and mechanisms of host immune responses subversion by immunopathogenic components of Leishmania. We found that mice vaccinated with CPA162−189-loaded p8-PLGA nanoparticles, an experimental nanovaccine, induced the differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in spleen compared to control mice, characterized by increased dynamics of proliferation and high amounts of IFN-γ production after ex vivo re-stimulation with CPA162−189 antigen. Vaccination with CPA162−189-loaded p8-PLGA nanoparticles resulted in about 80% lower parasite load in spleen and liver at 4 weeks after challenge with L. infantum promastigotes as compared to control mice. However, 16 weeks after infection the parasite load in spleen was comparable in both mouse groups. Decreased protection levels in vaccinated mice were followed by up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 production although at lower levels in comparison to control mice. Microarray analysis in spleen tissue at 4 weeks post challenge revealed different immune-related profiles among the two groups. Specifically, vaccinated mice were characterized by similar profile to naïve mice. On the other hand, the transcriptome of the non-vaccinated mice was dominated by increased expression of genes related to interferon type I, granulocyte chemotaxis, and immune cells suppression. This profile was significantly enriched at 16 weeks post challenge, a time-point which is relative to disease establishment, and was common for both groups, further suggesting that type I signaling and granulocyte influx has a significant role in disease establishment, pathogenesis and eventually in decreased vaccine efficacy for stimulating long-term protection. Overall, we put a spotlight on host immune networks during active VL as potential targets to improve and design more effective vaccines against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Parasite Immunology Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Evita Athanasiou
- Parasite Immunology Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros Tastsoglou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Artemis G Hatzigeorgiou
- DIANA-Lab, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.,DIANA-Lab, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Parasite Immunology Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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14
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Lupeol induces immunity and protective efficacy in a murine model against visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2019; 146:1440-1450. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe available chemotherapeutics for the cure of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are linked with many detrimental effects. Moreover, VL is associated with the suppression of protective Th1 immune response of the host and induction of disease exaggerating Th2 immune response. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement of therapeutics which can augment the immune status of the host to cure this disease. In the current investigation, the antileishmanial potential of lupeol was monitored in vitro and in vivo in inbred BALB/c mice against Leishmania donovani. Lupeol showed potent antipromastigote activity via arresting parasites at sub G0/G1 phase in vitro. Lupeol significantly decreased the splenic parasite burden by inducing strong delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in contrary to untreated infected animals. The therapeutic efficacy of lupeol was observed to be similar to the reference drug, AmB. Treatment of infected animals with lupeol depicted enhanced levels of T cells and Th1 cytokines in contrast to only infected controls. Further lupeol treatment upregulated the levels of nuclear factor κ B and nitric oxide synthase genes and elevated the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Unlike AmB, lupeol-treated infected animals did not show any toxicity. These findings are promising and indicate that lupeol can serve as a prototype drug for the cure of VL.
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15
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Chauhan K, Kaur G, Kaur S. Activity of rutin, a potent flavonoid against SSG-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania donovani parasites in experimental leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:372-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Dikhit MR, Das S, Mahantesh V, Kumar A, Singh AK, Dehury B, Rout AK, Ali V, Sahoo GC, Topno RK, Pandey K, Das VNR, Bimal S, Das P. The potential HLA Class I-restricted epitopes derived from LeIF and TSA of Leishmania donovani evoke anti-leishmania CD8+ T lymphocyte response. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14175. [PMID: 30242172 PMCID: PMC6154976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore new protective measure against visceral leishmaniasis, reverse vaccinology approach was employed to identify key immunogenic regions which can mediate long-term immunity. In-depth computational analysis revealed nine promiscuous epitopes which can possibly be presented by 46 human leukocyte antigen, thereby broadening the worldwide population up to 94.16%. This is of reasonable significance that most of the epitopes shared 100% sequence homology with other Leishmania species and could evoke a common pattern of protective immune response. Transporter associated with antigen processing binding affinity, molecular docking approach followed by dynamics simulation and human leukocyte antigen stabilization assay suggested that the best five optimal set of epitopes bind in between α1 and α2 binding groove with sufficient affinity and stability which allows the translocation of intact epitope to the cell surface. Fascinatingly, the human leukocyte antigen stabilization assay exhibited a modest correlation with the positive immunogenicity score predicted by class I pMHC immunogenicity predictor. A support for this notion came from ELISA and FACS analysis where the epitopes as a cocktail induced CD8+ IFN-γ and Granzyme B levels significantly in treated visceral leishmaniasis subject which suggests the immunogenic ability of the selected epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- BioMedical Informatics Division, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India.,Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 801507, Bihar, India
| | - Vijaya Mahantesh
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- BioMedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Rout
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- BioMedical Informatics Division, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Roshan Kamal Topno
- Department of Epidemiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - V N R Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, 800007, Bihar, India.
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17
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Agallou M, Pantazi E, Tsiftsaki E, Toubanaki DK, Gaitanaki C, Smirlis D, Karagouni E. Induction of protective cellular immune responses against experimental visceral leishmaniasis mediated by dendritic cells pulsed with the N-terminal domain of Leishmania infantum elongation factor-2 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:7-20. [PMID: 30173073 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania elongation factor 2 (EF-2) has been previously identified as a TH1-stimulatory protein. In this study, we assayed the protective potential of the N-terminal domain of EF-2 (N-LiEF-2, 1-357 aa) that has been predicted to contain several overlapping MHC class I and II-restricted epitopes injected in the form of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine. Ex vivo pulsing of DCs with the recombinant N-LiEF-2 domain along with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) resulted in their functional differentiation. BALB/c vaccinated with CpG-triggered DCs pulsed with N-LiEF-2 were found to be the most immune-reactive in terms of induction of DTH responses, increased T cell proliferation and IL-2 production. Moreover, vaccination induced antigen-specific TH1 type immune response as evidenced by increased IFN-γ and TNFα levels followed by a significant increase of nitrite (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in splenocyte cultures. Vaccinated mice showed a pronounced decrease in parasite load in spleen and liver when challenged with L. infantum, increased expression of Stat1 and Tbx21 mRNA transcripts versus reduced expression of Foxp3 transcripts and were able to produce significantly elevated levels of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNFα but not IL-10 compared to non-vaccinated mice. Both antigen and parasite-specific CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells contributed to the IFN-γ production indicating that both subtypes contribute to the resistance to infection and correlated with robust nitrite generation, critical in controlling Leishmania infection. Together, these findings demonstrated the immunogenic as well as protective potential of the N-terminal domain of Leishmania EF-2 when given with CpG-triggered DCs representing a basis for the development of rationalized vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Pantazi
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece; Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Tsiftsaki
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece; Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra K Toubanaki
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Catherine Gaitanaki
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, University of Athens, University Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Smirlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Laboratory of Parasite Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 115 21 Athens, Greece.
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18
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Margaroni M, Agallou M, Athanasiou E, Kammona O, Kiparissides C, Gaitanaki C, Karagouni E. Vaccination with poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles loaded with soluble Leishmania antigens and modified with a TNFα-mimicking peptide or monophosphoryl lipid A confers protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6169-6184. [PMID: 28883727 PMCID: PMC5574665 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s141069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) persists as a major public health problem, and since the existing chemotherapy is far from satisfactory, development of an effective vaccine emerges as the most appropriate strategy for confronting VL. The development of an effective vaccine relies on the selection of the appropriate antigen and also the right adjuvant and/or delivery vehicle. In the present study, the protective efficacy of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), which were surface-modified with a TNFα-mimicking eight-amino-acid peptide (p8) and further functionalized by encapsulating soluble Leishmania infantum antigens (sLiAg) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a TLR4 ligand, was evaluated against challenge with L. infantum parasites in BALB/c mice. Vaccination with these multifunctionalized PLGA nanoformulations conferred significant protection against parasite infection in vaccinated mice. In particular, vaccination with PLGA-sLiAg-MPLA or p8-PLGA-sLiAg NPs resulted in almost complete elimination of the parasite in the spleen for up to 4 months post-challenge. Parasite burden reduction was accompanied by antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Specifically, injection with PLGA-sLiAg-MPLA raised exclusively anti-sLiAg IgG1 antibodies post-vaccination, while in p8-PLGA-sLiAg-vaccinated mice, no antibody production was detected. However, 4 months post-challenge, in mice vaccinated with all the multifunctionalized NPs, antibody class switching towards IgG2a subtype was observed. The study of cellular immune responses revealed the increased proliferation capacity of spleen cells against sLiAg, consisting of IFNγ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Importantly, the activation of CD8+ T cells was exclusively attributed to vaccination with PLGA NPs surface-modified with the p8 peptide. Moreover, characterization of cytokine production in vaccinated-infected mice revealed that protection was accompanied by significant increase of IFNγ and lower levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in protected mice when compared to control infected group. Conclusively, the above nanoformulations hold promise for future vaccination strategies against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritsa Margaroni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute.,Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute
| | - Evita Athanasiou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Catherine Gaitanaki
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, School of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute
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19
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Dikhit MR, Amit A, Singh AK, Kumar A, Mansuri R, Sinha S, Topno RK, Mishra R, Das VNR, Pandey K, Sahoo GC, Ali V, Bimal S, Das P. Vaccine potential of HLA-A2 epitopes from Leishmania
Cysteine Protease Type III (CPC). Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Dikhit
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - A. Amit
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - A. K. Singh
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
- Department of Pathology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - A. Kumar
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - R. Mansuri
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - S. Sinha
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - R. K. Topno
- Department of Epidemiology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - R. Mishra
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - V. N. R. Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - K. Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - G. C. Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - V. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - S. Bimal
- Department of Immunology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
| | - P. Das
- Department of Molecular Parasitology; Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences; Patna India
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Silva DTD, Alves ML, Spada JCP, Silva ACD, Silveira RDCVD, Oliveira TMFDS, Starke-Buzetti WA. T lymphocytes and macrophages in the intestinal tissues of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 26:159-170. [PMID: 28746446 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was about a semi-quantitative analysis of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+, FoxP3+ regulatory T cells), and macrophages in the gut wall of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Thirteen dogs were divided into three groups: group 1 (G1, n=5), dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and infected with L. infantum amastigotes in the intestine; group 2 (G2, n=5), dogs with CVL but without intestinal amastigotes; and group 3 (G3, n=3), uninfected dogs (control group). There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) on CD4+ and Treg cell numbers among the groups, whereas the levels of CD8+ T cells and macrophages were significantly higher in dogs from G1 group than in G2 and G3 (p ≤ 0.05), especially in intestinal segments with high parasite burden. Parasite burden correlated positively with levels of CD8+ T cells and macrophages (p ≤ 0.05), but was inversely correlated to levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes and FoxP3+ Treg cells. In conclusion, in the intestine of dogs with CVL, the increase of CD8+ T cells and macrophages population associated with high parasite burdens, but no changes of CD4+ T cells and FoxP3+ Treg cells suggest a possible immunoregulation by the parasite not dependent on Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Tiago da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Luana Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Júlio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Aline Cristine da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Wilma Aparecida Starke-Buzetti
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
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21
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Dikhit MR, Kumar A, Amit A, Dehury B, Nathsharma YP, Ansari MY, Ali V, Topno RK, Das V, Pandey K, Sahoo GC, Bimal S, Das P. Mining the Proteome of Leishmania donovani for the Development of Novel MHC Class I Restricted Epitope for the Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:378-391. [PMID: 28585770 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although, the precise host defence mechanism(s) is not completely understood, T cell-mediated immune responses is believed to play a pivotal role in controlling parasite infection. Here we target the stage dependent over expressed gene. Here, the consensus based computational approach was adopted for the screening of potential major histocompatibility complex class I restricted epitopes. Based on the computational analysis and previously published report, a set 19 antigenic proteins derived from Leishmania donovani were screened for further characterization as vaccine candidates. A total of 49 epitopes were predicted, which revealed a comprehensive binding affinity to the 40 different MHC class I supertypes. Based on the population coverage and HLA cross presentation, nine highly promiscuous epitopes such as LTYDDVWTV (P1), FLFPQRTAL(P2), FLFSNGAVV (P3), YIYNFGIRV (P4), YMTAAFAAL (P5), KLLRPFAPL (P6), FMLGWIVTI (P7), SLFERNKRV (P8), and SVWNRIFTL (P9) which have either a high or an intermediate TAP binding affinity were selected for further analysis. Theoretical population coverage analysis of polytope vaccine (P1-P9) revealed more than 92% population. Stimulation with the cocktail of peptide revealed a proliferative CD8+ T cell response and increased IFN-γ production. An upregulated NF-κB activity is thought to be play a pivotal role in T cell proliferation against the selected peptide. The Th1-type cytokine profile (presence of IFN-γ and absence of IL-10) suggests the potentiality of the cocktail of epitope as a subunit vaccine against leishmaniasis. However, the efficiency of these epitopes to trigger other Th1 cytokines and chemokines in a humanized mice model could explore its plausibility as a vaccine candidate. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 378-391, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R Dikhit
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
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- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Ajay Amit
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Bioinformatics, ICMR Regional Medical research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751016, India
| | - Yangya Prasad Nathsharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Mohammad Yousuf Ansari
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Departmentof Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical, Patna 800007, India
| | - Roshan Kamal Topno
- Department of Epidemiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Vnr Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India.,Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
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22
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Immuno-informatics based approaches to identify CD8+ T cell epitopes within the Leishmania donovani 3-ectonucleotidase in cured visceral leishmaniasis subjects. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:358-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Mansueto P, Vitale G, Di Lorenzo G, Rini GB, Mansueto S, Cillari E. Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis: An Update. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:435-45. [PMID: 17880757 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis represents a severe, increasing, public health problem. The perspective of its control is highly dependent on research progress, on therapeutic manipulations of the immune system, and on vaccine development. There is a correlation between the clinical outcome of Leishmania infection and the cytokine response profile. While a protective immune response against Leishmania has been clearly identified to be related to the influence of a type-1 response and IFN-γ production, the precise role of T helper (TH) 2 cytokines in non-healing infections requires further exploration. IL-4 and IL-13 (TH2 cytokines) can promote disease progression in cutaneous leishmaniasis, whereas IL-4 would appear to enhance protective type-1 responses in visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the TH1/TH2 paradigm of resistance/susceptibility to intracellular parasites is probably an oversimplification of a more complicated network of regulatory/counter regulatory interactions. Moreover, the presence of antigen specific regulatory T cell subsets may provide an environment that contributes to the balance between TH1 and TH2 cells. Finally, the involvement of CD8+ T cells has been described, but the modality of their function in this kind of infection has not been so far elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mansueto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e delle Patologie Emergenti, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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24
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Kauffmann F, Dumetz F, Hendrickx S, Muraille E, Dujardin JC, Maes L, Magez S, De Trez C. In vivocharacterization of two additionalLeishmania donovanistrains using the murine and hamster model. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:290-302. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology Research Center; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB); Brussels Belgium
| | - F. Dumetz
- Molecular Parasitology Unit; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Institute of Tropical Medicine; Antwerpen Belgium
| | - S. Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology; Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH); University of Antwerp; Antwerpen Belgium
| | - E. Muraille
- Laboratory of Parasitology; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels Belgium
| | - J.-C. Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Institute of Tropical Medicine; Antwerpen Belgium
| | - L. Maes
- Laboratory of Parasitology; Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels Belgium
| | - S. Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology Research Center; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB); Brussels Belgium
| | - C. De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology Research Center; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB); Brussels Belgium
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25
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Seyed N, Taheri T, Rafati S. Post-Genomics and Vaccine Improvement for Leishmania. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:467. [PMID: 27092123 PMCID: PMC4822237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that primarily affects Asia, Africa, South America, and the Mediterranean basin. Despite extensive efforts to develop an effective prophylactic vaccine, no promising vaccine is available yet. However, recent advancements in computational vaccinology on the one hand and genome sequencing approaches on the other have generated new hopes in vaccine development. Computational genome mining for new vaccine candidates is known as reverse vaccinology and is believed to further extend the current list of Leishmania vaccine candidates. Reverse vaccinology can also reduce the intrinsic risks associated with live attenuated vaccines. Individual epitopes arranged in tandem as polytopes are also a possible outcome of reverse genome mining. Here, we will briefly compare reverse vaccinology with conventional vaccinology in respect to Leishmania vaccine, and we will discuss how it influences the aforementioned topics. We will also introduce new in vivo models that will bridge the gap between human and laboratory animal models in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Seyed
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
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26
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Rodrigues V, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Laforge M, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Regulation of immunity during visceral Leishmania infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:118. [PMID: 26932389 PMCID: PMC4774109 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular eukaryotes of the genus Leishmania are collectively responsible for a heterogeneous group of diseases known as leishmaniasis. The visceral form of leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani or L. infantum, is a devastating condition, claiming 20,000 to 40,000 lives annually, with particular incidence in some of the poorest regions of the world. Immunity to Leishmania depends on the development of protective type I immune responses capable of activating infected phagocytes to kill intracellular amastigotes. However, despite the induction of protective responses, disease progresses due to a multitude of factors that impede an optimal response. These include the action of suppressive cytokines, exhaustion of specific T cells, loss of lymphoid tissue architecture and a defective humoral response. We will review how these responses are orchestrated during the course of infection, including both early and chronic stages, focusing on the spleen and the liver, which are the main target organs of visceral Leishmania in the host. A comprehensive understanding of the immune events that occur during visceral Leishmania infection is crucial for the implementation of immunotherapeutic approaches that complement the current anti-Leishmania chemotherapy and the development of effective vaccines to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR3636, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France. .,Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Novais FO, Scott P. CD8+ T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:251-9. [PMID: 25800274 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T lymphocytes are components of the adaptive immune response and play an important role in protection against many viral and bacterial infections. However, their role in parasitic infections is less well understood. In leishmaniasis, a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, CD8(+) T cells have been shown to be protective. However, increasing evidence indicates that CD8(+) T cells may also exacerbate disease. In this review, we will describe the situations where CD8(+) T cells are either good or bad for the outcome of the infection and attempt to reconcile the dual role played by CD8(+) T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Room 346 Hill Pavilion, 380 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4539, USA,
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28
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Kaushal H, Bras-Gonçalves R, Negi NS, Lemesre JL, Papierok G, Salotra P. Role of CD8(+) T cells in protection against Leishmania donovani infection in healed Visceral Leishmaniasis individuals. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:653. [PMID: 25471494 PMCID: PMC4258298 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Majority of individuals with history of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) exhibit strong immunity to re-infection, however, the mechanism of resistance is poorly understood. It is unclear whether CD8(+) T cells contribute to protection against Leishmania donovani infection through cytotoxic activity. The present study aims to evaluate immunological mechanism associated with resistance to the disease in healed VL (HVL) individuals and further, the contribution of CD8(+) T cells in the protective immunity. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from VL, HVL and naive groups were exposed in vitro to total soluble Leishmania antigen (TSLA) from L. donovani. The proliferation index was determined by ELISA based lymphoproliferative assay. Cytokines and granzyme B levels were measured by CBA. Activated T-cell populations were estimated using flow cytometry. RESULTS We observed significantly higher lymphoproliferation, cytokines and granzyme B levels in HVL group compared to naive or VL group. More strikingly, we found a strong association (rs = 0.895, P < 0.0001) between proliferation index (PI) and granzyme B level, with a significant proportion of activated CD8(+) T cells in HVL group. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania immune group (HVL) exhibited durable and strong cellular immune response to TSLA in terms of lymphoproliferation as well as production of Th1 cytokines and granzyme B. Additionally, the elevated level of activated CD8(+) T cells and stimulation of cytotoxic activity through granzyme B production, indicated a possible role of CD8(+) T cells in resistance to L. donovani infection in the HVL group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kaushal
- />National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD “INTERTRYP”, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD “INTERTRYP”, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Poonam Salotra
- />National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029 India
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29
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de Almeida Leal GG, Roatt BM, de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD, Carneiro CM, Giunchetti RC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Francisco AF, Cardoso JM, Mathias FAS, Correa-Oliveira R, Carneiro M, Coura-Vital W, Reis AB. Immunological profile of resistance and susceptibility in naturally infected dogs by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:472-82. [PMID: 25234767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis has a great impact on public health, and dogs are considered the main domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causal parasite. In this study, 159 animals naturally infected by L. infantum from an endemic area of Brazil were evaluated through an analysis of cellular responses, using flow cytometry, and of the hematological parameters. The results confirmed that disease progression is associated with anemia and reductions in eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. The investigation of the immune response, based on the immunophenotypic profile of peripheral blood, showed declines in the absolute numbers of T lymphocytes CD5(+) and their subsets (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) and a drop of B lymphocytes in asymptomatic seropositive (AD-II) and symptomatic seropositive (SD) dogs. Neutrophils, when stimulated with soluble antigen of L. infantum, showed higher synthesis of interferon (IFN)-γ(+) in AD-II and SD groups, with decreased production of interleukin (IL)-4(+) in asymptomatic seronegative dogs positive for L. infantum infection based on polymerase chain reaction testing (AD-I group). In the AD-II and SD groups, subpopulations of stimulated lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) also exhibited greater synthesis of IFN-γ(+) and IL-4(+) in culture. These results suggest that the animals of the AD-II and SD groups exhibited a mixed immune response (Type 1 and 2) and the AD-I group presenting an immune profile very similar to normal control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleisiane Gomes de Almeida Leal
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Leishmania are protozoan parasites spread by a sandfly insect vector and causing a spectrum of diseases collectively known as leishmaniasis. The disease is a significant health problem in many parts of the world, resulting in an estimated 1·3 million new cases and 30 000 deaths annually. Current treatment is based on chemotherapy, which is difficult to administer, expensive and becoming ineffective in several endemic regions. To date there is no vaccine against leishmaniasis, although extensive evidence from studies in animal models indicates that solid protection can be achieved upon immunization. This review focuses on immune responses to Leishmania in both cutaneous and visceral forms of the disease, pointing to the complexity of the immune response and to a range of evasive mechanisms utilized by the parasite to bypass those responses. The amalgam of innate and acquired immunity combined with the paucity of data on the human immune response is one of the major problems currently hampering vaccine development and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kedzierski
- Inflammation Division,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research,1G Royal Pde, Parkville 3052, Victoria,Australia
| | - Krystal J Evans
- Department of Medical Biology,University of Melbourne,Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,Australia
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31
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Costa Lima SA, Silvestre R, Barros D, Cunha J, Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Crucial CD8+ T-lymphocyte cytotoxic role in amphotericin B nanospheres efficacy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1021-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Agallou M, Athanasiou E, Koutsoni O, Dotsika E, Karagouni E. Experimental Validation of Multi-Epitope Peptides Including Promising MHC Class I- and II-Restricted Epitopes of Four Known Leishmania infantum Proteins. Front Immunol 2014; 5:268. [PMID: 24959167 PMCID: PMC4051127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a significant worldwide health problem for which no vaccine exists. Activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is crucial for the generation of protective immunity against parasite. Recent trend in vaccine design has been shifted to epitope-based vaccines that are more specific, safe, and easy to produce. In the present study, four known antigenic Leishmania infantum proteins, cysteine peptidase A (CPA), histone H1, KMP-11, and Leishmania eukaryotic initiation factor (LeIF) were analyzed for the prediction of binding epitopes to H2(d) MHC class I and II molecules, using online available algorithms. Based on in silico analysis, eight peptides including highly scored MHC class I- and II-restricted epitopes were synthesized. Peptide immunogenicity was validated in MHC compatible BALB/c mice immunized with each synthetic peptide emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant/incomplete Freund's adjuvant. CPA_p2, CPA_p3, H1_p1, and LeIF_p6 induced strong spleen cell proliferation upon in vitro peptide re-stimulation. In addition, the majority of the peptides, except of LeIF_p1 and KMP-11_p1, induced IFN-γ secretion, while KMP-11_p1 indicated a suppressive effect on IL-10 production. CPA_p2, CPA_p3, LeIF_p3, and LeIF_p6 induced IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells indicating a TH1-type response. In addition, CPA_p2, CPA_p3, and H1_p1 induced also the induction of CD8(+) T cells. The induction of peptide-specific IgG in immunized mice designated also the existence of B cell epitopes in peptide sequences. Combining immunoinformatic tools and experimental validation, we demonstrated that CPA_p2, CPA_p3, H1_p1, H1_p3, CPA_p2, LeIF_p3, and LeIF_p6 are likely to include potential epitopes for the induction of protective cytotoxic and/or TH1-type immune responses supporting the feasibility of peptide-based vaccine development for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute , Athens , Greece
| | - Evita Athanasiou
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute , Athens , Greece
| | - Olga Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute , Athens , Greece
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute , Athens , Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute , Athens , Greece
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Koutsoni O, Barhoumi M, Guizani I, Dotsika E. Leishmania eukaryotic initiation factor (LeIF) inhibits parasite growth in murine macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97319. [PMID: 24830439 PMCID: PMC4022710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases constitute neglected global public health problems that require adequate control measures, prophylactic clinical vaccines and effective and non-toxic drug treatments. In this study, we explored the potential of Leishmania infantum eukaryotic initiation factor (LieIF), an exosomal protein, as a novel anti-infective therapeutic molecule. More specifically, we assessed the efficacy of recombinant LieIF, in combination with recombinant IFN-γ, in eliminating intracellular L. donovani parasites in an in vitro macrophage model. J774A.1 macrophages were initially treated with LieIF/IFN-γ prior to in vitro infection with L. donovani stationary phase promastigotes (pre-infection treatment), and resistance to infection was observed 72 h after infection. J774A.1 macrophages were also treated with LieIF/IFN-γ after L. donovani infection (post-infection treatment), and resistance to infection was also observed at both time points tested (19 h and 72 h) after infection. To elucidate the LieIF/IFN-γ-induced mechanism(s) that mediate the reduction of intracellular parasite growth, we examined the generation of potent microbicidal molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), within infected macrophages. Furthermore, macrophages pre-treated with LieIF/IFN-γ showed a clear up-regulation in macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. However, significant different protein levels were not detected. In addition, macrophages pre-treated with LieIF/IFN-γ combined with anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody produced significantly lower amounts of ROS. These data suggest that during the pre-treatment state, LieIF induces intramacrophage parasite growth inhibition through the production of TNF-α, which induces microbicidal activity by stimulating NO and ROS production. The mechanisms of NO and ROS production when macrophages are treated with LieIF after infection are probably different. Overall, these results indicate that LieIF is a good candidate for use as an anti-leishmanial molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Koutsoni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Department of Microbiology, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses/LR11IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et de Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses/LR11IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis- Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis-Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Leishmania donovani: Dynamics of L. donovani evasion of innate immune cell attack due to malnutrition in visceral leishmaniasis. Nutrition 2014; 30:449-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Santos-Gomes GM, Rodrigues A, Teixeira F, Carreira J, Alexandre-Pires G, Carvalho S, Santos-Mateus D, Martins C, Vale-Gato I, Marques C, Tomás AM. Immunization with the Leishmania infantum recombinant cyclophilin protein 1 confers partial protection to subsequent parasite infection and generates specific memory T cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:1247-53. [PMID: 24486368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis can be achieved using several available drugs. These drugs present high toxicity and require longer treatment regimens which complicate compliance to the treatment. Other control measures directed to the vector or the reservoirs are useful tools to restrain the spreading of this disease but the effects are transitory. A safe, affordable and efficient vaccine conferring long lasting immunity should be the most cost effective way of controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis. The present study aims at characterizing a cyclophilin protein 1 of Leishmania infantum (LiCyP1) and investigating whether recombinant LiCyP1 (LirCyP1) is able to confer protection against infection by evaluating viable parasite load and the generation of specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector and central memory T cells in rodent model. LiCyP1 is present in the cytoplasm of L. infantum amastigotes and promastigotes. Immunization of BALB/c mice with LirCyP1 confers high protection to L. infantum infection, causing a marked reduction in parasite replication in the liver and spleen. Furthermore, helper and cytotoxic memory T cell subsets able to specifically recognize parasite antigens expanded in immunized and in challenged mice. CD4(+) T cell subpopulation of intermediate phenotype (CD62L(high)CD127(low)) of challenging mice also presented an accentuated expansion after the recall. This study demonstrated that LirCyP1 confers partial protection to L. infantum infection, promoting the generation of a desired long lasting immunity. LirCyP1 can be considered a potential candidate for the design of a vaccine against zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Santos-Gomes
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - A Rodrigues
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Teixeira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - J Carreira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - G Alexandre-Pires
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Carvalho
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
| | - D Santos-Mateus
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Martins
- Departamento de Imunologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires de Pátria, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I Vale-Gato
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Marques
- Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Parasitologia Médica, Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A M Tomás
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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Gautam S, Kumar R, Singh N, Singh AK, Rai M, Sacks D, Sundar S, Nylén S. CD8 T cell exhaustion in human visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:290-9. [PMID: 23922369 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about CD8 T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and it is unclear if these cells have a protective, pathological and/or suppressive function. In experimental VL CD8 T cells have been shown to contribute to parasite control and play an important role in vaccine-generated immunity. To better understand the role of CD8 T cells in human VL, we examined molecules associated with anergy and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and splenic aspirates (SA), and in CD8 cells derived from these tissues. Gene and surface marker expression suggest that splenic CD8 cell predominantly display an anergic phenotype, whereas CD8-PBMC have features of both anergic cells and CTLs. CD8 cells contribute to the baseline IFNγ levels in whole blood (WB) and SA cultures, but not to the Leishmania induced IFNγ release that is revealed using WB cultures. Blockade of CTLA-4 or PD1 had no effect on IFNγ production or parasite survival in SA cultures. Following cure, CD8 T cells contribute to the Leishmania induced IFNγ production observed in Leishmania stimulated cell cultures. We suggest CD8 T cells are driven to anergy/exhaustion in human VL, which affect their ability to contribute to protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Gautam
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Silva KLO, Melo LM, Perosso J, Oliveira BB, Santos PSPD, Eugênio FDR, Lima VMFD. CD95 (FAS) and CD178 (FASL) induce the apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ cells isolated from the peripheral blood and spleen of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania spp. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:470-6. [PMID: 23920055 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infected dogs are urban reservoirs of Leishmania chagasi, which is a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Dogs exhibit immune suppression during the course of this disease, and lymphocyte apoptosis is involved in this process. To investigate apoptosis and the expression levels of FAS-FAS-associated death domain protein (CD95 or APO-1), FASL-FAS ligand protein (CD178), and TRAIL-TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (CD253) receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spleen leukocytes from 38 symptomatic dogs with moderate VL and 25 healthy dogs were evaluated by flow cytometry. The apoptosis rate of blood and splenic CD4+ and CD8+ cells was higher in infected dogs than in healthy dogs. The expression levels of FAS and FASL in blood and splenic CD4+ cells were lower in infected dogs than in healthy dogs. FAS expression in CD8+ cells was higher in infected dogs than in healthy dogs; in contrast, FASL expression was lower in infected dogs. The expression of the TRAIL receptor increased only in splenic CD8+ cells from infected dogs. The FAS and FAS-L blocking antibodies confirmed the importance of these receptors in apoptosis. Our results enhance the current understanding of the immune response in dogs infected with L. chagasi, facilitating the future development of therapeutic interventions to reduce lymphocyte depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlenn Liezbeth Oliveira Silva
- Department of Clinic, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, School of Veterinary Science of the São Paulo State University (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", FMVA/UNESP), Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, São Paulo 16050-680, Brazil
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Novais FO, Carvalho LP, Graff JW, Beiting DP, Ruthel G, Roos DS, Betts MR, Goldschmidt MH, Wilson ME, de Oliveira CI, Scott P. Cytotoxic T cells mediate pathology and metastasis in cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003504. [PMID: 23874205 PMCID: PMC3715507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease progression in response to infection can be strongly influenced by both pathogen burden and infection-induced immunopathology. While current therapeutics focus on augmenting protective immune responses, identifying therapeutics that reduce infection-induced immunopathology are clearly warranted. Despite the apparent protective role for murine CD8⁺ T cells following infection with the intracellular parasite Leishmania, CD8⁺ T cells have been paradoxically linked to immunopathological responses in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transcriptome analysis of lesions from Leishmania braziliensis patients revealed that genes associated with the cytolytic pathway are highly expressed and CD8⁺ T cells from lesions exhibited a cytolytic phenotype. To determine if CD8⁺ T cells play a causal role in disease, we turned to a murine model. These studies revealed that disease progression and metastasis in L. braziliensis infected mice was independent of parasite burden and was instead directly associated with the presence of CD8⁺ T cells. In mice with severe pathology, we visualized CD8⁺ T cell degranulation and lysis of L. braziliensis infected cells. Finally, in contrast to wild-type CD8⁺ T cells, perforin-deficient cells failed to induce disease. Thus, we show for the first time that cytolytic CD8⁺ T cells mediate immunopathology and drive the development of metastatic lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Brazil
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leishmania braziliensis/immunology
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/physiopathology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/etiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/parasitology
- Skin/pathology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/parasitology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais-INCT-DT(CNPq/MCT), Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitario Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joel W. Graff
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David S. Roos
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), commonly known as kala-azar, is caused by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum (Leishmania chagasi in the Americas). These Leishmania species infect macrophages throughout the viscera, and parasites are typically found in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Patients with active disease typically exhibit marked immunosuppression, lack reactivity to the Leishmania skin test (LST), a delayed type hypersensitivity test, and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) fail to respond when stimulated with leishmanial antigens in vitro. However, most people infected with visceralizing species of Leishmania never develop disease. Understanding immune failure and the underlying immune mechanism that lead to disease as well as control of infection are key questions for research in this field. In this review, we discuss immunological events described in human and experimental VL and how these can affect the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
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Stäger S, Rafati S. CD8(+) T cells in leishmania infections: friends or foes? Front Immunol 2012; 3:5. [PMID: 22566891 PMCID: PMC3342007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Host protection against several intracellular pathogens requires the induction of CD8+ T cell responses. CD8+ T cells are potent effector cells that can produce high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and kill infected target cells efficiently. However, a protective role for CD8+ T cells during Leishmania infections is still controversial and largely depends on the infection model. In this review, we discuss the role of CD8+ T cells during various types of Leishmania infections, following vaccination, and as potential immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand Frappier, Université du Québec Laval, QC, Canada
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Stäger S, Joshi T, Bankoti R. Immune evasive mechanisms contributing to persistent Leishmania donovani infection. Immunol Res 2010; 47:14-24. [PMID: 20087685 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, has evolved several strategies to interfere with the immune system and establish persistent infections that are potentially lethal. In this article, we discuss two mechanisms of immune evasion adopted by the parasite: the induction of immune suppressive IL-10 responses and the generation of poor and functionally impaired CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stäger
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, BRB, Rm 655, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Nateghi Rostami M, Keshavarz H, Edalat R, Sarrafnejad A, Shahrestani T, Mahboudi F, Khamesipour A. CD8+ T cells as a source of IFN-γ production in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e845. [PMID: 20967288 PMCID: PMC2953482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In human leishmaniasis Th1/Th2 dichotomy similar to murine model is not clearly defined and surrogate marker(s) of protection is not yet known. In this study, Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and IFN-γ) profile induced by purified CD4+/CD8+ T cells in response to Leishmania antigens were assessed at transcript and protein levels in 14 volunteers with a history of self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (HCL) and compared with 18 healthy control volunteers. Methodology/Principal Findings CD4+/CD8+/CD14+ cells were purified from peripheral blood using magnetic beads; CD4+/CD8+ T cells were co-cultured with autologous CD14+ monocytes in the presence of soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA). Stimulation of either CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells of HCL volunteers with SLA induced a significantly (P<0.05) higher IFN-γ production compared with the cells of controls. Upregulation of IFN-γ gene expression in CD4+ cells (P<0.001) and CD8+ cells (P = 0.006) of HCL volunteers was significantly more than that of controls. Significantly (P<0.05) higher fold-expression of IFN-γ gene was seen in CD4+ cells than in CD8+ cells. In HCL volunteers a significantly (P = 0.014) higher number of CD4+ cells were positive for intracellular IFN-γ production than CD8+ cells. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, the volunteers have shown maintenance of specific long-term immune responses characterized by a strong reaction to leishmanin skin test and IFN-γ production. The dominant IFN-γ response was the result of expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The results suggested that immune response in protected individuals with a history of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to L. major is mediated not only through the expansion of antigen-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ Th1 cells, but also through IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is usually a self-healing skin lesion caused by different species of Leishmania parasite. Resistance and susceptibility of mice to Leishmania major infection is associated with two types of CD4+ T lymphocytes development: Th1 type response with production of cytokine IFN-γ is associated with resistance, whereas Th2 type response with production of cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 is associated with susceptibility. A clear Th1/Th2 dichotomy similar to murine model is not defined in human leishmaniasis and we need as much information as possible to define marker(s) of protection. We purified CD4+/CD8+ T cells, stimulated them with Leishmania antigens and analysed gene and protein expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines in volunteers with a history of self-healing CL who are presumed to be protected against further Leishmania infection. We have seen significant upregulation of IFN-γ gene expression and high IFN-γ production in the Leishmania stimulated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. We concluded that both antigen-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ Th1 cells and IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells contribute to the long term protection in individuals with a history of CL. This proves the importance of CD8+ T cells as a source of IFN-γ in Th1-like immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Nateghi Rostami
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hossein Keshavarz
- Medical Parasitology and Mycology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosita Edalat
- Biotechnology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolfattah Sarrafnejad
- Immunology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shahrestani
- Immunology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Mahboudi
- Immunology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Canine leishmaniosis. Immunophenotypic profile of leukocytes in different compartments of symptomatic, asymptomatic and treated dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Clarêncio J, de Oliveira CI, Favali C, Medina O, Caldas A, Costa CH, Costa DL, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Could the lower frequency of CD8+CD18+CD45RO+ lymphocytes be biomarkers of human VL? Int Immunol 2008; 21:137-44. [PMID: 19088063 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of factors governing activation and/or function during visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we have compared active disease (pre-treatment) versus post-chemotherapy immune response in VL patients by means of ex vivo staining with different cell markers. Our results show that during active disease, the frequency of T cells positive for CD25, CTLA-4 and CD45RO was significantly lower in VL patients compared with healthy controls, whereas cells staining positive for Annexin V and CD95 were significantly higher. In all cases, chemotherapy was able to restore these frequencies to normal levels. Interestingly, significant differences in the frequency of CD18 and in the frequency of CD45RO-positive cells were observed in the CD8+ T cell subset. These two frequencies were also significantly higher in bone marrow when compared with peripheral blood, suggesting a possible compartmentalization of certain CD8+ T cell populations during active disease. Given that CD8+ T cells have been shown to play an essential role in immunity to infection with Leishmania, our data indicate that the lower frequency of CD18+ and CD45RO+ lymphocytes in the bone marrow CD8+ T cell subset may be considered a biomarker of acute VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Clarêncio
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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Epitope mapping and protective immunity elicited by adenovirus expressing the Leishmania amastigote specific A2 antigen: correlation with IFN-gamma and cytolytic activity by CD8+ T cells. Vaccine 2008; 26:4585-93. [PMID: 18588933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A2 was identified as an amastigote virulence factor of Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani and as a candidate antigen for vaccine development against visceral leishmaniasis. Here, predicted hydrophilic, class I and II MHC-binding synthetic peptides were used to define epitopes recognized by A2-specific antibodies, CD8+ T and CD4+ T cells, respectively. Immunization of BALB/c mice with adenovirus expressing A2 (AdA2) resulted in low antibody response, contrasting with high levels of IFN-gamma producing CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells specific for A2. Further, A2-specific CD8+ T cells from immunized mice were capable of lysing sensitized target cells in vivo. Finally, we demonstrated an association of A2-specific T cell responses and reduced parasitism in both liver and spleen from mice immunized with AdA2 and challenged with L. (L.) chagasi.
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Ferreira JHL, Gentil LG, Dias SS, Fedeli CEC, Katz S, Barbiéri CL. Immunization with the cysteine proteinase Ldccys1 gene from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and the recombinant Ldccys1 protein elicits protective immune responses in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2008; 26:677-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Silvestre R, Cordeiro-Da-Silva A, Santarém N, Vergnes B, Sereno D, Ouaissi A. SIR2-deficient Leishmania infantum induces a defined IFN-gamma/IL-10 pattern that correlates with protection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3161-70. [PMID: 17709531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate the Leishmania genome to create genetically modified parasites by introducing or eliminating genes is considered a powerful alternative for developing a new generation vaccine against leishmaniasis. Previously, we showed that the deletion of one allele of the Leishmania infantum silent information regulatory 2 (LiSIR2) locus was sufficient to dramatically affect amastigote axenic proliferation. Furthermore, LiSIR2 single knockout (LiSIR2(+/-)) amastigotes were unable to replicate in vitro inside macrophages. Because this L. infantum mutant persisted in BALB/c mice for up to 6 wk but failed to establish an infection, we tested its ability to provide protection toward a virulent L. infantum challenge. Strikingly, vaccination with a single i.p. injection of LiSIR2(+/-) single knockout elicits complete protection. Thus, vaccinated BALB/c mice showed a reversal of T cell anergy with specific anti-Leishmania cytotoxic activity and high levels of NO production. Moreover, vaccinated mice simultaneously generated specific anti-Leishmania IgG Ab subclasses suggestive of both type 1 and type 2 responses. A strong correlation was found between the elimination of the parasites and an increased Leishmania-specific IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio. Therefore, we propose that the polarization to a high IFN-gamma/low IL-10 ratio after challenge is a clear indicator of vaccine success. Furthermore these mutants, which presented attenuated virulence, represent a good model to understand the correlatives of protection in visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Rosa R, Marques C, Rodrigues OR, Santos-Gomes GM. Immunization with Leishmania infantum released proteins confers partial protection against parasite infection with a predominant Th1 specific immune response. Vaccine 2007; 25:4525-32. [PMID: 17478016 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, protective effect and immune response elicited by protein fractions LiRic1 (>75 kDa) and LiRic2 (<37 kDa) released by Leishmania infantum promastigotes were analysed in challenged BALB/c mice. Viable parasites were quantified in spleen and isolated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were stimulated for evaluation of proliferative response and cytokine production. Immunization triggered 50.4-66.9% of parasite reduction. Stimulated CD4(+) T cells from challenged animals revealed high proliferation. IL-12 and IFN-gamma were released by CD4(+) T cells whereas IL-4 and IL-10 were impaired. LiRic1 and LiRic2 immunization gave partial protection and a CD4(+) Th1 response. LiRic2 generated IL-12 by CD8(+) T cells pointing to its participation in protective response. These results encourage further research on the development of a vaccine that provides long-lasting protection against zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rosa
- Unidade de Leishmanioses and Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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Rosa R, Marques C, Rodrigues OR, Santos-Gomes GM. Leishmania infantum released proteins specifically regulate cytokine expression and production patterns by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Acta Trop 2006; 97:309-17. [PMID: 16442069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific immune responses by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, from two infected mice strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6), induced by High, Inter and Low protein fractions released by Leishmania infantum, were assessed through the evaluation of IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNA by real-time PCR and respective protein production by ELISA. During infection establishment, High and Inter fractions directed both mice strains T cells subsets to increase the production of IFN-gamma, associated to IL-12 release. Later on, parasite replication augmented in BALB/c and stabilised in C57BL/6 mice. Inter fraction induced CD4+ T cells to maintain IFN-gamma production, with the simultaneous release of IL-12 by both cell subsets in BALB/c mice and by CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 mice. These observations suggested a prophylactic potential for Inter fraction which was able to induce Th1 response with IL-12 involvement, required for the maintenance of memory cells, in mice strains with different parasitic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rosa
- Unidade de Leishmanioses and Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 96, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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Polley R, Stager S, Prickett S, Maroof A, Zubairi S, Smith DF, Kaye PM. Adoptive immunotherapy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis with CD8+ T cells requires the presence of cognate antigen. Infect Immun 2006; 74:773-6. [PMID: 16369038 PMCID: PMC1346645 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.773-776.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have a protective role in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. However, the observation that inflammatory cytokines induce bystander activation of CD8+ T cells questions the need for antigen-dependent effector function. Here, we demonstrate that successful adoptive immunotherapy with CD8+ T cells is strictly dependent upon the presence of cognate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Polley
- Immunology and Infection Unit, Dept. of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom
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