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Brackman LC, Jung MS, Ogaga EI, Joshi N, Wroblewski LE, Piazuelo MB, Peek RM, Choksi YA, Algood HMS. IL-17RA-Mediated Epithelial Cell Activity Prevents Severe Inflammatory Response to Helicobacter pylori Infection. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:339-353. [PMID: 38639570 PMCID: PMC11066722 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative pathogen that colonizes the stomach, induces inflammation, and drives pathological changes in the stomach tissue, including gastric cancer. As the principal cytokine produced by Th17 cells, IL-17 mediates protective immunity against pathogens by inducing the activation and mobilization of neutrophils. Whereas IL-17A is largely produced by lymphocytes, the IL-17 receptor is expressed in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and hematopoietic cells. Loss of the IL-17RA in mice results in impaired antimicrobial responses to extracellular bacteria. In the context of H. pylori infection, this is compounded by extensive inflammation in Il17ra-/- mice. In this study, Foxa3creIl17rafl/fl (Il17raΔGI-Epi) and Il17rafl/fl (control) mice were used to test the hypothesis that IL-17RA signaling, specifically in epithelial cells, protects against severe inflammation after H. pylori infection. The data indicate that Il17raΔGI-Epi mice develop increased inflammation compared with controls. Despite reduced Pigr expression, levels of IgA increased in the gastric wash, suggesting significant increase in Ag-specific activation of the T follicular helper/B cell axis. Gene expression analysis of stomach tissues indicate that both acute and chronic responses are significantly increased in Il17raΔGI-Epi mice compared with controls. These data suggest that a deficiency of IL-17RA in epithelial cells is sufficient to drive chronic inflammation and hyperactivation of the Th17/T follicular helper/B cell axis but is not required for recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Furthermore, the data suggest that fibroblasts can produce chemokines in response to IL-17 and may contribute to H. pylori-induced inflammation through this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee C. Brackman
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Matthew S. Jung
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Eseoghene I. Ogaga
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
| | - Nikhita Joshi
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt University, School of Biological Sciences, Nashville, TN
| | - Lydia E. Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yash A. Choksi
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Poveda-Garavito N, Combita AL. Contribution of the TIME in BCP-ALL: the basis for novel approaches therapeutics. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1325255. [PMID: 38299154 PMCID: PMC10827891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) niche is a microenvironment where both immune and non-immune cells functionally interact with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and more differentiated progenitors, contributing to the regulation of hematopoiesis. It is regulated by various signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules in its microenvironment. However, despite the strict regulation of BM signals to maintain their steady state, accumulating evidence in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) indicates that leukemic cells can disrupt the physiological hematopoietic niche in the BM, creating a new leukemia-supportive microenvironment. This environment favors immunological evasion mechanisms and the interaction of these cells with the development and progression of BCP-ALL. With a growing understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in the development and progression of BCP-ALL, current strategies focused on "re-editing" TIME to promote antitumor immunity have been developed. In this review, we summarize how TIME cells are disrupted by the presence of leukemic cells, evading immunosurveillance mechanisms in the BCP-ALL model. We also explore the crosstalk between TIME and leukemic cells that leads to treatment resistance, along with the most promising immuno-therapy strategies. Understanding and further research into the role of the BM microenvironment in leukemia progression and relapse are crucial for developing more effective treatments and reducing patient mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Poveda-Garavito
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en Oncología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alba Lucía Combita
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en Oncología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC), Bogotá, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Lunger C, Shen Z, Holcombe H, Mannion AJ, Dzink-Fox J, Kurnick S, Feng Y, Muthupalani S, Carrasco SE, Wilson KT, Peek RM, Piazuelo MB, Morgan DR, Armijo AL, Mammoliti M, Wang TC, Fox JG. Gastric coinfection with thiopeptide-positive Cutibacterium acnes decreases FOXM1 and pro-inflammatory biomarker expression in a murine model of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0345023. [PMID: 38014984 PMCID: PMC10783005 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03450-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE H. pylori infects half of the world population and is the leading cause of gastric cancer. We previously demonstrated that gastric cancer risk is associated with gastric microbiota. Specifically, gastric urease-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus salivarius had contrasting effects on H. pylori-associated gastric pathology and immune responses in germ-free INS-GAS mice. As gastritis progresses to gastric cancer, the oncogenic transcription factor Foxm1 becomes increasingly expressed. In this study, we evaluated the gastric commensal C. acnes, certain strains of which produce thiopeptides that directly inhibit FOXM1. Thiopeptide-positive C. acnes was isolated from Nicaraguan patient gastric biopsies and inoculated into germ-free INS-GAS mice with H. pylori. We, therefore, asked whether coinfection with C. acnes expressing thiopeptide and H. pylori would decrease gastric Foxm1 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and protein levels. Our study supports the growing literature that specific non-H. pylori gastric bacteria affect inflammatory and cancer biomarkers in H. pylori pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lunger
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilda Holcombe
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony J. Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JoAnn Dzink-Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanna Kurnick
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian E. Carrasco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas R. Morgan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amanda L. Armijo
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Mammoliti
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Irvine Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhang C, Qin M. Extracellular vesicles targeting tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126300. [PMID: 37573911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a prevalent neoplastic condition affecting women. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nano-sized membrane vesicles, are secreted by various cells in both physiological and pathological states. The profound interplay between EVs and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer is crucial. In this review, we explores the pivotal role of EVs in facilitating intercellular communication between cancer cells and the TME, emphasizing the potential of EVs as promising diagnostic markers and innovative therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. The comprehensive analysis outlines the specific mechanisms by which EVs engage in communication with the constituents of the TME, including the modulation of tumor growth through EVs carrying matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and EV-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis, among other factors. Additionally, the we discuss the potential clinical applications of EVs that target the TME in ovarian cancer, encompassing the establishment of novel treatment strategies and the identification of novel biomarkers for early detection and prognosis. Finally, this review identifies novel strategies for therapeutic interventions, such as utilizing EVs as carriers for drug delivery and targeting specific EV-mediated signaling pathways. In summary, this manuscript offers valuable insights into the role of EVs in ovarian cancer and highlights the significance of comprehending intercellular communication in the realm of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China
| | - Meiying Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, China.
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5
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Xu H, Huang K, Lin Y, Gong H, Ma X, Zhang D. Glycosyltransferase GLT8D1 and GLT8D2 serve as potential prognostic biomarkers correlated with Tumor Immunity in Gastric Cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:123. [PMID: 37277853 PMCID: PMC10242987 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylation involved in various biological function, aberrant glycosylation plays an important role in cancer development and progression. Glycosyltransferase 8 domain containing 1 (GLT8D1) and GLT8D2, as members of the glycosyltransferase family proteins, are associated with transferase activity. However, the association between GLT8D1/2 and gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the potential prognostic value and oncogenic role of GLT8D1/2 in GC. METHODS The relationship between GLT8D1/2 and GC was evaluated through comprehensive bioinformatics approaches. A series of factors like gene expression patterns, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, Cox regression analyses, prognostic nomogram, calibration curves, ROC curves, function enrichment analyses, tumor immunity association, genetic alterations, and DNA methylation were included. Data and statistical analyses were performed using R software (v3.6.3). RESULTS Both GLT8D1 and GLT8D2 expression were significantly upregulated in GC tissues(n = 414) compared with normal tissues(n = 210), and high expression of GLT8D1/2 was remarkably correlated with poor prognosis for GC patients. Cox regression analyses implied that GLT8D1/2 could act as independent prognostic factors in GC. Furthermore, gene function analyses indicated that multiple signaling pathways involving tumor oncogenesis and development enriched, such as mTOR, cell cycle, MAPK, Notch, Hedgehog, FGF, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Moreover, GLT8D1/2 was significantly associated with immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, and immune regulators TMB/MSI. CONCLUSION GLT8D1/2 may serve as potential prognostic markers of poor prognosis in GC correlated with tumor immunity. The study provided an insight into identifying potential biomarkers and targets for prognosis, immunotherapy response, and therapy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
| | - Ke Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
| | - Hang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xueni Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China
| | - Dekui Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R. China.
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6
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Lopes C, Almeida TC, Pimentel-Nunes P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Pereira C. Linking dysbiosis to precancerous stomach through inflammation: Deeper than and beyond imaging. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1134785. [PMID: 37063848 PMCID: PMC10102473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1134785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is considered the gold standard for gastric lesions detection and surveillance, but it is still associated with a non-negligible rate of missing conditions. In the Era of Personalized Medicine, biomarkers could be the key to overcome missed lesions or to better predict recurrence, pushing the frontier of endoscopy to functional endoscopy. In the last decade, microbiota in gastric cancer has been extensively explored, with gastric carcinogenesis being associated with progressive dysbiosis. Helicobacter pylori infection has been considered the main causative agent of gastritis due to its interference in disrupting the acidic environment of the stomach through inflammatory mediators. Thus, does inflammation bridge the gap between gastric dysbiosis and the gastric carcinogenesis cascade and could the microbiota-inflammation axis-derived biomarkers be the answer to the unmet challenge of functional upper endoscopy? To address this question, in this review, the available evidence on the role of gastric dysbiosis and chronic inflammation in precancerous conditions of the stomach is summarized, particularly targeting the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways. Additionally, the potential of liquid biopsies as a non-invasive source and the clinical utility of studied biomarkers is also explored. Overall, and although most studies offer a mechanistic perspective linking a strong proinflammatory Th1 cell response associated with, but not limited to, chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, promising data recently published highlights not only the diagnostic value of microbial biomarkers but also the potential of gastric juice as a liquid biopsy pushing forward the concept of functional endoscopy and personalized care in gastric cancer early diagnosis and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lopes
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS – Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-UP – Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana C. Almeida
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Unilabs, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Pereira
- Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI‐IPOP)/Rise@CI‐IPOP (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS – Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Carina Pereira,
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Andreu-Sanz D, Kobold S. Role and Potential of Different T Helper Cell Subsets in Adoptive Cell Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061650. [PMID: 36980536 PMCID: PMC10046829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, CD8+ T cells have been considered the most relevant effector cells involved in the immune response against tumors and have therefore been the focus of most cancer immunotherapy approaches. However, CD4+ T cells and their secreted factors also play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment and can orchestrate both pro- and antitumoral immune responses. Depending on the cytokine milieu to which they are exposed, CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several phenotypically different subsets with very divergent effects on tumor progression. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of the different T helper subsets in the immune system, with special emphasis on their implication in antitumoral immune responses. Furthermore, we also summarize therapeutic applications of each subset and its associated cytokines in the adoptive cell therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Andreu-Sanz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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8
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Kazakova A, Sudarskikh T, Kovalev O, Kzhyshkowska J, Larionova I. Interaction of tumor‑associated macrophages with stromal and immune components in solid tumors: Research progress (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 62:32. [PMID: 36660926 PMCID: PMC9851132 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which belong to the innate immune system and regulate primary tumor growth, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and metastasis. The review discusses current knowledge of essential cell‑cell interactions of TAMs within the TME of solid tumors. It summarizes the mechanisms of stromal cell (including cancer‑associated fibroblasts and endothelial cells)‑mediated monocyte recruitment and regulation of differentiation, as well as pro‑tumor and antitumor polarization of TAMs. Additionally, it focuses on the perivascular TAM subpopulations that regulate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. It describes the possible mechanisms of reciprocal interactions of TAMs with other immune cells responsible for immunosuppression. Finally, it highlights the perspectives for novel therapeutic approaches to use combined cellular targets that include TAMs and other stromal and immune cells in the TME. The collected data demonstrated the importance of understanding cell‑cell interactions in the TME to prevent distant metastasis and reduce the risk of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kazakova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Sudarskikh
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Kovalev
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634009, Russian Federation
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634009, Russian Federation
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9
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Incidence of Gastric Neoplasms Arising from Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis: A Systematic Review and Case Reports. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031062. [PMID: 36769710 PMCID: PMC9918256 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) is associated with an increased risk of gastric neoplasms. This study aimed to systematically analyze the incidence rate of gastric cancer (GC), low-grade dysplasia (LGD) and type-1 gastric neuroendocrine tumor (gNETs) development in AMAG adults. Studies on AMAG patients reporting the incidence of gastric neoplasms was identified through a systematic search in PUBMED and EMBASE. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool. Incidence rates of GC, LGD and type-1 gNETs were examined by meta-analysis. Thirteen studies met eligibility criteria. Incidence rate of gastric cancer calculated from the pooled data was 0.14% per person-year in both single-center studies and national registration studies. Meta-analysis showed a relative risk of 11.05 (95% CI: 6.39-19.11) for gastric cancer development in AMAG patients. The calculated pooled gastric LGD and type-1 gNETs incidence rates were 0.52% and 0.83% per person-year, respectively. As for experience from our center, we presented three distinctive cases of gastric neoplasm arising from the background of AMAG. This study underscores the potential for malignant transformation of precancerous lesions and reiterates the importance of careful esophagogastroduodenoscopy screening.
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10
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Iraji D, Oftedal BE, Wolff ASB. Th17 Cells: Orchestrators of Mucosal Inflammation and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Crit Rev Immunol 2023; 43:25-52. [PMID: 37831521 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells represent a specialized subgroup of effector CD4+ T cells known for their role in provoking neutrophil-driven tissue inflammation, particularly within mucosal tissues. Although they are pivotal for defending the host against extracellular bacteria and fungi, they have also been associated with development of various T cell-mediated inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, and even cancer. Notably, Th17 cells exhibit a dual nature, with different Th17 cell subtypes showcasing distinct effector functions and varying capacities to incite autoimmune tissue inflammation. Furthermore, Th17 cells exhibit significant plasticity, which carries important functional implications, both in terms of their expression of cytokines typically associated with other effector T cell subsets and in their interactions with regulatory CD4+ T cells. The intricate balance of Th17 cytokines can also be a double-edged sword in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Within this article, we delve into the mechanisms that govern the differentiation, function, and adaptability of Th17 cells. We culminate with an exploration of therapeutic potentials in harnessing the power of Th17 cells and their cytokines. Targeted interventions to modulate Th17 responses are emerging as promising strategies for autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer treatment. By precisely fine-tuning Th17-related pathways, we may unlock new avenues for personalized therapeutic approaches, aiming to restore immune balance, alleviate the challenges of these disorders, and ultimately enhance the quality of life for individuals affected by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Iraji
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bergithe E Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette S B Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Lee DY, Im E, Yoon D, Lee YS, Kim GS, Kim D, Kim SH. Pivotal role of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints in immune escape and cancer progression: Their interplay with platelets and FOXP3+Tregs related molecules, clinical implications and combinational potential with phytochemicals. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1033-1057. [PMID: 33301862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint proteins including programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) are involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance via immune escape and immune tolerance by disturbing cytotoxic T cell activation. Though many clinical trials have been completed in several cancers by using immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination with other agents to date, recently multi-target therapy is considered more attractive than monotherapy, since immune checkpoint proteins work with other components such as surrounding blood vessels, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, platelets and extracellular matrix within tumor microenvironment. Thus, in the current review, we look back on research history of immune checkpoint proteins and discuss their associations with platelets or tumor cell induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA) and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) related molecules involved in immune evasion and tumor progression, clinical implications of completed trial results and signaling networks by phytochemicals for combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and suggest future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Yoon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Yan B, Xiong J, Ye Q, Xue T, Xiang J, Xu M, Li F, Wen W. Correlation and prognostic implications of intratumor and tumor draining lymph node Foxp3 + T regulatory cells in colorectal cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:122. [PMID: 35296257 PMCID: PMC8925044 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of intratumor T regulatory cells (Tregs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) was previously reported, but the role of these cells in tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) was less addressed. Methods A total of 150 CRC stages I-IV were retrospectively enrolled. Intratumor and TDLN Tregs were examined by immunohistochemical assay. The association of these cells was estimated by Pearson correlation. Survival analyses of subgroups were conducted by Kaplan–Meier curves, and the log-rank test and risk factors for survival were tested by the Cox proportional hazard model. Results High accumulation of Tregs in tumors was significant in patients with younger age and good histological grade, where enrichment of these cells in TDLNs was more apparent in those with node-negative disease and early TNM stage disease, both of which were more common in early T stage cases. A significant correlation of intratumoral and TDLN Tregs was detected. Patients with higher intratumoral Tregs displayed significantly better PFS and OS than those with lower Tregs. However, no such differences were found, but a similar prognostic prediction trend was found for these cells in TDLNs. Finally, intratumoral Tregs were an independent prognostic factor for both PFS (HR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99, P < 0.01) and OS (HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.95–1.00, P = 0.04) in the patients. Conclusions Higher intratumor Tregs were associated with better survival in CRC. Although no such role was found for these cells in TDLNs, the positive correlation and similar prognostic prediction trend with their intratumoral counterparts may indicate a parallelized function of these cells in CRC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02205-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yan
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan province, 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan Province, 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Ye
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan province, 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhui Xue
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan province, 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan province, 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan Province, 572000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Oncology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan province, 572000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 80 of Jianglin Road, Haitang District of Sanya City, Hainan Province, 572000, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Perrot-Applanat M, Pimpie C, Vacher S, Bieche I, Pocard M, Baud V. Differential Expression of Genes Involved in Metabolism and Immune Response in Diffuse and Intestinal Gastric Cancers, a Pilot Ptudy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020240. [PMID: 35203450 PMCID: PMC8869420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The vast majority of GC cases are adenocarcinomas including intestinal and diffuse GC. The incidence of diffuse GCs, often associated with poor overall survival, has constantly increased in USA and Europe The molecular basis of diffuse GC aggressivity remains unclear. Using mRNA from diffuse and intestinal GC tumor samples of a Western cohort, this study reports the expression level of the immunomodulatory aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and genes involved in immune suppression (PD1, PD-L1, PD-L2) and the early steps of tryptophan metabolism (IDO1, IDO2, TDO2). Strongly increased expression of IDO1 (p < 0.001) and PD1 (p < 0.003) was observed in the intestinal sub-type. The highest expression of IDO1 and PDL1 correlated with early clinical stage and absence of lymphatic invasion (×25 p = 0.004, ×3 p = 0.04, respectively). Our results suggest that kynurenine, produced by tryptophan catabolism, and AhR activation play a central role in creating an immunosuppressive environment. Correspondingly, as compared to intestinal GCs, expression levels of IDO1-TDO2 and PD-L1 were less prominent in diffuse GCs which also had less infiltration of immune cells, suggesting an inactive immune response in the advanced diffuse GC. Confirmation of these patterns of gene expression will require a larger cohort of early and advanced stages of diffuse GC samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Perrot-Applanat
- INSERM U1275, CAP Paris-Tech, Université de Paris, Lariboisiere Hospital, F-75010 Paris, France; (C.P.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.-A.); (V.B.)
| | - Cynthia Pimpie
- INSERM U1275, CAP Paris-Tech, Université de Paris, Lariboisiere Hospital, F-75010 Paris, France; (C.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Pharmacogenomics Unit-Institut Curie, Department of Genetics, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; (S.V.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Pharmacogenomics Unit-Institut Curie, Department of Genetics, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; (S.V.); (I.B.)
| | - Marc Pocard
- INSERM U1275, CAP Paris-Tech, Université de Paris, Lariboisiere Hospital, F-75010 Paris, France; (C.P.); (M.P.)
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, AP-HP, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Baud
- NF-kappaB, Différenciation et Cancer, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.-A.); (V.B.)
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14
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MicroRNAs as Modulators of the Immune Response in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020829. [PMID: 35055013 PMCID: PMC8776227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is an aggressive haematological tumour driven by the malignant transformation and expansion of B-cell (B-ALL) or T-cell (T-ALL) progenitors. The evolution of T-ALL pathogenesis encompasses different master developmental pathways, including the main role played by Notch in cell fate choices during tissue differentiation. Recently, a growing body of evidence has highlighted epigenetic changes, particularly the altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), as a critical molecular mechanism to sustain T-ALL. The immune response is emerging as key factor in the complex multistep process of cancer but the role of miRNAs in anti-leukaemia response remains elusive. In this review we analyse the available literature on miRNAs as tuners of the immune response in T-ALL, focusing on their role in Natural Killer, T, T-regulatory and Myeloid-derived suppressor cells. A better understanding of this molecular crosstalk may provide the basis for the development of potential immunotherapeutic strategies in the leukemia field.
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15
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Recent advances in the role of Th17/Treg cells in tumor immunity and tumor therapy. Immunol Res 2021; 69:398-414. [PMID: 34302619 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Th17 and Treg cells play an important role in regulating tissue inflammation and maintaining the stability of the immune system. They regulate inflammatory responses, participate in the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases and tumors, and determine the disease progress. Malignant tumor is one of the diseases with the highest mortality rate in the world. However, the efficacy of traditional treatment is limited, so it is necessary to find safe and efficient treatment methods. Studies have shown that the balance of Th17/Treg cells plays a critical role in tumor progression. In this paper, we review the antitumor and tumor-suppressing effects of Th17/Treg cells, and new strategies for tumor therapy, combined with new research hotspots such as immune checkpoint therapy, miRNA-related gene therapy, and metabolic pathway regulation of Th17/Treg cell differentiation and tumor generation. The synergistic therapy is expected to be widely used in the future clinical practice, providing a new choice for the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors.
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but efficacy remains limited in most clinical settings. Cancer is a systemic disease that induces many functional and compositional changes to the immune system as a whole. Immunity is regulated by interactions of diverse cell lineages across tissues. Therefore, an improved understanding of tumour immunology must assess the systemic immune landscape beyond the tumour microenvironment (TME). Importantly, the peripheral immune system is required to drive effective natural and therapeutically induced antitumour immune responses. In fact, emerging evidence suggests that immunotherapy drives new immune responses rather than the reinvigoration of pre-existing immune responses. However, new immune responses in individuals burdened with tumours are compromised even beyond the TME. Herein, we aim to comprehensively outline the current knowledge of systemic immunity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamir J Hiam-Galvez
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Breanna M Allen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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The Roles of IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 in the Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastrointestinal Inflammation: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050315. [PMID: 33924897 PMCID: PMC8147029 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although millions of people have been infected by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), only a small proportion of infected individuals will develop adverse outcomes, ranging from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. Advanced development of the disease has been well-linked with chronic inflammation, which is significantly impacted by the adaptive and humoral immunity response. From the perspective of cellular immunity, this review aims to clarify the intricate axis between IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 in H. pylori-related diseases and the pathogenesis of inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. CD4+ helper T (Th)-17 cells, with the hallmark pleiotropic cytokine IL-17, can affect antimicrobial activity and the pathogenic immune response in the gut environment. These circumstances cannot be separated, as the existence of affiliated cytokines, including IL-21 and IL-23, help maintain Th17 and accommodate humoral immune cells. Comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interaction between molecular host responses in H. pylori-related diseases and the inflammation process may facilitate further development of immune-based therapy.
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18
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Zhuang Q, Fan M, Shen J, Chen Z, Xue D, Lu H, Xu R, He X, Hou J. Overexpression of Capns1 Predicts Poor Prognosis and Correlates with Tumor Progression in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urol Int 2021; 105:697-704. [PMID: 33887737 DOI: 10.1159/000511638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpain small subunit 1 (Capns1) has shown its correlation with the metastasis and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. However, the expression and function of Capns1 in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have not been clarified. This study aimed to examine the expression of Capns1 in RCC tissues and cell lines and to assess its role performed in RCC. METHODS Capns1 expression was evaluated in 75 pairs of RCC and matched adjacent non-tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. The prognostic value of Capns1 in RCC was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. The action of Capns1 in the proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion of RCC cells and the effects on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9 expression were evaluated after Capns1 silence. RESULTS Capns1 expression was significantly higher in RCC tissues compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissues. Multivariate analysis showed that Capns1 overexpression was an independent poor prognostic marker in RCC. The silencing of Capns1 prohibited cell adhesion and impaired the migration and invasion ability of 786-O cells in vitro. Furthermore, Capns1 silence reduced MMP2 and MMP9 expression. CONCLUSION Capns1 overexpression predicts poor prognosis and correlates with tumor progression in RCC. Capns1 expression might serve a prognostic marker and therapeutic target for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Renfang Xu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jianquan Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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19
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Yuan B, Xu K, Shimada R, Li J, Hayashi H, Okazaki M, Takagi N. Cytotoxic Effects of Arsenite in Combination With Gamabufotalin Against Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Front Oncol 2021; 11:628914. [PMID: 33796463 PMCID: PMC8009626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.628914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a fatal primary malignant brain tumor, and the 5-year survival rate of treated glioblastoma patients still remains <5%. Considering the sustained development of metastasis, tumor recurrence, and drug resistance, there is an urgent need for the novel therapeutic approaches to combat glioblastoma. Trivalent arsenic derivative (arsenite, AsIII) with remarkable clinical efficacy in leukemia has been shown to exert cytocidal effect against glioblastoma cells. Gamabufotalin, an active bufadienolide compound, also shows selective cytocidal effect against glioblastoma cells, and has been suggested to serve as a promising adjuvant therapeutic agent to potentiate therapeutic effect of conventional anticancer drugs. In order to gain novel insight into therapeutic approaches against glioblastoma, the cytotoxicity of AsIII and gamabufotalin was explored in the human glioblastoma cell lines U-87 and U-251. In comparison with U-251 cells, U-87 cells were highly susceptible to the two drugs, alone or in combination. More importantly, clinically achieved concentrations of AsIII combined with gamabufotalin exhibited synergistic cytotoxicity against U-87 cells, whereas showed much less cytotoxicity to human normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. G2/M cell cycle arrest was induced by each single drug, and further augmented by their combination in U-87 cells. Downregulation of the expression levels of cdc25C, Cyclin B1, cdc2, and survivin was observed in U-87 cells treated with the combined regimen and occurred in parallel with G2/M arrest. Concomitantly, lactate dehydrogenase leakage was also observed. Intriguingly, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, intensified the cytotoxicity of the combined regimen in U-87 cells, whereas wortmannin, a potent autophagy inhibitor, significantly rescued the cells. Collectively, G2/M arrest, necrosis and autophagy appeared to cooperatively contribute to the synergistic cytotoxicity of AsIII and gamabufotalin. Given that p38 MAPK serves an essential role in promoting glioblastoma cell survival, developing a possible strategy composed of AsIII, gamabufotalin, and a p38 MAPK inhibitor may provide novel insight into approaches designed to combat glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan.,Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ryota Shimada
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - JingZhe Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Research of Chinese Medicine on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Mari Okazaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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20
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Kazama K, Otake J, Satoyoshi T, Shiozawa M, Sugano N, Sato S, Atsumi Y, Kano K, Murakawa M, Maezawa Y, Hashimoto I, Numata M, Oshima T, Yukawa N, Rino Y, Sasada T, Masuda M. Distribution of Regulatory T-Cells and Other Phenotypes of T-Cells in Tumors and Regional Lymph Nodes of Colorectal Cancer Patients. In Vivo 2020; 34:849-856. [PMID: 32111794 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Tumor microenvironments consist of many types of immune cells, in which regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are supposed to play important roles to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Regional lymph nodes are essential for antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we compared the diversity of phenotypes of T-cells in normal tissue and regional lymph nodes in order to determine the immunosuppressive mechanism of lymph node metastasis of CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty patients were enrolled in this study, and paired samples (tumor tissue, normal tissue, and three regional lymph node samples and as well as non-regional lymph node samples) were obtained from each patient. In each paired-sample set, the proportions of different immune cell types and T-cells expressing immune checkpoint molecules were compared using flow cytometry. RESULTS Higher proportions of Tregs [7.58% (4.94%-13.87%) vs. 1.79% (0.03%-5.36%), p<0.001] and lower proportions of INFγ-producing CD4-positive T (iCD4+) cells [21.49% (12.08%-27.35%) vs. 26.55% (15.65%-37.63%), p<0.001] were observed in tumor tissue than in normal mucosa. Parts of regional lymph nodes nearest the tumor had a greater proportion of Tregs [5.86% (4.18%-7.69%)] and lower proportions of iCD4+ [5.94% (3.51%-9.04%)] and INFγ-producing CD8-positive T (iCD8+) cells [21.93% (14.92%-35.90%)] than distant parts of regional lymph nodes and non-regional lymph nodes. Both immune-suppressing molecules (CTLA-4 and PD-1) and immune-promoting molecules (OX-40 and ICOS) tended to be highly expressed in tumor tissue and local lymph nodes. CONCLUSION In patients with CRC, regional lymph nodes, especially the parts nearest the tumor, had a higher proportion of Tregs and other suppressive immunophenotypes of T-cells than those located more distantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kazama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan .,Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junya Otake
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Shiozawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sugano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sumito Sato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Atsumi
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kano
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Murakawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukio Maezawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Itaru Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Numata
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Norio Yukawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Rino
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Munetaka Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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21
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The impaired anti-tumoral effect of immune surveillance cells in the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Kinoshita M, Kobayashi S, Gotoh K, Kubo M, Hayashi K, Iwagami Y, Yamada D, Akita H, Noda T, Asaoka T, Takeda Y, Tanemura M, Eguchi H, Urakawa S, Goto K, Maekawa K, Wada H, Mori M, Doki Y. Heterogeneity of Treg/Th17 According to Cancer Progression and Modification in Biliary Tract Cancers via Self-Producing Cytokines. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:2937-2948. [PMID: 31853779 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-06011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We previously demonstrated that inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was produced during cancer progression, worked together with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) with chemo-resistance against gemcitabine (GR) at the invasion front of biliary tract cancers (BTCs). However, the significance of cytokine-induced T cell accumulation at the tumor microenvironment in biliary tract cancer (BTC) is not well understood. Because these cytokines (IL-6 and TGF-β1) are able to differentiate naïve T cells into Foxp3-expressing T cells (Tregs) and/or IL-17-producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells, we investigated the relationship between heterogeneous, cancer-producing cytokines and T cell differentiation. METHODS In total, 127 curative resected specimens from patients with BTCs at Osaka University Hospital between 2000 and 2012 were evaluated for IL-6, TGF-β1, Tregs, and Th17 cells by immunohistochemistry. The ability of BTC-GR cells to undergo T cell differentiation was investigated in vitro. RESULTS Tregs accumulated at the tumor center and Th17 cells accumulated at the invasion front during cancer progression and/or metastasis; each signaled poor prognosis. Treg accumulation was related to TGF-β1 expression by cancer cells, and Th17 cell accumulation was related to IL-6 expression by cancer cells, in resected specimens; this was confirmed in vitro. Compared with parent cells, GR cells produced IL-6 but not TGF-β1 in a time-dependent manner, had EMT features, and induced T cell differentiation to Th17 cells but not Tregs. CONCLUSION Cytokines produced by cancer cells (IL-6 and TGF-β1) induced heterogeneity of Tregs and Th17 cells in the tumor microenvironment, supporting progression of BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kubo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan.
| | - Shinya Urakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goto
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kayoko Maekawa
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 (E2) Yamadaoka, Suita, 537-8511, Japan
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Xia DN, Tan YQ, Yang JY, Zhou G. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a promising approach for the management of oral lichen planus. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:989-999. [PMID: 32770320 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease with a risk of malignant transformation. Although the etiology of OLP is still uncertain, growing evidence suggests that oral microbiota, antigen-specific, and non-specific mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. Antigen-specific mechanisms include antigen presentation, T-cell activation, nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, and cytokine secretion, while non-specific mechanisms consist of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 upregulation, psychological pressure, oxidative damage, aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), and autophagy. Till now, there is no cure for OLP, and the main purpose of OLP therapy is symptomatic control. FINDING Seafood and its derivative omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can suppress antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, modulate the overexpressed inflammatory cytokines, inhibit the expression of MMP-9, as well as regulate the expression of miRNAs and autophagy. And they are possible agents for ameliorating psychological disorder and oxidative damage. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs supplementation has a beneficial effect on preventing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION n-3 PUFAs consumption may provide a non-toxic, inexpensive administration for OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Na Xia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Qin Tan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Ya Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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24
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Chen YY, Feng Y, Mao QS, Ma P, Liu JZ, Lu W, Liu YF, Chen X, Hu YL, Xue WJ. Diagnostic and prognostic value of the peripheral natural killer cell levels in gastric cancer. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3816-3822. [PMID: 32855731 PMCID: PMC7444348 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets have been reported to be useful as prognostic and/or diagnostic markers for patients with cancer. However, the clinical value of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in gastric cancer (GC) has remained elusive. In the present study, peripheral CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, B cells (CD19+), regulatory T cells (Tregs; CD4+CD25+CD127-) and natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-CDl6+CD56+) were detected by flow cytometry in 122 patients with GC, 80 healthy donors (HDs) and 80 patients with gastric ulcer (GU). NK cells (CD56+) were detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis in 20 GC and three GU tissue samples. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the threshold of the peripheral NK cell level and survival analysis was performed to assess its prognostic value in patients with GC. The results indicated that the peripheral NK cell proportion in patients with GC (18.77%) was significantly higher than that in the HD (12.19%) and GU (12.74%) groups. IHC analysis suggested that the NK level in GC tumor samples was correlated with that in paired serum samples. ROC curve analysis indicated that the peripheral NK cell level (15.16%) was able to effectively identify patients with GC, a diagnostic sensitivity of 75.41% and a specificity of 77.45% were determined. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the peripheral NK cell level was independently associated with the T stage and survival analysis demonstrated that high levels of peripheral NK cells were associated with poor prognosis of patients with GC. In conclusion, the peripheral NK cell level may be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Sheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Peng Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Zhou Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Fei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Jiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Nantong University, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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25
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Comparative Analysis of Immunoactivation by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields and PD-1 Blockade in Murine Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:9582731. [PMID: 32802733 PMCID: PMC7416239 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9582731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric field (NsPEF) ablation effectively eliminates early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by local ablation and advanced HCC by inducing a remarkable and sustained host immune response. However, this approach is not sufficient to prevent cancer progression, and complementary approaches are necessary for effective immunotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the immunoactivating effects and mechanisms of action of nsPEF ablation and PD-1 blockade on an HCC orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Briefly, 24 C57BL-6J tumor-bearing mice were randomly assigned to three groups: nsPEF ablation group, anti-PD-1 administration group, and untreated control group. Tumor-infiltrating T, B, and NK cell levels and plasma concentrations of Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10), Th9 (IL-9), and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22) cytokines were evaluated. Both nsPEF ablation and anti-PD-1 treatment induced immune cell infiltration in local tumors and modulated cytokine levels in the peripheral blood, with distinct changes in the two treatment groups. Based on these findings, both nsPEF ablation and PD-1 antibody administration can trigger a local and systemic immune response in a partially complementary manner, and nsPEF ablation should be considered along with PD-1 blockade for the treatment of HCC.
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26
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Shao J, Chen K, Li Q, Ma J, Ma Y, Lin Z, Kang H, Chen B. High Level of IL-10 in Cerebrospinal Fluid is Specific for Diagnosis of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6261-6268. [PMID: 32801871 PMCID: PMC7386815 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s255482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pathological diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) by stereotactic brain biopsy and craniotomy is not often applicable due to the high cost and associated complications. In recent years, some biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including interleukin 10 (IL-10), microRNAs, CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), have been reported to be associated with PCNSL. However, this conclusion was controversial. Therefore, this study was to test whether Th17 cell-related cytokines could be used to distinguish PCNSL from other brain tumors. Patients and Methods Th17 cell-related cytokines in CSF were measured in 108 patients with intracranial tumors, which included 66 PCNSL patients and 42 patients with other types of brain tumors. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized to analyze the diagnostic value of the cytokines based on the area under the curve (AUC). Results The CSF IL-10 level and IL-10/IL-6 ratios were significantly higher in PCNSL than in the other brain tumors (58.2 pg/mL VS 1.5 pg/mL, p=0.001; 24.3 VS 0.6, p=0.001). When the cutoff level of IL-10 was set at 8.3 pg/mL, its sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing PCNSL were 59.0% and 98%, respectively. The CSF IL-10 levels over 5pg/mL (+LR 12.3) were of significant value for the diagnosis of PCNSL. These parameters are highly valuable in PCNSL diagnosis, but their sensitivity is less valuable. The sensitivity of IL-4 and IL-17A, the ratio of mature lymphocytes and the monocytes/macrophages ratio in CSF were relatively high. In combination, the sensitivity increased by 15% and the specificity remained above 85%. The best combination was IL-10 and IL-17A, whose sensitivity was 70% and specificity was 96%. Conclusion The CSF level of IL-10 is a useful diagnostic biomarker in patients with PCNSL. The CSF levels of IL-4, IL-17A, mature lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages can be used to increase the diagnostic value of CSF IL-10 level and IL-10/IL-6 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Lin
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, People's Republic of China
| | - Bobin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
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27
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El-Maadawy EA, Elshal MF, Bakry RM, Moussa MM, El-Naby S, Talaat RM. Regulation of CD4 +CD25 +FOXP3 + cells in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Implication of cytokines and miRNAs. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:1-8. [PMID: 32480291 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) is one of the immunosuppressive subsets of CD4+ T cells characterized by transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) expression which are involved in tumor development and progression. Identification of the factors that influence Treg cell function is extremely important. Our current study aimed to evaluate the frequency of Treg cells, cytokine secretion and the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. The frequency of CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg was assessed by flow cytometry in 43 ALL patients versus 42 controls. Plasma levels of IL-10, transcription factor β (TGF-β), IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). miR-21, miR-24, miR-26a, miR133b, miR-148a and miR-155 expression were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A slight insignificant increase in Treg cells in ALL patients compared to controls was observed. There was a significant elevation in IL-10 (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.01), IL-23 (p < 0.05) and TNF-α (p < 0.01) in ALL patients compared with controls. Meanwhile, a significant reduction in TGF-β (p < 0.001) was recorded. A slight insignificant decrease in IL-17 in ALL patients was observed.ALL patients showed a significant increase in miR-21 (p < 0.05), miR-148a (p < 0.01), miR-24 (p < 0.05) and a significant reduction in miR-155 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the slight change in Treg cells frequency and alteration in related cytokines could possibly involve in the pathogenesis of ALL. Dysregulated miRNAs, as a regulatory mechanism of epigenetics, might contribute to these observed results. Further researches are required to confirm our interesting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A El-Maadawy
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed F Elshal
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt.
| | - Rania M Bakry
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assuite, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed M Moussa
- Clinical Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - SobhyHasab El-Naby
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufiya University, Menoufiya, Egypt.
| | - Roba M Talaat
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt.
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28
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Kim JH, Hwang J, Jung JH, Lee HJ, Lee DY, Kim SH. Molecular networks of FOXP family: dual biologic functions, interplay with other molecules and clinical implications in cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:180. [PMID: 31815635 PMCID: PMC6900861 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though Forkhead box P (FOXP) transcription factors comprising of FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3 and FOXP4 are involved in the embryonic development, immune disorders and cancer progression, the underlying function of FOXP3 targeting CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and the dual roles of FOXP proteins as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor are unclear and controversial in cancers to date. Thus, the present review highlighted research history, dual roles of FOXP proteins as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, their molecular networks with other proteins and noncoding RNAs, cellular immunotherapy targeting FOXP3, and clinical implications in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Hwang
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jung
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Lab, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee university, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Yuan B, Shimada R, Xu K, Han L, Si N, Zhao H, Bian B, Hayashi H, Okazaki M, Takagi N. Multiple cytotoxic effects of gamabufotalin against human glioblastoma cell line U-87. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Riera-Domingo C, Audigé A, Granja S, Cheng WC, Ho PC, Baltazar F, Stockmann C, Mazzone M. Immunity, Hypoxia, and Metabolism-the Ménage à Trois of Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:1-102. [PMID: 31414610 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that metabolism is able to shape the immune response. Only recently we are gaining awareness that the metabolic crosstalk between different tumor compartments strongly contributes to the harsh tumor microenvironment (TME) and ultimately impairs immune cell fitness and effector functions. The major aims of this review are to provide an overview on the immune system in cancer; to position oxygen shortage and metabolic competition as the ground of a restrictive TME and as important players in the anti-tumor immune response; to define how immunotherapies affect hypoxia/oxygen delivery and the metabolic landscape of the tumor; and vice versa, how oxygen and metabolites within the TME impinge on the success of immunotherapies. By analyzing preclinical and clinical endeavors, we will discuss how a metabolic characterization of the TME can identify novel targets and signatures that could be exploited in combination with standard immunotherapies and can help to predict the benefit of new and traditional immunotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Riera-Domingo
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Annette Audigé
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sara Granja
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Wan-Chen Cheng
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stockmann
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Ludwig Cancer Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
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31
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Shahid A, Bharadwaj M. The connection between the Th17 cell related cytokines and cancer stem cells in cancer: Novel therapeutic targets. Immunol Lett 2019; 213:9-20. [PMID: 31278971 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the subpopulation of cells present in the different types of cancers with capabilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity when transplanted into an animal host. The research work on the CSC has been providing a promising approach for the improvement of cancer therapies in the future. The CSCs have a close connection with the cytokines related with the T helper 17 (Th17) cell and other factors present in the tumor microenvironment, and these play a pivotal role in tumor progression and metastasis. The properties of CSCs are well defined in various type of tumor which is mainly developed by chemically and spontaneously in murine cancer model but in human defined primarily on acute myeloid leukemia, glioma, and breast cancer. The role of Th1, Th2, Natural Killer cells are well described in the cancer biology, but the Th17 cells are the subset which is recently exploited, and lots of research are going on. In this Review, we summarize current findings of the characteristics and functions of the Th17 cell and its signature cytokines in different cancers and their interconnections with cancer stem cells and with their markers. We have also discussed the functional properties of CSCs and how the CSCs markers can be distinguished from normal stem cells markers. We have also talked about the strategies that are efficiently targeting of CSCs and Th17 cells in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Shahid
- Molecular Biology Group, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department of Health Research, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Molecular Biology Group, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Department of Health Research, Noida, 201301, India.
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen J, Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang J. Nanosecond pulsed electric field inhibits malignant melanoma growth by inducing the change of systemic immunity. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e555-e561. [PMID: 31256187 PMCID: PMC6667006 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) showed an inhibitory effect on proliferation of malignant melanoma. In this study, the growth of melanoma were inhibited by changing the systemic immunity . MATERIAL AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice with B16 malignant were exposed to 200 pulses of 100 ns duration, 30kV/cm. The mice were executed four days later. T lymphocyte has been extracted from spleen. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) were analyzed by flow cytometry . TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β, IFN- γ levels in supernatants were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS C57 malignant melanoma model were established successfully. After the treatment of nsPEFs(30 kV/cm 100 ns 200p), the numbers of T lymphocytes were increased.CD3+ CD4+ T cells changed from 48% to 51.2%;CD3+CD8+T lymphocytes increased from 39.6% to 40.4%.Treg cells reduced from 4.3% to 2.4%,MDSC decreased by 39.0% to 19.7% . In addition, the level of TNF-α, IL-2 were increased (P < 0.05) and the level of IL-10 were decreased (P < 0.05) and the level of TGF-β and IFN-γ remained stable (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tumor growth can be effectively inhibited by nsPEFs in vivo, which activate targets of immune respones, accumulation of inflammatory cells and immune cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang Western Road Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China
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Recent advances in the study of regulatory T cells in gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:560-567. [PMID: 31181438 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), which features a complex pathogenesis and mechanism, remains refractory. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which have been implicated in the progression of gastric cancer, play an immunosuppressive role in the tumor microenvironment. However, the prognostic value of Treg infiltration is still controversial in GC patients. Recently, the association of Tregs with the clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients, the prognostic value of Tregs alone or its combination with other factors to GC patients, the role of Tregs in GC tumor microenvironment, clinical applications and Tregs-targeted therapies for GC patients have become hot issues. In this review, we are going to discuss these scientific researches which focused on these topics.
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Notch signaling pathway regulates CD4 +CD25 +CD127 dim/- regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells function in gastric cancer patients. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182044. [PMID: 30988066 PMCID: PMC6522723 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells contribute to cancer progression and prognosis. However, regulatory factors associated with Tregs-Th17 balance were not completely understood. We previously demonstrated an immune-modulatory capacity by Notch signaling inactivation to reverse Tregs-Th17 disequilibrium in chronic hepatitis C. Thus, the aim of current study was to assess the role of Notch signaling in modulation Tregs and Th17 cells function in gastric cancer (GC) patients. A total of 51 GC patients and 18 normal controls (NCs) were enrolled. Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA expressions were semiquantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tregs/Th17 percentages, transcriptional factors, and cytokines production were investigated in response to the stimulation of Notch signaling inhibitor DAPT. Both Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA expressions were elevated in GC tissues and peripheral bloods in GC patients. CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- Tregs and Th17 cells percentage was also elevated in GC patients compared with in NCs. DAPT treatment did not affect frequency of either circulating Tregs or Th17 cells, however, reduced FoxP3/RORγt mRNA expression and interleukin (IL)-35/IL-17 production in purified CD4+ T cells from GC patients. Moreover, blockade of Notch signaling also inhibited the suppressive function of purified CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- Tregs from GC patients, which presented as elevation of cellular proliferation and IL-35 secretion. The current data further provided mechanism underlying Tregs-Th17 balance in GC patients. The link between Notch signaling and Th cells might lead to a new therapeutic target for GC patients.
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Rezalotfi A, Ahmadian E, Aazami H, Solgi G, Ebrahimi M. Gastric Cancer Stem Cells Effect on Th17/Treg Balance; A Bench to Beside Perspective. Front Oncol 2019; 9:226. [PMID: 31024835 PMCID: PMC6464032 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs), a small population among tumor cells, are responsible for tumor initiation, development, metastasis, and recurrence. They play a crucial role in immune evasion, immunomodulation, and impairment of effector immunity and believed to be emerged to change the balance of the immune system, importantly CD4+ T cells in the chronic inflamed tumor site. However, different subtypes of innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the formation of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment, we would look at T cells in this study. Tumor microenvironment induces differentiation of CD4+ T cells into different subsets of T cells, mainly suppressive regulatory T cells (Treg), and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, although their exact role in tumor immunity is still under debate depending on tumor types and stages. Counterbalance between Th17 and Treg cells in the gastrointestinal system result in the homeostasis and normal function of the immune system, particularly mucosal immunity. Recent data demonstrated a high infiltration of Th17 and Treg cells into the gastric tumor site and proved that tumor microenvironment might disturb the balance between Th17 and Treg. It is possible to assume an association between activation of CSCs which contribute to metastasis in late stages, and the imbalanced Th17/Treg cells observed in advanced gastric cancer patients. This review intends to clarify the importance of gastric tumor microenvironment specifically CSCs in relation to Th17/Tregs balance firstly and to highlight the relevance of imbalanced Th17/Treg subsets in determining the stages and behavior of the tumor secondly. Finally, the present study suggests a clinical approach looking at the plasticity of T cells with a focus on Th17 as a promising dedicated arm in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Rezalotfi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Ahmadian
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Department of Animal Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Aazami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ghasem Solgi
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Marzieh Ebrahimi
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Valencia JC, Egbukichi N, Erwin-Cohen RA. Autoimmunity and Cancer, the Paradox Comorbidities Challenging Therapy in the Context of Preexisting Autoimmunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 39:72-84. [PMID: 30562133 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic options allow patients with autoimmune diseases (ADs) to live longer and have more active lives compared with patients receiving conventional anti-inflammatory therapy just two decades ago. Current therapies for ADs aim to inhibit immune cell activation and effector immune pathways, including those activated by cytokines and cytokine receptors. Understandably, such goals become more complicated in patients with long-term established ADs who develop parallel chronic or comorbid conditions, including life-threatening diseases, such as cancer. Compared with the general population, patients with ADs have an increased risk of developing hematological, lymphoproliferative disorders, and solid tumors. However, the aim of current cancer therapies is to activate the immune system to create autoimmune-like conditions and eliminate tumors. As such, their comorbid presentation creates a paradox on how malignancies must be addressed therapeutically in the context of autoimmunity. Because the physiopathology of malignancies is less understood in the context of autoimmunity than it is in the general population, we undertook this review to highlight the peculiarities and mechanisms governing immune cells in established ADs. Moreover, we examined the role of the autoimmune cytokine milieu in the development of immune-related adverse events during the implementation of conventional or immune-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Valencia
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nkolika Egbukichi
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rebecca A Erwin-Cohen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
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Liu J, Li W, Zhu W, He W, Zhao H, Xiang Y, Liu C, Wu W. Chronic intermittent hypoxia promotes the development of experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating Treg/Th17 differentiation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1200-1210. [PMID: 30379980 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to characterize the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia and HIF1α on the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) process in mice, and to explore the role of the Treg/Th17 balance in the formation of NASH inflammation and fibrosis. To achieve this purpose, simple steatosis was induced in mice by high-fat diet administration. Subsequently, chronic intermittent hypoxia was simulated by intraperitoneally injecting sodium nitrite. The changes of inflammation, fibrosis, and Treg/Th17 balance in the liver were quantified under chronic intermittent hypoxia condition and after tail vein injection of HIF1α-siRNA. In addition, T cells were cultured in vitro, and HIF1α expression was either blocked or overexpressed under chronic intermittent hypoxia or normal conditions. Then, the changes of Treg/Th17 balance, inflammatory factors, and cell pathways were measured in each group. Our results demonstrated that chronic intermittent hypoxia accelerates the NASH process, while tail vein injection of HIF1α-siRNA improves liver histology and function. Chronic intermittent hypoxia alters the ratio of Th17 and Treg cells through HIF1α and mTOR signaling, and increases the expressions of NF-κB, IL-6, and IL-17, but decreases IL-10 expression. Inhibition of the mTOR-HIF1α-TLR4-IL-6 pathway increases the ratio of Treg/Th17. Thus, chronic intermittent hypoxia modulates the Treg/Th17 balance by inducing HIF1α, resulting in the activation of the mTOR-HIF1α-TLR4-IL-6 pathway, which accelerates the formation of NASH and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Weimei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, China
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Zhou J, Li X, Wu X, Zhang T, Zhu Q, Wang X, Wang H, Wang K, Lin Y, Wang X. Exosomes Released from Tumor-Associated Macrophages Transfer miRNAs That Induce a Treg/Th17 Cell Imbalance in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1578-1592. [PMID: 30396909 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune microenvironment is crucial for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) progression and consists of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and T lymphocytes, such as regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. In this study, the Treg/Th17 ratio was significantly higher in EOC in situ and in metastatic peritoneal tissues than in benign ovarian tumors and benign peritoneum. The Treg/Th17 ratio was associated with histologic grade and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of EOC patients. On the basis of microarray analysis of exosomes derived from TAMs, we identified miRNAs enriched in the exosomes, including miR-29a-3p and miR-21-5p. When the two miRNA mimics were transfected into CD4+ T cells, they directly suppressed STAT3 and regulated Treg/Th17 cells, inducing an imbalance, and they had a synergistic effect on STAT3 inhibition. Taken together, these results indicate that exosomes mediate the interaction between TAMs and T cells, generating an immune-suppressive microenvironment that facilitates EOC progression and metastasis. These findings suggest that targeting these exosomes or their associated miRNAs might pave the way for the development of novel treatments for EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoduan Li
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinyi Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Husheng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, RenJi Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Song J, Chen Z, Geng T, Wang M, Yi S, Liu K, Zhou W, Gao J, Song W, Tang H. Deleting MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells promotes development of adenocarcinomas of the colon. Cancer Lett 2018; 433:65-75. [PMID: 29960049 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal myeloid cells are not only essential for keeping local homeostasis, but also play an important role in regulating the occurrence of colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC). In these diseases, the manner in which the myeloid cells work and which molecular pathways influence them are still not fully understood. In our study, we discovered that MyD88 signaling in colonic myeloid cells participates in the development of CAC. Myeloid MyD88-deficient mice showed greater susceptibility to azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced CAC, as evidenced by the increase in the number and sizes of tumors. Myeloid MyD88 deletion markedly increased production of pro-inflammatory and pro-tumor cytokines; recruitment of more IL-1β producing-neutrophils in colon from bone marrow; increased in epithelial cell apoptosis and decreased in epithelial cell proliferation; enhancement of colon mucosal expression of COX-2, p-STAT3, β-catenin, and cyclinD1; induction of further DNA damage and β-catenin mutation. To sum up, these results suggest that myeloid MyD88 signaling protects the intestine from tumorigenesis during the development of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Song
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China; Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Tingting Geng
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuying Yi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jiming Gao
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Wengang Song
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Han L, Yuan B, Shimada R, Hayashi H, Si N, Zhao HY, Bian B, Takagi N. Cytocidal effects of arenobufagin and hellebrigenin, two active bufadienolide compounds, against human glioblastoma cell line U-87. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2488-2502. [PMID: 30272276 PMCID: PMC6203163 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal intracranial tumor type, characterized by high angiogenic and infiltrative capacities. To provide a novel insight into therapeutic strategies against glioblastoma, the cytotoxicity of arenobufagin and hellebrigenin was investigated in the human glioblastoma cell line, U-87. Similar dose-dependent cytotoxicity was observed in the cells, whereas no detectable toxicity was confirmed in mouse primary astrocytes. Treatment with each drug downregulated the expression levels of Cdc25C, Cyclin B1 and survivin, which occurred in parallel with G2/M phase arrest. Necrotic-like cell death was only observed in the cells treated with a relatively high concentration (>100 ng/ml). These results indicate that the two drugs exhibited distinct cytotoxicity against cancerous glial cells with high potency and selectivity, suggesting that growth inhibition associated with G2/M phase arrest and/or necrosis were attributed to their toxicities. Activation of the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was also observed in treated cells. Notably, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, SB203580, itself caused a significant decrease in cell viability, and further enhanced the cytotoxicity of the two drugs, suggesting an important pro-survival role for p38 MAPK. Given that p38 MAPK serves an essential role in promoting glioblastoma cell survival, developing a novel combination regimen of arenobufagin/hellebrigenin plus a p38 MAPK inhibitor may improve the efficacy of the two drugs, and may provide more therapeutic benefits to patients with glioblastoma. The qualitative assessment demonstrated the existence of arenobufagin in the cerebrospinal fluid of arenobufagin-treated rats, supporting its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Han
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ryota Shimada
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Nan Si
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yu Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Baolin Bian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Meng X, Zhu S, Dong Q, Zhang S, Ma J, Zhou C. Expression of Th17/Treg related molecules in gastric cancer tissues. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 29:45-51. [PMID: 29391307 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The function of regulatory T cells (Treg) and helper T cells 17 (Th17) related indexes, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and forkhead box protein 3(FoxP3) in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues remains undefined. We investigated and analyzed the relevance of the proteins with the clinicopathological characteristics and the interactions among them in gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total 68 gastric cancer patients and 40 healthy controls were enrolled. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) as well as quantitative real-time reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the expression levels of IL-6, TGF-β1, IL-17, and FoxP3 in the prepared tissues. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and chi-square test. RESULTS The expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, FoxP3, and TGF-β1 had significantly increased in cancer tissues compared to controls. Clinical staging of gastric cancer were correlated with the rise of IL-6, IL-17, FoxP3, and TGF-β1 levels expressed in cancer tissues. The expression level of TGF-β1 and IL-6 was positively related to that of IL-17 and FoxP3, similar to FoxP3 and IL-17 in gastric cancer tissues. CONCLUSION IL-6, TGF-β1, FoxP3, and IL-17 may promote the progression of gastric cancer individually or jointly and have complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Meng
- Department of Health Care, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (East), Qingdao, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Beijing Digestive Diseases Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjiang Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (East), Qingdao, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Beijing Digestive Diseases Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Health Care, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (East), Qingdao, China
| | - Changhong Zhou
- Department of Health Care, Qingdao Municipal Hospital (East), Qingdao, China
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Yin N, Wang Y, Lu X, Liu R, Zhang L, Zhao W, Yuan W, Luo Q, Wu H, Luan X, Zhang H. hPMSC transplantation restoring ovarian function in premature ovarian failure mice is associated with change of Th17/Tc17 and Th17/Treg cell ratios through the PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:37. [PMID: 29444704 PMCID: PMC5813427 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hPMSC) transplantation has been demonstrated to be an effective way of recovering ovarian function in mice with autoimmune induced premature ovarian failure (POF). But the exact mechanism remains unclear. The goal of the present study is to investigate the role of immune factors (T-helper 17 (Th17), cytotoxic T (Tc17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells) in the recovery of ovarian function and whether the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal pathway is involved in the regulation. METHODS The inhibitor of PI3K/Akt was administered to observe its effect on ovarian function recovery and immune regulation. Serum levels of estradiol (E2), follicle stimulation hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)) and anti-Zona pellucida antibody (AZPAb) were measured by ELISA to evaluate ovarian function. The morphological changes of ovaries were observed by HE staining. Apoptosis of granular cells (GCs) was determined by detecting the expression of capase-3. Expression of p-Akt protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay in ovarian tissues. The MTT assay was performed to assess GC proliferation. GC apoptosis was performed using flow cytometry analysis. Percentages of Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells were detected by flow cytometry. Expression of interleukin (IL)-17 in serum was measured by ELISA. RESULTS LY294002 administration decreased serum levels of E2 and AMH, while the levels of FSH, LH and AZPAb in serum were increased compared with mice in the hPMSC transplantation group. The ovarian morphology presented as atrophy and fibrosis, with functional follicles exhausted. The expression of p-Akt in ovarian tissue was significantly decreased. Also, LY294002 administration significantly decreased proliferation and increased cell apoptosis in GCs, and for immune factors the ratios of Th17/Tc17 and Th17/Treg cells were significantly increased, as well as the serum levels of IL-17. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the PI3K/Akt signal pathway is involved in the recovery of ovarian function by changing the ratios of Th17/ Tc17 and Th17/Treg cells in POF mice following hPMSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Rd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyan Lu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Rd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lianshuang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Rd, Yantai, Shandong, China.,Research Institution of Reproductive Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Rd, Yantai, Shandong, China.,Research Institution of Reproductive Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wendan Yuan
- Basic Medicine College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Clinical Medical School, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiying Luan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Rd, Yantai, Shandong, China. .,Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Rd, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongqin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Rd, Yantai, Shandong, China. .,Research Institution of Reproductive Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
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Autoimmunity and Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020377. [PMID: 29373557 PMCID: PMC5855599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the immune response of patients with autoimmune diseases may predispose to malignancies, and a link between chronic autoimmune gastritis and gastric cancer has been reported in many studies. Intestinal metaplasia with dysplasia of the gastric corpus-fundus mucosa and hyperplasia of chromaffin cells, which are typical features of late-stage autoimmune gastritis, are considered precursor lesions. Autoimmune gastritis has been associated with the development of two types of gastric neoplasms: intestinal type and type I gastric carcinoid. Here, we review the association of autoimmune gastritis with gastric cancer and other autoimmune features present in gastric neoplasms.
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Zhang L, Chen J, Xu C, Qi L, Ren Y. Effects of iodine-131 radiotherapy on Th17/Tc17 and Treg/Th17 cells of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:2661-2666. [PMID: 29467858 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17), T cytotoxic 17 (Tc17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells serve important roles in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution of Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) prior to as well as 7, 30 and 90 days following radioactive iodine-131 (131I) therapy, and to elucidate the probable effects of 131I therapy on Th17/Tc17 and Treg/Th17 cells in patients with DTC. A total of 40 patients with DTC (26 female; 14 male) between the ages of 24 and 72 years, as well as 13 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included in this study. The number of Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells in the peripheral blood of patients with DTC and of healthy Controls were assessed by flow cytometry. Th17 and Tc17 cells were counted as percentages of the number of CD3+ T cells; Treg cells were counted as a percentage of the number of CD4+T cells. In addition, the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-23, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were examined by ELISA. The frequencies of Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells, as well as the serum levels of IL-17, IL-23, IL-10 and TGF-β1 were significantly elevated in patients with DTC compared with healthy Controls, whereas 131I therapy significantly decreased them. In addition, elevated Th17/Tc17 ratio and reduced Treg/Th17 ratio were observed in patients with DTC at day 0, however, these ratios returned to normal levels following 131I therapy for 90 days as compared with healthy Controls. Notably, Th17/Tc17 and Treg/Th17 ratios varied following 131I therapy for 7 and 30 days. In addition, a strong positive correlation between Th17 and Tc17 cells was observed in the healthy Controls and patients with DTC that received 131I treatment for 90 days, whereas a weak positive correlation between Th17 and Treg cell levels was identified in the healthy Controls and no obvious correlation between Th17 and Treg cells was observed in all patients with DTC pre- and post-131I therapy during the entire treatment period. These data suggested a significant involvement of Th17, Tc17 and Treg cells in the pathology of DTC. Restoring the balance of these cells may contribute to the recovery of patients with DTC following 131I therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Caiyun Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Lili Qi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Asadzadeh Z, Mohammadi H, Safarzadeh E, Hemmatzadeh M, Mahdian-Shakib A, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G, Baradaran B. The paradox of Th17 cell functions in tumor immunity. Cell Immunol 2017; 322:15-25. [PMID: 29103586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune system acts as a host defensive mechanism protecting against attacking pathogens and transformed cells, including cancer cells. Th17 cells are a specific subset of T helper lymphocytes determined by high secretion of IL-17 and other inflammatory cytokines. Th17 cells increase tumor progression by activating angiogenesis and immunosuppressive activities. They can also mediate antitumor immune responses through recruiting immune cells into tumors, stimulating effector CD8+ T cells, or surprisingly by altering toward Th1 phenotype and producing IFN-γ, so Th17 cells are supposed as a double-edged sword in cancer. A comprehensive approach to indicating the activity of Th17 cells in tumor progression could help in the planning of new therapeutic approaches specially targeting Th17 cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mahdian-Shakib
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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The Th17 Lineage: From Barrier Surfaces Homeostasis to Autoimmunity, Cancer, and HIV-1 Pathogenesis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100303. [PMID: 29048384 PMCID: PMC5691654 DOI: 10.3390/v9100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The T helper 17 (Th17) cells represent a subset of CD4+ T-cells with unique effector functions, developmental plasticity, and stem-cell features. Th17 cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity against fungal and bacterial infections at skin and mucosal barrier surfaces. Although Th17 cells have been extensively studied in the context of autoimmunity, their role in various other pathologies is underexplored and remains an area of open investigation. This review summarizes the history of Th17 cell discovery and the current knowledge relative to the beneficial role of Th17 cells in maintaining mucosal immunity homeostasis. We further discuss the concept of Th17 pathogenicity in the context of autoimmunity, cancer, and HIV infection, and we review the most recent discoveries on molecular mechanisms regulating HIV replication/persistence in pathogenic Th17 cells. Finally, we stress the need for novel fundamental research discovery-based Th17-specific therapeutic interventions to treat pathogenic conditions associated with Th17 abnormalities, including HIV infection.
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王 丽, 王 亮, 张 競, 张 配, 李 胜. [Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 cell balance in peripheral blood of patients with ovarian cancer]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1066-1070. [PMID: 28801287 PMCID: PMC6765726 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.08.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes in the percentages and balance of CD4+T cell subsets including T helper cells (Thl, Th2, and Thl7) and T regulatory cells (Treg) in patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from 30 patients with ovarian cancer and 20 healthy subjects for analysis of the percentages of Thl, Th2, Thl7 and Treg using flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the control subjects, the patients with ovarian cancer showed significantly increased percentages of Th2, Thl7 and Treg (P<0.05) but significantly decreased percentage of Th1 in the peripheral blood of patients with ovarian cancer (P<0.05). The changes in CD4+ T cell subsets were significantly correlated with the clinical stage of the tumor (P<0.05) but not with the histological type or cell differentiation (P>0.05). The Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly decreased in ovarian cancer patients (P<0.05) with obvious Th2 polarization compared with control group. The Treg/Th17 ratio was significantly increased in ovarian cancer patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Patients with in ovarian cancer have abnormal expressions of CD4+T cell subsets in the peripheral blood with Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 imbalance, and these findings provide evidence for clinical immunotherapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- 丽华 王
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤妇科, 安徽 蚌埠 233000Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - 亮亮 王
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤妇科, 安徽 蚌埠 233000Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - 競 张
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤妇科, 安徽 蚌埠 233000Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - 配 张
- 蚌埠医学院药学院,安徽 蚌埠 233030School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - 胜泽 李
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肿瘤妇科, 安徽 蚌埠 233000Department of Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
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Zhang Q, Liu S, Ge D, Cunningham DM, Huang F, Ma L, Burris TP, You Z. Targeting Th17-IL-17 Pathway in Prevention of Micro-Invasive Prostate Cancer in a Mouse Model. Prostate 2017; 77:888-899. [PMID: 28240383 PMCID: PMC5400716 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation has been associated with the development and progression of human cancers including prostate cancer. The exact role of the inflammatory Th17-IL-17 pathway in prostate cancer remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the importance of Th17 cells and IL-17 in a Pten-null prostate cancer mouse model. METHODS The Pten-null mice were treated by Th17 inhibitor SR1001 or anti-mouse IL-17 monoclonal antibody from 6 weeks of age up to 12 weeks of age. For SR1001 treatment, the mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice a day with vehicle or SR1001, which was dissolved in a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution. All mice were euthanized for necropsy at 12 weeks of age. For IL-17 antibody treatment, the mice were injected intravenously (i.v.) once every two weeks with control IgG or rat anti-mouse IL-17 monoclonal antibody, which was dissolved in PBS. The injection time points were at 6, 8, and 10 weeks old. All mice were analyzed for the prostate phenotypes at 12 weeks of age. RESULTS We found that either SR1001 or anti-IL-17 antibody treatment decreased the formation of micro-invasive prostate cancer in Pten-null mice. The SR1001 or anti-IL-17 antibody treated mouse prostates had reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis, and reduced angiogenesis, as well as reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. By assessing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, we found that SR1001 or anti-IL-17 antibody treated prostate tissues had weaker EMT phenotype compared to the control treated prostates. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that Th17-IL-17 pathway plays a key role in prostate cancer progression in Pten-null mice. Targeting Th17-IL-17 pathway could prevent micro-invasive prostate cancer formation in mice. Prostate 77:888-899, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zhang
- Departments of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Corresponding Authors: Zongbing You, Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave Mailbox 8649, New Orleans, LA 70112; Phone: 504-988-0467; FAX: 504-988-1687; ; Qiuyang Zhang, Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave Mailbox 8649, New Orleans, LA 70112; Phone: 504-988-5527; FAX: 504-988-1687;
| | - Sen Liu
- Departments of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Dongxia Ge
- Departments of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - David M. Cunningham
- Departments of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Feng Huang
- Departments of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Departments of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | - Zongbing You
- Departments of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Department of Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Corresponding Authors: Zongbing You, Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave Mailbox 8649, New Orleans, LA 70112; Phone: 504-988-0467; FAX: 504-988-1687; ; Qiuyang Zhang, Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave Mailbox 8649, New Orleans, LA 70112; Phone: 504-988-5527; FAX: 504-988-1687;
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Bockerstett KA, DiPaolo RJ. Regulation of Gastric Carcinogenesis by Inflammatory Cytokines. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:47-53. [PMID: 28560288 PMCID: PMC5439239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori and autoimmune gastritis increases an individual's risk of developing gastric cancer. More than 90% of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas, which originate from epithelial cells in the chronically inflamed gastric mucosa. However, only a small subset of chronic gastritis patients develops gastric cancer, implying a role for genetic and environmental factors in cancer development. A number of DNA polymorphisms that increase gastric cancer risk have mapped to genes encoding cytokines. Many different cytokines secreted by immune cells and epithelial cells during chronic gastritis have been identified, but a better understanding of how cytokines regulate the severity of gastritis, epithelial cell changes, and neoplastic transformation is needed. This review summarizes studies in both human and mouse models, describing a number of different findings that implicate various cytokines in regulating the development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J. DiPaolo
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Richard DiPaolo, PhD, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC707, St. Louis, Missouri 63104. fax: (314) 977-8717.1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC707St. LouisMissouri 63104
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Chan C, Hyslop CM, Shrivastava V, Ochoa A, Reimer RA, Huang C. Oligofructose as an adjunct in treatment of diabetes in NOD mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37627. [PMID: 27874076 PMCID: PMC5118692 DOI: 10.1038/srep37627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, restoration of normoglycemia can be achieved if the autoimmune attack on beta cells ceases and insulin requirement is met by the residual beta cells. We hypothesize that an adjunctive therapy that reduces insulin demand by increasing insulin sensitivity will improve the efficacy of an immunotherapy in reversing diabetes. We tested the gut microbiota-modulating prebiotic, oligofructose (OFS), as the adjunctive therapy. We treated non-obese diabetic mice with an immunotherapy, monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody (aCD3), with or without concurrent dietary supplement of OFS. After 8 weeks of OFS supplement, the group that received both aCD3 and OFS (aCD3 + OFS) had a higher diabetes remission rate than the group that received aCD3 alone. The aCD3 + OFS group had higher insulin sensitivity accompanied by reduced lymphocytic infiltrate into the pancreatic islets, higher beta-cell proliferation rate, higher pancreatic insulin content, and secreted more insulin in response to glucose. The addition of OFS also caused a change in gut microbiota, with a higher level of Bifidobacterium and lower Clostridium leptum. Hence, our results suggest that OFS can potentially be an effective therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of type 1 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function, leading to improved glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Colin M Hyslop
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vipul Shrivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carol Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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