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Saribas AS, Bellizzi A, Wollebo HS, Beer T, Tang HY, Safak M. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, late coding region encodes a novel nuclear protein, ORF4, which targets the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and modulates their reorganization. Virology 2023; 587:109866. [PMID: 37741199 PMCID: PMC10602023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery and characterization of two novel proteins (ORF1 and ORF2) generated by the alternative splicing of the JC virus (JCV) late coding region. Here, we report the discovery and partial characterization of three additional novel ORFs from the same coding region, ORF3, ORF4 and ORF5, which potentially encode 70, 173 and 265 amino acid long proteins respectively. While ORF3 protein exhibits a uniform distribution pattern throughout the cells, we were unable to detect ORF5 expression. Surprisingly, ORF4 protein was determined to be the only JCV protein specifically targeting the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and inducing their reorganization in nucleus. Although ORF4 protein has a modest effect on JCV replication, it is implicated to play major roles during the JCV life cycle, perhaps by regulating the antiviral response of PML-NBs against JCV infections and thus facilitating the progression of the JCV-induced disease in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hassen S Wollebo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Thomas Beer
- The Wistar Institute Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility Room 252, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- The Wistar Institute Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility Room 252, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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2
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Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V, Moens U, Ciotti M. JC polyomavirus: a short review of its biology, its association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and the diagnostic value of different methods to manifest its activity or presence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:143-157. [PMID: 36786077 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2179394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION JC polyomavirus is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease resulting from the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes that may develop in immunosuppressed individuals: HIV1 infected or individuals under immunosuppressive therapies. Understanding the biology of JCPyV is necessary for a proper patient management, the development of diagnostic tests, and risk stratification. AREAS COVERED The review covers different areas of expertise including the genomic characterization of JCPyV strains detected in different body compartments (urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid) of PML patients, viral mutations, molecular diagnostics, viral miRNAs, and disease. EXPERT OPINION The implementation of molecular biology techniques improved our understanding of JCPyV biology. Deep sequencing analysis of viral genomes revealed the presence of viral quasispecies in the cerebrospinal fluid of PML patients characterized by noncoding control region rearrangements and VP1 mutations. These neurotropic JCPyV variants present enhanced replication and an altered cell tropism that contribute to PML development. Monitoring these variants may be relevant for the identification of patients at risk of PML. Multiplex realtime PCR targeting both the LTAg and the archetype NCCR could be used to identify them. Failure to amplify NCCR should indicate the presence of a JCPyV prototype speeding up the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy.,IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
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3
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Gargan S, Stevenson NJ. Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34834972 PMCID: PMC8618147 DOI: 10.3390/v13112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Manama 15503, Bahrain
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4
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Saxena R, Saribas S, Jadiya P, Tomar D, Kaminski R, Elrod JW, Safak M. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, agnoprotein targets mitochondrion and modulates its functions. Virology 2021; 553:135-153. [PMID: 33278736 PMCID: PMC7847276 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
JC virus encodes an important regulatory protein, known as Agnoprotein (Agno). We have recently reported Agno's first protein-interactome with its cellular partners revealing that it targets various cellular networks and organelles, including mitochondria. Here, we report further characterization of the functional consequences of its mitochondrial targeting and demonstrated its co-localization with the mitochondrial networks and with the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of Agno and its dimerization domain together play major roles in this targeting. Data also showed alterations in various mitochondrial functions in Agno-positive cells; including a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration rates and ATP production. In contrast, a substantial increase in ROS production and Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondria were also observed. Finally, findings also revealed a significant decrease in viral replication when Agno MTS was deleted, highlighting a role for MTS in the function of Agno during the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Saxena
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pooja Jadiya
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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5
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Giannecchini S. Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060585. [PMID: 32471033 PMCID: PMC7354590 DOI: 10.3390/v12060585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human viruses can hijack extracellular vesicles (EVs) to deliver proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and whole viral particles during viral persistence in the host. Human polyomavirus (PyV) miRNAs, which downregulate large T-antigen expression and target host factors, help the virus escape immune elimination and may have roles in the success of viral persistence/replication and the development of diseases. In this context, several investigations have detected PyV miRNAs in EVs obtained from cell culture supernatants after viral infection, demonstrating the ability of these vesicles to deliver miRNAs to uninfected cells, potentially counteracting new viral infection. Additionally, PyV miRNAs have been identified in EVs derived from the biological fluids of clinical samples obtained from patients with or at risk of severe PyV-associated diseases and from asymptomatic control healthy subjects. Interestingly, PyV miRNAs were found to be circulating in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva samples from patients despite their PyV DNA status. Recently, the association between EVs and PyV viral particles was reported, demonstrating the ability of PyV viral particles to enter the cell without natural receptor-mediated entry and evade antibody-mediated neutralization or to be neutralized at a step different from that of the neutralization of naked whole viral particles. All these data point toward a potential role of the association between PyVs with EVs in viral persistence, suggesting that further work to define the implication of this interaction in viral reactivation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy
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6
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Saribas AS, Datta PK, Safak M. A comprehensive proteomics analysis of JC virus Agnoprotein-interacting proteins: Agnoprotein primarily targets the host proteins with coiled-coil motifs. Virology 2019; 540:104-118. [PMID: 31765920 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) Agnoprotein (Agno) plays critical roles in successful completion of the viral replication cycle. Understanding its regulatory roles requires a complete map of JCV-host protein interactions. Here, we report the first Agno interactome with host cellular targets utilizing "Two-Strep-Tag" affinity purification system coupled with mass spectroscopy (AP/MS). Proteomics data revealed that Agno primarily targets 501 cellular proteins, most of which contain "coiled-coil" motifs. Agno-host interactions occur in several cellular networks including those involved in protein synthesis and degradation; and cellular transport; and in organelles, including mitochondria, nucleus and ER-Golgi network. Among the Agno interactions, Rab11B, Importin and Crm-1 were first validated biochemically and further characterization was done for Crm-1, using a HIV-1 Rev-M10-like Agno mutant (L33D + E34L), revealing the critical roles of L33 and E34 residues in Crm-1 interaction. This comprehensive proteomics data provides new foundations to unravel the critical regulatory roles of Agno during the JCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Prasun K Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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7
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Saribas AS, Coric P, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Expression of novel proteins by polyomaviruses and recent advances in the structural and functional features of agnoprotein of JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8295-8315. [PMID: 30390301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus family consists of a highly diverse group of small DNA viruses. The founding family member (MPyV) was first discovered in the newborn mouse in the late 1950s, which induces solid tumors in a wide variety of tissue types that are the epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Later, other family members were also isolated from a number of mammalian, avian and fish species. Some of these viruses significantly contributed to our current understanding of the fundamentals of modern biology such as transcription, replication, splicing, RNA editing, and cell transformation. After the discovery of first two human polyomaviruses (JC virus [JCV] and BK virus [BKV]) in the early 1970s, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of human polyomaviruses in recent years due to the availability of the new technologies and brought the present number to 14. Some of the human polyomaviruses cause considerably serious human diseases, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trichodysplasia spinulosa. Emerging evidence suggests that the expression of the polyomavirus genome is more complex than previously thought. In addition to encoding universally expressed regulatory and structural proteins (LT-Ag, Sm t-Ag, VP1, VP2, and VP3), some polyomaviruses express additional virus-specific regulatory proteins and microRNAs. This review summarizes the recent advances in polyomavirus genome expression with respect to the new viral proteins and microRNAs other than the universally expressed ones. In addition, a special emphasis is devoted to the recent structural and functional discoveries in the field of polyomavirus agnoprotein which is expressed only by JCV, BKV, and simian virus 40 genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Viroporins are short polypeptides encoded by viruses. These small membrane proteins assemble into oligomers that can permeabilize cellular lipid bilayers, disrupting the physiology of the host to the advantage of the virus. Consequently, efforts during the last few decades have been focused towards the discovery of viroporin channel inhibitors, but in general these have not been successful to produce licensed drugs. Viroporins are also involved in viral pathogenesis by engaging in critical interactions with viral proteins, or disrupting normal host cellular pathways through coordinated interactions with host proteins. These protein-protein interactions (PPIs) may become alternative attractive drug targets for the development of antivirals. In this sense, while thus far most antiviral molecules have targeted viral proteins, focus is moving towards targeting host proteins that are essential for virus replication. In principle, this largely would overcome the problem of resistance, with the possibility of using repositioned existing drugs. The precise role of these PPIs, their strain- and host- specificities, and the structural determination of the complexes involved, are areas that will keep the fields of virology and structural biology occupied for years to come. In the present review, we provide an update of the efforts in the characterization of the main PPIs for most viroporins, as well as the role of viroporins in these PPIs interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Bhella
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Panou MM, Prescott EL, Hurdiss DL, Swinscoe G, Hollinshead M, Caller LG, Morgan EL, Carlisle L, Müller M, Antoni M, Kealy D, Ranson NA, Crump CM, Macdonald A. Agnoprotein Is an Essential Egress Factor during BK Polyomavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030902. [PMID: 29562663 PMCID: PMC5877763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV; hereafter referred to as BK) causes a lifelong chronic infection and is associated with debilitating disease in kidney transplant recipients. Despite its importance, aspects of the virus life cycle remain poorly understood. In addition to the structural proteins, the late region of the BK genome encodes for an auxiliary protein called agnoprotein. Studies on other polyomavirus agnoproteins have suggested that the protein may contribute to virion infectivity. Here, we demonstrate an essential role for agnoprotein in BK virus release. Viruses lacking agnoprotein fail to release from host cells and do not propagate to wild-type levels. Despite this, agnoprotein is not essential for virion infectivity or morphogenesis. Instead, agnoprotein expression correlates with nuclear egress of BK virions. We demonstrate that the agnoprotein binding partner α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion (NSF) attachment protein (α-SNAP) is necessary for BK virion release, and siRNA knockdown of α-SNAP prevents nuclear release of wild-type BK virions. These data highlight a novel role for agnoprotein and begin to reveal the mechanism by which polyomaviruses leave an infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita-Maria Panou
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Emma L Prescott
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Gemma Swinscoe
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michael Hollinshead
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Laura G Caller
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Ethan L Morgan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Louisa Carlisle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Marietta Müller
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michelle Antoni
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - David Kealy
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Neil A Ranson
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Craigie M, Cicalese S, Sariyer IK. Neuroimmune Regulation of JC Virus by Intracellular and Extracellular Agnoprotein. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 13:126-142. [PMID: 29159704 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus and the etiologic agent of the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML is observed in patients with underlying immunocompromising conditions, suggesting that neuro-immune interactions between peripheral immune cells and neuro-glia play an important role in controlling viral reactivation in the brain. There is little known about the immunobiology of JCV reactivation in glial cells and the role of immune, glial, and viral players in this regulation. We have previously showed that agnoprotein, a small JCV regulatory protein, is released from infected cells and internalized by neighboring bystander cells. Here we have investigated the possible role of extracellular and intracellular agnoprotein in the neuroimmune response to JC virus. Our findings suggest that glial cells exposed to agnoprotein secrete significantly less GM-CSF, which is mediated by agnoprotein induced suppression of GM-CSF transcription. Likewise, monocytes treated with agnoprotein showed altered differentiation and maturation. In addition, monocytes and microglial cells exposed to agnoprotein showed a significant reduction in their phagocytic activities. Moreover, when an in vitro blood-brain barrier model was used, agnoprotein treatment resulted in decreased monocyte migration through the endothelial cell layer in response to activated astrocytes. All together, these results have revealed a novel immunomodulatory function of agnoprotein during JCV infection within theCNS and open a new avenue of research to better understand the mechanisms associated with JCV reactivation in patients who are at risk of developing PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Craigie
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Stephanie Cicalese
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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11
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Biology, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses: An update. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Saribas AS, White MK, Safak M. Structure-based release analysis of the JC virus agnoprotein regions: A role for the hydrophilic surface of the major alpha helix domain in release. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2343-2359. [PMID: 28722139 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Agnoprotein (Agno) is an important regulatory protein of JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV) and simian virus 40 (SV40) and these viruses are unable to replicate efficiently in the absence of this protein. Recent 3D-NMR structural data revealed that Agno contains two alpha-helices (a minor and a major) while the rest of the protein adopts an unstructured conformation (Coric et al., 2017, J Cell Biochem). Previously, release of the JCV Agno from the Agno-positive cells was reported. Here, we have further mapped the regions of Agno responsible for its release by a structure-based systematic mutagenesis approach. Results revealed that amino acid residues (Lys22, Lys23, Phe31, Glu34, and Asp38) located either on or adjacent to the hydrophilic surface of the major alpha-helix domain of Agno play critical roles in release. Additionally, Agno was shown to strongly interact with unidentified components of the cell surface when cells are treated with Agno, suggesting additional novel roles for Agno during the viral infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martyn K White
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Bhattacharjee S, Chattaraj S. Entry, infection, replication, and egress of human polyomaviruses: an update. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:193-211. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs), belonging to the family Polyomaviridae, are a group of small, nonenveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA viruses widely distributed in the vertebrates. PyVs cause no apparent disease in adult laboratory mice but cause a wide variety of tumors when artificially inoculated into neonates or semipermissive animals. A few human PyVs, such as BK, JC, and Merkel cell PyVs, have been unequivocally linked to pathogenesis under conditions of immunosuppression. Infection is thought to occur early in life and persists for the lifespan of the host. Over evolutionary time scales, it appears that PyVs have slowly co-evolved with specific host animal lineages. Host cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids seem to play a decisive role in the entry stage of viral infection and in channeling the virions to specific intracellular membrane-bound compartments and ultimately to the nucleus, where the genomes are replicated and packaged for release. Therefore the transport of the infecting virion or viral genome to this site of multiplication is an essential process in productive viral infection as well as in latent infection and transformation. This review summarizes the major findings related to the characterization of the nature of the interactions between PyV and host protein and their impact in host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
| | - Sutanuka Chattaraj
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O. North Bengal University, Siliguri, District Darjeeling, West Bengal, PIN 734013, India
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14
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Delbue S, Comar M, Ferrante P. Review on the role of the human Polyomavirus JC in the development of tumors. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:10. [PMID: 28174598 PMCID: PMC5292005 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost one fifth of human cancers worldwide are associated with infectious agents, either bacteria or viruses, and this makes the possible association between infections and tumors a relevant research issue. We focused our attention on the human Polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), that is a small, naked DNA virus, belonging to the Polyomaviridae family. It is the recognized etiological agent of the Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease, occurring in immunosuppressed individuals. JCPyV is able to induce cell transformation in vitro when infecting non-permissive cells, that do not support viral replication and JCPyV inoculation into small animal models and non human primates drives to tumor formation. The molecular mechanisms involved in JCPyV oncogenesis have been extensively studied: the main oncogenic viral protein is the large tumor antigen (T-Ag), that is able to bind, among other cellular factors, both Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and p53 and to dysregulate the cell cycle, but also the early proteins small tumor antigen (t-Ag) and Agnoprotein appear to cooperate in the process of cell transformation. Consequently, it is not surprising that JCPyV genomic sequences and protein expression have been detected in Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors and colon cancer and an association between this virus and several brain and non CNS-tumors has been proposed. However, the significances of these findings are under debate because there is still insufficient evidence of a casual association between JCPyV and solid cancer development. In this paper we summarized and critically analyzed the published literature, in order to describe the current knowledge on the possible role of JCPyV in the development of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via Pascal, 36-20133 Milan, Italy.,Istituto Clinico Città Studi, Milan, Italy
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Anton R, Haas M, Arlett P, Weise M, Balabanov P, Mazzaglia G, Prieto L, Keller-Stanislawski B, Raine J. Drug-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis: European regulators' perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:283-289. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Anton
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - M Haas
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - P Arlett
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - M Weise
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices; Bonn Germany
| | - P Balabanov
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - G Mazzaglia
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - L Prieto
- European Medicines Agency; London United Kingdom
| | - B Keller-Stanislawski
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices; Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines; Langen Germany
| | - J Raine
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency; London United Kingdom
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Saribas AS, Coric P, Hamazaspyan A, Davis W, Axman R, White MK, Abou-Gharbia M, Childers W, Condra JH, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Emerging From the Unknown: Structural and Functional Features of Agnoprotein of Polyomaviruses. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2115-27. [PMID: 26831433 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Agnoprotein is an important regulatory protein of polyomaviruses, including JCV, BKV, and SV40. In the absence of its expression, these viruses are unable to sustain their productive life cycle. It is a highly basic phosphoprotein that localizes mostly to the perinuclear area of infected cells, although a small amount of the protein is also found in nucleus. Much has been learned about the structure and function of this important regulatory protein in recent years. It forms highly stable dimers/oligomers in vitro and in vivo through its Leu/Ile/Phe-rich domain. Structural NMR studies revealed that this domain adopts an alpha-helix conformation and plays a critical role in the stability of the protein. It associates with cellular proteins, including YB-1, p53, Ku70, FEZ1, HP1α, PP2A, AP-3, PCNA, and α-SNAP; and viral proteins, including small t antigen, large T antigen, HIV-1 Tat, and JCV VP1; and significantly contributes the viral transcription and replication. This review summarizes the recent advances in the structural and functional properties of this important regulatory protein. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2115-2127, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, 4 av. de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Anahit Hamazaspyan
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Axman
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wayne Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon H Condra
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, 4 av. de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ellis LC, Koralnik IJ. JC virus nucleotides 376-396 are critical for VP1 capsid protein expression. J Neurovirol 2014; 21:671-8. [PMID: 25142442 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) infection of the brain can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, JCV granule cell neuronopathy, and JCV encephalopathy (JCVE). JCVCPN, isolated from the brain of a patient with JCVE, is a naturally occurring strain of JCV with a 143-base pair deletion in the agnogene. Cell culture studies of JCVCPN have shown that the loss of these nucleotides in the agnogene results in impaired expression of VP1 and infectious virion production. To better understand the role of this DNA sequence in JCV replication, we generated a series of deletions in the agnogene on the backbone of a virus which has a mutated agnoprotein start codon preventing agnoprotein expression. We found that deletion of nucleotides 376-396 results in decreased levels of viral DNA replication and a lack of VP1 expression. These results indicate that these nucleotides play a crucial role in JCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Ellis
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, E/CLS-1005, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Igor J Koralnik
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, E/CLS-1005, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yamaguchi H, Kobayashi S, Maruyama J, Sasaki M, Takada A, Kimura T, Sawa H, Orba Y. Role of the C-terminal region of vervet monkey polyomavirus 1 VP1 in virion formation. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:637-44. [PMID: 24419975 PMCID: PMC4073331 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we detected novel vervet monkey polyomavirus 1 (VmPyV) in a vervet monkey.
Among amino acid sequences of major capsid protein VP1s of other polyomaviruses, VmPyV VP1
is the longest with additional amino acid residues in the C-terminal region. To examine
the role of VmPyV VP1 in virion formation, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) of
VmPyV VP1, because VLP is a useful tool for the investigation of the morphological
characters of polyomavirus virions. After the full-length VmPyV VP1 was subcloned into a
mammalian expression plasmid, the plasmid was transfected into human embryonic kidney 293T
(HEK293T) cells. Thereafter, VmPyV VLPs were purified from the cell lysates of the
transfected cells via sucrose gradient sedimentation. Electron microscopic analyses
revealed that VmPyV VP1 forms VLPs with a diameter of approximately 50 nm that are
exclusively localized in cell nuclei. Furthermore, we generated VLPs consisting of the
deletion mutant VmPyV VP1 (ΔC VP1) lacking the C-terminal 116 amino acid residues and
compared its VLP formation efficiency and morphology to those of VLPs from wild-type VmPyV
VP1 (WT VP1). WT and ΔC VP1 VLPs were similar in size, but the number of ΔC VP1 VLPs was
much lower than that of WT VP1 VLPs in VP1-expressing HEK293T cells. These results suggest
that the length of VP1 is unrelated to virion morphology; however, the C-terminal region
of VmPyV VP1 affects the efficiency of its VLP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
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Ellis LC, Norton E, Dang X, Koralnik IJ. Agnogene deletion in a novel pathogenic JC virus isolate impairs VP1 expression and virion production. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80840. [PMID: 24265839 PMCID: PMC3827225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of glial cells by the human polyomavirus JC (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV Encephalopathy (JCVE) is a newly identified disease characterized by JCV infection of cortical pyramidal neurons. The virus JCVCPN associated with JCVE contains a unique 143 base pair deletion in the agnogene. Contrary to most JCV brain isolates, JCVCPN has an archetype-like regulatory region (RR) usually found in kidney strains. This provided us with the unique opportunity to determine for the first time how each of these regions contributed to the phenotype of JCVCPN. We characterized the replication of JCVCPN compared to the prototype virus JCVMad-1 in kidney, glial and neuronal cell lines. We found that JCVCPN is capable of replicating viral DNA in all cell lines tested, but is unable to establish persistent infection seen with JCVMad-1. JCVCPN does not have an increased ability to replicate in the neuronal cell line tested. To determine whether this phenotype results from the archetype-like RR or the agnogene deletion, we generated chimeric viruses between JCVCPN of JCVMad-1. We found that the deletion in the agnogene is the predominant cause of the inability of the virus to maintain a persistent infection, with the introduction of a full length agnogene, either with or without agnoprotein expression, rescues the replication of JCVCPN. Studying this naturally occurring pathogenic variant of JCV provides a valuable tool for understanding the functions of the agnogene and RR form in JCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Ellis
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Norton
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xin Dang
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Igor J. Koralnik
- Division of Neurovirology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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