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Zhou AL, Ward RE. Dietary milk polar lipids modulate gut barrier integrity and lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice during systemic inflammation induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00863-4. [PMID: 38825111 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The focus of this work is the role milk polar lipids play in affecting gut permeability, systemic inflammation, and lipid metabolism during acute and chronic inflammation induced by a single subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide. Three groups of C57BL/6J mice were fed: modified AIN-93G diet with moderate level of fat (CO); CO with milk gangliosides (GG); CO with milk phospholipids (MPL). The MPL did not prevent a gut permeability increase upon LPS stress but increased the expression of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 and occludin in colon mucosa. The GG prevented the gut permeability increase upon LPS stress. The MPL decreased absolute and relative liver mass and decreased hepatic gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. The GG increased hepatic gene expression of acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2. In conclusion, milk GG protected the intestinal barrier integrity but had little effect on systemic inflammation and lipid metabolism; milk MPL, conversely, had complex effects on gut permeability, did not affect systemic inflammation, and had beneficial effect on hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lihong Zhou
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Robert E Ward
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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2
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Zimecki M, Kochanowska I, Zaczyńska E, Kocięba M, Artym J, Zambrowicz A, Matwiejczyk M, Besman M, Kuchar K, Skotnicki A. Immunoregulatory actions of calf thymus extract (TFX®) in vitro in relation to its effect on expression of mitogen activated protein kinases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109995. [PMID: 36963263 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro immunotropic actions of a calf thymus extract - thymus factor X (TFX®) preparation were investigated. The preparation did not lower the viability of the A549 epithelial cell line and mouse bone marrow cells in the investigated concentration range. TFX® exhibited a co-stimulatory action of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced mouse thymocyte proliferation and partially restored the mitogen-induced proliferation capability of mouse thymocytes exposed to hydrocortisone (HC). The preparation also inhibited Herpes virus-1 (HSV-1) replication in A549 cells when preincubated with the virus and when added to the infected cells. In addition, it weakly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF α, IL-1β and IL-6 by the THP-1 monocyte cell line. The determination of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression in Jurkat T cells revealed strong increases in ERK-2 kinase and p38α subunits. In WEHI 231 immature B cells, TFX® elevated p38α, and had a particularly strong elevating effect on p38γ. In HL-60 myeloblastic cells, the expression of p38α, β and γ was not detectable, almost blocked for p38δ and JNK, but accompanied by an increase in ERK-1. In turn, the effects of TFX® in J744E macrophages resulted in a strong increase in p38γ expression, moderate elevations of ERK and a drop in p38δ. Significant increases in MAPK expression were also found in cells from the lymphoid organs. In the bone marrow cell population, p38α, β and γ, in thymocytes p38α, γ and δ, and in splenocytes p38β and γ, subunit expression was elevated. We conclude that the changes in MAPK expression may be attributed to cell maturation and differentiation, and explain the beneficial therapeutic effects of TFX®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zimecki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zambrowicz
- Department of Functional Food Products Development Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Matwiejczyk
- Department of Functional Food Products Development Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; TFX PHARMA Sp. z o.o., Research and Development Department, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Besman
- Department of Functional Food Products Development Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; TFX PHARMA Sp. z o.o., Research and Development Department, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karol Kuchar
- TFX PHARMA Sp. z o.o., Research and Development Department, Wrocław, Poland; Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Kataoka T, Naoe S, Murakami K, Fujimoto Y, Yukimine R, Tanaka A, Yamaoka K. Immunomodulatory Effects of Radon Inhalation on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10632. [PMID: 36078348 PMCID: PMC9518351 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Typical indications for radon therapy include autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We had previously reported that radon inhalation inhibits Th17 immune responses in RA mice by activating Th1 and Th2 immune responses. However, there are no reports on how radon inhalation affects the activated Th1 and Th17 immune responses, and these findings may be useful for identifying new indications for radon therapy. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of radon inhalation on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response, focusing on the expression of related cytokines and antioxidant function. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to 2000 Bq/m3 radon for one day. Immediately after radon inhalation, LPS was administered intraperitoneally at 1.0 mg/kg body weight for 4 h. LPS administration increased the levels of Th1- and Th17-prone cytokines, such as interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, compared to no treatment control (sham). However, these effects were suppressed by radon inhalation. IL-10 levels were significantly increased by LPS administration, with or without radon inhalation, compared to sham. However, radon inhalation did not inhibit oxidative stress induced by LPS administration. These findings suggest that radon inhalation has immunomodulatory but not antioxidative functions in LPS-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kataoka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shota Naoe
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kaito Murakami
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yukimine
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Yamaoka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 5-1 Shikata-cho 2-chome, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Toren E, Burnette KS, Banerjee RR, Hunter CS, Tse HM. Partners in Crime: Beta-Cells and Autoimmune Responses Complicit in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756548. [PMID: 34691077 PMCID: PMC8529969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. Loss of beta-cells leads to insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, with patients eventually requiring lifelong insulin therapy to maintain normal glycemic control. Since T1D has been historically defined as a disease of immune system dysregulation, there has been little focus on the state and response of beta-cells and how they may also contribute to their own demise. Major hurdles to identifying a cure for T1D include a limited understanding of disease etiology and how functional and transcriptional beta-cell heterogeneity may be involved in disease progression. Recent studies indicate that the beta-cell response is not simply a passive aspect of T1D pathogenesis, but rather an interplay between the beta-cell and the immune system actively contributing to disease. Here, we comprehensively review the current literature describing beta-cell vulnerability, heterogeneity, and contributions to pathophysiology of T1D, how these responses are influenced by autoimmunity, and describe pathways that can potentially be exploited to delay T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Toren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - KaLia S. Burnette
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ronadip R. Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chad S. Hunter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Rezzani R, Franco C, Hardeland R, Rodella LF. Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8806. [PMID: 33233845 PMCID: PMC7699871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For years the thymus gland (TG) and the pineal gland (PG) have been subject of increasingly in-depth studies, but only recently a link that can associate the activities of the two organs has been identified. Considering, on the one hand, the well-known immune activity of thymus and, on the other, the increasingly emerging immunological roles of circadian oscillators and the rhythmically secreted main pineal product, melatonin, many studies aimed to analyse the possible existence of an interaction between these two systems. Moreover, data confirmed that the immune system is functionally associated with the nervous and endocrine systems determining an integrated dynamic network. In addition, recent researches showed a similar, characteristic involution process both in TG and PG. Since the second half of the 20th century, evidence led to the definition of an effectively interacting thymus-pineal axis (TG-PG axis), but much has to be done. In this sense, the aim of this review is to summarize what is actually known about this topic, focusing on the impact of the TG-PG axis on human life and ageing. We would like to give more emphasis to the implications of this dynamical interaction in a possible therapeutic strategy for human health. Moreover, we focused on all the products of TG and PG in order to collect what is known about the role of peptides other than melatonin. The results available today are often unclear and not linear. These peptides have not been well studied and defined over the years. In this review we hope to awake the interest of the scientific community in them and in their future pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs-(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Franco
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs-(ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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6
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Ramenzoni LL, Zuellig RA, Hussain A, Lehmann R, Heumann C, Attin T, Schmidlin PR. Bacterial supernatants elevate glucose-dependent insulin secretion in rat pancreatic INS-1 line and islet β-cells via PI3K/AKT signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:17-27. [PMID: 30039349 PMCID: PMC6373304 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and periodontitis are considered associated chronic diseases, and hyperinsulinemia in prediabetes has been shown to be present in normoglycemic animals with periodontitis. As periodontal bacterial species are significant sources of endotoxemia and may directly stimulate insulin secretion, we hypothesized that increased bacterial virulence may exert an adverse effect on rat pancreatic β-cell function via PI3K/AKT signaling. INS-1 cells and isolated pancreatic islets were cultured separately with the following supernatants: Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), and Treponema denticola (T.d). Supernatants were purified from single bacterial cultures and prepared at different dilutions (100 pg/ml, 50 ng/ml, 200 ng/ml, and 500 ng/ml) to challenge INS-1 and islets. Gene expression (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, TLR2, TLR4, Ins1, and Ins2) and insulin secretion were measured. The results showed upregulation of gene expression up to 5.5-fold, not only as a result of the different dilutions used, but also due to bacterial virulence (p < 0.05). P.g and T.d supernatants demonstrated an increase in insulin secretion to fivefold at hypo- and hyperglycemia, yet stimulation from hypo- to hyperglycemia stays in the same ratio. Activation of TLR4/PI3K/AKT signaling by supernatants in INS-1 cells resulted in increased IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 gene expression levels, and AKT phosphorylation, which were abolished by TLR4 and PI3K/AKT signaling inhibitor. We demonstrated that bacterial supernatants derived from gram-negative species increasingly stimulate insulin secretion in β-cells and TLR4 may promote inflammation by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to induce pro-inflammatory molecules. Bacterial species, depending on their virulence, appear to play a role in the relationship between periodontitis and prediabetes by promoting insulin resistance and β-cell compensatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza L Ramenzoni
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Zuellig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abbas Hussain
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Lehmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Heumann
- Department for Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Theresienstrasse 39/I, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Attin
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick R Schmidlin
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Lunin SM, Khrenov MO, Novoselova TV, Parfenyuk SB, Glushkova OV, Fesenko EE, Novoselova EG. Modulation of inflammatory response in mice with severe autoimmune disease by thymic peptide thymulin and an inhibitor of NF-kappaB signalling. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:260-6. [PMID: 25662754 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate some cellular and molecular aspects of the autoimmune response and anti-inflammatory efficiency of potential therapeutic agents in a severe form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (sEAE), an inhibitor of NF-kappaB signalling, IKK Inhibitor XII, and/or thymic peptide thymulin, were injected intraperitoneally at 1.8 and 0.15mg/kg e.o.d, respectively, to C57BL/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and several adjuvants. The immunization induced high lethality in three weeks. The biphasic cytokine response observed in earlier and delayed phases was attributed to the activity of Th1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Phosphorylation of RelA protein from the NF-kappaB family increased during the earlier phase and decreased in the delayed phase. SAPK/JNK signalling protein and heat shock protein Hsp72 significantly increased in lymphocytes. Both the IKK Inhibitor XII and thymulin reduced disease severity, attenuated immune imbalance, and increased mouse life-span. Co-administration of the agents produced no additive effect. Both the inhibitor and thymulin reduced the Th1 response but not the Th17 response. Therefore, RelA-associated Th1 activation and RelA-independent Th17 activation occurred in sEAE. Thymulin and the inhibitor demonstrate similar patterns of activity, potentially through the RelA pathway inhibition, resulting in a partial therapeutic effect on the animals' health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lunin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
| | - M O Khrenov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - T V Novoselova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - S B Parfenyuk
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - O V Glushkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - E E Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - E G Novoselova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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Immunomodulation of Homeopathic Thymulin 5CH in a BCG-Induced Granuloma Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:686018. [PMID: 23431344 PMCID: PMC3569925 DOI: 10.1155/2013/686018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the immune modulation mechanisms of thymulin 5CH in a granuloma experimental model. Male adult Balb/c mice were inoculated with BCG into the footpad to induce granuloma, which was quantitatively evaluated. The phenotypic characterization of phagocyte, T- and B-lymphocyte populations in the peritoneum, and local lymph node was done by flow cytometry. During all experimental periods, thymulin 5CH and vehicle (control) were given ad libitum to mice, diluted into the drinking water (1.6 × 10−17 M). After 7 days from inoculation, thymulin-treated mice presented reduction in the number of epithelioid cytokeratine-positive cells (P = 0.0001) in the lesion, in relation to young phagocytes. After 21 days, the differentiation of B1 peritoneal stem cells into phagocytes reached the peak, being higher in thymulin-treated mice (P = 0.0001). Simultaneously, the score of infected phagocytes in the lesion decreased (P = 0.001), and the number of B1-derived phagocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the local lymph node increased in relation to control (P = 0.0001). No difference was seen on the CD25+ Treg cells. The results show that thymulin 5CH treatment is able to improve the granuloma inflammatory process and the infection remission, by modulating local and systemic phagocyte differentiation.
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Lunin SM, Novoselova EG. Thymus hormones as prospective anti-inflammatory agents. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:775-86. [PMID: 20536297 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.499127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Inflammatory diseases are characterized by severe immune imbalances, leading to excessive or inappropriate release of mediators, which, in turn, result in massive damage to organs and systems. Effective means to control inappropriate immune reactions are often life-critical needs. Available data on the role of thymus-derived hormones in inflammation show their great potential. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The review aims to systematize information for the last two decades on immune system regulation by thymic peptide hormones, with a primary focus on the role of these hormones in the systemic inflammatory response and inflammatory diseases. Anti-inflammatory potential of three thymic hormones - thymulin, thymosin-alpha, and thymopoietin - is discussed, reviewing recently published clinical and experimental studies. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Our analysis revealed the regulation of inflammatory processes via thymic hormones that could be prospective for therapeutic application. This regulation may be mediated through thymic hormone effects on peripheral immune cell activities and bidirectional coupling between thymic hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE In view of the role of thymic hormones in immune and neuroendocrine systems, they could be suitable as therapeutic agents for inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Lunin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia.
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10
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Franchini M, Zini E, Osto M, Jablonski K, Kaufmann K, Lutz TA, Reusch CE, Ackermann M. Feline pancreatic islet-like clusters and insulin producing cells express functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:70-8. [PMID: 20674989 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are cellular receptors that recognize molecules derived from pathogens, endogenous molecules generated after cellular stress, and free fatty acids. TLR activation leads to a proinflammatory reaction that is fundamental in the initiation of an innate immune response and subsequent adaptive responses but also can damage tissues. TLRs are not only expressed within the immune system, but also in most other organ systems including the pancreas. TLR4 is expressed in pancreatic β-cells of rodents and humans and its stimulation affects insulin secretion in response to glucose. A low-grade inflammation is often associated with disturbed performance of β-cells and insulin resistance, the cardinal metabolic event of type-2 diabetes. Feline diabetes mellitus shares many similarities with type-2 diabetes in humans. Our objective was to elucidate the role of TLRs in feline pancreatic islets and islet-like clusters (ILC) that consist of islets with their adjacent tissue. We tested whether TLRs are triggered by their agonists and lead to the expression of inflammatory cytokines. We confirmed the expression of all known feline TLRs in pancreas and ILC. Furthermore, stimulation with TLR agonists increased IL-6 mRNA and protein content and the expression of other proinflammatory cytokines indicating a clear proinflammatory response. The reactivity to TLR ligands was stronger in β-cell enriched populations obtained after sorting by FACS indicating that inflammatory stimuli can also be generated within β-cells. We conclude that the microenvironment of feline β-cells harbor the potential for inflammatory reactions, that can be initiated by molecules released from bacteria or viruses or other molecules recognized by TLRs. Therefore infections associated with bacteriemia and viremia can induce inflammation in islets and damage the endocrine pancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franchini
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Borghetti P, Saleri R, Mocchegiani E, Corradi A, Martelli P. Infection, immunity and the neuroendocrine response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:141-62. [PMID: 19261335 PMCID: PMC7112574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Central Nervous (CNS) and Immune Systems (IS) are the two major adaptive systems which respond rapidly to numerous challenges that are able to compromise health. The defensive response strictly linking innate to acquired immunity, works continuously to limit pathogen invasion and damage. The efficiency of the innate response is crucial for survival and for an optimum priming of acquired immunity. During infection, the immune response is modulated by an integrated neuro-immune network which potentiates innate immunity, controls potential harmful effects and also addresses metabolic and nutritional modifications supporting immune function. In the last decade much knowledge has been gained on the molecular signals that orchestrate this integrated adaptive response, with focus on the systemic mediators which have a crucial role in driving and controlling an efficient protective response. These mediators are also able to signal alterations and control pathway dysfunctions which may be involved in the persistence and/or overexpression of inflammation that may lead to tissue damage and to a negative metabolic impact, causing retarded growth. This review aims to describe some important signalling pathways which drive bidirectional communication between the Immune and Nervous Systems during infection. Particular emphasis is placed on pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunomodulator hormones such as Glucocorticoids (GCs), Growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), and Leptin, as well as nutritional factors such as Zinc (Zn). Finally, the review includes up-to-date information on this neuroimmune cross-talk in domestic animals. Data in domestic animal species are still limited, but there are several exciting areas of research, like the potential interaction pathways between mediators (i.e. cytokine-HPA regulation, IL-6-GCS-Zn, cytokines-GH/IGF-1, IL-6-GH-Leptin and thymus activity) that are or could be promising topics of future research in veterinary medicine.
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The toll-like receptor signaling molecule Myd88 contributes to pancreatic beta-cell homeostasis in response to injury. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5063. [PMID: 19357791 PMCID: PMC2666970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal flora and pathogenic microbes influence the incidence of diabetes in animal models yet little is known about the mechanistic basis of these interactions. We hypothesized that Myd88, an adaptor molecule in the Toll-like-receptor (TLR) pathway, regulates pancreatic beta-cell function and homeostasis. We first examined beta-cells histologically and found that Myd88-/- mice have smaller islets in comparison to C57Bl/6 controls. Myd88-/- mice were nonetheless normoglycemic both at rest and after an intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). In contrast, after low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) challenge, Myd88-/-mice had an abnormal IPGTT relative to WT controls. Furthermore, Myd88-/- mice suffer enhanced beta-cell apoptosis and have enhanced hepatic damage with delayed recovery upon low-dose STZ treatment. Finally, we treated WT mice with broad-spectrum oral antibiotics to deplete their commensal flora. In WT mice, low dose oral lipopolysaccharide, but not lipotichoic acid or antibiotics alone, strongly promoted enhanced glycemic control. These data suggest that Myd88 signaling and certain TLR ligands mediate a homeostatic effect on beta-cells primarily in the setting of injury.
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Schulthess FT, Paroni F, Sauter NS, Shu L, Ribaux P, Haataja L, Strieter RM, Oberholzer J, King CC, Maedler K. CXCL10 impairs beta cell function and viability in diabetes through TLR4 signaling. Cell Metab 2009; 9:125-39. [PMID: 19187771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1/T2DM), beta cell destruction by apoptosis results in decreased beta cell mass and progression of the disease. In this study, we found that the interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 plays an important role in triggering beta cell destruction. Islets isolated from patients with T2DM secreted CXCL10 and contained 33.5-fold more CXCL10 mRNA than islets from control patients. Pancreatic sections from obese nondiabetic individuals and patients with T2DM and T1DM expressed CXCL10 in beta cells. Treatment of human islets with CXCL10 decreased beta cell viability, impaired insulin secretion, and decreased insulin mRNA. CXCL10 induced sustained activation of Akt, JNK, and cleavage of p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK-2), switching Akt signals from proliferation to apoptosis. These effects were not mediated by the commonly known CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 but through TLR4. Our data suggest CXCL10 as a binding partner for TLR4 and as a signal toward beta cell failure in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne T Schulthess
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Pekary AE, Stevens SA, Sattin A. Lipopolysaccharide modulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and TRH-like peptide levels in rat brain and endocrine organs. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 31:245-59. [PMID: 17726229 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:31:03:245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a proinflammatory and depressogenic agent whereas thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) is an endogenous antidepressant and neuroprotective peptide. LPS and TRH also have opposing effects on K+ channel conductivity. We hypothesized that LPS can modulate the expression and release of not only TRH but also TRH-like peptides with the general structure pGlu-X-Pro-NH2, where "X" can be any amino acid residue. The response might be "homeostatic," that is, LPS might increase TRH and TRH-like peptide release, thereby moderating the cell damaging effects of this bacterial cell wall constituent. On the other hand, LPS might impair the synthesis and release of these neuropeptides, thus facilitating the induction of early response genes, cytokines, and other downstream biochemical changes that contribute to the "sickness syndrome." Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g) received a single intraperitoneal injection of 100 microg/kg LPS. Animals were then decapitated 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h later. Serum cytokines and corticosterone peaked 2 h after intraperitoneal LPS along with a transient decrease in serum T3. TRH and TRH-like peptides were measured by a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. TRH declined in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala in a manner consistent with LPS-accelerated release and degradation. Various TRH-like peptide levels increased at 2 h in the anterior cingulate, hippocampus, striatum, entorhinal cortex, posterior cingulate, and cerebellum, indicating decreased release and clearance of these peptides. These brain regions are part of a neuroimmunomodulatory system that coordinates the behavioral, endocrine, and immune responses to the stresses of sickness, injury, and danger. A sustained rise in TRH levels in pancreatic beta-cells accompanied LPS-impaired insulin secretion. TRH and Leu-TRH in prostate and TRH in epididymis remained elevated 2-24 h after intraperitoneal LPS. We conclude that these endogenous neuroprotective and antidepressant-like peptides both mediate and moderate some of the behavioral and toxic effects of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Eugene Pekary
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sun X, Yamada H, Yoshihara K, Awaya A, Yoshikai Y. In vivo treatment with a nonapeptide thymic hormone, facteur thymique serique (FTS), ameliorates chronic colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:928-36. [PMID: 17499195 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Facteur thymique serique (FTS), a thymic hormone with nonapeptide is involved in T cell differentiation in intestine. Here we investigated the effect of FTS on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously treated with 1 mug/mouse/day of FTS daily. FTS did not affect the course of acute colitis induced by DSS as assessed by survival rate, clinical activity of diseases, extent of tissue damage of colons. On the other hand, FTS significantly ameliorated chronic colitis induced by multiple cycles of DSS as reflected by lower lethality, weight loss, clinical scores and histological scores. The levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin 1(IL-1)-beta, and IL-12p40 in the culture supernatants of lamina propria (LP) cells of colon without any stimulation and IFN-gamma by T cells in the LP T cells under T cell receptor (TCR) triggering were reduced in FTS-treated mice, whereas the levels of IL-10 by LP cells and LPT cells were higher in FTS-treated mice. Thus, FTS may serve to suppress inflammation in DSS-induced chronic colitis accompanied by increased IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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