1
|
Ladurner M, Lindner AK, Rehder P, Tulchiner G. The influence of sex hormones on renal cell carcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359241269664. [PMID: 39175990 PMCID: PMC11339752 DOI: 10.1177/17588359241269664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer is a common malignancy that constitutes around 5% of all cancer cases. Males are twice as likely to acquire renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared to females and experience a higher rate of mortality. These disparities indicate that sex hormone (SH)-dependent pathways may have an impact on the aetiology and pathophysiology of RCC. Examination of SH involvement in conventional signalling pathways, as well as genetics and genomics, especially the involvement of ribonucleic acid, reveal further insights into sex-related differences. An understanding of SHs and their influence on kidney cancer is essential to offer patients individualized medicine that would better meet their needs in terms of prevention, diagnosis and treatment. This review presents the understanding of sex-related differences in the clinical manifestation of kidney cancer patients and the underlying biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ladurner
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Peter Rehder
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gennadi Tulchiner
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Żabińska M, Wiśniewska K, Węgrzyn G, Pierzynowska K. Exploring the physiological role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and its associations with human diseases. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 166:107070. [PMID: 38733757 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen is a group of hormones that collaborate with the nervous system to impact the overall well-being of all genders. It influences many processes, including those occurring in the central nervous system, affecting learning and memory, and playing roles in neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. The hormone's action is mediated by specific receptors. Significant roles of classical estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, in various diseases were known since many years, but after identifying a structurally and locationally distinct receptor, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), its role in human physiology and pathophysiology was investigated. This review compiles GPER-related information, highlighting its impact on homeostasis and diseases, while putting special attention on functions and dysfunctions of this receptor in neurobiology and biobehavioral processes. Understanding the receptor modulation possibilities is essential for therapy, as disruptions in receptors can lead to diseases or disorders, irrespective of correct estrogen levels. We conclude that studies on the GPER receptor have the potential to develop therapies that regulate estrogen and positively impact human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żabińska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Karolina Wiśniewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, Gdansk 80-308, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sturla Irizarry SM, Cathey AL, Rosario Pabón ZY, Vélez Vega CM, Alshawabkeh AN, Cordero JF, Watkins DJ, Meeker JD. Urinary phenol and paraben concentrations in association with markers of inflammation during pregnancy in Puerto Rico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170889. [PMID: 38360311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to phenols and parabens may contribute to increased maternal inflammation and adverse birth outcomes, but these effects are not well-studied in humans. This study aimed to investigate relationships between concentrations of 8 phenols and 4 parabens with 6 inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein (CRP); matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 2, and 9; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1); and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)) measured at two time points in pregnancy in the PROTECT birth cohort in Puerto Rico. Linear mixed models were used, adjusting for covariates of interest. Results are expressed as the percent change in outcome per interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure. Particularly among phenols, numerous significant negative associations were found, for example, between benzophenone-3 and CRP (-11.21 %, 95 % CI: -17.82, -4.07) and triclocarban and MMP2 (-9.87 %, 95 % CI: -14.05, -5.5). However, significant positive associations were also detected, for instance, between bisphenol-A (BPA) and CRP (9.77 %, 95 % CI: 0.67, 19.68) and methyl-paraben and MMP1 (10.78 %, 95 % CI: 2.17, 20.11). Significant interactions with female fetal sex and the later study visit (at 24-28 weeks gestation) showed more positive associations compared to male fetal sex and the earlier study visit (16-20 weeks gestation). Our results suggest that phenols and parabens may disrupt inflammatory processes pertaining to uterine remodeling and endothelial function, with important implications for pregnancy outcomes. More research is needed to further understand maternal inflammatory status in an effort to improve reproductive and developmental outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber L Cathey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Zaira Y Rosario Pabón
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Carmen M Vélez Vega
- Department of Social Sciences, Doctoral Program in Social Determinants of Health, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - José F Cordero
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA.
| | - Deborah J Watkins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang D, Chen H, Wang J, Ji J, Imam M, Zhang Z, Yan S. Current progress and prospects for G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in triple-negative breast cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1338448. [PMID: 38476263 PMCID: PMC10928007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1338448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) plays a crucial role in mediating the effect of estrogen and estrogen-like compounds in TNBC cells. Compared with other subtypes, GPER has a higher expression in TNBC. The GPER mechanisms have been thoroughly characterized and analyzed in estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive breast cancer, but not in TNBC. Our previous work revealed that a higher expression of GPER mRNA indicates a better prognosis for ERα-positive breast cancer; however, its effects in TNBC differ. Whether GPER could serve as a predictive prognostic marker or therapeutic target for TNBC remains unclear. In this review, we provide a detailed introduction to the subcellular localization of GPER, the different effects of various ligands, and the interactions between GPER and closely associated factors in TNBC. We focused on the internal molecular mechanisms specific to TNBC and thoroughly explored the role of GPER in promoting tumor development. We also discussed the interaction of GPER with specific cytokines and chemokines, and the relationship between GPER and immune evasion. Additionally, we discussed the feasibility of using GPER as a therapeutic target in the context of existing studies. This comprehensive review highlights the effects of GPER on TNBC, providing a framework and directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen S, Luo X, Yang B, Zhuang J, Guo J, Zhu Y, Mo J. The combined signatures of G protein-coupled receptor family and immune landscape provide a prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in endometrial carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:14701-14719. [PMID: 37584707 PMCID: PMC10602984 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) are one of the largest surface receptor superfamilies, and many of them play essential roles in biological processes, including immune responses. In this study, we aim to construct a GPR- and tumor immune environment (TME-i)-associated risk signature to predict the prognosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC). The GPR score was generated by applying univariate Cox regression and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox regression in succession. This involved identifying the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Cancer Genome Atlas-Uterine Corpus Endometrioid Carcinoma (TCGA-UCEC) cohort. Simultaneously, the CIBERSORT algorithm was applied to identify the protective immune cells for TME score construction. Subsequently, we combined the GPR and TME scores to establish a GPR-TME classifier for conducting clinical prognosis assessments. Various functional annotation algorithms were used to conduct biological process analysis distinguished by GPR-TME subgroups. Furthermore, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to depict the tumor somatic mutations landscapes. Finally, we compared the immune-related molecules between GPR-TME subgroups and resorted to the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) for immunotherapy response prediction. The mRNA and protein expression of GPR-related gene P2RY14 were, respectively, validated by RT-PCR in clinical samples and HPA database. To conclude, our GPR-TME classifier may aid in predicting the EC patients' prognosis and immunotherapy responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyue Chen
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xukai Luo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baicai Yang
- Jiaxing University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jingming Zhuang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinshuai Guo
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Jiaxing University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jiahang Mo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reichenbach J, Fraungruber P, Mayr D, Buschmann C, Kraus FBT, Topalov NE, Chelariu-Raicu A, Kolben T, Burges A, Mahner S, Kessler M, Jeschke U, Czogalla B, Trillsch F. Nuclear receptor co-repressor NCOR2 and its relation to GPER with prognostic impact in ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04708-z. [PMID: 37131060 PMCID: PMC10374731 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The significance of the non-classical G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) as positive or negative prognostic factor for ovarian cancer patients remains still controversial. Recent results indicate that an imbalance of both co-factors and co-repressors of nuclear receptors regulates ovarian carcinogenesis by altering the transcriptional activity through chromatin remodeling. The present study aims to investigate whether the expression of the nuclear co-repressor NCOR2 plays a role in GPER signaling which thereby could positively impact overall survival rates of ovarian cancer patients. METHODS NCOR2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 156 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tumor samples and correlated with GPER expression. The correlation and differences in clinical and histopathological variables as well as their effect on prognosis were analyzed by Spearman's correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test and Kaplan-Meier estimates. RESULTS Histologic subtypes were associated with different NCOR2 expression patterns. More specifically, serous and mucinous EOC demonstrated a higher NCOR2 expression (P = 0.008). In addition, high nuclear NCOR2 expression correlated significantly with high GPER expression (cc = 0.245, P = 0.008). A combined evaluation of both high NCOR2 (IRS > 6) and high GPER (IRS > 8) expression revealed an association of a significantly improved overall survival (median OS 50.9 versus 105.1 months, P = 0.048). CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that nuclear co-repressors such as NCOR2 may influence the transcription of target genes in EOC such as GPER. Understanding the role of nuclear co-repressors on signaling pathways will allow a better understanding of the factors involved in prognosis and clinical outcome of EOC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Reichenbach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Fraungruber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Thalkirchner Strasse 36, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Buschmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian B T Kraus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Elisabeth Topalov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Anca Chelariu-Raicu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Burges
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Czogalla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Trillsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guha P, Sen K, Chowdhury P, Mukherjee D. Estrogen receptors as potential therapeutic target in endometrial cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2023; 43:19-26. [PMID: 36883690 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2023.2187643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological carcinomas in both developed and developing countries. Majority of the gynecological malignancies are hormonally driven where estrogen signaling acts as an oncogenic signal. Estrogen's effects are mediated via classical nuclear estrogen receptors; estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) and a trans-membrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30 and GPER). ERs and GPER through ligand binding triggers multiple downstream signaling pathways causing cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, migration, and apoptosis in various tissues including endometrium. Although the molecular aspect of estrogen function in ER-mediated signaling is now partly understood, the same is not true for GPER-mediated signaling in endometrial malignancies. Understanding the physiological roles of ERα and GPER in EC biology therefore leads to the identification of some novel therapeutic targets. Here we review the effect of estrogen signaling through ERα-and GPER in EC, major types, and some affordable treatment approaches for endometrial tumor patients which has interesting implications in understanding uterine cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payel Guha
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.,Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Koushik Sen
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India.,Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram, India
| | | | - Dilip Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hojnik M, Sinreih M, Anko M, Hevir-Kene N, Knific T, Pirš B, Grazio SF, Rižner TL. The Co-Expression of Estrogen Receptors ERα, ERβ, and GPER in Endometrial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3009. [PMID: 36769338 PMCID: PMC9918160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have important roles in endometrial cancer (EC) and exert biological effects through the classical estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ, and the G-protein-coupled ER, GPER. So far, the co-expression of these three types of ERs has not been studied in EC. We investigated ERα, ERβ, GPER mRNA and protein levels, and their intracellular protein distributions in EC tissue and in adjacent control endometrial tissue. Compared to control endometrial tissue, immunoreactivity for ERα in EC tissue was weaker for nuclei with minor, but unchanged, cytoplasmic staining; mRNA and protein levels showed decreased patterns for ERα in EC tissue. For ERβ, across both tissue types, the immunoreactivity was unchanged for nuclei and cytoplasm, although EC tissues again showed lower mRNA and protein levels compared to adjacent control endometrial tissue. The immunoreactivity of GPER as well as mRNA levels of GPER were unchanged across cancer and control endometrial tissues, while protein levels were lower in EC tissue. Statistically significant correlations of estrogen receptor α (ESR1) versus estrogen receptor β (ESR2) and GPER variant 3,4 versus ESR1 and ESR2 was seen at the mRNA level. At the protein level studied with Western blotting, there was significant correlation of ERα versus GPER, and ERβ versus GPER. While in clinical practice the expression of ERα is routinely tested in EC tissue, ERβ and GPER need to be further studied to examine their potential as prognostic markers, provided that specific and validated antibodies are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Hojnik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maša Sinreih
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Anko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neli Hevir-Kene
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Knific
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Pirš
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zang Y, Li H, Liu S, Zhao R, Zhang K, Zang Y, Wang Y, Xue F. The roles and clinical applications of interleukins in endometrial carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1001693. [PMID: 36531027 PMCID: PMC9748080 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, endometrial carcinoma (EC) seriously endangers women's health with an increasing incidence. The oncogenesis and progression of cancer are closely linked with immune microenvironment, of which interleukins are the important components. In order to illustrate the roles and clinical applications of interleukins in EC, literature of interleukins and EC were reviewed. Based on the present studies, interleukins play crucial roles in the oncogenesis and development of EC via regulating the proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy of EC as well as the immune function against EC. And some of the interleukins seems to have prospective clinical applications in EC, such as evaluating the risk of tumorigenesis, discriminating the malignancy from benign disorders or normal condition, indicating cancer aggressiveness, predicting the prognosis of patients and serving as the novel therapy. However, there is still a long way to go before the clinical applications of interleukins in EC come into reality. Nevertheless, it is certain that the exploration of interleukins will definitely be of great benefit to the screening, diagnosis and treatment of EC in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Zang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanrong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqi Zang
- Hangzhou College of Preschool Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lei P, Wang H, Yu L, Xu C, Sun H, Lyu Y, Li L, Zhang DL. A correlation study of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets in Uterine Corpus Endometrial cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
11
|
Zhao Y, Liu H, Fan M, Miao Y, Zhao X, Wei Q, Ma B. G protein-coupled receptor 30 mediates cell proliferation of goat mammary epithelial cells via MEK/ERK&PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:2027-2037. [PMID: 35659445 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2083708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland of mammals possesses the specific function of synthesizing, secreting, and delivering milk. Notably, mammary epithelial cells are considered to be central to control the expansion and remodeling of mammary gland into a milk-secretory organ. And the biological function of mammary gland is mainly regulated by the endocrine system, especially for estrogen. G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), an estrogen membrane receptor, mediates estrogen-induced functions of physiology and pathophysiology. However, the relationship between estrogen/GPR30 signaling and proliferation of goat mammary epithelial cells (gMECs) is still unclear. Herein, estrogen promoted cell proliferation than control, as evidence by upregulation of cell numbers, BrdU-positive cell counts, and cell viability. Of note, these activities were all obviously reduced by treatment with GPR30 antagonist G15, yet GPR30 agonist G1 increased cell proliferation than control. Further, GPR30 silencing inhibited cell proliferation than negative control. This inhibition was accompanied by a G2/M phase arrest and downregulation of cell cycle regulators. Meanwhile, estrogen increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT. Further, the protein level of p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT was enhanced by GPR30 agonist G1 but inhibited by GPR30 antagonist G15 and GPR30 silencing. Importantly, MEK inhibitor and PI3K inhibitor decreased the expression of cell cycle regulators, and repressed estrogen-induced and G1-driven promotion of cell proliferation, suggesting that estrogen regulated cell proliferation of gMECs through mechanisms involving cell cycle, dependent of GPR30 and MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This may provide a strong theoretical basis for researching estrogen sustained-release drugs promoting breast development and improving lactation performance.Abbreviations: gMECs, goat mammary epithelial cells; E2, 17β-estradiol; GPR30, G protein-coupled receptor 30; shRNA, small hairpin RNA; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT, proteinkinase B; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haokun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingzhen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bubb M, Beyer ASL, Dasgupta P, Kaemmerer D, Sänger J, Evert K, Wirtz RM, Schulz S, Lupp A. Assessment of G Protein-Coupled Oestrogen Receptor Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Tissues Using a Novel Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095191. [PMID: 35563581 PMCID: PMC9099907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical oestrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, a G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) has been identified that primarily mediates the rapid, non-genomic signalling of oestrogens. Data on GPER expression at the protein level are contradictory; therefore, the present study was conducted to re-evaluate GPER expression by immunohistochemistry to obtain broad GPER expression profiles in human non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues, especially those not investigated in this respect so far. We developed and thoroughly characterised a novel rabbit monoclonal anti-human GPER antibody, 20H15L21, using Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry. The antibody was then applied to a large series of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissue samples. In normal tissue, GPER was identified in distinct cell populations of the cortex and the anterior pituitary; islets and pancreatic ducts; fundic glands of the stomach; the epithelium of the duodenum and gallbladder; hepatocytes; proximal tubules of the kidney; the adrenal medulla; and syncytiotrophoblasts and decidua cells of the placenta. GPER was also expressed in hepatocellular, pancreatic, renal, and endometrial cancers, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, and pheochromocytomas. The novel antibody 20H15L21 will serve as a valuable tool for basic research and the identification of GPER-expressing tumours during histopathological examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bubb
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna-Sophia Lieselott Beyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Pooja Dasgupta
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Kaemmerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Jörg Sänger
- Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, 99438 Bad Berka, Germany;
| | - Katja Evert
- Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralph M. Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.B.); (A.-S.L.B.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9325678; Fax: +49-3641-9325652
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
DeLeon C, Pemberton K, Green M, Kalajdzic V, Rosato M, Xu F, Arnatt C. Novel GPER Agonist, CITFA, Increases Neurite Growth in Rat Embryonic (E18) Hippocampal Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1119-1128. [PMID: 35353510 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported neuroprotective and procognitive effects of estrogens. The estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) activates both the classical nuclear estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ as well as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). The differential effects of targeting the classical estrogen receptors over GPER are not well-understood. A limited number of selective GPER compounds have been described. In this study, 10 novel compounds were synthesized and exhibited half-maximal effective concentration values greater than the known GPER agonist G-1 in calcium mobilization assays performed in nonadherent HL-60 cells. Of these compounds, 2-cyclohexyl-4-isopropyl-N-((5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl)aniline, referred to as CITFA, significantly increased axonal and dendritic growth in neurons extracted from embryonic day 18 (E18) fetal rat hippocampal neurons. Confirmation of the results was performed by treating E18 hippocampal neurons with known GPER-selective antagonist G-36 and challenging with either E2, G-1, or CITFA. Results from these studies revealed an indistinguishable difference in neurite outgrowth between the treatment and control groups, exhibiting that neurite outgrowth in response to G-1 and CITFA originates from GPER activation and can be abolished with pretreatment of an antagonist. Subsequent docking studies using a homology model of GPER showed unique docking poses between G-1 and CIFTA. While docking poses differed between the ligands, CIFTA exhibited more favorable distance, bond angle, and strain for hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea DeLeon
- The Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Kyle Pemberton
- The Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Michael Green
- The Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Vanja Kalajdzic
- The Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Martina Rosato
- The Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Fenglian Xu
- The Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Christopher Arnatt
- The Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
- The Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu K, Huang ZY, Xu XL, Li J, Fu XW, Deng SL. Estrogen Receptor Function: Impact on the Human Endometrium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:827724. [PMID: 35295981 PMCID: PMC8920307 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.827724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of estrogen in the female endometrium is well established. On the basis of responses to steroid hormones (progesterone, androgen, and estrogen), the endometrium is considered to have proliferative and secretory phases. Estrogen can act in the endometrium by interacting with estrogen receptors (ERs) to induce mucosal proliferation during the proliferative phase and progesterone receptor (PR) synthesis, which prepare the endometrium for the secretory phase. Mouse knockout studies have shown that ER expression, including ERα, ERβ, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in the endometrium is critical for normal menstrual cycles and subsequent pregnancy. Incorrect expression of ERs can produce many diseases that can cause endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia (EH), and endometrial cancer (EC), which affect numerous women of reproductive age. ERα promotes uterine cell proliferation and is strongly associated with an increased risk of EC, while ERβ has the opposite effects on ERα function. GPER is highly expressed in abnormal EH, but its expression in EC patients is paradoxical. Effective treatments for endometrium-related diseases depend on understanding the physiological function of ERs; however, much less is known about the signaling pathways through which ERs functions in the normal endometrium or in endometrial diseases. Given the important roles of ERs in the endometrium, we reviewed the published literature to elaborate the regulatory role of estrogen and its nuclear and membrane-associated receptors in maintaining the function of endometrium and to provide references for protecting female reproduction. Additionally, the role of drugs such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, fulvestrant and G-15 in the endometrium are also described. Future studies should focus on evaluating new therapeutic strategies that precisely target specific ERs and their related growth factor signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Huang
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xue-Ling Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chimento A, De Luca A, Avena P, De Amicis F, Casaburi I, Sirianni R, Pezzi V. Estrogen Receptors-Mediated Apoptosis in Hormone-Dependent Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1242. [PMID: 35163166 PMCID: PMC8835409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that estrogen stimulates growth and inhibits apoptosis through estrogen receptor(ER)-mediated mechanisms in many cancer cell types. Interestingly, there is strong evidence that estrogens can also induce apoptosis, activating different ER isoforms in cancer cells. It has been observed that E2/ERα complex activates multiple pathways involved in both cell cycle progression and apoptotic cascade prevention, while E2/ERβ complex in many cases directs the cells to apoptosis. However, the exact mechanism of estrogen-induced tumor regression is not completely known. Nevertheless, ERs expression levels of specific splice variants and their cellular localization differentially affect outcome of estrogen-dependent tumors. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on ERs-mediated apoptosis that occurs in main hormone dependent-cancers. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of ER-mediated cell death will be useful for the development of specific ligands capable of triggering apoptosis to counteract estrogen-dependent tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Chimento
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Arianna De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Paola Avena
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galuszka A, Pawlicki P, Pardyak L, Chmurska-Gąsowska M, Pietsch-Fulbiszewska A, Duliban M, Turek W, Dubniewicz K, Ramisz G, Kotula-Balak M. Abundance of estrogen receptors involved in non-canonical signaling in the dog testis. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 235:106888. [PMID: 34839117 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With estrogen regulation of the reproductive system, G-protein-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (GPER) and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are implicated. Non-canonical receptors can bind estrogens such as environmental and pharmacological chemicals. These compounds induce rapid non-genomic pathways or receptor interaction including autoactivation. Testicular tumors occur in dogs more frequently than in other domestic animals. Also, in recent decades there were increased occurrences of various tumor types in dogs. Using qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry procedures in the present study, there was determination of abundance pattern of GPER, ERRα, β and γ in dog tests when there were intratubular germ cell tumors. There was quantitation of estradiol, cyclic GMP and calcium ions (Ca2+). There were changes (P < 0.01; P < 0.001) in GPER, ERRα and β in both mRNA transcript and protein abundances including less (P < 0.001) co-abundance of ERRγ mRNA transcript and protein. Receptors were mainly located in Leydig cells with there being receptor delocalization to the cell cytoplasm or occasionally detections in the seminiferous tubule epithelia, especially of testicular tumor tissues. There were also greater estradiol (P < 0.05) and lesser cGMP and Ca2+ concentrations in testicular tumor tissues indicating there was a disrupted sex steroid milieu and tumor cell metastasis. Results from the present study provide further evidence that ERRγ has marked actions in testicular germ cell tumor initiation and development and in further structural-functional disruptions of dog testis. Concomitantly, abundance pattern of GPER and ERRs, relative to concentrations of cGMP and Ca2+, may be an additional indicator of intratubular germ cell tumors in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Galuszka
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlicki
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Laura Pardyak
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Chmurska-Gąsowska
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pietsch-Fulbiszewska
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Duliban
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Turek
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dubniewicz
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ramisz
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Zhang YW, Zhang NJ, Yin S, Ruan DJ, He N, Chen X, Yang XF. Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 80 Suppresses Nonylphenol-Induced Colorectal Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting the Activation of ERK1/2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:759820. [PMID: 34746152 PMCID: PMC8570822 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.759820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the effect of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the cancer procession has been a concern. Nonylphenol (NP) is a common environmental estrogen that has been shown to enhance the proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in our previous studies; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we confirmed the increased concentration of NP in the serum of patients with CRC. RNA sequencing was used to explore the differentially expressed genes after NP exposure. We found 16 upregulated genes and 12 downregulated genes in COLO205 cells after NP treatment. Among these differentially expressed genes, we found that coiled-coil domain containing 80 (CCDC80) was downregulated by NP treatment and was associated with CRC progression. Further experiments revealed that the overexpression of CCDC80 significantly suppressed NP-induced cell proliferation and recovered the reduced cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, the overexpression of CCDC80 significantly inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 induced by NP treatment. ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) treatment also suppressed NP-induced CRC cell growth, but the overexpression of CCDC80 did not enhance the effect of ERK1/2 inhibitor. Taken together, NP treatment significantly inhibited the expression of CCDC80, and the overexpression of CCDC80 suppressed NP-induced CRC cell growth by inhibiting the activation of ERK1/2. These results suggest that NP could induce CRC cell growth by influencing the expression of multiple genes. CCDC80 and ERK1/2 inhibitors may be suitable therapeutic targets in NP-related CRC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Nian-Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuo Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Du-Ji Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Nian He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pepermans RA, Sharma G, Prossnitz ER. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in Cancer and Stromal Cells: Functions and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030672. [PMID: 33802978 PMCID: PMC8002620 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological systems. Its role in driving estrogen receptor-expressing breast cancers is well established, but it also has important roles in a number of other cancers, acting both on tumor cells directly as well as in the function of multiple cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and adipocytes, which can greatly impact carcinogenesis. One of its receptors, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), has gained much interest over the last decade in both health and disease. Increasing evidence shows that GPER contributes to clinically observed endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer while also playing a complex role in a number of other cancers. Recent discoveries regarding the targeting of GPER in combination with immune checkpoint inhibition, particularly in melanoma, have led to the initiation of the first Phase I clinical trial for the GPER-selective agonist G-1. Furthermore, its functions in metabolism and corresponding pathophysiological states, such as obesity and diabetes, are becoming more evident and suggest additional therapeutic value in targeting GPER for both cancer and other diseases. Here, we highlight the roles of GPER in several cancers, as well as in metabolism and immune regulation, and discuss the therapeutic value of targeting this estrogen receptor as a potential treatment for cancer as well as contributing metabolic and inflammatory diseases and conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Pepermans
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric R. Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (R.A.P.); (G.S.)
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-505-272-5647
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu S, Chen F, Zhang Y, Cai L, Qiu W, Yang M. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 mediates estrogen effect in red common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108868. [PMID: 32791253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) plays a crucial role in the regulation of non-genomic estrogen effect. However, the research about fish GPER1 is still limited. The present study aims to obtain the full-length sequence of gper1 from red common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and characterize its expression pattern, and to further explore its potential role in regulating the environmental estrogen induced immunotoxicity. We first cloned the full-length mRNA and genomic sequences of gper1 in C. carpio by PCR, and obtained a 1908 bp sequence with a 1062 bp open reading frame encoding GPER1 protein with 353 amino acids. Additionally, qRT-PCR showed that gper1 was expressed across different tissues in C. carpio, with the highest expression in the brain, which is similar to that in zebrafish. Moreover, applying a luciferase reporter system, we found that the promotor sequence of gper1 has strong activity, and similar to GPER1 in other animals, carp GPER1 also has seven-transmembrane domains, indicating its potential functions. We confirmed the binding ability of GPER1 with G1 and G15 in primary macrophages of C. carpio by testing the related gene expression levels after 6 h exposure, and similar to G1, bisphenol A (BPA), a typical environmental estrogen, could interact with GPER1 to increase the Ca2+ concentration in macrophages treated for 30 min. Furthermore, inhibition of GPER1 with GPER1 antagonist G36 rescued the cellular immunotoxicity caused by BPA, which further suggested that carp GPER1 could mediate the estrogen effect. Our findings contribute to better understanding of the role of carp GPER1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ling Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Luo F, Guo H, Yu H, Li Y, Feng Y, Wang Y. PM2.5 organic extract mediates inflammation through the ERβ pathway to contribute to lung carcinogenesis in vitro and vivo. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127867. [PMID: 32841872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of researches have shown that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is closely related to increased respiratory inflammation and can even lead to lung cancer. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has been demonstrated to be involved in several cancers. However, the exact role of ERβ in PM2.5 organic extract (Po)-promoted inflammation and lung cancer remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether ERβ is involved in Po induced inflammation and lung cancer. In vitro, our results showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and ERβ were simultaneously increased in lung bronchial epithelial cells exposed to Po; additionally, inhibition of ERβ decreased IL-6 expression and secretion through inactivating ERK and AKT and further promoted cells malignant transformation. Moreover, we performed an animal model of inhalation exposure to Po using female C57BL/6 mice. Although we were unable to find tumor tissue in mice exposed to Po, we detected evidence of lung inflammation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype and severe pulmonary injury; in addition, intraperitoneal injection of PHTPP (an ERβ inhibitor) showed that the above phenomena have been improved, which demonstrate that Po stimulates IL-6 expression to promote inflammation, EMT phenotype and lung injury through the ERβ pathway. In conclusion, our results confirmed the potential toxic effect of PM2.5, and increased our understanding of PM2.5 carcinogenic potential by exploring the mechanism of ERβ regulating inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luo
- Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Huaqi Guo
- Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Hengyi Yu
- Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Feng
- Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim M, Kim YS, Choi JI, Kim JM, Lee HH, Kim TH. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 expression in normal myometrium, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissues of premenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:599-604. [PMID: 32321334 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1751108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To verify the different expression of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) among normal uterine, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissues. Normal uterine, leiomyoma, and adenomyosis tissue samples were obtained from women aged 35-52 years from a tertiary university hospital. The tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemical, Western blot, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of GPER1. GPER1 protein expression was confirmed in the tissues by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses and compared with GPER1 mRNA levels using RT-PCR. GPER1 was detected in the tissue samples of leiomyoma and adenomyosis, which are estrogen-dependent diseases. GPER1 expression was similar between normal uterine and leiomyoma tissues but was reduced in adenomyosis tissue. The level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 was lower and higher in leiomyoma and adenomyosis tissues, respectively, than in normal tissue, but the differences among the groups were not statistically significant. Our immunohistochemical, Western blot, and RT-PCR results suggest that GPER1 expression is involved in cell proliferation in leiomyoma and in cell invasion and migration in adenomyosis. Functional studies of GPER1 involving larger sample sizes should be performed to confirm the adenomyosis and leiomyoma disease mechanisms and eventually to develop new therapeutic interventions for these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Suk Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University Graduate School, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong In Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyeog Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bisphenol A induces focal adhesions assembly and activation of FAK, Src and ERK2 via GPER in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104871. [PMID: 32325111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial synthetic chemical used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Human exposition to BPA is primarily through eating food, and drinking liquids, because BPA can leach from polycarbonate plastic containers, beverage cans and epoxy resins. BPA induces proliferation and migration in human breast cancer cells. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a G protein-coupled receptor coupled with Gs proteins that is activated by estrogen and estrogenic compounds and it is the receptor for BPA. However, the signal transduction pathways that mediate migration via BPA/GPER in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells has not been studied in detail. Here, we demonstrate that BPA induces an increase of GPER expression and activation of FAK, Src and ERK2, and an increase of focal adhesion assembly via GPER in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, BPA induces FAK and ERK2 activation, focal adhesion assembly and migration via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. Collectively our data showed that BPA via GPER and/or EGFR transactivation induces activation of signal transduction pathways that mediate migration in TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hernández-Silva CD, Villegas-Pineda JC, Pereira-Suárez AL. Expression and Role of the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPR30/GPER) in the Development and Immune Response in Female Reproductive Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:544. [PMID: 32973677 PMCID: PMC7468389 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health issue and represents the second leading cause of death in women worldwide, as female reproductive-related neoplasms are the main cause of incidence and mortality. Female reproductive cancers have a close relationship to estrogens, the principal female sex steroid hormones. Estrogens exert their actions by the nuclear estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). ERα, and ERβ act as transcription factors mediating genomic effects. Besides, the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, formerly known as GPR30) was recently described as a seven-transmembrane receptor that mediates non-genomic estrogenic signaling, including calcium mobilization, cAMP synthesis, cleavage of matrix metalloproteinases, transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the subsequent activation of PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways, which are the reasons why it is related to cellular processes, such as cell-cycle progression, cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Since its discovery, selective agonists and antagonists have been found and developed. GPER has been implicated in a variety of hormone-responsiveness tumors, such as breast, endometrial, ovarian, cervical, prostate, and testicular cancer as well as lung, hepatic, thyroid, colorectal, and adrenocortical cancers. Nevertheless, GPER actions in cancer are still debatable due to the conflicting information that has been reported to date, since many reports indicate that activation of this receptor can modulate carcinogenesis. In contrast, many others show that its activation inhibits tumor activity. Besides, estrogens play an essential role in the regulation of the immune system, but little information exists about the role of GPER activation on its modulation within cancer context. This review focuses on the role that the stimulation of GPER plays in female reproductive neoplasms, specifically breast, endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancers, in its tumor activity and immune response regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian David Hernández-Silva
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Luo J, Liu D. Does GPER Really Function as a G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor in vivo? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:148. [PMID: 32296387 PMCID: PMC7137379 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen can elicit pleiotropic cellular responses via a diversity of estrogen receptors (ERs)-mediated genomic and rapid non-genomic mechanisms. Unlike the genomic responses, where the classical nuclear ERα and ERβ act as transcriptional factors following estrogen binding to regulate gene transcription in estrogen target tissues, the non-genomic cellular responses to estrogen are believed to start at the plasma membrane, leading to rapid activation of second messengers-triggered cytoplasmic signal transduction cascades. The recently acknowledged ER, GPR30 or GPER, was discovered in human breast cancer cells two decades ago and subsequently in many other cells. Since its discovery, it has been claimed that estrogen, ER antagonist fulvestrant, as well as some estrogenic compounds can directly bind to GPER, and therefore initiate the non-genomic cellular responses. Various recently developed genetic tools as well as chemical ligands greatly facilitated research aimed at determining the physiological roles of GPER in different tissues. However, there is still lack of evidence that GPER plays a significant role in mediating endogenous estrogen action in vivo. This review summarizes current knowledge about GPER, including its tissue expression and cellular localization, with emphasis on the research findings elucidating its role in health and disease. Understanding the role of GPER in estrogen signaling will provide opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies to strengthen the benefits of estrogen while limiting the potential side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dongmin Liu
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Deng J, Wang W, Yu G, Ma X. MicroRNA‑195 inhibits epithelial‑mesenchymal transition by targeting G protein‑coupled estrogen receptor 1 in endometrial carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4023-4032. [PMID: 31545414 PMCID: PMC6797983 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to exert promoting effects on the progression of a number of cancer types, including endometrial carcinoma (EC). MicroRNA (miRNA or miR)-195 has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor. This study aimed to explore the potential role of miR-195 in the EMT process of EC. miR-195 overexpression (Mimics) and mimics control (Mock) vectors were constructed and transfected into human endometrial cancer cells (AN3-CA and Hec1A) using Lipofectamine 2000, and cell viability was detected using the Cell Counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The invasive and migratory capacities of the cells transfected with the Mimics or Mock vectors were assessed by Transwell and wound healing assays. Relative mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Using TargetScan prediction, the potential target of miR-195 was identified and was further verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Following transfection with miR-195 mimics, the viability of the AN3-CA and Hec1A cells decreased in a time-dependent manner, specifically at 24 h. The wound closure rate and the number of invaded cells in the Mimics group were much lower than those in the Control and Mock groups (P<0.01). miR-195 overexpression significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), while it downregulated the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT were also notably decreased (P<0.01). G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) was identified as a target of miR-195. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that the inhibitory effects of miR195 on EC cell migration and invasion are associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and GPER expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong 264012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang X, Wang J. The Role of Metabolic Syndrome in Endometrial Cancer: A Review. Front Oncol 2019; 9:744. [PMID: 31440472 PMCID: PMC6694738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive system. Although surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy can significantly improve the survival of patients, the treatment of patients with very early lesions and a strong desire to retain reproductive function or late recurrence is still in the early stages. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of at least three of the five following medical conditions: central obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Obesity, diabetes and hypertension often coexist in patients with endometrial cancer, which increases the risk of endometrial cancer, also known as the "triple syndrome of endometrial cancer." In recent years, epidemiological and clinical studies have found that MS associated with metabolic diseases is closely related to the incidence of endometrial cancer. However, the key molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of endometrial cancer by MS have not been elucidated to date. Characterizing the tumor metabolism microenvironment will be advantageous for achieving a comprehensive view of the molecular mechanism of metabolic syndrome associated with endometrial cancer and for providing a new target for the treatment of endometrial cancer. This review focuses on recent advances in determining the role of metabolic syndrome-related factors and mechanisms in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. We suggest that interfering with the tumor metabolic microenvironment-related molecular signals may inhibit the occurrence of endometrial cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianliu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xie M, Liang JL, Huang HD, Wang MJ, Zhang T, Yang XF. Low Doses of Nonylphenol Promote Growth of Colon Cancer Cells through Activation of ERK1/2 via G Protein‒Coupled Receptor 30. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 51:1620-1631. [PMID: 31096733 PMCID: PMC6790866 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2018.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine disruptor found in products such as cleaners, plastics, and detergents. It exerts actions similar to endogenous 17β-estradiol (E2) and is reported to influence various cancers. However, its role in colon cancer remains elusive. Materials and Methods Colon cancer cell lines COLO 205 and SW480 were employed in our study. The cells were treated with NP or E2 followed by measurement of apoptosis and proliferation using flow cytometry and MTT assays, respectively. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 (GPR30) expression was visualized using immunofluorescence and Western blot. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the expression levels of GPR30, p-protein kinase A (PKA), c-myc, cyclin D1, and ERK1/2 were analyzed using Western blot. Meanwhile, the GPR30 antagonist G15 was utilized to validate the role of GPR30 in colon cancer progression. Finally, the effect of a GPR30 inhibitor on tumor growth was determined in vivo using tumor xenograft mouse models. RESULTS NP facilitated the proliferation of colon cancer cells and induced apoptosis failure in vitro. Western blot revealed increased GPR30 expression levels in response to NP treatment. Cyclin D1, p-PKA, c-myc, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, proteins that regulate the cell cycle, were all upregulated by NP, and NP-mediated ERK1/2 activation and subsequent cell proliferation were abrogated by the GPR30 inhibitor G15. Moreover, colon cancer mice that received G15 administration demonstrated impaired tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Low dose NP promotes the growth of colon tumors through GPR30-mediated activation of ERK1/2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Jin-Long Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Han-Dong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Mai-Jian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Y, Jia Y, Bian Y, Tong H, Qu J, Wang K, Wan XP. Autocrine motility factor promotes endometrial cancer progression by targeting GPER-1. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:22. [PMID: 30836961 PMCID: PMC6402158 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autocrine motility factor (AMF) is a critical factor regulating aggressiveness of endometrial cancer (EC). Multiple pieces of evidence indicate that it is through G protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) signaling pathway that some growth factors promoted the migration and proliferation of tumor cells. The aim of this study is to explore the role of GPER-1 in AMF mediated regulatory mechanisms of EC recurrence and progression. Methods Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) assays were performed to assess whether AMF depends on Autocrine motility factor recepter (AMFR) signaling in EC cells. A genome-wide expression microarray and Yeast Two-Hybrid assay were used to detect AMF and GPER-1 interaction in the context of AMFR depletion, and co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments were performed to confirm the physical interaction. Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) analysis was used for the identification of the target pathway activated by AMF-GPER-1 interaction. Cohorts of mice harboring xenografts derived from modified SPEC2 cell lines were treated with or without exogenous AMF to validate the results of previous experiments. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess AMF and GPER-1 expression in endometrial cancer specimens and normal endometrium. Results Our data showed that GPER-1 binds to AMF and the formed complex translocates from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that interaction between AMF and GPER-1 triggers phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling and promotes EC cell growth. More importantly, through animal experiments and human tissue experiments, we found that AMF contributes to GPER-1-mediated EC progression, which is consistent with the above observations. Conclusions Our work not only delineated the regulatory mechanisms of endometrial cancer progression by AMF-GPER-1-AKT signaling cascade but also laid the foundation of targeting this pathway for treating endometrial cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0336-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhui Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiding Bian
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Huan Tong
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Junjie Qu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Wan
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor protects intestine from ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by protecting the crypt cell proliferation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:449-464. [PMID: 30705108 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical event related with high mortality in patients undergoing surgery or trauma. Estrogen exerts salutary effect on intestinal I/R injury, but the receptor type is not totally understood. We aimed to identify whether the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) could protect the intestine against I/R injury and explored the mechanism. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intestinal I/R injury by clamping (45 min) of the superior mesenteric artery followed by 4 h of intestinal reperfusion. Our results revealed that the selective GPER blocker abolished the protective effect of estrogen on intestinal I/R injury. Selective GPER agonist G-1 significantly alleviated I/R-induced intestinal mucosal damage, neutrophil infiltration, up-regulation of TNF-α and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression, and restored impaired intestinal barrier function. G-1 could ameliorate the impaired crypt cell proliferation ability induced by I/R and restore the decrease in villus height and crypt depth. The up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression after I/R treatment was attenuated by G-1 administration. Moreover, selective iNOS inhibitor had a similar effect with G-1 on promoting the proliferation of crypt cells in the intestinal I/R model. Both GPER and iNOS were expressed in leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) positive stem cells in crypt. Together, these findings demonstrate that GPER activation can prompt epithelial cell repair following intestinal injury, which occurred at least in part by inhibiting the iNOS expression in intestinal stem cells (ISCs). GPER may be a novel therapeutic target for intestinal I/R injury.
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang H, Bai Y, Xiong L, Zhang L, Wei Y, Zhu M, Wu X, Long D, Yang J, Yu L, Xu S, Zhao J. Interaction of estrogen receptor β5 and interleukin 6 receptor in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2028-2038. [PMID: 30216513 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) had interaction in many tumors, including lung cancer. Previous studies found that ERβ5 exhibits a different biological function compared with the other subtypes of ERβ. Therefore, this study mainly explores the interaction between ERβ5 and IL-6R in the progression of lung cancer. We found that the expression of ERβ5, IL-6 and glycoprotein 130 (GP130) were significantly increased (P < 0.001) and the 5-year survival rate with the co-expression of ERβ5 and GP130 is significantly lower (P = 0.0315) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The cell proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle were markedly increased, and the cell apoptotic was markedly inhibited with the concurrent action of ERβ5 and IL-6 in A549 cells (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of ERβ5, GP130, p-AKT, and p-44/42 MAPK was also significantly increased in A549 cells (P < 0.05). These results indicate that ERβ5 and GP130 can synergistically promote the progression of NSCLC and maybe combined as an independent prognostic factor in patients. In addition, these results also provide a theoretical basis for the combined targeting therapy of ERβ5 and GP130 in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hexiao Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuquan Bai
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lecai Xiong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minglin Zhu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Long
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhui Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shufang Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu S, Yu S, Dong D, Lee LTO. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:725. [PMID: 31708873 PMCID: PMC6823181 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a seven-transmembrane-domain receptor that mediates non-genomic estrogen related signaling. After ligand activation, GPER triggers multiple downstream pathways that exert diverse biological effects on the regulation of cell growth, migration and programmed cell death in a variety of tissues. A significant correlation between GPER and the progression of multiple cancers has likewise been reported. Therefore, a better understanding of the role GPER plays in cancer biology may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets, especially among estrogen-related cancers. Here, we review cell signaling and detail the functions of GPER in malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Daming Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Daming Dong
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Leo Tsz On Lee
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang F, Chen Q, Huang G, Guo X, Li N, Li Y, Li B. BKCa participates in E2 inducing endometrial adenocarcinoma by activating MEK/ERK pathway. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1128. [PMID: 30445932 PMCID: PMC6240221 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The large-conductance, voltage-gated, calcium (Ca (2+))-activated potassium channel (BKCa) plays an important role in regulating Ca (2+) signaling and cell physiological function, and is aberrantly expressed in some types of cancers. The present study focuses on identifying the oncogenic potential and clinical significance of BKCa in endometrial adenocarcinoma, as well as exploring the mechanistic relevance by 17β -estradiol (E2) inducing aberrant activation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 via BKCa. Methods The expression of BKCa, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were examined by immunohistochemical staining in 263 cases, including 185 primary types I endometrial cancer tissues, 38 atypical endometrial hyperplasia tissues and 40 normal endometrium tissues. Cell growth, cycle, apoptosis rate, migration and invasion was separately tested in Ishikawa cells using siRNA-BKCa and/or E2 treatment, as well as the expression of these interested proteins by western blot analysis. Results We showed that expression of BKCa is significantly elevated in 185 types I endometrial adenocarcinoma tissues compared to those of the normal endometrium and atypical endometrial hyperplasia tissues. Furthermore, in vitro observations revealed that down-regulation of BKCa expression inhibited cell growth by both enhancing apoptosis and blocking G1/S transition, suppressed cell migration and invasion in Ishakiwa cells, and decreased the expression of p-MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2. Additionally, RNAi-mediated knockdown of BKCa attenuated the increased cellular growth and invasion, as well as the elevated expression of p-MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 proteins, induced by E2 stimulation. More importantly, the aberrant expression of BKCa and p-ERK1/2 were closely related with poor prognostic factors in type I endometrial cancer, and up-regulated expression of p-ERK1/2 was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) and was an independent prognostic factor in type I endometrial cancer patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that BKCa and the key downstream effectors p-ERK1/2 could be involved in important signaling pathways in initiation and development of endometrial adenocarcinoma and may provide a new therapeutic approach for women with endometrial cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5027-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Xueshi Road 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Xueshi Road 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Xueshi Road 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Guo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Xueshi Road 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Xueshi Road 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Xueshi Road 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Xueshi Road 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The Emerging Role of the Microenvironment in Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110408. [PMID: 30380719 PMCID: PMC6266917 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women, and despite recent therapeutic advances, in many cases, treatment failure results in cancer recurrence, metastasis, and death. Current research demonstrates that the interactive crosstalk between two discrete cell types (tumor and stroma) promotes tumor growth and investigations have uncovered the dual role of the stromal cells in the normal and cancerous state. In contrast to tumor cells, stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are genetically stable. However, tumor cells modify adjacent stromal cells in the TME. The alteration in signaling cascades of TME from anti-tumorigenic to pro-tumorigenic enhances metastatic potential and/or confers therapeutic resistance. Therefore, the TME is a fertile ground for the development of novel therapies. Furthermore, disrupting cancer-promoting signals from the TME or re-educating stromal cells may be an effective strategy to impair metastatic progression. Here, we review the paradoxical role of different non-neoplastic stromal cells during specific stages of EC progression. We also suggest that the inhibition of microenvironment-derived signals may suppress metastatic EC progression and offer novel potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang C, Li J, Ye S, Zhang Y, Li P, Wang L, Wang TH. Oestrogen Inhibits VEGF Expression And Angiogenesis In Triple-Negative Breast Cancer By Activating GPER-1. J Cancer 2018; 9:3802-3811. [PMID: 30405852 PMCID: PMC6216003 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant type of breast cancer with ample vascularisation and high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. The sex steroid hormone oestrogen is involved in several cellular activities associated with TNBC regulation. However, the role of oestrogen in VEGF expression and angiogenesis in TNBC remains unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with 17β-oestradiol (E2) inhibited VEGF mRNA and protein expression in the TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-436. To further elaborate on the phenomenon of E2-regulated angiogenesis, we showed that conditioned medium from the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-468 treated with E2 inhibits the tube formation ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Additionally, the G-protein-coupled oestrogen receptor-1 (GPER-1)-specific agonist G-1 has a function similar to that of E2. While G-15, the selective antagonist of GPER-1, notably reversed the inhibitory effects of E2 and G-1 on VEGF expression and tube formation, suggesting that GPER-1 is involved in the E2-induced angiogenesis suppression in TNBC cells. Moreover, E2 inhibited in vivo tumour growth and angiogenesis and reduced the expression levels of VEGF, NF-κB/p65, STAT3, and the endothelial marker CD34 in MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumours. Our findings provide important evidence that E2 can inhibit VEGF expression and angiogenesis in TNBC by activating GPER-1, offering additional insight into tumour angiogenesis and targets for drug intervention in TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiehao Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Ye
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Huai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Akimoto T, Takasawa A, Takasawa K, Aoyama T, Murata M, Osanai M, Saito T, Sawada N. Estrogen/GPR30 Signaling Contributes to the Malignant Potentials of ER-Negative Cervical Adenocarcinoma via Regulation of Claudin-1 Expression. Neoplasia 2018; 20:1083-1093. [PMID: 30227306 PMCID: PMC6141703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical adenocarcinomas are believed to lose estrogen response on the basis of no expression of a nuclear estrogen receptor such as ERα in clinical pathology. Here, we demonstrated that cervical adenocarcinoma cells respond to a physiological concentration of estrogen to upregulate claudin-1, a cell surface molecule highly expressed in cervical adenocarcinomas. Knockout of claudin-1 induced apoptosis and significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of cervical adenocarcinoma cells and tumorigenicity in vivo. Importantly, all of the cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines examined expressed a membrane-bound type estrogen receptor, G protein–coupled receptor 30 (GPR30/GPER1), but not ERα. Estrogen-dependent induction of claudin-1 expression was mediated by GPR30 via ERK and/or Akt signaling. In surgical specimens, there was a positive correlation between claudin-1 expression and GPR30 expression. Double high expression of claudin-1 and GPR30 predicts poor prognosis in patients with cervical adenocarcinomas. Mechanism-based targeting of estrogen/GPR30 signaling and claudin-1 may be effective for cervical adenocarcinoma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Akimoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Kumi Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoyama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masaki Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Inside the Endometrial Cell Signaling Subway: Mind the Gap(s). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092477. [PMID: 30134622 PMCID: PMC6164241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cells perceive and respond to their microenvironment forming the basis of endometrial homeostasis. Errors in endometrial cell signaling are responsible for a wide spectrum of endometrial pathologies ranging from infertility to cancer. Intensive research over the years has been decoding the sophisticated molecular means by which endometrial cells communicate to each other and with the embryo. The objective of this review is to provide the scientific community with the first overview of key endometrial cell signaling pathways operating throughout the menstrual cycle. On this basis, a comprehensive and critical assessment of the literature was performed to provide the tools for the authorship of this narrative review summarizing the pivotal components and signaling cascades operating during seven endometrial cell fate “routes”: proliferation, decidualization, implantation, migration, breakdown, regeneration, and angiogenesis. Albeit schematically presented as separate transit routes in a subway network and narrated in a distinct fashion, the majority of the time these routes overlap or occur simultaneously within endometrial cells. This review facilitates identification of novel trajectories of research in endometrial cellular communication and signaling. The meticulous study of endometrial signaling pathways potentiates both the discovery of novel therapeutic targets to tackle disease and vanguard fertility approaches.
Collapse
|
37
|
Vajaria R, Vasudevan N. Is the membrane estrogen receptor, GPER1, a promiscuous receptor that modulates nuclear estrogen receptor-mediated functions in the brain? Horm Behav 2018; 104:165-172. [PMID: 29964007 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. Estrogen signals both slowly to regulate transcription and rapidly to activate kinases and regulate calcium levels. Both rapid, non-genomic signaling as well as genomic transcriptional signaling via intracellular estrogen receptors (ER)s can change behavior. Rapid non-genomic signaling is initiated from the plasma membrane by a G-protein coupled receptor called GPER1 that binds 17β-estradiol. GPER1 or GPR30 is one of the candidates for a membrane ER (mER) that is not only highly expressed in pathology i.e. cancers but also in several behaviorally-relevant brain regions. In the brain, GPER1 signaling, in response to estrogen, facilitates neuroprotection, social behaviors and cognition. In this review, we describe several notable characteristics of GPER1 such as the ability of several endogenous steroids as well as artificially synthesized molecules to bind the GPER1. In addition, GPER1 is localized to the plasma membrane in breast cancer cell lines but may be present in the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus in the hippocampus. Unusually, GPER1 can also translocate to the perinuclear space from the plasma membrane. We explore the idea that subcellular localization and ligand promiscuity may determine the varied downstream signaling cascades of the activated GPER1. Lastly, we suggest that GPER1 can act as a modulator of ERα-mediated action on a convergent target, spinogenesis, in neurons that in turn drives female social behaviors such as lordosis and social learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Vajaria
- School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building, University of Reading WhiteKnights Campus, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Nandini Vasudevan
- School of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Building Room 205, University of Reading WhiteKnights Campus, Reading RG6 6AS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Huang Q, Zhang Z, Liao Y, Liu C, Fan S, Wei X, Ai B, Xiong J. 17β-estradiol upregulates IL6 expression through the ERβ pathway to promote lung adenocarcinoma progression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:133. [PMID: 29970138 PMCID: PMC6029357 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), estrogen (E2) significantly promotes NSCLC cell growth via estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). Discovery and elucidation of the mechanism underlying estrogen-promoted NSCLC progression is critical for effective preventive interventions. IL6 has been demonstrated to be involved in the development, progression and metastasis in several cancers and IL6 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC. However, the exact role played by IL6 in estrogen-promoted NSCLC progress remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the expression and biological effects of IL6 in NSCLC cells when treated with E2 and explored the underlying mechanism of IL6 in E2-promoted NSCLC progression. Methods Expression of ERβ/IL6 in 289 lung cancer samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Matched samples of metastatic lymph node and primary tumor tissues were used to quantify the expression of ERβ/IL6 by western blot. Expression levels of IL6 in NSCLC cells were quantified by western blotting, ELISA, and immunofluorescence staining. The effects of IL6 stimulated by E2 on cell malignancy were evaluated using CCK8, colony formation, wound healing and transwell. Furthermore, overexpression and knockdown ERβ constructs were constructed to measure the expression of IL6. The effects of IL6 stimulated by E2 on tumor growth were evaluated using a urethane-induced adenocarcinoma model. In addition, a xenograft mouse model was used to observe differences in ERβ subtype tumor growth with respect to IL6 expression. Results IL6/ERβ expression were significantly increased in lung cancer. Higher IL6/ERβ expression was associated with decreased differentiation or increased metastasis. IL6 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS), higher IL6 expression was associated with decreased OS. Furthermore, ERβ regulates IL6 expression via MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways when stimulated by E2 and promotes cell malignancy in vitro and induced tumor growth in vivo. Finally we confirm that ERβ isolation 1/5 is essential for E2 promotion of IL6 expression, while ERβ2 not. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that E2 stimulates IL6 expression to promote lung adenocarcinoma progression through the ERβ pathway. We also clarify the difference in each ERβ subtype for E2 promoting IL6 expression, suggesting that ERβ/IL6 might be potential targets for prognostic assessment and therapeutic intervention in lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0804-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanfu Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongde Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Changyu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Ai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Prossnitz ER. GPER modulators: Opportunity Nox on the heels of a class Akt. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 176:73-81. [PMID: 28285016 PMCID: PMC5591048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The (patho)physiology of estrogen and its receptors is complex. It is therefore not surprising that therapeutic approaches targeting this hormone include stimulation of its activity through supplementation with either the hormone itself or natural or synthetic agonists, inhibition of its activity through the use of antagonists or inhibitors of its synthesis, and tissue-selective modulation of its activity with biased ligands. The physiology of this hormone is further complicated by the existence of at least three receptors, the classical nuclear estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), and the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30), with overlapping but distinct pharmacologic profiles, particularly of anti-estrogenic ligands. GPER-selective ligands, as well as GPER knockout mice, have greatly aided our understanding of the physiological roles of GPER. Such ligands have revealed that GPER activation mediates many of the rapid cellular signaling events (including Ca2+ mobilization, ERK and PI3K/Akt activation) associated with estrogen activity, as opposed to the nuclear ERs that are traditionally described to function as ligand-induced transcriptional factors. Many of the salutary effects of estrogen throughout the body are reproduced by the GPER-selective agonist G-1, which, owing to its minimal effects on reproductive tissues, can be considered a non-feminizing estrogenic compound, and thus of potential therapeutic use in both women and men. On the contrary, until recently GPER-selective antagonists had predominantly found preclinical application in cancer models where estrogen stimulates cell growth and survival. This viewpoint changed recently with the discovery that GPER is associated with aging, particularly that of the cardiovascular system, where the GPER antagonist G36 reduced hypertension and GPER deficiency prevented cardiac fibrosis and vascular dysfunction with age, through the downregulation of Nox1 and as a consequence superoxide production. Thus, similar to the classical ERs, both agonists and antagonists of GPER may be of therapeutic benefit depending on the disease or condition to be treated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Prossnitz
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Guan BZ, Yan RL, Huang JW, Li FL, Zhong YX, Chen Y, Liu FN, Hu B, Huang SB, Yin LH. Activation of G protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) promotes the migration of renal cell carcinoma via the PI3K/AKT/MMP-9 signals. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 12:109-117. [PMID: 25588050 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.990781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the third most frequent malignancy within urological oncology. However, the mechanisms responsible for RCC metastasis are still needed further illustration. Our present study revealed that a seven-transmembrane receptor G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) was highly detected in various RCC cell lines such as ACHN, OS-RC-2 and SW839. The activation of GPER by its specific agonist G-1 significantly promoted the in vitro migration and invasion of ACHN and OS-RC-2 cells. G-1 also up regulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. The inhibitor of MMP-9 (Cat-444278), but not MMP-2 (Sc-204092), abolished G-1 induced cell migration, which suggested that MMP-9 is the key molecule mediating G-1 induced RCC progression. Further, G-1 treatment resulted in phosphorylation of AKT and ERK in RCC cells. PI3K/AKT inhibitor (LY294002), while not ERK inhibitor (PD98059), significantly abolished G-1 induced up regulation of MMP-9 in both AHCN and OS-RC-2 cells. Generally, our data revealed that activation of GPER by its specific agonist G-1 promoted the metastasis of RCC cells through PI3K/AKT/MMP-9 signals, which might be a promising new target for drug discovery of RCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhang Guan
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c The authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rui-Ling Yan
- b Department of Gynecotokology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c The authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jian-Wei Huang
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Fo-Lan Li
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ying-Xue Zhong
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yu Chen
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Fan-Na Liu
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Bo Hu
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Si-Bo Huang
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Liang-Hong Yin
- a Department of Nephrology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ribeiro MPC, Santos AE, Custódio JBA. The activation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) inhibits the proliferation of mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 277:176-184. [PMID: 28947257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) by its specific agonist G-1 inhibits prostate cancer and 17β-estradiol-stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation. Tamoxifen (TAM), which also activates the GPER, decreases melanoma cell proliferation, but its action mechanism remains controversial. Here we investigated the expression and the effects of GPER activation by G-1, TAM and its key metabolite endoxifen (EDX) on melanoma cells. Mouse melanoma K1735-M2 cells expressed GPER and G-1 reduced cell biomass, and the number of viable cells, without increasing cell death. Rather, G-1 decreased cell division by blocking cell cycle progression in G2. Likewise, TAM and EDX exhibited an antiproliferative activity in melanoma cells due to decreased cell division. Both G-1 and the antiestrogens showed a trend to decrease the levels of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 after 1 h treatment, although only EDX, the most potent antiproliferative antiestrogen, induced significant effects. Importantly, the targeting of GPER with siRNA abolished the cytostatic activity of both G-1 and antiestrogens, suggesting that the antitumor actions of antiestrogens in melanoma cells involve GPER activation. Our results unveil a new target for melanoma therapy and identify GPER as a key mediator of antiestrogen antiproliferative effects, which may contribute to select the patients that benefit from an antiestrogen-containing regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Armanda E Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - José B A Custódio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhu CX, Xiong W, Wang ML, Yang J, Shi HJ, Chen HQ, Niu G. Nuclear G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPR30) predicts poor survival in patients with ovarian cancer. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:723-731. [PMID: 29239277 PMCID: PMC5971494 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517717625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To demonstrate the correlation between nuclear and cytoplasmic G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPR30) expression and clinicopathological features and outcome in patients with ovarian cancer. Methods Nuclear and cytoplasmic GPR30 expressions were determined using immunohistochemistry to identify the intracellular location in tissues from patients with ovarian cancer. Data were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes. Results Tissue samples were obtained from 110 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer between 2005 and 2010. Nuclear GPR30 was significantly more frequent in the group of patients with recurrence. The presence of nuclear GPR30 predicted lower overall survival) and 5-year progression-free survival in all patients with ovarian cancer and overall survival in patients with high grade ovarian cancer. Cytoplasmic GPR30 was observed significantly more often in advanced ovarian cancer and did not predict survival. Conclusion This study showed that nuclear GPR30 is an independent negative prognostic indicator in patients with ovarian cancer, especially in those with a high grade malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Zhu
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- 2 Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ma-Lie Wang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Yang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- 3 Department of Pathology. The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Han-Qing Chen
- 3 Department of Pathology. The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Niu
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wan J, Yin Y, Zhao M, Shen F, Chen M, Chen Q. The positivity of G-protein-coupled receptor-30 (GPR 30), an alternative estrogen receptor is not different between type 1 and type 2 endometrial cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90897-90904. [PMID: 29207611 PMCID: PMC5710892 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the clinical outcomes are different between type 1 (estrogen dependent) and type 2 (estrogen independent) endometrial cancer. Studies have suggested that the estrogen receptor (ER) is positively correlated with endometrial cancer survival, however we previously reported that there is no difference in the positivity of ER as well as sex hormone levels between subtypes of cancer. G-protein-coupled receptor-30 (GPR 30), an alternative estrogen receptor has been suggested to be negatively correlated with clinical outcomes of endometrial cancer. In this study we investigated whether the positivity of GPR30 is different between subtypes of cancer. The immunostaining of GPR30 and ER was examined and analysed in 128 cases taking into account menopausal status. Overall, 105 (82%) cases were GPR30 positive and 118 (92%) cases were ER positive. The positivity of GPR30 in type 1 endometrial cancer (83%) was not statistically different to type 2 endometrial cancer (78%). In addition, intensity of immunostaining of GPR30 in type 1 endometrial cancer was also not different to type 2 endometrial cancer quantified by semi-quantitative analysis (p = 0.268). Menopausal status was not associated with the positivity of GPR30 in both type 1 and type 2 endometrial cancer. Furthermore, the positivity and intensity of immunostaining of GPR30 were not correlated with the positivity and intensity of immunostaining of ER in endometrial cancer (p = 0.689). Our data further confirm that type 2 endometrial cancer may not be completely estrogen independent, and suggest that type 1 and type 2 endometrial cancer may have similar pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wan
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi No2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongxiang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi Maternity and Children Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Wuxi Maternity and Children Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fang Shen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaoxin Chen
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- The Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Release of HER2 repression of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) expression mediates trastuzumab resistance in HER2+/ER+ mammary carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74188-74208. [PMID: 29088778 PMCID: PMC5650333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2+/ER+ breast cancer, a subset of the luminal B subtype, makes up approximately 10% of all breast cancers. The bidirectional crosstalk between HER2 and estrogen receptor (ER) in HER2+/ER+ breast cancer contributes to resistance towards both anti-estrogens and HER2-targeted therapies. TFF3 promotes breast cancer progression and has been implicated in anti-estrogen resistance in breast cancer. Herein, we investigated the cross-regulation between HER2 and estrogen-responsive TFF3, and the role of TFF3 in mediating trastuzumab resistance in HER2+/ER+ breast cancer. TFF3 expression was decreased by HER2 activation, and increased by inhibition of HER2 with trastuzumab in HER2+/ER+ breast cancer cells, partially in an ERα-independent manner. In contrast, the forced expression of TFF3 activated the entire HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases (HER1-4). Hence, HER2 negatively regulates its own signalling through the transcriptional repression of TFF3, while trastuzumab inhibition of HER2 results in increased TFF3 expression to compensate for the loss of HER2 signalling. In HER2+/ER+ breast cancer cells with acquired trastuzumab resistance, TFF3 expression was markedly upregulated and associated with a corresponding decrease in HER signalling. siRNA mediated depletion or small molecule inhibition of TFF3 decreased the survival and growth advantage of the trastuzumab resistant cells without re-sensitization to trastuzumab. Furthermore, TFF3 inhibition abrogated the enhanced cancer stem cell-like behaviour in trastuzumab resistant HER2+/ER+ breast cancer cells. Collectively, TFF3 may function as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in trastuzumab resistant HER2+/ER+ breast cancer.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen J, Khalil RA. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:87-165. [PMID: 28662830 PMCID: PMC5548443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with marked hemodynamic and uterine changes that allow adequate uteroplacental blood flow and uterine expansion for the growing fetus. These pregnancy-associated changes involve significant uteroplacental and vascular remodeling. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important regulators of vascular and uterine remodeling. Increases in MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been implicated in vasodilation, placentation, and uterine expansion during normal pregnancy. The increases in MMPs could be induced by the increased production of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy. MMP expression/activity may be altered during complications of pregnancy. Decreased vascular MMP-2 and MMP-9 may lead to decreased vasodilation, increased vasoconstriction, hypertensive pregnancy, and preeclampsia. Abnormal expression of uteroplacental integrins, cytokines, and MMPs may lead to decreased maternal tolerance, apoptosis of invasive trophoblast cells, inadequate remodeling of spiral arteries, and reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP). RUPP may cause imbalance between the antiangiogenic factors soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endoglin and the proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor, or stimulate the release of inflammatory cytokines, hypoxia-inducible factor, reactive oxygen species, and angiotensin AT1 receptor agonistic autoantibodies. These circulating factors could target MMPs in the extracellular matrix as well as endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, causing generalized vascular dysfunction, increased vasoconstriction and hypertension in pregnancy. MMP activity can also be altered by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and changes in the MMP/TIMP ratio. In addition to their vascular effects, decreases in expression/activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the uterus could impede uterine growth and expansion and lead to premature labor. Understanding the role of MMPs in uteroplacental and vascular remodeling and function could help design new approaches for prediction and management of preeclampsia and premature labor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lv X, He C, Huang C, Hua G, Wang Z, Remmenga SW, Rodabough KJ, Karpf AR, Dong J, Davis JS, Wang C. G-1 Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth via Targeting Colchicine-Binding Site of Tubulin to Interfere with Microtubule Assembly. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1080-1091. [PMID: 28258163 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) has been reported to play a significant role in mediating the rapid estrogen actions in a wide range of normal and cancer cells. G-1 was initially developed as a selective agonist for GPER. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of G-1 are unknown, and recent studies report inconsistent effects of G-1 on the growth of breast cancer cells. By employing high-resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy and time-lapse imaging technology, as well as biochemical analyses, in the current study, we provide convincing in vitro and in vivo evidence that G-1 is able to suppress the growth of breast cancer cells independent of the expression status of GPERs and classic estrogen receptors. Interestingly, we found that triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) are very sensitive to G-1 treatment. We found that G-1 arrested the cell cycle in the prophase of mitosis, leading to caspase activation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Our mechanistic studies indicated that G-1, similar to colchicine and 2-methoxyestradiol, binds to colchicine binding site on tubulin, inhibiting tubulin polymerization and subsequent assembly of normal mitotic spindle apparatus during breast cancer cell mitosis. Therefore, G-1 is a novel microtubule-targeting agent and could be a promising anti-microtubule drug for breast cancer treatment, especially for TNBC treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(6); 1080-91. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Lv
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Chunbo He
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Guohua Hua
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Steven W Remmenga
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kerry J Rodabough
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Adam R Karpf
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jixin Dong
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cheng Wang
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhuang Y, Xiang J, Bao W, Sun Y, Wang L, Tan M, He Y, Xi X. MDH2 Stimulated by Estrogen-GPR30 Pathway Down-Regulated PTEN Expression Promoting the Proliferation and Invasion of Cells in Endometrial Cancer. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:203-210. [PMID: 28189066 PMCID: PMC5300292 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: The relationship between endometrial carcinoma and cellular metabolism is unknown. In endometrial cancer, mutation rate of PTEN has been reported very high. Malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) is one of the isoforms of malate dehydrogenase, which is involved in citric acid cycle in mitochondria. Our study aimed to investigate the role MDH2 played in PTEN-regulated endometrial carcinoma. METHODS: To reveal the expression of MDH2 and the co-localization of PTEN and MDH2, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent staining were used. Western blot, Real-time PCR, RNA interference and overexpression plasmid DNA transfection were performed to investigate the relationship between PTEN and MDH2 as well as the impact of E2 on the expression of PTEN and MDH2, while CCK8, transwell and flow cytometric analysis were carried out to evaluate the proliferation, migration and invasion and apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma cell lines. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that as a metabolism related enzyme, MDH2 was overexpressed in endometrial carcinoma tissues and related to the grade of the cancer (P = .038). Western blot, Real-time PCR and immunofluorescent staining revealed MDH2 inhibited the expression of PTEN and was co-localized with PTEN in the cytoplasm of endometrial carcinoma. Proliferation, transwell and apoptosis assay suggested that MDH2 enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion but inhibited the apoptosis of endometrial cancer cell line through suppressing PTEN. Furthermore, E2 inhibited the expression level of PTEN but enhanced MDH2 via GPR30. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that MDH2, stimulated by estrogen, was involved in the development of PTEN-regulated endometrial carcinoma through GPR30-related pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jiangdong Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ya Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Meihua Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yinyan He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Xiaowei Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 100, Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cao X, Huang J, Zhang G, Zuo W, Lan C, Sun Q, Yang D, Gao D, Cheng CHK, Zhou WL. Functional expression of G protein-coupled receptor 30 in immature rat epididymal epithelium. Cell Biol Int 2016; 41:134-146. [PMID: 27888566 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the functional role of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in the epididymis. We found that GPR30 is expressed in the epithelium of the immature rat epididymis and is involved in chloride secretion into the caudal epididymis lumen. The short-circuit current (Isc) experiments showed that in primary cultured caudal epididymis epithelium, activation of GPR30 by its specific agonist G1 induced a mono-phasic current increase, and G15, the specific antagonist of GPR30, could completely inhibit the current induced by G1. The G1-induced Isc was largely blocked by application of the non-specific chloride channel inhibitor diphenylamine-dicarboxylic acid (DPC), or by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor CFTRinh-172 , suggesting that the current was mainly mediated through CFTR. In addition, after stimulating GPR30 by G1, the intracellular concentration of cAMP in the epithelium was significantly increased, indicating that the cAMP signal pathway is involved and could be responsible for the CFTR activation. Finally, to further investigate the function of GPR30 in vivo, G15 was administrated into rats subcutaneously. The osmotic pressure of the micro perfusion solution from epididymis was measured and the sperms were collected. Results showed that there was an osmotic pressure increase of the perfusion solution from G15 treated rats. When the GPR30 was inhibited by G15 endogenously, the motility of sperms decreased. Our data demonstrated that GPR30 is involved in the formation of caudal epididymis fluid micro-environment thus affecting sperm motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonian Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiehong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Geng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wulin Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chongfeng Lan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Qing Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Dengliang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Dongdong Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Christopher H K Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Liang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kamal A, Tempest N, Parkes C, Alnafakh R, Makrydima S, Adishesh M, Hapangama DK. Hormones and endometrial carcinogenesis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 25:129-48. [PMID: 26966933 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the commonest gynaecological cancer in the Western World with an alarmingly increasing incidence related to longevity and obesity. Ovarian hormones regulate normal human endometrial cell proliferation, regeneration and function therefore are implicated in endometrial carcinogenesis directly or via influencing other hormones and metabolic pathways. Although the role of unopposed oestrogen in the pathogenesis of EC has received considerable attention, the emerging role of other hormones in this process, such as androgens and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) is less well recognised. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge of the involvement of the three main endogenous ovarian hormones (oestrogens, progesterone and androgens) as well as the other hormones in endometrial carcinogenesis, to identify important avenues for future research.
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang L, Li Y, Lan L, Liu R, Wu Y, Qu Q, Wen K. Tamoxifen has a proliferative effect in endometrial carcinoma mediated via the GPER/EGFR/ERK/cyclin D1 pathway: A retrospective study and an in vitro study. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:51-61. [PMID: 27519631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen has been widely used to treat breast cancer as an endocrine therapy. However, tamoxifen is known to enhance the risk of developing endometrial cancer. We want to examine the effect of tamoxifen on endometrial cancer. In our retrospective study, we found that high grade, high stage, and lymph node metastasis were more common in tamoxifen users. In vitro 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) induced cell proliferation and cell cycle promotion in type I and type II endometrial cancer cell lines, and this proliferation was blocked by GPER silencing. Treatment with OHT increased EGFR and ERK phosphorylation and the mRNA and protein levels of cyclin D1 and GPER. Taken together, our data demonstrate that endometrial cancer patients with tamoxifen treatment exhibit more aggressive histological subtypes and worse prognosis. OHT is a proliferation-inducing agent for endometrial cancer cells, and the GPER/EFGR/ERK/cyclin D1 pathway is involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Yanmin Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Lan Lan
- Department of Synergistic Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Quanxin Qu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China.
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| |
Collapse
|