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Norfolk WA, Shue C, Henderson WM, Glinski DA, Lipp EK. Vibrio alginolyticus growth kinetics and the metabolic effects of iron. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0268023. [PMID: 37966200 PMCID: PMC10714744 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02680-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Transmission of V. alginolyticus occurs opportunistically through direct seawater exposure and is a function of its abundance in the environment. Like other Vibrio spp., V. alginolyticus are considered conditionally rare taxa in marine waters, with populations capable of forming large, short-lived blooms under specific environmental conditions, which remain poorly defined. Prior research has established the importance of temperature and salinity as the major determinants of Vibrio geographical and temporal range. However, bloom formation can be strongly influenced by other factors that may be more episodic and localized, such as changes in iron availability. Here we confirm the broad temperature and salinity tolerance of V. alginolyticus and demonstrate the importance of iron supplementation as a key factor for growth in the absence of thermal or osmotic stress. The results of this research highlight the importance of episodic iron input as a crucial metric to consider for the assessment of V. alginolyticus risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Norfolk
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Charlyn Shue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - W. Matthew Henderson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Donna A. Glinski
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin K. Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Norfolk WA, Melendez-Declet C, Lipp EK. Coral Disease and Ingestion: Investigating the Role of Heterotrophy in the Transmission of Pathogenic Vibrio spp. using a Sea Anemone ( Exaiptasia pallida) Model System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023:e0018723. [PMID: 37191521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00187-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding disease transmission in corals can be complicated given the intricacy of the holobiont and difficulties associated with ex situ coral cultivation. As a result, most of the established transmission pathways for coral disease are associated with perturbance (i.e., damage) rather than evasion of immune defenses. Here, we investigate ingestion as a potential pathway for the transmission of coral pathogens that evades the mucus membrane. Using sea anemones (Exaiptasia pallida) and brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) to model coral feeding, we tracked the acquisition of the putative pathogens, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. mediterranei using GFP-tagged strains. Vibrio sp. were provided to anemones using 3 experimental exposures (i) direct water exposure alone, (ii) water exposure in the presence of a food source (non-spiked Artemia), and (iii) through a "spiked" food source (Vibrio-colonized Artemia) created by exposing Artemia cultures to GFP-Vibrio via the ambient water overnight. Following a 3 h feeding/exposure duration, the level of acquired GFP-Vibrio was quantified from anemone tissue homogenate. Ingestion of spiked Artemia resulted in a significantly greater burden of GFP-Vibrio equating to an 830-fold, 3,108-fold, and 435-fold increase in CFU mL-1 when compared to water exposed trials and a 207-fold, 62-fold, and 27-fold increase in CFU mL-1 compared to water exposed with food trials for V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. mediterranei, respectively. These data suggest that ingestion can facilitate delivery of an elevated dose of pathogenic bacteria in cnidarians and may describe an important portal of entry for pathogens in the absence of perturbing conditions. IMPORTANCE The front line of pathogen defense in corals is the mucus membrane. This membrane coats the surface body wall creating a semi-impermeable layer that inhibits pathogen entry from the ambient water both physically and biologically through mutualistic antagonism from resident mucus microbes. To date, much of the coral disease transmission research has been focused on mechanisms associated with perturbance of this membrane such as direct contact, vector lesions (predation/biting), and waterborne exposure through preexisting lesions. The present research describes a potential transmission pathway that evades the defenses provided by this membrane allowing unencumbered entry of bacteria as in association with food. This pathway may explain an important portal of entry for emergence of idiopathic infections in otherwise healthy corals and can be used to improve management practices for coral conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Norfolk
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Erin K Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Norfolk WA, Lipp EK. Use and Evaluation of a pES213-Derived Plasmid for the Constitutive Expression of gfp Protein in Pathogenic Vibrios: a Tagging Tool for In Vitro Studies. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0249022. [PMID: 36507673 PMCID: PMC9927583 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02490-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) into bacterial cells for constitutive expression is a powerful tool for the localization of species of interest within complex mixtures. Here, we demonstrate and evaluate the efficacy of the pES213-derived donor plasmid pVSV102 (gfp Knr) as a conjugative tool for the tagging of Vibrio and related species (termed vibrios). Using a triparental mating assay assisted by the helper plasmid pEVS104 (tra trb Knr), we successfully tagged 12 species within the Vibrionaceae family representing 8 of the proposed clades. All transconjugant strains demonstrated bright fluorescence and were readily differentiable within complex mixtures of nontagged cells. Plasmid retention was assessed using persistence and subculture experimentation. Persistence experiments evaluated plasmid loss over time for nonsubcultured samples inoculated into antibiotic-free media and sterile artificial seawater, whereas subculture trials evaluated plasmid loss following one to four subculture passages. Strong plasmid retention (≥80%) was observed in persistence experiments for all transconjugant strains for up to 48 h in both antibiotic-free media and artificial seawater with the exception of Vibrio cholerae, which showed a substantial decline in media after 24 h. Subculturing experiments also demonstrated strong plasmid stability, with all transconjugant strains showing ≥80% retention after four subculture passages. The results of this research suggest that pVSV102 is a stable GFP plasmid for the tagging of a broad range of vibrios. IMPORTANCE Prior research has suggested that the use of Aliivibrio fischeri-derived donor plasmids with the pES213 origin of replication may provide increased plasmid stability for the tagging of vibrios compared to Escherichia coli-derived p15A plasmids. Here, we present a structured protocol for conjugation-based tagging of vibrios using the pES213-derived plasmid pVSV102 and evaluate the plasmid stability of tagged strains. These methods and the resulting transconjugant strains provide important standardized tools to facilitate experimentation requiring the use of traceable vibrio strains. Furthermore, the determination of the species-specific plasmid stability provides an estimation of the anticipated level of plasmid loss under the given set of culture conditions. This estimation can be used to reduce the occurrence of experimental biases introduced by plasmid drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Norfolk
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erin K. Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Genomic analysis and biological characterization of a novel Schitoviridae phage infecting Vibrio alginolyticus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:749-768. [PMID: 36520169 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with mackerel poisoning. A bacteriophage that specifically targets and lyses this bacterium could be employed as a biocontrol agent for treating the bacterial infection or improving the shelf-life of mackerel products. However, only a few well-characterized V. alginolyticus phages have been reported in the literature. In this study, a novel lytic phage, named ΦImVa-1, specifically infecting V. alginolyticus strain ATCC 17749, was isolated from Indian mackerel. The phage has a short latent period of 15 min and a burst size of approximately 66 particles per infected bacterium. ΦImVa-1 remained stable for 2 h at a wide temperature (27-75 °C) and within a pH range of 5 to 10. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that ΦImVa-1 has an icosahedral head of approximately 60 nm in diameter with a short tail, resembling those in the Schitoviridae family. High throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis elucidated that ΦImVa-1 has a linear dsDNA genome of 77,479 base pairs (bp), with a G + C content of ~ 38.72% and 110 predicted gene coding regions (106 open reading frames and four tRNAs). The genome contains an extremely large virion-associated RNA polymerase gene and two smaller non-virion-associated RNA polymerase genes, which are hallmarks of schitoviruses. No antibiotic genes were found in the ΦImVa-1 genome. This is the first paper describing the biological properties, morphology, and the complete genome of a V. alginolyticus-infecting schitovirus. When raw mackerel fish flesh slices were treated with ΦImVa-1, the pathogen loads reduced significantly, demonstrating the potential of the phage as a biocontrol agent for V. alginolyticus strain ATCC 17749 in the food. KEY POINTS: • A novel schitovirus infecting Vibrio alginolyticus ATCC 17749 was isolated from Indian mackerel. • The complete genome of the phage was determined, analyzed, and compared with other phages. • The phage is heat stable making it a potential biocontrol agent in extreme environments.
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Kalatzis PG, Bastías R, Kokkari C, Katharios P. Isolation and Characterization of Two Lytic Bacteriophages, φSt2 and φGrn1; Phage Therapy Application for Biological Control of Vibrio alginolyticus in Aquaculture Live Feeds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151101. [PMID: 26950336 PMCID: PMC4780772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a serious problem in aquaculture since they can result in massive mortalities in farmed fish and invertebrates. Vibriosis is one of the most common diseases in marine aquaculture hatcheries and its causative agents are bacteria of the genus Vibrio mostly entering larval rearing water through live feeds, such as Artemia and rotifers. The pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus strain V1, isolated during a vibriosis outbreak in cultured seabream, Sparus aurata, was used as host to isolate and characterize the two novel bacteriophages φSt2 and φGrn1 for phage therapy application. In vitro cell lysis experiments were performed against the bacterial host V. alginolyticus strain V1 but also against 12 presumptive Vibrio strains originating from live prey Artemia salina cultures indicating the strong lytic efficacy of the 2 phages. In vivo administration of the phage cocktail, φSt2 and φGrn1, at MOI = 100 directly on live prey A. salina cultures, led to a 93% decrease of presumptive Vibrio population after 4 h of treatment. Current study suggests that administration of φSt2 and φGrn1 to live preys could selectively reduce Vibrio load in fish hatcheries. Innovative and environmental friendly solutions against bacterial diseases are more than necessary and phage therapy is one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos G. Kalatzis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Roberto Bastías
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Constantina Kokkari
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion 71003, Crete, Greece
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Franco Monsreal J, Serralta-Peralta LEDS, Hernández Gómez JR, Sosa-Castilla F, Castillo-Cocom JA. [Prevalence of clinically important species of the genus Vibrio in catered seafood of city and port of Progreso de Castro, Yucatan, Mexico]. Medwave 2015; 15:e6147. [PMID: 26056937 DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2015.05.6147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Species of the genus Vibrio are invariably gram-negative bacilli, between 2 and 3 µm long and curved in shape, sometimes equipped with a single polar flagellum that allows high mobility. They tolerate well alkaline media and high-salt concentrations in their environment. They do not form spores, are oxidase-positive and facultative anaerobes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinically-important species of the genus Vibrio in raw, marinated without heat, partially cooked with heat and completely cooked with heat seafood. METHODS This is a study with a quantitative approach. We obtained a list of 38 caterers that specialized in the sale of marine foods of animal origin for human consumption. The number of marine animal foods in those caterers was 790. For homogenization and enrichment of samples and for the isolation and identification of species, we proceeded according to the methodology described in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Intervals to estimate a confidence level of 95% were applied. RESULTS The prevalence obtained in raw, marinated without heat, partially cooked with heat and completely cooked with heat seafood were 44.30% (276/623), 32.00% (8/25), 30.53% (29/95) and 17.02% (8/47), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results should be taken into consideration when planning to avoid healthcare problems and food-borne diseases in the population that consumes this type of food in the city and port of Progreso de Castro, in Yucatán, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Franco Monsreal
- Departamento de Salud y Desarrollo Comunitario, Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, Quintana Roo, México. Address: Carretera Muna Felipe Carrillo Puerto s/n, km. 137 Col. Centro, C.P.77870, José María Morelos Quintana, México.
| | | | - José Ricardo Hernández Gómez
- Departamento de Salud y Desarrollo Comunitario, Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Florinda Sosa-Castilla
- Departamento de Salud y Desarrollo Comunitario, Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Juan Ariel Castillo-Cocom
- Departamento de Salud y Desarrollo Comunitario, Universidad Intercultural Maya de Quintana Roo, Quintana Roo, México
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Miyamoto Y, Nakamura K, Takizawa K. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OFOCEANOMONASSPP., HALOPHILIC BACTERIA, IN THE COASTAL SEA. ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MARINE INDUSTRY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1962.tb00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Phylogeny of the Vibrionaceae, and Recommendation for Two New Genera, Listonella and Shewanella. Syst Appl Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(85)80051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
FOOD POISONING caused by the consumption of fishery products is reviewed. More detailed descriptions are given of those types with some special or unique association with fish such as botulism, Vibrio para haemolyticus and scombrotoxin poisoning.
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Abstract
Approximately 30 years have elapsed since Dr. Fujino's original discovery that Vibrio parahaemolyticus (then termed Pasteurella parahemolytica) was the cause of "summer diarrhea" in Japan. Since that finding, V. parahaemolyticus has been established as a cause of gastroenteritis in numbers and places approaching global proportions. It has been isolated in marine and estuarine areas almost worldwide and despite its halophilic nature, V. parahaemolyticus has been isolated from saline-free waters. The relationship of this organism to the environment reveals a close association with other marine organisms especially copepods on which the Vibrios depend for survival in winter months and growth in summer months. There is a uniquely provocative disparity between human strains of V. parahaemolyticus which are Kanagawa phenomenon (KP) positive and the environmental strains which to a large extent are KP negative, the significance being that pathogenicity is measured according to the Kanagawa phenomenon (hemolytic activity) reaction. The hemolysin of the pathogenic strains is a thermostable, cardiotoxic protein, which thus far has not been implicated in the mechanism(s) which causes human gastroenteritis. The interest in this organism has been widened in recent years by the finding that similar organisms, V. alginolyticus, lactose positive vibrios and group F vibrios also cause serious disease in humans.
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Hisatsune K, Kiuye A, Kondo S. A comparative study of the sugar composition of O-antigenic lipopolysaccharides isolated from Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol Immunol 1981; 25:127-36. [PMID: 7231217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of the sugar composition of O-antigenic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) isolated from Vibrio alginolyticus and those from V. parahaemolyticus was carried out. 3-Deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid, 2-keto-3-deoxy octonate (KDO), a regular sugar constituent of gram-negative bacterial LPS, was totally absent from LPS of all V. alginolyticus strains examined as it was from those of V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, a KDO-like thiobarbituric acid test-positive substance, identical with that of either V. parahaemolyticus 07 or 012, was also found in LPS from three strains, 505-78, 905-78, and 1013-79 (designated tentatively as group I), out of the five strains of V. alginolyticus tested. LPS from the members of group I contained, as component sugars, glucose, galactose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, glucosamine, galactosamine, the KDO-like substance, and an unidentified amino sugar P1. Thus, LPS of the members of group I possessed a similar sugar composition which is similar to that of LPS from either V. parahaemolyticus 97 or 012. LPS of strain 1027-79, one of the other two strains (designated tentatively as group II), contained as component sugars, glucose, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, glucosamine, galactosamine, galactosamine, and the other unidentified amino sugar P2, while LPS of strain 53-79, the other member of group II, contained galactose as an additional component. The results indicate that LPS of strain 1027-79 has a sugar composition similar to that of V. parahaemolyticus 09 LPS.
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12
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Ayres PA, Barrow GI. The distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in British coastal waters: report of a collaborative study 1975--6. J Hyg (Lond) 1978; 80:281-94. [PMID: 632568 PMCID: PMC2130006 DOI: 10.1017/s002217240005364x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative survey has shown that V. parahaemolyticus is widely distributed in British coastal waters, sediments and shellfish, especially in southern and western areas. The relatively small numbers in the environment do not present significant health hazards from marine products, provided that processing, storage and distribution are adequate. The presence of this organism in small numbers in British coastal waters or in shellfish should not in itself be regarded as cause for concern.
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Saldanha FL, Patil AK, Sant MV. Studies on Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Bombay. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1975; 19:586-93. [PMID: 1219912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7090-0_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Baumann P, Baumann L, Reichelt JL. Taxonomy of marine bacteria: Beneckea parahaemolytica and Beneckea alginolytica. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:1144-55. [PMID: 4570770 PMCID: PMC251675 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.3.1144-1155.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A collection of 169 strains, including 91 obtained from cases of gastroenteritis and 41 from localized tissue infections and infections of the eye and ear, was submitted to an extensive nutritional, physiological, and morphological characterization. The nutritional and physiological data obtained from these strains, as well as data for strains of other species of the genus Beneckea, were submitted to a numerical analysis which grouped the strains into clusters on the basis of phenotypic similarity. Strains from cases of gastroenteritis formed a group of three clusters which linked at a similarity value of 68%. These three clusters could not, however, be separated from each other by universally positive or negative traits, and on the basis of their overall phenotypic similarity were assigned to a single species, B. parahaemolytica. The majority of the strains from human, nonenteric sources segregated into two distinct clusters, one designated B. alginolytica and the other unassigned with respect to species (group C-2). B. parahaemolytica, B. alginolytica, and group C-2 could be readily distinguished from one another as well as from the remaining species of the genus Beneckea by multiple, unrelated, phenotypic traits. Activities of selected enzymes of glucose and gluconate catabolism in cell-free extracts of B. parahaemolytica, B. alginolytica, and group C-2 suggested that these organisms utilized glucose primarily via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and gluconate primarily via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Similar results were observed in the other members of the genus Beneckea.
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Colwell RR. Genetic and phenetic classification of bacteria. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1973; 16:137-75. [PMID: 4584677 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
One-hundred-and-forty-five isolates of marine origin were submitted to an extensive physiological, nutritional, and morphological characterization. All strains were gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, straight or curved rods which were motile by means of flagella. Glucose was fermented with the production of acid but no gas. Sodium but no organic growth factors were required. None of the strains were able to denitrify or fix molecular nitrogen. The results of nutritional and physiological tests were submitted to a numerical analysis. On the basis of phenotypic similarity, nine groups were established. These groups could be distinguished from one another by multiple, unrelated, phenotypic traits. Six groups which had deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) containing 45 to 48 moles per cent guanine plus cytosine (GC) were assigned to a redefined genus Beneckea. All of the strains in this genus, when grown in liquid medium, had a single, polar flagellum. When grown on a solid medium, many strains had peritrichous flagella. Two groups were similar to previously described species and were designated B. alginolytica and B. natriegens. The remaining four groups were designated B. campbellii, B. neptuna, B. nereida, and B. pelagia. An additional group of phenotypically similar strains having the properties of the genus Beneckea was not included in the numerical analysis. These strains were readily separable from species of this genus and were designated B. parahaemolytica. Of the remaining groups, one was identified as Photobacterium fischeri. The other group (B-2) which had about 41 moles% GC content in its DNA could not be placed into existing genera.
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Colwell RR. Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus vibrio: numerical taxonomy of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and related Vibrio species. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:410-33. [PMID: 5473901 PMCID: PMC248227 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.1.410-433.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of 86 bacterial cultures, including 30 strains of Vibrio cholerae, 35 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, and 21 representative strains of Pseudomonas, Spirillum, Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, and marine Vibrio species were tested for a total of 200 characteristics. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics were included in the analysis. Overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions and ultrastructure, under the electron microscope, were also examined. The taxonomic data were analyzed by computer by using numerical taxonomy programs designed to sort and cluster strains related phenetically. The V. cholerae strains formed an homogeneous cluster, sharing overall S values of >/=75%. Two strains, V. cholerae NCTC 30 and NCTC 8042, did not fall into the V. cholerae species group when tested by the hypothetical median organism calculation. No separation of "classic" V. cholerae, El Tor vibrios, and nonagglutinable vibrios was observed. These all fell into a single, relatively homogeneous, V. cholerae species cluster. V. parahaemolyticus strains, excepting 5144, 5146, and 5162, designated members of the species V. alginolyticus, clustered at S >/=80%. Characteristics uniformly present in all the Vibrio species examined are given, as are also characteristics and frequency of occurrence for V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. The clusters formed in the numerical taxonomy analyses revealed similar overall DNA base compositions, with the range for the Vibrio species of 40 to 48% guanine plus cytosine. Generic level of relationship of V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus is considered dubious. Intra- and intergroup relationships obtained from the numerical taxonomy studies showed highly significant correlation with DNA/DNA reassociation data.
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Citarella RV, Colwell RR. Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Vibrio: polynucleotide sequence relationships among selected Vibrio species. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:434-42. [PMID: 5473902 PMCID: PMC248228 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.1.434-442.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polynucleotide relationships among selected Vibrio species were examined by means of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation reactions and chromatography on hydroxyapatite. Relative levels of intraspecific DNA duplex formation (V. cholerae-V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus-V. parahaemolyticus) were found to be high at 60 C (>80%), and only minimally reduced at 75 C. Interspecific DNA duplexes between V. cholerae DNA and that of the non-cholera vibrios also exhibited high relative levels of formation at 60 C (>80%) and, with one exception, were only slightly reduced at 75 C. The thermal stability of these duplexes formed at 60 or 75 C was virtually identical to that of homologous V. cholerae DNA duplexes. The degree of reassociation and the thermal stability of V. cholerae-non-cholera vibrio DNA duplexes suggests relatively little evolutionary divergence in these organisms. In all other interspecific DNA reassociation reactions, only low levels of DNA duplex formation were noted at 60 C (<25%), and these were drastically reduced (>50%) at 75 C. The degree of nucleotide sequence divergence indicated by these reactions suggests that these Vibrio species are not significantly related to V. cholerae or V. parahaemolyticus. Reassociation reactions between V. cholerae DNA and the DNA of V. parahaemolyticus indicated these species were not significantly related to each other.
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Sakazaki R. Proposal of Vibrio alginolyticus for the biotype 2 of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE & BIOLOGY 1968; 21:359-62. [PMID: 4180095 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.21.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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SAKAZAKI R, IWANAMI S, FUKUMI H. STUDIES ON THE ENTEROPATHOGENIC, FACULTATIVELY HALOPHILIC BACTERIA, VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUSI. MORPHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ITS TAXONOMICAL POSITION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 16:161-88. [PMID: 14071901 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.16.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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