1
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Ishida M, Kuroki Y, Agata K. Establishment of a new method to isolate viable x-ray-sensitive cells from planarian by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:577-590. [PMID: 37596847 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Planarians show outstanding regenerative ability due to the proliferation of neoblasts. Hence the method to isolate planarian neoblasts is important to understand the regeneration process. In our previous study, we reported a method to isolate planarian neoblasts of Dugesia japonica using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). However, we have not yet succeeded in cultivating these cells even under in vivo conditions after transplantation into x-ray-irradiated planarians. This suggests that dissociated cells might enter apoptotic or necrotic states in the process of fluorescent dye staining and sorting. Here, we developed a new method to isolate viable neoblasts, which can proliferate in the x-ray-irradiated planarians. First, the toxicity of various fluorescence dyes was investigated. All nuclear fluorescent dyes such as Hoechst 33342, DRAQ5, and DyeCycle, showed, more or less, toxicity to mammalian culture cells. In contrast, cytoplasmic fluorescent dye for live cells, calcein AM, was less toxic on these cells. Next, we stained the dissociated planarian cells with only calcein AM, and then collected the x-ray-sensitive fraction. Although the purity of neoblasts was slightly lower than that of the original staining method (ca. 97% → ca. 89%), the sorted cells could actively proliferate when they were injected into x-ray-irradiated planarians. This simple staining and sorting method will provide new opportunities to isolate viable neoblasts and understand regenerating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Ishida
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kuroki
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan
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2
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Ong ALC, Kokaji T, Kishi A, Takihara Y, Shinozuka T, Shimamoto R, Isotani A, Shirai M, Sasai N. Acquisition of neural fate by combination of BMP blockade and chromatin modification. iScience 2023; 26:107887. [PMID: 37771660 PMCID: PMC10522999 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural induction is a process where naive cells are converted into committed cells with neural characteristics, and it occurs at the earliest step during embryogenesis. Although the signaling molecules and chromatin remodeling for neural induction have been identified, the mutual relationships between these molecules are yet to be fully understood. By taking advantage of the neural differentiation system of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, we discovered that the BMP signal regulates the expression of several polycomb repressor complex (PRC) component genes. We particularly focused on Polyhomeotic Homolog 1 (Phc1) and established Phc1-knockout (Phc1-KO) ES cells. We found that Phc1-KO failed to acquire the neural fate, and the cells remained in pluripotent or primitive non-neural states. Chromatin accessibility analysis suggests that Phc1 is essential for chromatin packing. Aberrant upregulation of the BMP signal was confirmed in the Phc1 homozygotic mutant embryos. Taken together, Phc1 is required for neural differentiation through epigenetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lee Chen Ong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kokaji
- Data-driven biology, NAIST Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Arisa Kishi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takihara
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0037, Japan
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ren Shimamoto
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Omics Research Center (ORC), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe Shinmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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3
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Oka M, Otani M, Miyamoto Y, Oshima R, Adachi J, Tomonaga T, Asally M, Nagaoka Y, Tanaka K, Toyoda A, Ichikawa K, Morishita S, Isono K, Koseki H, Nakato R, Ohkawa Y, Yoneda Y. Phase-separated nuclear bodies of nucleoporin fusions promote condensation of MLL1/CRM1 and rearrangement of 3D genome structure. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112884. [PMID: 37516964 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NUP98 and NUP214 form chimeric fusion proteins that assemble into phase-separated nuclear bodies containing CRM1, a nuclear export receptor. However, these nuclear bodies' function in controlling gene expression remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the nuclear bodies of NUP98::HOXA9 and SET::NUP214 promote the condensation of mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), a histone methyltransferase essential for the maintenance of HOX gene expression. These nuclear bodies are robustly associated with MLL1/CRM1 and co-localized on chromatin. Furthermore, whole-genome chromatin-conformation capture analysis reveals that NUP98::HOXA9 induces a drastic alteration in high-order genome structure at target regions concomitant with the generation of chromatin loops and/or rearrangement of topologically associating domains in a phase-separation-dependent manner. Collectively, these results show that the phase-separated nuclear bodies of nucleoporin fusion proteins can enhance the activation of target genes by promoting the condensation of MLL1/CRM1 and rearrangement of the 3D genome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Otani
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Rieko Oshima
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Munehiro Asally
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yuya Nagaoka
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ichikawa
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morishita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Isono
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Yoneda
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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4
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Murata Y, Jo JI, Tabata Y. Molecular Beacon Imaging System to Discriminate the Differentiation State of Cells from Energy Metabolic Pathways. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2207-2218. [PMID: 37253227 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways of energy production play an essential role as a function of cells. It is well recognized that the differentiation state of stem cells is highly associated with their metabolic profile. Therefore, visualization of the energy metabolic pathway makes it possible to discriminate the differentiation state of cells and predict the cell potential for reprogramming and differentiation. However, at present, it is technically difficult to directly assess the metabolic profile of individual living cells. In this study, we developed an imaging system of cationized gelatin nanospheres (cGNS) incorporating molecular beacons (MB) (cGNSMB) to detect intracellular pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mRNA of key regulators in the energy metabolism. The prepared cGNSMB was readily internalized into mouse embryonic stem cells, while their pluripotency was maintained. The high level of glycolysis in the undifferentiated state, the increased oxidative phosphorylation over the spontaneous early differentiation, and the lineage-specific neural differentiation were visualized based on the MB fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity corresponded well to the change of extracellular acidification rate and the oxygen consumption rate of representative metabolic indicators. These findings indicate that the cGNSMB imaging system is a promising tool to visually discriminate the differentiation state of cells from energy metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Jo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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5
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Sugimoto M, Tada Y, Shichino S, Koyamatsu S, Tsumaki N, Abe K. Universal Surface Biotinylation: a simple, versatile and cost-effective sample multiplexing method for single-cell RNA-seq analysis. DNA Res 2022; 29:dsac017. [PMID: 35652718 PMCID: PMC9202638 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell analysis technology have made it possible to analyse tens of thousands of cells at a time. In addition, sample multiplexing techniques, which allow the analysis of several types of samples in a single run, are very useful for reducing experimental costs and improving experimental accuracy. However, a problem with this technique is that antigens and antibodies for universal labelling of various cell types may not be fully available. To overcome this issue, we developed a universal labelling technique, Universal Surface Biotinylation (USB), which does not depend on specific cell surface proteins. By introducing biotin into the amine group of any cell surface protein, we have obtained good labelling results in all the cell types we have tested. Combining with DNA-tagged streptavidin, it is possible to label each cell sample with specific DNA 'hashtag'. Compared with the conventional cell hashing method, the USB procedure seemed to have no discernible adverse effect on the acquisition of the transcriptome in each cell, according to the model experiments using differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can be theoretically used for any type of cells, including cells to which the conventional cell hashing method has not been applied successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Sugimoto
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yuhki Tada
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Saeko Koyamatsu
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Tissue Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Tissue Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kuniya Abe
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
- Life Innovation Program, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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6
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Alonso-Alonso S, Santaló J, Ibáñez E. Efficient generation of embryonic stem cells from single blastomeres of cryopreserved mouse embryos in the presence of signalling modulators. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:576-587. [PMID: 35157826 DOI: 10.1071/rd21297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) from single blastomeres is an interesting alternative to the use of whole blastocysts, but derivation rates are lower and the requirements for successful ESC obtention are still poorly defined. AIMS To investigate the effects of embryo cryopreservation and of signalling modulators present during embryo culture and/or ESC establishment on ESC derivation efficiency from single 8-cell mouse blastomeres. METHOD Fresh and cryopreserved 2-cell embryos were cultured and biopsied at the 8-cell stage. Single blastomeres were cultured in the presence of 2i or R2i cocktails, with or without adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). We analysed ESC derivation efficiencies and characterised pluripotency genes expression and karyotype integrity of the resulting lines. We also evaluated the impact of embryo preculture with R2i on epiblast cell numbers and derivation rates. KEY RESULTS The ESC generation was not compromised by embryo cryopreservation and ACTH was dispensable under most of the conditions tested. While 2i and R2i were similarly effective for ESC derivation, R2i provided higher karyotype integrity. Embryo preculture with R2i yielded increased numbers of epiblast cells but did not lead to increased ESC generation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help to define a simplified and efficient procedure for the establishment of mouse ESC from single 8-cell blastomeres. IMPLICATIONS This study will contribute to improving the potential of this experimental procedure, providing a tool to investigate the developmental potential of blastomeres isolated from different embryonic stages and to reduce the number of embryos needed for ESC derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alonso-Alonso
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Santaló
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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7
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BMP4 preserves the developmental potential of mESCs through Ube2s- and Chmp4b-mediated chromosomal stability safeguarding. Protein Cell 2022; 13:580-601. [PMID: 35147915 PMCID: PMC9232672 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically defined medium is widely used for culturing mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), in which N2B27 works as a substitution for serum, and GSK3β and MEK inhibitors (2i) help to promote ground-state pluripotency. However, recent studies suggested that MEKi might cause irreversible defects that compromise the developmental potential of mESCs. Here, we demonstrated the deficient bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal in the chemically defined condition is one of the main causes for the impaired pluripotency. Mechanistically, activating the BMP signal pathway by BMP4 could safeguard the chromosomal integrity and proliferation capacity of mESCs through regulating downstream targets Ube2s and Chmp4b. More importantly, BMP4 promotes a distinct in vivo developmental potential and a long-term pluripotency preservation. Besides, the pluripotent improvements driven by BMP4 are superior to those by attenuating MEK suppression. Taken together, our study shows appropriate activation of BMP signal is essential for regulating functional pluripotency and reveals that BMP4 should be applied in the serum-free culture system.
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8
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Fukunaga I, Oe Y, Chen C, Danzaki K, Ohta S, Koike A, Ikeda K, Kamiya K. Activin/Nodal/TGF-β Pathway Inhibitor Accelerates BMP4-Induced Cochlear Gap Junction Formation During in vitro Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:602197. [PMID: 33968919 PMCID: PMC8097046 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.602197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in gap junction beta-2 (GJB2), the gene that encodes connexin 26 (CX26), are the most frequent cause of hereditary deafness worldwide. We recently developed an in vitro model of GJB2-related deafness (induced CX26 gap junction-forming cells; iCX26GJCs) from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by using Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling-based floating cultures (serum-free culture of embryoid body-like aggregates with quick aggregation cultures; hereafter, SFEBq cultures) and adherent cultures. However, to use these cells as a disease model platform for high-throughput drug screening or regenerative therapy, cell yields must be substantially increased. In addition to BMP4, other factors may also induce CX26 gap junction formation. In the SFEBq cultures, the combination of BMP4 and the Activin/Nodal/TGF-β pathway inhibitor SB431542 (SB) resulted in greater production of isolatable CX26-expressing cell mass (CX26+ vesicles) and higher Gjb2 mRNA levels than BMP4 treatment alone, suggesting that SB may promote BMP4-mediated production of CX26+ vesicles in a dose-dependent manner, thereby increasing the yield of highly purified iCX26GJCs. This is the first study to demonstrate that SB accelerates BMP4-induced iCX26GJC differentiation during stem cell floating culture. By controlling the concentration of SB supplementation in combination with CX26+ vesicle purification, large-scale production of highly purified iCX26GJCs suitable for high-throughput drug screening or regenerative therapy for GJB2-related deafness may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kazusaku Kamiya
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Matsuda M, Hayashi H, Garcia-Ojalvo J, Yoshioka-Kobayashi K, Kageyama R, Yamanaka Y, Ikeya M, Toguchida J, Alev C, Ebisuya M. Species-specific segmentation clock periods are due to differential biochemical reaction speeds. Science 2020; 369:1450-1455. [PMID: 32943519 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba7668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although mechanisms of embryonic development are similar between mice and humans, the time scale is generally slower in humans. To investigate these interspecies differences in development, we recapitulate murine and human segmentation clocks that display 2- to 3-hour and 5- to 6-hour oscillation periods, respectively. Our interspecies genome-swapping analyses indicate that the period difference is not due to sequence differences in the HES7 locus, the core gene of the segmentation clock. Instead, we demonstrate that multiple biochemical reactions of HES7, including the degradation and expression delays, are slower in human cells than they are in mouse cells. With the measured biochemical parameters, our mathematical model accounts for the two- to threefold period difference between the species. We propose that cell-autonomous differences in biochemical reaction speeds underlie temporal differences in development between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuda
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanako Hayashi
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kumiko Yoshioka-Kobayashi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cantas Alev
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Ebisuya
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (RIKEN BDR), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Yi JK, Park S, Ha JJ, Kim DH, Huang H, Park SJ, Lee MH, Ryoo ZY, Kim SH, Kim MO. Effects of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on the Pluripotency and Differentiation Capacity of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:244-253. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Koo Yi
- Department of Embryo Transfer Research, Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, Korea
| | - Song Park
- Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jung Ha
- Department of Embryo Transfer Research, Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Embryo Transfer Research, Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju, Korea
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Si-Jun Park
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanamdo, Korea
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No. 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zae-Young Ryoo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Life Medicine Analysis Korea Polytechnics Institute, Nonsan, Korea
| | - Myoung-Ok Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
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11
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Kishimoto K, Furukawa KT, Luz-Madrigal A, Yamaoka A, Matsuoka C, Habu M, Alev C, Zorn AM, Morimoto M. Bidirectional Wnt signaling between endoderm and mesoderm confers tracheal identity in mouse and human cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4159. [PMID: 32855415 PMCID: PMC7453000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodic cartilage and smooth muscle structures in mammalian trachea are derived from tracheal mesoderm, and tracheal malformations result in serious respiratory defects in neonates. Here we show that canonical Wnt signaling in mesoderm is critical to confer trachea mesenchymal identity in human and mouse. At the initiation of tracheal development, endoderm begins to express Nkx2.1, and then mesoderm expresses the Tbx4 gene. Loss of β-catenin in fetal mouse mesoderm causes loss of Tbx4+ tracheal mesoderm and tracheal cartilage agenesis. The mesenchymal Tbx4 expression relies on endodermal Wnt activation and Wnt ligand secretion but is independent of known Nkx2.1-mediated respiratory development, suggesting that bidirectional Wnt signaling between endoderm and mesoderm promotes trachea development. Activating Wnt, Bmp signaling in mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) generates tracheal mesoderm containing chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells. For human ESC-derived LPM, SHH activation is required along with WNT to generate proper tracheal mesoderm. Together, these findings may contribute to developing applications for human tracheal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Kishimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- RIKEN BDR-CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kana T Furukawa
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Agustin Luz-Madrigal
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Akira Yamaoka
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsuoka
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masanobu Habu
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Cantas Alev
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- RIKEN BDR-CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
- RIKEN BDR-CuSTOM Joint Laboratory, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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12
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Oka M, Mura S, Otani M, Miyamoto Y, Nogami J, Maehara K, Harada A, Tachibana T, Yoneda Y, Ohkawa Y. Chromatin-bound CRM1 recruits SET-Nup214 and NPM1c onto HOX clusters causing aberrant HOX expression in leukemia cells. eLife 2019; 8:e46667. [PMID: 31755865 PMCID: PMC6874418 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that CRM1, a major nuclear export factor, accumulates at Hox cluster regions to recruit nucleoporin-fusion protein Nup98HoxA9, resulting in robust activation of Hox genes (Oka et al., 2016). However, whether this phenomenon is general to other leukemogenic proteins remains unknown. Here, we show that two other leukemogenic proteins, nucleoporin-fusion SET-Nup214 and the NPM1 mutant, NPM1c, which contains a nuclear export signal (NES) at its C-terminus and is one of the most frequent mutations in acute myeloid leukemia, are recruited to the HOX cluster region via chromatin-bound CRM1, leading to HOX gene activation in human leukemia cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this mechanism is highly sensitive to a CRM1 inhibitor in leukemia cell line. Together, these findings indicate that CRM1 acts as a key molecule that connects leukemogenic proteins to aberrant HOX gene regulation either via nucleoporin-CRM1 interaction (for SET-Nup214) or NES-CRM1 interaction (for NPM1c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport DynamicsNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN)OsakaJapan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Sonoko Mura
- Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Graduate School of Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Mayumi Otani
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport DynamicsNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN)OsakaJapan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport DynamicsNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN)OsakaJapan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of MedicineKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of MedicineKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Akihito Harada
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of MedicineKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoneda
- Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN)OsakaJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of MedicineKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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13
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Fukunaga I, Fujimoto A, Hatakeyama K, Kurebayashi N, Ikeda K, Kamiya K. Generation of Functional CX26–Gap‐Junction‐Plaque‐Forming Cells with Spontaneous Ca
2+
Transients via a Gap Junction Characteristic of Developing Cochlea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 51:e100. [DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Fukunaga
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJuntendo University Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayumi Fujimoto
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJuntendo University Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaori Hatakeyama
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJuntendo University Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Nagomi Kurebayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyJuntendo University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Ikeda
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJuntendo University Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazusaku Kamiya
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJuntendo University Faculty of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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14
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Vila-Cejudo M, Massafret O, Santaló J, Ibáñez E. Single blastomeres as a source of mouse embryonic stem cells: effect of genetic background, medium supplements, and signaling modulators on derivation efficiency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:99-111. [PMID: 30430313 PMCID: PMC6338609 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the role of the genetic background, the culture medium supplements, and the presence of modulators of signaling pathways on mouse embryonic stem cell derivation from single blastomeres from 8-cell embryos. METHODS Mice from permissive and non-permissive genetic backgrounds, different culture media supplements, knockout serum replacement (KSR) and N2B27, and the presence or absence of 2i treatment were used to derive mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) from single blastomeres isolated from 8-cell embryos and from control embryos at the blastocyst stage. After the sixth passage, the putative mESC were analyzed by immunofluorescence to assess their pluripotency and, after in vitro differentiation induction, their ability to differentiate into derivatives of the three primary germ layers. Selected mESC lines derived from single blastomeres in the most efficient culture conditions were further characterized to validate their stemness. RESULTS In control embryos, high mESC derivation efficiencies (70-96.9%) were obtained from permissive backgrounds or when embryos were cultured in medium complemented with 2i regardless of their genetic background. By contrast, only blastomeres isolated from embryos from permissive background cultured in KSR-containing medium complemented with 2i were moderately successful in the derivation of mESC lines (22.9-24.5%). Moreover, we report for the first time that B6CBAF2 embryos behave as permissive in terms of mESC derivation. CONCLUSIONS Single blastomeres have higher requirements than whole blastocysts for pluripotency maintenance and mESC derivation. The need for 2i suggests that modulation of signaling pathways to recreate a commitment towards inner cell mass could be essential to efficiently derive mESC from single blastomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vila-Cejudo
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ot Massafret
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Santaló
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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15
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Kinjo T, Sun C, Ikeda T, Ikegami T, Tada Y, Akagi T, Yokota T, Koide H. Platelet-derived growth factor-C functions as a growth factor in mouse embryonic stem cells and human fibrosarcoma cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Tanaka J, Ogawa M, Hojo H, Kawashima Y, Mabuchi Y, Hata K, Nakamura S, Yasuhara R, Takamatsu K, Irié T, Fukada T, Sakai T, Inoue T, Nishimura R, Ohara O, Saito I, Ohba S, Tsuji T, Mishima K. Generation of orthotopically functional salivary gland from embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4216. [PMID: 30310071 PMCID: PMC6181987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells are used in the development of organ replacement regenerative therapy by recapitulating the process of organogenesis. These processes are strictly regulated by morphogen signalling and transcriptional networks. However, the precise transcription factors involved in the organogenesis of exocrine glands, including salivary glands, remain unknown. Here, we identify a specific combination of two transcription factors (Sox9 and Foxc1) responsible for the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived oral ectoderm into the salivary gland rudiment in an organoid culture system. Following orthotopic transplantation into mice whose salivary glands had been removed, the induced salivary gland rudiment not only showed a similar morphology and gene expression profile to those of the embryonic salivary gland rudiment of normal mice but also exhibited characteristics of mature salivary glands, including saliva secretion. This study suggests that exocrine glands can be induced from pluripotent stem cells for organ replacement regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Miho Ogawa
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, 101-0048, Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawashima
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiro Nakamura
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Yasuhara
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Takamatsu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tarou Irié
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Division of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-Facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomio Inoue
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN IMS, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Ichiro Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Organ Technologies Inc., Tokyo, 101-0048, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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17
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Palladin Is a Neuron-Specific Translational Target of mTOR Signaling That Regulates Axon Morphogenesis. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4985-4995. [PMID: 29712777 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2370-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway regulates protein synthesis and diverse aspects of neuronal morphology that are important for brain development and function. To identify proteins controlled translationally by mTOR signaling, we performed ribosome profiling analyses in mouse cortical neurons and embryonic stem cells upon acute mTOR inhibition. Among proteins whose translation was significantly affected by mTOR inhibition selectively in neurons, we identified the cytoskeletal regulator protein palladin, which is localized within the cell body and axons in hippocampal neurons. Knockdown of palladin eliminated supernumerary axons induced by suppression of the tuberous sclerosis complex protein TSC1 in neurons, demonstrating that palladin regulates neuronal morphogenesis downstream of mTOR signaling. Our findings provide novel insights into an mTOR-dependent mechanism that controls neuronal morphogenesis through translational regulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study reports the discovery of neuron-specific protein translational responses to alterations of mTOR activity. By using ribosome profiling analysis, which can reveal the location and quantity of translating ribosomes on mRNAs, multiple aspects of protein translation were quantitatively analyzed in mouse embryonic stem cells and cortical neurons upon acute mTOR inhibition. Neurons displayed distinct patterns of ribosome occupancy for each codon and ribosome stalling during translation at specific positions of mRNAs. Importantly, the cytoskeletal regulator palladin was identified as a translational target protein of mTOR signaling in neurons. Palladin operates downstream of mTOR to modulate axon morphogenesis. This study identifies a novel mechanism of neuronal morphogenesis regulated by mTOR signaling through control of translation of the key protein palladin.
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18
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Novoselova TV, Chan LF, Clark AJL. Pathophysiology of melanocortin receptors and their accessory proteins. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:93-106. [PMID: 29678289 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors (MCRs) and their accessory proteins (MRAPs) are involved in regulation of a diverse range of endocrine pathways. Genetic variants of these components result in phenotypic variation and disease. The MC1R is expressed in skin and variants in the MC1R gene are associated with ginger hair color. The MC2R mediates the action of ACTH in the adrenal gland to stimulate glucocorticoid production and MC2R mutations result in familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD). MC3R and MC4R are involved in metabolic regulation and their gene variants are associated with severe pediatric obesity, whereas the function of MC5R remains to be fully elucidated. MRAPs have been shown to modulate the function of MCRs and genetic variants in MRAPs are associated with diseases including FGD type 2 and potentially early onset obesity. This review provides an insight into recent advances in MCRs and MRAPs physiology, focusing on the disorders associated with their dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Novoselova
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Chartehouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| | - L F Chan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Chartehouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - A J L Clark
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Chartehouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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19
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Takata N, Sakakura E, Eiraku M, Kasukawa T, Sasai Y. Self-patterning of rostral-caudal neuroectoderm requires dual role of Fgf signaling for localized Wnt antagonism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1339. [PMID: 29109536 PMCID: PMC5673904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroectoderm is patterned along a rostral-caudal axis in response to localized factors in the embryo, but exactly how these factors act as positional information for this patterning is not yet fully understood. Here, using the self-organizing properties of mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC), we report that ESC-derived neuroectoderm self-generates a Six3+ rostral and a Irx3+ caudal bipolarized patterning. In this instance, localized Fgf signaling performs dual roles, as it regulates Six3+ rostral polarization at an earlier stage and promotes Wnt signaling at a later stage. The Wnt signaling components are differentially expressed in the polarized tissues, leading to genome-wide Irx3+ caudal-polarization signals. Surprisingly, differentially expressed Wnt agonists and antagonists have essential roles in orchestrating the formation of a balanced rostral-caudal neuroectoderm pattern. Together, our findings provide key processes for dynamic self-patterning and evidence that a temporally and locally regulated interaction between Fgf and Wnt signaling controls self-patterning in ESC-derived neuroectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Takata
- Laboratory for in vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Eriko Sakakura
- Laboratory for in vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory for in vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Takeya Kasukawa
- Large Scale Data Managing Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sasai
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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20
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Semba Y, Harada A, Maehara K, Oki S, Meno C, Ueda J, Yamagata K, Suzuki A, Onimaru M, Nogami J, Okada S, Akashi K, Ohkawa Y. Chd2 regulates chromatin for proper gene expression toward differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8758-8772. [PMID: 28549158 PMCID: PMC5587750 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin reorganization is necessary for pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), to acquire lineage potential. However, it remains unclear how ESCs maintain their characteristic chromatin state for appropriate gene expression upon differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that chromodomain helicase DNA-binding domain 2 (Chd2) is required to maintain the differentiation potential of mouse ESCs. Chd2-depleted ESCs showed suppressed expression of developmentally regulated genes upon differentiation and subsequent differentiation defects without affecting gene expression in the undifferentiated state. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing revealed alterations in the nucleosome occupancy of the histone variant H3.3 for developmentally regulated genes in Chd2-depleted ESCs, which in turn led to elevated trimethylation of the histone H3 lysine 27. These results suggest that Chd2 is essential in preventing suppressive chromatin formation for developmentally regulated genes and determines subsequent effects on developmental processes in the undifferentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Semba
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akihito Harada
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinya Oki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikara Meno
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Ueda
- Center of Education in Laboratory Animal Research, Chubu University, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KINDAI University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Division of Organogenesis and Regeneration Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuho Onimaru
- Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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21
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Ikeda T, Uchiyama I, Iwasaki M, Sasaki T, Nakagawa M, Okita K, Masui S. Artificial acceleration of mammalian cell reprogramming by bacterial proteins. Genes Cells 2017; 22:918-928. [PMID: 28776863 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of cell reprogramming and differentiation involve various signaling factors. Small molecule compounds have been identified to artificially influence these factors through interacting cellular proteins. Although such small molecule compounds are useful to enhance reprogramming and differentiation and to show the mechanisms that underlie these events, the screening usually requires a large number of compounds to identify only a very small number of hits (e.g., one hit among several tens of thousands of compounds). Here, we show a proof of concept that xenospecific gene products can affect the efficiency of cell reprogramming to pluripotency. Thirty genes specific for the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis were forcibly expressed individually along with reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc) that can generate induced pluripotent stem cells in mammalian cells, and eight were found to affect the reprogramming efficiency either positively or negatively (hit rate 26.7%). Mechanistic analysis suggested one of these proteins interacted with cytoskeleton to promote reprogramming. Our results raise the possibility that xenospecific gene products provide an alternative way to study the regulatory mechanism of cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ikeda
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchiyama
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Mio Iwasaki
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Sasaki
- Honeybee Science Research Center, Research Institute, Tamagawa University, 6-1-1 Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Masui
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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22
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Vestigial-like 2 contributes to normal muscle fiber type distribution in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7168. [PMID: 28769032 PMCID: PMC5540913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is composed of heterogeneous populations of myofibers that are classified as slow- and fast-twitch fibers. The muscle fiber-type is regulated in a coordinated fashion by multiple genes, including transcriptional factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, players involved in this regulation are not fully elucidated. One of the members of the Vestigial-like factors, Vgll2, is thought to play a pivotal role in TEA domain (TEAD) transcription factor-mediated muscle-specific gene expression because of its restricted expression in skeletal muscles of adult mice. Here, we generated Vgll2 null mice and investigated Vgll2 function in adult skeletal muscles. These mice presented an increased number of fast-twitch type IIb fibers and exhibited a down-regulation of slow type I myosin heavy chain (MyHC) gene, Myh7, which resulted in exercise intolerance. In accordance with the decrease in Myh7, down-regulation of miR-208b, encoded within Myh7 gene and up-regulation of targets of miR-208b, Sox6, Sp3, and Purβ, were observed in Vgll2 deficient mice. Moreover, we detected the physical interaction between Vgll2 and TEAD1/4 in neonatal skeletal muscles. These results suggest that Vgll2 may be both directly and indirectly involved in the programing of slow muscle fibers through the formation of the Vgll2-TEAD complex.
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23
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Mulas C, Kalkan T, Smith A. NODAL Secures Pluripotency upon Embryonic Stem Cell Progression from the Ground State. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:77-91. [PMID: 28669603 PMCID: PMC5511111 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can develop multiple fates, but the cellular and molecular processes that enable lineage competence are poorly characterized. Here, we investigated progression from the ESC ground state in defined culture. We utilized downregulation of Rex1::GFPd2 to track the loss of ESC identity. We found that cells that have newly downregulated this reporter have acquired capacity for germline induction. They can also be efficiently specified for different somatic lineages, responding more rapidly than naive cells to inductive cues. Inhibition of autocrine NODAL signaling did not alter kinetics of exit from the ESC state but compromised both germline and somatic lineage specification. Transient inhibition prior to loss of ESC identity was sufficient for this effect. Genetic ablation of Nodal reduced viability during early differentiation, consistent with defective lineage specification. These results suggest that NODAL promotes acquisition of multi-lineage competence in cells departing naive pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mulas
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Tüzer Kalkan
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK,Corresponding author
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24
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Motohashi HH, Taniguchi R, Sakamoto J, Sankai T, Kada H. Live, full-term mouse pups from oocytes grown and matured in vitro with serum substitutes. Reprod Biol 2017; 17:180-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Araki R, Mizutani E, Hoki Y, Sunayama M, Wakayama S, Nagatomo H, Kasama Y, Nakamura M, Wakayama T, Abe M. The Number of Point Mutations in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cells Depends on the Method and Somatic Cell Type Used for Their Generation. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1189-1196. [PMID: 28233378 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine but point mutations have been identified in these cells and have raised serious concerns about their safe use. We generated nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells (ntESCs) from both mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and tail-tip fibroblasts (TTFs) and by whole genome sequencing found fewer mutations compared with iPSCs generated by retroviral gene transduction. Furthermore, TTF-derived ntESCs showed only a very small number of point mutations, approximately 80% less than the number observed in iPSCs generated using retrovirus. Base substitution profile analysis confirmed this greatly reduced number of point mutations. The point mutations in iPSCs are therefore not a Yamanaka factor-specific phenomenon but are intrinsic to genome reprogramming. Moreover, the dramatic reduction in point mutations in ntESCs suggests that most are not essential for genome reprogramming. Our results suggest that it is feasible to reduce the point mutation frequency in iPSCs by optimizing various genome reprogramming conditions. We conducted whole genome sequencing of ntES cells derived from MEFs or TTFs. We thereby succeeded in establishing TTF-derived ntES cell lines with far fewer point mutations. Base substitution profile analysis of these clones also indicated a reduced point mutation frequency, moving from a transversion-predominance to a transition-predominance. Stem Cells 2017;35:1189-1196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Araki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yuko Hoki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misato Sunayama
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagatomo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yasuji Kasama
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miki Nakamura
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Masumi Abe
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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26
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Dormant Pluripotent Cells Emerge during Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells in a FoxO3-Dependent Manner. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00417-16. [PMID: 27956699 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00417-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One major concern over the clinical application of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived cells is the potentiation of latent tumorigenicity by residual undifferentiated cells. Despite the use of intensive methodological approaches to eliminate residual undifferentiated cells, the properties of these cells remain elusive. Here, we show that under a serum-free neural differentiation condition, residual undifferentiated cells markedly delay progression of their cell cycle without compromising their pluripotency. This dormant pluripotency was maintained during reculture of the cells under a serum-free condition, whereas upon serum stimulation, the cells exited the dormant state and restarted proliferation and differentiation into all three germ layers. Microarray analysis revealed a set of genes that is significantly upregulated in the dormant ESCs compared with their levels of regulation in proliferating ESCs. Among them, we identified the transcription factor Forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) to be an essential regulator of the maintenance of pluripotency in dormant ESCs. Our study demonstrates that the transition into the dormant state endows residual undifferentiated cells with FoxO3-dependent and leukemia inhibitory factor/serum-independent pluripotency.
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27
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Integrin α5β1 expression on dopaminergic neurons is involved in dopaminergic neurite outgrowth on striatal neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42111. [PMID: 28176845 PMCID: PMC5296761 DOI: 10.1038/srep42111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, dopaminergic neurons born in the substantia nigra extend their axons toward the striatum. However, the mechanisms by which the dopaminergic axons extend the striatum to innervate their targets remain unclear. We previously showed that paired-cultivation of mesencephalic cells containing dopaminergic neurons with striatal cells leads to the extension of dopaminergic neurites from the mesencephalic cell region to the striatal cell region. The present study shows that dopaminergic neurites extended along striatal neurons in the paired-cultures of mesencephalic cells with striatal cells. The extension of dopaminergic neurites was suppressed by the pharmacological inhibition of integrin α5β1. Using lentiviral vectors, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of integrin α5 in dopaminergic neurons suppressed the neurite outgrowth to the striatal cell region. In contrast, the knockdown of integrin α5 in non-dopaminergic mesencephalic and striatal cells had no effect. Furthermore, overexpression of integrin α5 in dopaminergic neurons differentiated from embryonic stem cells enhanced their neurite outgrowth on striatal cells. These results indicate that integrin α5β1 expression on dopaminergic neurons plays an important role in the dopaminergic neurite outgrowth on striatal neurons.
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28
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Ashida Y, Nakajima-Koyama M, Hirota A, Yamamoto T, Nishida E. Activin A in combination with ERK1/2 MAPK pathway inhibition sustains propagation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Genes Cells 2017; 22:189-202. [PMID: 28097777 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Activin/Nodal/TGF-β signaling pathway plays a major role in maintaining mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). The EpiSC-maintaining medium, which contains Activin A and bFGF, induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to EpiSCs. Here, we show that Activin A also has an ability to efficiently propagate ESCs without differentiation to EpiSCs when combined with a MEK inhibitor PD0325901. ESCs cultured in Activin+PD retained high-level expression of naive pluripotency-related transcription factors. Genomewide analysis showed that the gene expression profile of ESCs cultured in Activin+PD resembles that of ESCs cultured in 2i. ESCs cultured in Activin+PD also showed features common to the naive pluripotency of ESCs, including the preferential usage of the Oct4 distal enhancer and the self-renewal response to Wnt pathway activation. Our finding shows a role of Activin/Nodal/TGF-β signaling in stabilizing self-renewal gene regulatory networks in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Ashida
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - May Nakajima-Koyama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,AMED-CREST, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Akira Hirota
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- AMED-CREST, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Eisuke Nishida
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,AMED-CREST, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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29
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Tsuchiya M, Ogawa H, Koujin T, Kobayashi S, Mori C, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T. Depletion of autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1 enhances the efficiency of gene delivery in mammalian cells. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2671-80. [PMID: 27317902 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel methods that increase the efficiency of gene delivery to cells will have many useful applications. Here, we report a simple approach involving depletion of p62/SQSTM1 to enhance the efficiency of gene delivery. The efficiency of reporter gene delivery was remarkably higher in p62-knockout murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells compared with normal MEF cells. This higher efficiency was partially attenuated by ectopic expression of p62. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of p62 clearly increased the efficiency of transfection of murine embryonic stem (mES) cells and human HeLa cells. These data indicate that p62 acts as a key regulator of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidesato Ogawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takako Koujin
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shouhei Kobayashi
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chie Mori
- Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Japan
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30
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Investigation of the cellular reprogramming phenomenon referred to as stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP). Sci Rep 2016; 6:28003. [PMID: 27292224 PMCID: PMC4904271 DOI: 10.1038/srep28003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2014, it was reported that strong external stimuli, such as a transient low-pH stressor, was capable of inducing the reprogramming of mammalian somatic cells, resulting in the generation of pluripotent cells. This cellular reprograming event was designated 'stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency' (STAP) by the authors of these reports. However, after multiple instances of scientific misconduct in the handling and presentation of the data were brought to light, both reports were retracted. To investigate the actual scientific significance of the purported STAP phenomenon, we sought to repeat the original experiments based on the methods presented in the retracted manuscripts and other relevant information. As a result, we have concluded that the STAP phenomenon as described in the original studies is not reproducible.
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31
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Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Motoyoshi Y, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Ishige N. An Optimal Medium Supplementation Regimen for Initiation of Hepatocyte Differentiation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1479-89. [PMID: 25683148 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells are an ideal source for hepatocytes. Glucose and arginine are necessary for cells to survive. Hepatocytes have galactokinase (GALK), which metabolizes galactose for gluconeogenesis, and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), which converts ornithine to arginine in the urea cycle. Hepatocyte selection medium (HSM) lacks both glucose and arginine, but contains galactose and ornithine. Although human primary hepatocytes survive in HSM, all the hiPS cells die in 3 days. The aim of this study was to modify HSM so as to initiate hepatocyte differentiation in hiPS cells within 2 days. Hepatocyte differentiation initiating medium (HDI) was prepared by adding oncostatin M (10 ng/ml), hepatocyte functional proliferation inducer (10 nM), 2,2'-methylenebis (1,3-cyclohexanedione) (M50054) (100 μg/ml), 1× non-essential amino acid, 1× sodium pyruvate, nicotinamide (1.2 mg/ml), L-proline (30 ng/ml), and L-glutamine (0.3 mg/ml) to HSM. HiPS cells (201B7 cells) were cultured in HDI for 2 days. RNA was isolated, used as template for cDNA, and subjected to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Alpha-fetoprotein, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and delta-like 1 were upregulated. Expression of albumin was not observed. Expression of transcription factors specific to hepatocytes was upregulated. The expression of GALK2, OTC, and CYP3A4 were increased. In conclusion, differentiation of 201B7 cells to hepatoblast-like cells was initiated in HDI. Limitations were small number of cells were obtained, and the cells with HDI were not mature hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Shinozaki
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Motoyoshi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishige
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
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32
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Oka M, Mura S, Yamada K, Sangel P, Hirata S, Maehara K, Kawakami K, Tachibana T, Ohkawa Y, Kimura H, Yoneda Y. Chromatin-prebound Crm1 recruits Nup98-HoxA9 fusion to induce aberrant expression of Hox cluster genes. eLife 2016; 5:e09540. [PMID: 26740045 PMCID: PMC4718815 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleoporin Nup98 is frequently rearranged to form leukemogenic Nup98-fusion proteins with various partners. However, their function remains largely elusive. Here, we show that Nup98-HoxA9, a fusion between Nup98 and the homeobox transcription factor HoxA9, forms nuclear aggregates that frequently associate with facultative heterochromatin. We demonstrate that stable expression of Nup98-HoxA9 in mouse embryonic stem cells selectively induces the expression of Hox cluster genes. Genome-wide binding site analysis revealed that Nup98-HoxA9 is preferentially targeted and accumulated at Hox cluster regions where the export factor Crm1 is originally prebound. In addition, leptomycin B, an inhibitor of Crm1, disassembled nuclear Nup98-HoxA9 dots, resulting in the loss of chromatin binding of Nup98-HoxA9 and Nup98-HoxA9-mediated activation of Hox genes. Collectively, our results indicate that highly selective targeting of Nup98-fusion proteins to Hox cluster regions via prebound Crm1 induces the formation of higher order chromatin structures that causes aberrant Hox gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sonoko Mura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamada
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Percival Sangel
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Hirata
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Bioengineering, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoneda
- Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
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33
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Hayashi M, Maehara K, Harada A, Semba Y, Kudo K, Takahashi H, Oki S, Meno C, Ichiyanagi K, Akashi K, Ohkawa Y. Chd5 Regulates MuERV-L/MERVL Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Via H3K27me3 Modification and Histone H3.1/H3.2. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:780-92. [PMID: 26359639 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chd5 is an essential factor for neuronal differentiation and spermatogenesis and is a known tumor suppressor. H3K27me3 and H3K4un are modifications recognized by Chd5; however, it remains unclear how Chd5 remodels chromatin structure. We completely disrupted the Chd5 locus using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate a 52 kbp long deletion and analyzed Chd5 function in mouse embryonic stem cells. Our findings show that Chd5 represses murine endogenous retrovirus-L (MuERV-L/MERVL), an endogenous retrovirus-derived retrotransposon, by regulating H3K27me3 and H3.1/H3.2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Hayashi
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akihito Harada
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kudo
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shinya Oki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikara Meno
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Ichiyanagi
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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34
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Funabashi H, Shigeto H, Nakatsuka K, Kuroda A. A FRET-based DNA nano-tweezer technique for the imaging analysis of specific mRNA. Analyst 2015; 140:999-1003. [PMID: 25529369 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A DNA nano-tweezer (DNA-NT) structure-based target mRNA detection probe, which uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a detection signal and works as a single molecule, has been developed. This FRET-paired fluorescent dye-modified DNA-NT, self-assembled from three single-stranded DNAs, alters its structure from open to closed states and produces a FRET signal in response to in vitro transcripts of Hes-1 mRNA. Our results showed that the FRET-based DNA-NT detected both GLUT1 mRNA as a pre-fixed target mRNA model and Hes-1 mRNA as a model expressed inside a living cell. These results confirm the feasibility of using the FRET-based DNA-NT for imaging analysis of target mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakage Funabashi
- Institute for Sustainable Sciences and Development, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan.
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35
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Shigeto H, Ikeda T, Kuroda A, Funabashi H. A BRET-based homogeneous insulin assay using interacting domains in the primary binding site of the insulin receptor. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2764-70. [PMID: 25655236 DOI: 10.1021/ac504063x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new homogeneous insulin assay requiring no chemical modification of an insulin recognition domain, which can be applied to continuous monitoring of the time-dependent cellular response in vitro, was developed. The carboxy-terminal α-chain (αCT) segment and first leucine-rich-repeat (L1) domain in the primary binding site on the insulin receptor were genetically fused with a bioluminescent protein (Nanoluc, Nluc) and a fluorescent protein (yellow fluorescent protein, YPet) to produce the insulin-sensing probe proteins Nluc-αCT and L1-YPet. The BRET signal was observed on simple mixing of insulin with these protein probes, in a so-called homogeneous assay. The BRET signal was proportional to the insulin concentration, and the lower detection limit was 0.8 μM. Time-dependent insulin secretion from drug-stimulated MIN6 cells was also successfully monitored continuously with the probe proteins. This BRET-based homogeneous insulin assay method is thus expected to be applicable to drug development by high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shigeto
- Institute for Sustainable Sciences and Development, Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
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Coating the Outer Surface of Glass Nanopipette with Chlorobenzene-Terminated Polysiloxane. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Murayama H, Masaki H, Sato H, Hayama T, Yamaguchi T, Nakauchi H. Successful reprogramming of epiblast stem cells by blocking nuclear localization of β-catenin. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:103-113. [PMID: 25556568 PMCID: PMC4297867 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) in mice and rats are primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). They barely contribute to chimeric embryos when injected into blastocysts. Reprogramming of EpiSCs to embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells (rESCs) may occur in response to LIF-STAT3 signaling; however, low reprogramming efficiency hampers potential use of rESCs in generating chimeras. Here, we describe dramatic improvement of conversion efficiency from primed to naive-like PSCs through upregulation of E-cadherin in the presence of the cytokine LIF. Analysis revealed that blocking nuclear localization of β-CATENIN with small-molecule inhibitors significantly enhances reprogramming efficiency of mouse EpiSCs. Although activation of Wnt/β-catenin signals has been thought desirable for maintenance of naive PSCs, this study provides the evidence that inhibition of nuclear translocation of β-CATENIN enhances conversion of mouse EpiSCs to naive-like PSCs (rESCs). This affords better understanding of gene regulatory circuits underlying pluripotency and reprogramming of PSCs. E-cadherin overexpression considerably increases reprogramming efficiency of EpiSCs E-cadherin overexpression negatively regulates β-catenin signaling in EpiSCs Blocking nuclear localization of β-CATENIN enhances reprogramming of EpiSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Murayama
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hayama
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5461, USA.
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Abstract
In mice, three pluripotent stem cell lines have been established from different stage of developing embryo, which are embryonic stem (ES) cell, post-implantation epiblast stem cell (EpiSC), and embryonic germ (EG) cell. ES cell and EG cell share many common features including factor requirement, colony morphology, and gene expression pattern. On the other hand, EpiSC needs different external signal inputs, exhibits flattened colony morphology, and a different set of gene expression patterns. In addition, the germ line competency of EpiSCs is still unclear. To distinguish the differences between them, they are defined by the words "naïve" and "primed" pluripotent cells, respectively. This article introduces how pluripotent stem cell lines are established in culture, and how much those cells in vitro are similar or relevant to their in vivo origin and the knowledge about transcription factors to support this state.
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Establishment of trophoblast stem cells under defined culture conditions in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107308. [PMID: 25203285 PMCID: PMC4159327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cell lineages duet early embryonic development in mammals. After implantation, the ICM forms the embryo proper as well as some extraembryonic tissues, whereas the trophoectoderm (TE) exclusively forms the fetal portion of the placenta and the trophoblast giant cells. Although embryonic stem (ES) cells can be derived from ICM in cultures of mouse blastocysts in the presence of LIF and/or combinations of small-molecule chemical compounds, and the undifferentiated pluripotent state can be stably maintained without use of serum and feeder cells, defined culture conditions for derivation and maintenance of undifferentiated trophoblast stem (TS) cells have not been established. Here, we report that addition of FGF2, activin A, XAV939, and Y27632 are necessary and sufficient for derivation of TS cells from both of E3.5 blastocysts and E6.5 early postimplantation extraembryonic ectoderm. Moreover, the undifferentiated TS cell state can be stably maintained in chemically defined culture conditions. Cells derived in this manner expressed TS cell marker genes, including Eomes, Elf5, Cdx2, Klf5, Cdh1, Esrrb, Sox2, and Tcfap2c; differentiated into all trophoblast subtypes (trophoblast giant cells, spongiotrophoblast, and labyrinthine trophoblast) in vitro; and exclusively contributed to trophoblast lineages in chimeric animals. This delineation of minimal requirements for derivation and self-renewal provides a defined platform for precise description and dissection of the molecular state of TS cells.
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Hassani SN, Pakzad M, Asgari B, Taei A, Baharvand H. Suppression of transforming growth factor β signaling promotes ground state pluripotency from single blastomeres. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:1739-48. [PMID: 24963166 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) inhibition promote ground state pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from single blastomeres (SBs) of cleavage embryos in different mouse stains? SUMMARY ANSWER Small molecule suppression of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and TGFβ signaling (designated as R2i) can enhance the generation of mouse ESCs from SBs of different cleavage stage embryos compared with the dual suppression of ERK1/2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), designated as 2i, regardless of the strain of mouce. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY It is known that chemical inhibition of TGFβ promotes ground state pluripotency in the generation and sustenance of naïve ES cells from mouse blastocysts compared with the well-known 2i condition. However, the positive effect of this inhibition on mouse ESCs from early embryonic SBs remains obscure. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We used 155 cleavage-stage mouse embryos to optimize the culture conditions for blastocyst development. Then, to assess the effects of R2i and 2i on ESC generation from SBs, we cultured isolated SBs in 2i and R2i for 10 days. SBs were replated under the same conditions to produce ESCs. In total, 46 embryos and 321 SBs from two- to eight-cell stages were recovered from NMRI and BALB/c mouse strains and used in this study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Blastomeres from 2- to 8-cell stage mouse embryos were dispersed and individually seeded into a 96-well plates that included mitotically inactivated feeder cells. ESCs were generated in B27N2 defined medium supplemented with R2i or 2i. Randomly selected ESC lines, generated from SBs of each stage, were assessed for pluripotency and germ-line transmission. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We demonstrated that dual inhibition of ERK1/2 and TGFβ (R2i) enhanced efficient blastocyst development and efficient establishment of ESCs from SB of 2- to 8-cell stage mouse embryos compared with the dual inhibition of ERK1/2 and GSK3 (2i) regardless of the embryonic stage and strain of mice. The proportions of SBs that produced ESC were 50-60 versus 20-30%. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study was done with mouse embryos, it is not known whether these findings are transferable to humans. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings resulted in an increased efficiency of ESC generation from one biopsied blastomere for autogeneic or allogeneic matched pluripotent cells without the need to destroy viable embryos. The results also provided information about the developmental capacity of early embryonic blastomeres. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This study was funded by grants provided from Royan Institute, the Iranian Council of Stem Cell Research and Technology and the Iran National Science Foundation. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, PO Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pakzad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, PO Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Asgari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, PO Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Taei
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, PO Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at the Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, PO Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Nozaki T, Fujimori H, Wang J, Suzuki H, Imai H, Watanabe M, Ohura K, Masutani M. Parp-1 deficiency in ES cells promotes invasive and metastatic lesions accompanying induction of trophoblast giant cells during tumorigenesis in uterine environment. Pathol Int 2014; 63:408-14. [PMID: 23957916 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells deficient in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp-1) develop into teratocarcinomas with the appearance of trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) when injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Because the uterus is one of the original organs in which germ cell tumors develop with induction of trophoblast lineage, here we investigated whether Parp-1 deficiency in ES cells affects teratocarcinoma formation processes by grafting ES cells into the horns of uteri. Teratocarcinomas developed from both wild-type (Parp-1(+/+) ) and Parp-1(-/-) ES cells. The weights of the tumors derived from Parp-1(-/-) ES cells were lower than those of the tumors derived from Parp-1(+/+) ES cells (P < 0.05). The Parp-1(-/-) tumors showed the appearance of TGCs. Notably, organ metastasis to the lung and liver was observed for the Parp-1(-/-) tumors, but not for the Parp-1(+/+) tumors (P < 0.05). Invasions were more frequently observed with the Parp-1(-/-) tumors compared with the Parp-1(+/+) tumors (P < 0.05). Since TGCs are known to have invasive properties, the appearance of TGCs may have supported the metastatic process. The present findings suggest that loss of Parp-1 during teratocarcinoma formation might augment invasive and metastatic properties of the tumors in the uterine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashige Nozaki
- Division of Biochemistry, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Pera MF. Stress management: a new path to pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:273-4. [PMID: 24607402 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two recent papers in Nature describe a remarkable new technique for reprogramming somatic cells back to the embryonic state. Obokata et al. (2014a, 2014b) show that applying stressful stimuli can convert mature cells into progenitors capable of generating all three embryonic germ layer lineages, as well as placental tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Pera
- University of Melbourne, Florey Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Yu S, Yan X, Liu H, Cai X, Cao S, Shen L, Zuo Z, Deng J, Ma X, Wang Y, Ren Z. Improved establishment of embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from the Chinese Kunming mice by hybridization with 129 mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3389-402. [PMID: 24573251 PMCID: PMC3975344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese Kunming mice (Mus musculus Km), widely used as laboratory animals throughout China, remain very refractory for embryonic stem (ES) cell isolation. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of hybridization with 129/Sv mice, and culture media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) or Knockout serum replacement (KSR) on ES cell isolation from Kunming mice. The results demonstrated that ES cells had been effectively isolated from the hybrid embryos of Kunming and 129/Sv mice using all three media containing 15% FBS, 15% KSR and their mixture of 14% KSR and 1% FBS, individually. These isolated ES cells had maintained in vitro undifferentiated for a long time, exhibiting all features specific for mouse ES cells. In addition, the rates of ES cell isolation in the medium containing 14% KSR and 1% FBS, was 46.67% and significantly higher than those in another two media containing only FBS or KSR (p < 0.05). Contrarily, no ES cell line had been established from Kunming mouse inbred embryos using the same protocols. These results suggested that ES cells with long-term self-renewal ability could be efficiently generated from hybrid embryos of Kunming and 129/Sv mice, and a small volume of FBS was necessary to isolate ES cells in the KSR medium when embryos and early ES cells cultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xingrong Yan
- Life Science College, North-West University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, China.
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liuhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46#, Yucheng District, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
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Obokata H, Wakayama T, Sasai Y, Kojima K, Vacanti MP, Niwa H, Yamato M, Vacanti CA. Stimulus-triggered fate conversion of somatic cells into pluripotency. Nature 2014; 505:641-7. [PMID: 24476887 DOI: 10.1038/nature12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a unique cellular reprogramming phenomenon, called stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP), which requires neither nuclear transfer nor the introduction of transcription factors. In STAP, strong external stimuli such as a transient low-pH stressor reprogrammed mammalian somatic cells, resulting in the generation of pluripotent cells. Through real-time imaging of STAP cells derived from purified lymphocytes, as well as gene rearrangement analysis, we found that committed somatic cells give rise to STAP cells by reprogramming rather than selection. STAP cells showed a substantial decrease in DNA methylation in the regulatory regions of pluripotency marker genes. Blastocyst injection showed that STAP cells efficiently contribute to chimaeric embryos and to offspring via germline transmission. We also demonstrate the derivation of robustly expandable pluripotent cell lines from STAP cells. Thus, our findings indicate that epigenetic fate determination of mammalian cells can be markedly converted in a context-dependent manner by strong environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Obokata
- 1] Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Laboratory for Cellular Reprogramming, RIKEN Center for Developmental biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [3] Laboratory for Genomic Reprogramming, RIKEN Center for Developmental biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- 1] Laboratory for Genomic Reprogramming, RIKEN Center for Developmental biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan [2] Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sasai
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koji Kojima
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Martin P Vacanti
- 1] Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Irwin Army Community Hospital, Fort Riley, Kansas 66442, USA
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Laboratory for Pluripotent Stem Cell Studies, RIKEN Center for Developmental biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Charles A Vacanti
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Lü D, Luo C, Zhang C, Li Z, Long M. Differential regulation of morphology and stemness of mouse embryonic stem cells by substrate stiffness and topography. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3945-55. [PMID: 24529627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of stem cell pluripotency or stemness is crucial to embryonic development and differentiation. The mechanical or physical microenvironment of stem cells, which includes extracellular matrix stiffness and topography, regulates cell morphology and stemness. Although a growing body of evidence has shown the importance of these factors in stem cell differentiation, the impact of these biophysical or biomechanical regulators remains insufficiently characterized. In the present study, we applied a micro-fabricated polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate with two elasticities and three topographies to systematically test the morphology, proliferation, and stemness of mESCs. The independent or combined impact of the two factors on specific cell functions was analyzed. Cells are able to grow effectively on both polystyrene and polyacrylamide substrates in the absence of feeder cells. Substrate stiffness is predominant in preserving stemness by enhancing Oct-4 and Nanog expression on a soft polyacrylamide substrate. Topography is also a critical factor for manipulating stemness via the formation of a relatively flattened colony on a groove or pillar substrate and a spheroid colony on a hexagonal substrate. Although topography is less effective on soft substrates, it plays a role in retaining cell stemness on stiff, hexagonal or pillar-shaped substrates. mESCs also form, in a timely manner, a 3D structure on groove or hexagonal substrates. These results further the understanding of stem cell morphology and stemness in a microenvironment that mimics physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunhua Luo
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Lee KH. Generating chimeric mice from embryonic stem cells via vial coculturing or hypertonic microinjection. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1194:77-111. [PMID: 25064099 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1215-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a fertile embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived or F0 (100 % coat color chimerism) mice is the final criterion in proving that the ESC is truly pluripotent. Many methods have been developed to produce chimeric mice. To date, the most popular methods for generating chimeric embryos is well sandwich aggregation between zona pellucida (ZP) removed (denuded) 2.5-day post-coitum (dpc) embryos and ESC clumps, or direct microinjection of ESCs into the cavity (blastocoel) of 3.5-dpc blastocysts. However, due to systemic limitations and the disadvantages of conventional microinjection, aggregation, and coculturing, two novel methods (vial coculturing and hypertonic microinjection) were developed in recent years at my laboratory.Coculturing 2.5-dpc denuded embryos with ESCs in 1.7-mL vials for ~3 h generates chimeras that have significantly high levels of chimerism (including 100 % coat color chimerism) and germline transmission. This method has significantly fewer instrumental and technological limitations than existing methods, and is an efficient, simple, inexpensive, and reproducible method for "mass production" of chimeric embryos. For laboratories without a microinjection system, this is the method of choice for generating chimeric embryos. Microinjecting ESCs into a subzonal space of 2.5-dpc embryos can generate germline-transmitted chimeras including 100 % coat color chimerism. However, this method is adopted rarely due to the very small and tight space between ZP and blastomeres. Using a laser pulse or Piezo-driven instrument/device to help introduce ESCs into the subzonal space of 2.5-dpc embryos demonstrates the superior efficiency in generating ESC-derived (F0) chimeras. Unfortunately, due to the need for an expensive instrument/device and extra fine skill, not many studies have used either method. Recently, ESCs injected into the large subzonal space of 2.5-dpc embryos in an injection medium containing 0.2-0.3 M sucrose very efficiently generated viable, healthy, and fertile chimeric mice with 100 % coat color chimerism.Both vial coculture and hypertonic microinjection methods are useful and effective alternatives for producing germline chimeric or F0 mice efficiently and reliably. Furthermore, both novel methods are also good for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate chimeric embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsiung Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, 23, Chunan (35053), Miaoli, Taiwan,
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47
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Peng X, Liu T, Yang B, Shi C, Sun Y, Jiang L, Jin H, Li L, Zhu H, Wu M, Qian Q. Germ-line-competent embryonic stem cells of the Chinese Kunming mouse strain with long-term self-renewal ability. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:179-84. [PMID: 23713430 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kunming (KM) mice are the most widely used strain in China. However, authentic embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from KM mice have never been available, and this hampers the genetic manipulation of this valuable mice strain. In this study, we show that KM ESCs can be efficiently derived and maintained in chemically defined N2B27 medium with the presence of two small molecules PD0325901 and CHIR99021 (2i medium). These KM ESCs exhibit all features of ESCs, including long-term self-renewal ability, expression of key molecular markers (Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2), the ability to form teratomas, and the capacity to incorporate into the developing embryo and then transmit through the germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Peng
- Laboratory of Viral and Gene Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Matsuyama M, Tanaka H, Inoko A, Goto H, Yonemura S, Kobori K, Hayashi Y, Kondo E, Itohara S, Izawa I, Inagaki M. Defect of mitotic vimentin phosphorylation causes microophthalmia and cataract via aneuploidy and senescence in lens epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35626-35. [PMID: 24142690 PMCID: PMC3861614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.514737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin, a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein, is phosphorylated predominantly in mitosis. The expression of a phosphorylation-compromised vimentin mutant in T24 cultured cells leads to cytokinetic failure, resulting in binucleation (multinucleation). The physiological significance of intermediate filament phosphorylation during mitosis for organogenesis and tissue homeostasis was uncertain. Here, we generated knock-in mice expressing vimentin that have had the serine sites phosphorylated during mitosis substituted by alanine residues. Homozygotic mice (VIM(SA/SA)) presented with microophthalmia and cataracts in the lens, whereas heterozygotic mice (VIM(WT/SA)) were indistinguishable from WT (VIM(WT/WT)) mice. In VIM(SA/SA) mice, lens epithelial cell number was not only reduced but the cells also exhibited chromosomal instability, including binucleation and aneuploidy. Electron microscopy revealed fiber membranes that were disorganized in the lenses of VIM(SA/SA), reminiscent of similar characteristic changes seen in age-related cataracts. Because the mRNA level of the senescence (aging)-related gene was significantly elevated in samples from VIM(SA/SA), the lens phenotype suggests a possible causal relationship between chromosomal instability and premature aging.
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Novoselova TV, Jackson D, Campbell DC, Clark AJL, Chan LF. Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins in adrenal gland physiology and beyond. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:R1-11. [PMID: 23418361 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptor (MCR) family consists of five G-protein-coupled receptors (MC1R-MC5R) with diverse physiological roles. MC1R controls pigmentation, MC2R is a critical component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, MC3R and MC4R have a vital role in energy homeostasis and MC5R is involved in exocrine function. The melanocortin receptor accessory protein (MRAP) and its paralogue MRAP2 are small single-pass transmembrane proteins that have been shown to regulate MCR expression and function. In the adrenal gland, MRAP is an essential accessory factor for the functional expression of the MC2R/ACTH receptor. The importance of MRAP in adrenal gland physiology is demonstrated by the clinical condition familial glucocorticoid deficiency, where inactivating MRAP mutations account for ∼20% of cases. MRAP is highly expressed in both the zona fasciculata and the undifferentiated zone. Expression in the undifferentiated zone suggests that MRAP could also be important in adrenal cell differentiation and/or maintenance. In contrast, the role of adrenal MRAP2, which is highly expressed in the foetal gland, is unclear. The expression of MRAPs outside the adrenal gland is suggestive of a wider physiological purpose, beyond MC2R-mediated adrenal steroidogenesis. In vitro, MRAPs have been shown to reduce surface expression and signalling of all the other MCRs (MC1,3,4,5R). MRAP2 is predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus, a site that also expresses a high level of MC3R and MC4R. This raises the intriguing possibility of a CNS role for the MRAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Novoselova
- Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M6BQ, UK
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Abstract
The nuclear transfer (NT) technique in the mouse has enabled us to generate cloned mice and to establish NT embryonic stem (ntES) cells. Direct nuclear injection into mouse oocytes with a piezo impact drive unit can aid in the bypass of several steps of the original cell fusion procedure. It is important to note that only the NT approach can reveal dynamic and global modifications in the epigenome without using genetic modification as well as generating live animals from single cells. Thus, these techniques could also be applied to the preservation of genetic material from any mouse strain instead of preserving embryos or gametes. Moreover, with this technique, we can use not only living cells but also the nuclei of dead cells from frozen mouse carcasses for NT. This chapter describes our most recent protocols of NT into the mouse oocyte for cloning mice and for the establishment of ntES cells from cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Mizutani
- Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe institute, Kobe, Japan,
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