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Prakash V, Sharma V, Devendran R, Prajapati R, Ahmad B, Kumar R. A transition from enemies to allies: how viruses improve drought resilience in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:33. [PMID: 38981936 PMCID: PMC11233480 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Global crop production is severely affected by environmental factors such as drought, salinity, cold, flood etc. Among these stresses, drought is one of the major abiotic stresses reducing crop productivity. It is expected that drought conditions will further increase because of the increasing global temperature. In general, viruses are seen as a pathogen affecting the crop productivity. However, several researches are showing that viruses can induce drought tolerance in plants. This review explores the mechanisms underlying the interplay between viral infections and the drought response mechanisms in plants. We tried to address the molecular pathways and physiological changes induced by viruses that confer drought tolerance, including alterations in hormone signaling, antioxidant defenses, scavenging the reactive oxygen species, role of RNA silencing and miRNA pathway, change in the expression of several genes including heat shock proteins, cellulose synthase etc. Furthermore, we discuss various viruses implicated in providing drought tolerance and examine the range of plant species exhibiting this phenomenon. By applying current knowledge and identifying gaps in understanding, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of virus-induced drought tolerance in plants, paving the way for future research directions and practical applications in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Veerendra Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Ramgopal Prajapati
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Sharma V, Mohammed SA, Devi N, Vats G, Tuli HS, Saini AK, Dhir YW, Dhir S, Singh B. Unveiling the dynamic relationship of viruses and/or symbiotic bacteria with plant resilience in abiotic stress. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:10. [PMID: 38311681 PMCID: PMC10838894 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00126-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In the ecosphere, plants interact with environmental biotic and abiotic partners, where unbalanced interactions can induce unfavourable stress conditions. Abiotic factors (temperature, water, and salt) are primarily required for plants healthy survival, and any change in their availability is reflected as a stress signal. In certain cases, the presence of infectious pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and insects can also create stress conditions in plants, leading to the emergence of disease or deficiency symptoms. While these symptoms are often typical of abiotic or biotic stress, however, there are instances where they can intensify under specific conditions. Here, we primarily summarize the viral interactions with plants during abiotic stress to understand how these associations are linked together during viral pathogenesis. Secondly, focus is given to the beneficial effects of root-associated symbiotic bacteria in fulfilling the basic needs of plants during normal as well as abiotic stress conditions. The modulations of plant functional proteins, and their occurrence/cross-talk, with pathogen (virus) and symbiont (bacteria) molecules are also discussed. Furthermore, we have highlighted the biochemical and systematic adaptations that develop in plants due to bacterial symbiosis to encounter stress hallmarks. Lastly, directions are provided towards exploring potential rhizospheric bacteria to maintain plant-microbes ecosystem and manage abiotic stress in plants to achieve better trait health in the horticulture crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Sharma
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Shakeel A Mohammed
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Nisha Devi
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Gourav Vats
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Hardeep S Tuli
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Adesh K Saini
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Yashika W Dhir
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
| | - Sunny Dhir
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
| | - Bharat Singh
- Department of Biosciences & Technology and Central Research Cell, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
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Pandey P, Patil M, Priya P, Senthil-Kumar M. When two negatives make a positive: the favorable impact of the combination of abiotic stress and pathogen infection on plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:674-688. [PMID: 37864841 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Combined abiotic and biotic stresses modify plant defense signaling, leading to either the activation or suppression of defense responses. Although the majority of combined abiotic and biotic stresses reduce plant fitness, certain abiotic stresses reduce the severity of pathogen infection in plants. Remarkably, certain pathogens also improve the tolerance of some plants to a few abiotic stresses. While considerable research focuses on the detrimental impact of combined stresses on plants, the upside of combined stress remains hidden. This review succinctly discusses the interactions between abiotic stresses and pathogen infection that benefit plant fitness. Various factors that govern the positive influence of combined abiotic stress and pathogen infection on plant performance are also discussed. In addition, we provide a brief overview of the role of pathogens, mainly viruses, in improving plant responses to abiotic stresses. We further highlight the critical nodes in defense signaling that guide plant responses during abiotic stress towards enhanced resistance to pathogens. Studies on antagonistic interactions between abiotic and biotic stressors can uncover candidates in host plant defense that may shield plants from combined stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mahesh Patil
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Piyush Priya
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box No. 10531, New Delhi 110067, India
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Wang Z, Peng D, Fu C, Luo X, Guo S, Li L, Yin H. Pan-metagenome reveals the abiotic stress resistome of cigar tobacco phyllosphere microbiome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1248476. [PMID: 38179476 PMCID: PMC10765411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1248476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The important role of microbial associations in mediating plant protection and responses to abiotic stresses has been widely recognized. However, there have been limited studies on the functional profile of the phyllosphere microbiota from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), hindering our understanding of the mechanisms underlying stress resilience in this representative and easy-to-cultivate model species from the solanaceous family. To address this knowledge gap, our study employed shotgun metagenomic sequencing for the first time to analyze the genetic catalog and identify putative plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) candidates that confer abiotic stress resilience throughout the growth period of cigar tobacco in the phyllosphere. We identified abundant genes from specific bacterial lineages, particularly Pseudomonas, within the cigar tobacco phyllospheric microbiome. These genes were found to confer resilience against a wide range of stressors, including osmotic and drought stress, heavy metal toxicity, temperature perturbation, organic pollutants, oxidative stress, and UV light damage. In addition, we conducted a virome mining analysis on the metagenome to explore the potential roles of viruses in driving microbial adaptation to environmental stresses. Our results identified a total of 3,320 scaffolds predicted to be viral from the cigar tobacco phyllosphere metagenome, with various phages infecting Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Enterobacteria, Ralstonia, and related viruses. Within the virome, we also annotated genes associated with abiotic stress resilience, such as alkaline phosphatase D (phoD) for nutrient solubilization and glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (proA) for osmolyte synthesis. These findings shed light on the unexplored roles of viruses in facilitating and transferring abiotic stress resilience in the phyllospheric microbiome through beneficial interactions with their hosts. The findings from this study have important implications for agricultural practices, as they offer potential strategies for harnessing the capabilities of the phyllosphere microbiome to enhance stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- Zhangjiajie Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Zhangjiajie, China
| | - Deyuan Peng
- Zhangjiajie Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Zhangjiajie, China
| | - Changwu Fu
- Zhangjiajie Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Zhangjiajie, China
| | - Xianxue Luo
- Zhangjiajie Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Zhangjiajie, China
| | - Shijie Guo
- Zhangjiajie Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Zhangjiajie, China
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huaqun Yin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Nihranz CT, Guzchenko IA, Casteel CL. Silencing ZmPP2C-A10 with a foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) derived vector benefits maize growth and development following water limitation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:956-964. [PMID: 37658795 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is causing more frequent and severe droughts, which can have negative impacts on plant growth and crop productivity. Under drought conditions, plants produce the hormone ABA (abscisic acid), which regulates adaptive responses, such as stomatal closure and root elongation. Plant viruses have been used in the lab to convey new traits to plants and could also be used to increase production of ABA or to enhance downstream plant drought resistance responses. In this study, foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) was used to silence ZmPP2C-A10, a negative regulator of ABA signalling, in maize (Zea mays L.). Both silenced and control plants were exposed to an 8-day drought treatment, followed by a 30-day period of rewatering, after which indicators of drought resistance were measured. After drought treatment, we observed a nearly twofold increase in expression of a stress-mitigation gene, ZmRAB17, reduced chlorophyll fluorescence changes (indicator of stress), and increased plant biomass and development in the ZmPP2C-A10-silenced maize compared to controls. These results demonstrate that the FoMV system can be used to silence endogenous expression of ZmPP2C-A10 and increase maize tolerance to drought. This could offer a useful tool to improve crop traits and reduce yield loss during the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Nihranz
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - I A Guzchenko
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - C L Casteel
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Krieger C, Halter D, Baltenweck R, Cognat V, Boissinot S, Maia-Grondard A, Erdinger M, Bogaert F, Pichon E, Hugueney P, Brault V, Ziegler-Graff V. An Aphid-Transmitted Virus Reduces the Host Plant Response to Its Vector to Promote Its Transmission. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1745-1760. [PMID: 37885045 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0454-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The success of virus transmission by vectors relies on intricate trophic interactions between three partners, the host plant, the virus, and the vector. Despite numerous studies that showed the capacity of plant viruses to manipulate their host plant to their benefit, and potentially of their transmission, the molecular mechanisms sustaining this phenomenon has not yet been extensively analyzed at the molecular level. In this study, we focused on the deregulations induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by an aphid vector that were alleviated when the plants were infected with turnip yellows virus (TuYV), a polerovirus strictly transmitted by aphids in a circulative and nonpropagative mode. By setting up an experimental design mimicking the natural conditions of virus transmission, we analyzed the deregulations in plants infected with TuYV and infested with aphids by a dual transcriptomic and metabolomic approach. We observed that the virus infection alleviated most of the gene deregulations induced by the aphids in a noninfected plant at both time points analyzed (6 and 72 h) with a more pronounced effect at the later time point of infestation. The metabolic composition of the infected and infested plants was altered in a way that could be beneficial for the vector and the virus transmission. Importantly, these substantial modifications observed in infected and infested plants correlated with a higher TuYV transmission efficiency. This study revealed the capacity of TuYV to alter the plant nutritive content and the defense reaction against the aphid vector to promote the viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Krieger
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - David Halter
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Valérie Cognat
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Monique Erdinger
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Florent Bogaert
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Elodie Pichon
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | | | - Véronique Brault
- INRAE, Université de Strasbourg, SVQV UMR1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Prakash V, Nihranz CT, Casteel CL. The Potyviral Protein 6K2 from Turnip Mosaic Virus Increases Plant Resilience to Drought. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:189-197. [PMID: 36534062 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection can increase drought tolerance of infected plants compared with noninfected plants; however, the mechanisms mediating virus-induced drought tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection increases Arabidopsis thaliana survival under drought compared with uninfected plants. To determine if specific TuMV proteins mediate drought tolerance, we cloned the coding sequence for each of the major viral proteins and generated transgenic A. thaliana that constitutively express each protein. Three TuMV proteins, 6K1, 6K2, and NIa-Pro, enhanced drought tolerance of A. thaliana when expressed constitutively in plants compared with controls. While in the control plant, transcripts related to abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and ABA levels were induced under drought, there were no changes in ABA or related transcripts in plants expressing 6K2 under drought compared with well-watered conditions. Expression of 6K2 also conveyed drought tolerance in another host plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, when expressed using a virus overexpression construct. In contrast to ABA, 6K2 expression enhanced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in both Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana. These results suggest 6K2-induced drought tolerance is mediated through increased SA levels and SA-dependent induction of plant secondary metabolites, osmolytes, and antioxidants that convey drought tolerance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Chad T Nihranz
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Clare L Casteel
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
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Akbarimotlagh M, Azizi A, Shams-Bakhsh M, Jafari M, Ghasemzadeh A, Palukaitis P. Critical points for the design and application of RNA silencing constructs for plant virus resistance. Adv Virus Res 2023; 115:159-203. [PMID: 37173065 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Control of plant virus diseases is a big challenge in agriculture as is resistance in plant lines to infection by viruses. Recent progress using advanced technologies has provided fast and durable alternatives. One of the most promising techniques against plant viruses that is cost-effective and environmentally safe is RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi), a technology that could be used alone or along with other control methods. To achieve the goals of fast and durable resistance, the expressed and target RNAs have been examined in many studies, with regard to the variability in silencing efficiency, which is regulated by various factors such as target sequences, target accessibility, RNA secondary structures, sequence variation in matching positions, and other intrinsic characteristics of various small RNAs. Developing a comprehensive and applicable toolbox for the prediction and construction of RNAi helps researchers to achieve the acceptable performance level of silencing elements. Although the attainment of complete prediction of RNAi robustness is not possible, as it also depends on the cellular genetic background and the nature of the target sequences, some important critical points have been discerned. Thus, the efficiency and robustness of RNA silencing against viruses can be improved by considering the various parameters of the target sequence and the construct design. In this review, we provide a comprehensive treatise regarding past, present and future prospective developments toward designing and applying RNAi constructs for resistance to plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Akbarimotlagh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolbaset Azizi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari
- Department of Plant Protection, Higher Education Complex of Saravan, Saravan, Iran
| | - Aysan Ghasemzadeh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Maksimov IV, Shein MY, Burkhanova GF. RNA Interference in Plant Protection from Fungal and Oomycete Infection. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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10
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Transgenerational Tolerance to Salt and Osmotic Stresses Induced by Plant Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012497. [PMID: 36293354 PMCID: PMC9604408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following pathogen infection, plants have developed diverse mechanisms that direct their immune systems towards more robust induction of defense responses against recurrent environmental stresses. The induced resistances could be inherited by the progenies, rendering them more tolerant to stressful events. Although within-generational induction of tolerance to abiotic stress is a well-documented phenomenon in virus-infected plants, the transgenerational inheritance of tolerance to abiotic stresses in their progenies has not been explored. Here, we show that infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants by Potato virus X (PVX) and by a chimeric Plum pox virus (PPV) expressing the P25 pathogenicity protein of PVX (PPV-P25), but not by PPV, conferred tolerance to both salt and osmotic stresses to the progeny, which correlated with the level of virulence of the pathogen. This transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stresses in the progeny was partially sustained even if the plants experience a virus-free generation. Moreover, progenies from a Dicer-like3 mutant mimicked the enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress observed in progenies of PVX-infected wild-type plants. This phenotype was shown irrespective of whether Dicer-like3 parents were infected, suggesting the involvement of 24-nt small interfering RNAs in the transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stress induced by virus infection. RNAseq analysis supported the upregulation of genes related to protein folding and response to stress in the progeny of PVX-infected plants. From an environmental point of view, the significance of virus-induced transgenerational tolerance to abiotic stress could be questionable, as its induction was offset by major reproductive costs arising from a detrimental effect on seed production.
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Pagliarani C, Moine A, Chitarra W, Nerva L, Catoni M, Tavazza R, Matić S, Vallino M, Secchi F, Noris E. The C4 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus primes drought tolerance in tomato through morphological adjustments. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac164. [PMID: 36324645 PMCID: PMC9613725 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses can interfere with the ability of plants to overcome abiotic stresses, indicating the existence of common molecular networks that regulate stress responses. A begomovirus causing the tomato yellow leaf curl disease was recently shown to enhance heat tolerance in tomato and drought tolerance in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana and experimental evidence suggested that the virus-encoded protein C4 is the main trigger of drought responses. However, the physiological and molecular events underlying C4-induced drought tolerance need further elucidation. In this study, transgenic tomato plants expressing the tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) C4 protein were subjected to severe drought stress, followed by recovery. Morphometric parameters, water potential, gas exchanges, and hormone contents in leaves were measured, in combination with molecular analysis of candidate genes involved in stress response and hormone metabolism. Collected data proved that the expression of TYLCSV C4 positively affected the ability of transgenic plants to tolerate water stress, by delaying the onset of stress-related features, improving the plant water use efficiency and facilitating a rapid post-rehydration recovery. In addition, we demonstrated that specific anatomical and hydraulic traits, rather than biochemical signals, are the keynote of the C4-associated stress resilience. Our results provide novel insights into the biology underpinning drought tolerance in TYLCSV C4-expressing tomato plants, paving the way for further deepening the mechanism through which such proteins tune the plant-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Amedeo Moine
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Centre of Viticultural and Enology Research (CREA-VE). Viale XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Centre of Viticultural and Enology Research (CREA-VE). Viale XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Marco Catoni
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Raffaela Tavazza
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Secchi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Production and Functionalities of Specialized Metabolites from Different Organic Sources. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060534. [PMID: 35736468 PMCID: PMC9228302 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich sources of specialized metabolites that are of great importance to plants, animals, and humans. The usefulness of active biological compounds cuts across different fields, such as agriculture, forestry, food processing and packaging, biofuels, biocatalysts, and environmental remediation. In recent years, research has shifted toward the use of microbes, especially endophytes (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), and the combination of these organisms with other alternatives to optimize the production and regulation of these compounds. This review reinforces the production of specialized metabolites, especially by plants and microorganisms, and the effectiveness of microorganisms in increasing the production/concentration of these compounds in plants. The study also highlights the functions of these compounds in plants and their applications in various fields. New research areas that should be explored to produce and regulate these compounds, especially in plants and microbes, have been identified. Methods involving molecular studies are yet to be fully explored, and next-generation sequencing possesses an interesting and reliable approach.
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Water Deficit Improves Reproductive Fitness in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Infected by Cucumber mosaic virus. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091240. [PMID: 35567241 PMCID: PMC9105947 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants are concurrently exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses, including infection by viruses and drought. Combined stresses result in plant responses that are different from those observed for each individual stress. We investigated compensatory effects induced by virus infection on the fitness of hosts grown under water deficit, and the hypothesis that water deficit improves tolerance, estimated as reproductive fitness, to virus infection. Our results show that infection by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) promotes drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, neither CMV nor TuMV had a positive impact on host reproductive fitness following withdrawal of water, as determined by measuring the number of individuals producing seeds, seed grains, and seed germination rates. Importantly, infection by CMV but not by TuMV improved the reproductive fitness of N. benthamiana plants when exposed to drought compared to watered, virus-infected plants. However, no such conditional phenotype was found in Arabidopsis plants infected with CMV. Water deficit did not affect the capacity of infected plants to transmit CMV through seeds. These findings highlight a conditional improvement in biological efficacy of N. benthamiana plants infected with CMV under water deficit, and lead to the prediction that plants can exhibit increased tolerance to specific viruses under some of the projected climate change scenarios.
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14
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Aguilar E, Lozano-Duran R. Plant viruses as probes to engineer tolerance to abiotic stress in crops. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:20. [PMID: 37676519 PMCID: PMC10441908 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Chamkhi I, El Omari N, Balahbib A, El Menyiy N, Benali T, Ghoulam C. Is the rhizosphere a source of applicable multi-beneficial microorganisms for plant enhancement? Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1246-1259. [PMID: 35241967 PMCID: PMC8864493 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant faces different pedological and climatic challenges that influence its growth and enhancement. While, plant-microbes interactions throught the rhizosphere offer several privileges to this hotspot in the service of plant, by attracting multi-beneficial mutualistic and symbiotic microorganisms as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), archaea, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi, and others…). Currently, numerous investigations showed the beneficial effects of these microbes on growth and plant health. Indeed, rhizospheric microorganisms offer to host plants the essential assimilable nutrients, stimulate the growth and development of host plants, and induce antibiotics production. They also attributed to host plants numerous phenotypes involved in the increase the resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. The investigations and the studies on the rhizosphere can offer a way to find a biological and sustainable solution to confront these environmental problems. Therefore, the interactions between microbes and plants may lead to interesting biotechnological applications on plant improvement and the adaptation in different climates to obtain a biological sustainable agricultures without the use of chemical fertilizers.
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Key Words
- AMF, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
- AOA, Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
- BMV, Brome Mosaic Virus
- C, Carbon
- CMV, Cucumber mosaic virus
- LDH, Layered double hydroxides
- MF, Mycorrhizal fungi
- Microorganisms
- P, Phosphorus
- PAL, L-Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
- PCA, Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid
- PGPR, Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
- POX, Peroxidase
- PPO, Polyphenol Oxidase
- Plant growth promoting microbes
- Plant-microbes interactions
- Rhizosphere
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.,University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Faculty of Science, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Cherki Ghoulam
- University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.,Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, PO Box 549, Gueliz, Marrakech,Morocco
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Takahashi H, Tabara M, Miyashita S, Ando S, Kawano S, Kanayama Y, Fukuhara T, Kormelink R. Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection in Arabidopsis: A Conditional Mutualistic Symbiont? Front Microbiol 2022; 12:770925. [PMID: 35069476 PMCID: PMC8776717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cucumber mosaic virus isolate, named Ho [CMV(Ho)], was isolated from a symptomless Arabidopsis halleri field sample containing low virus titers. An analysis of CMV(Ho) RNA molecules indicated that the virus isolate, besides the usual cucumovirus tripartite RNA genome, additionally contained defective RNA3 molecules and a satellite RNA. To study the underlying mechanism of the persistent CMV(Ho) infection in perennial A. halleri, infectious cDNA clones were generated for all its genetic elements. CMV, which consists of synthetic transcripts from the infectious tripartite RNA genomes, and designated CMV(Ho)tr, multiplied in A. halleri and annual Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 to a similar level as the virulent strain CMV(Y), but did not induce any symptoms in them. The response of Col-0 to a series of reassortant CMVs between CMV(Ho)tr and CMV(Y) suggested that the establishment of an asymptomatic phenotype of CMV(Ho) infection was due to the 2b gene of CMV RNA2, but not due to the presence of the defective RNA3 and satellite RNA. The accumulation of CMV(Ho) 2b protein tagged with the FLAG epitope (2b.Ho-FLAG) in 2b.Ho-FLAG-transformed Col-0 did not induce any symptoms, suggesting a 2b-dependent persistency of CMV(Ho)tr infection in Arabidopsis. The 2b protein interacted with Argonaute 4, which is known to regulate the cytosine methylation levels of host genomic DNA. Whole genomic bisulfite sequencing analysis of CMV(Ho)tr- and mock-inoculated Col-0 revealed that cytosine hypomethylation in the promoter regions of 82 genes, including two genes encoding transcriptional regulators (DOF1.7 and CBP1), was induced in response to CMV(Ho)tr infection. Moreover, the increased levels of hypomethylation in the promoter region of both genes, during CMV(Ho)tr infection, were correlated with the up- or down-regulation of their expression. Taken altogether, the results indicate that during persistent CMV(Ho) infection in Arabidopsis, host gene expression may be epigenetically modulated resulting from a 2b-mediated cytosine hypomethylation of host genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Midori Tabara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shuhei Miyashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawano
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kanayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Bergès SE, Vile D, Yvon M, Masclef D, Dauzat M, van Munster M. Water deficit changes the relationships between epidemiological traits of Cauliflower mosaic virus across diverse Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24103. [PMID: 34916537 PMCID: PMC8677750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in plant abiotic environments may alter plant virus epidemiological traits, but how such changes actually affect their quantitative relationships is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of water deficit on Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) traits (virulence, accumulation, and vectored-transmission rate) in 24 natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown under strictly controlled environmental conditions. CaMV virulence increased significantly in response to water deficit during vegetative growth in all A. thaliana accessions, while viral transmission by aphids and within-host accumulation were significantly altered in only a few. Under well-watered conditions, CaMV accumulation was correlated positively with CaMV transmission by aphids, while under water deficit, this relationship was reversed. Hence, under water deficit, high CaMV accumulation did not predispose to increased horizontal transmission. No other significant relationship between viral traits could be detected. Across accessions, significant relationships between climate at collection sites and viral traits were detected but require further investigation. Interactions between epidemiological traits and their alteration under abiotic stresses must be accounted for when modelling plant virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy E Bergès
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Michel Yvon
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Masclef
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Rahman A, Sinha KV, Sopory SK, Sanan-Mishra N. Influence of virus-host interactions on plant response to abiotic stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2225-2245. [PMID: 34050797 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a significant role in controlling growth, development and defense responses of plants. Changes in the abiotic environment not only significantly alter the physiological and molecular pathways in plants, but also result in attracting the insect pests that carry a payload of viruses. Invasion of plants by viruses triggers the RNA silencing based defense mechanism in plants. In counter defense the viruses have gained the ability to suppress the host RNA silencing activities. A new paradigm has emerged, with the recognition that plant viruses also have the intrinsic capacity to modulate host plant response to environmental cues, in an attempt to favour their own survival. Thus, plant-virus interactions provide an excellent system to understand the signals in crosstalk between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses. In this review, we have summarized the basal plant defense responses to pathogen invasion while emphasizing on the role of RNA silencing as a front line of defense response to virus infection. The emerging knowledge indicates overlap between RNA silencing with the innate immune responses during antiviral defense. The suppressors of RNA silencing serve as Avr proteins, which can be recognized by the host R proteins. The defense signals also function in concert with the phytohormones to influence plant responses to abiotic stresses. The current evidence on the role of virus induced host tolerance to abiotic stresses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Rahman
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumari Veena Sinha
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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19
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Shteinberg M, Mishra R, Anfoka G, Altaleb M, Brotman Y, Moshelion M, Gorovits R, Czosnek H. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) Promotes Plant Tolerance to Drought. Cells 2021; 10:2875. [PMID: 34831098 PMCID: PMC8616339 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research points to a positive interplay between viruses and plants. Tomato yellow curl virus (TYLCV) is able to protect tomato host plants against extreme drought. To envisage the use of virus protective capacity in agriculture, TYLCV-resistant tomato lines have to be infected first with the virus before planting. Such virus-resistant tomato plants contain virus amounts that do not cause disease symptoms, growth inhibition, or yield loss, but are sufficient to modify the metabolism of the plant, resulting in improved tolerance to drought. This phenomenon is based on the TYLCV-dependent stabilization of amounts of key osmoprotectants induced by drought (soluble sugars, amino acids, and proteins). Although in infected TYLCV-susceptible tomatoes, stress markers also show an enhanced stability, in infected TYLCV-resistant plants, water balance and osmolyte homeostasis reach particularly high levels. These tomato plants survive long periods of time during water withholding. However, after recovery to normal irrigation, they produce fruits which are not exposed to drought, similarly to the control plants. Using these features, it might be possible to cultivate TYLCV-resistant plants during seasons characterized by water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshik Shteinberg
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Ritesh Mishra
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Ghandi Anfoka
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan; (G.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Miassar Altaleb
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan; (G.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Henryk Czosnek
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.); (R.M.); (M.M.); (R.G.)
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20
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Poudel M, Mendes R, Costa LAS, Bueno CG, Meng Y, Folimonova SY, Garrett KA, Martins SJ. The Role of Plant-Associated Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses in Drought Stress Mitigation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743512. [PMID: 34759901 PMCID: PMC8573356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is an alarming constraint to plant growth, development, and productivity worldwide. However, plant-associated bacteria, fungi, and viruses can enhance stress resistance and cope with the negative impacts of drought through the induction of various mechanisms, which involve plant biochemical and physiological changes. These mechanisms include osmotic adjustment, antioxidant enzyme enhancement, modification in phytohormonal levels, biofilm production, increased water and nutrient uptake as well as increased gas exchange and water use efficiency. Production of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) and induction of stress-responsive genes by microbes also play a crucial role in the acquisition of drought tolerance. This review offers a unique exploration of the role of plant-associated microorganisms-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae, viruses, and their interactions-in the plant microbiome (or phytobiome) as a whole and their modes of action that mitigate plant drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousami Poudel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rodrigo Mendes
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lilian A. S. Costa
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Brasília, Brazil
| | - C. Guillermo Bueno
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yiming Meng
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Karen A. Garrett
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samuel J. Martins
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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21
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Chamkhi I, Benali T, Aanniz T, El Menyiy N, Guaouguaou FE, El Omari N, El-Shazly M, Zengin G, Bouyahya A. Plant-microbial interaction: The mechanism and the application of microbial elicitor induced secondary metabolites biosynthesis in medicinal plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:269-295. [PMID: 34391201 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes interact with each other via different chemical signaling pathways. At the risophere level, the microbes can secrete molecules, called elicitors, which act on their receptors located in plant cells. The so-called elicitor molecules as well as their actions differ according to the mcirobes and induce different bilogical responses in plants such as the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Microbial compounds induced phenotype changes in plants are known as elicitors and signaling pathways which integrate elicitor's signals in plants are called elicitation. In this review, the impact of microbial elicitors on the synthesis and the secretion of secondary metabolites in plants was highlighted. Moreover, biological properties of these bioactive compounds were also highlighted and discussed. Indeed, several bacteria, fungi, and viruses release elicitors which bind to plant cell receptors and mediate signaling pathways involved in secondary metabolites synthesis. Different phytochemical classes such as terpenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were synthesized and/or increased in medicinal plants via the action of microbial elicitors. Moreover, these compounds compounds exhibit numerous biological activities and can therefore be explored in drugs discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Chamkhi
- Centre GEOPAC, Laboratoire de Geobiodiversite et Patrimoine Naturel, Université Mohammed V de, Institut Scientifique Rabat, Maroc; University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 6203 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Ezzahrae Guaouguaou
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
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22
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Li S, Lyu S, Liu Y, Luo M, Shi S, Deng S. Cauliflower mosaic virus P6 Dysfunctions Histone Deacetylase HD2C to Promote Virus Infection. Cells 2021; 10:2278. [PMID: 34571927 PMCID: PMC8464784 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are vital epigenetic modifiers not only in regulating plant development but also in abiotic- and biotic-stress responses. Though to date, the functions of HD2C-an HD2-type HDAC-In plant development and abiotic stress have been intensively explored, its function in biotic stress remains unknown. In this study, we have identified HD2C as an interaction partner of the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P6 protein. It functions as a positive regulator in defending against CaMV infection. The hd2c mutants show enhanced susceptibility to CaMV infection. In support, the accumulation of viral DNA, viral transcripts, and the deposition of histone acetylation on the viral minichromosomes are increased in hd2c mutants. P6 interferes with the interaction between HD2C and HDA6, and P6 overexpression lines have similar phenotypes with hd2c mutants. In further investigations, P6 overexpression lines, together with CaMV infection plants, are more sensitive to ABA and NaCl with a concomitant increasing expression of ABA/NaCl-regulated genes. Moreover, the global levels of histone acetylation are increased in P6 overexpression lines and CaMV infection plants. Collectively, our results suggest that P6 dysfunctions histone deacetylase HD2C by physical interaction to promote CaMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & CAS Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.L.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Shanwu Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & CAS Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Yujuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & CAS Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Shulin Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & CAS Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (S.L.); (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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23
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Plant virus evolution under strong drought conditions results in a transition from parasitism to mutualism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020990118. [PMID: 33526695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020990118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions are an important factor driving pathogens' evolution. Here, we explore the effects of drought stress in plant virus evolution. We evolved turnip mosaic potyvirus in well-watered and drought conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana accessions that differ in their response to virus infection. Virus adaptation occurred in all accessions independently of watering status. Drought-evolved viruses conferred a significantly higher drought tolerance to infected plants. By contrast, nonsignificant increases in tolerance were observed in plants infected with viruses evolved under standard watering. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on the plant accessions. Differences in tolerance were correlated to alterations in the expression of host genes, some involved in regulation of the circadian clock, as well as in deep changes in the balance of phytohormones regulating defense and growth signaling pathways. Our results show that viruses can promote host survival in situations of abiotic stress, with the magnitude of such benefit being a selectable trait.
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Pan L, Miao H, Wang Q, Walling LL, Liu S. Virus-induced phytohormone dynamics and their effects on plant-insect interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1305-1320. [PMID: 33555072 PMCID: PMC8251853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Attacks on plants by both viruses and their vectors is common in nature. Yet the dynamics of the plant-virus-vector tripartite system, in particular the effects of viral infection on plant-insect interactions, have only begun to emerge in the last decade. Viruses can modulate the interactions between insect vectors and plants via the jasmonate, salicylic acid and ethylene phytohormone pathways, resulting in changes in fitness and viral transmission capacity of their insect vectors. Virus infection of plants may also modulate other phytohormones, such as auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, brassinosteroids and abscisic acid, with yet undefined consequences on plant-insect interactions. Moreover, virus infection in plants may incur changes to other plant traits, such as nutrition and secondary metabolites, that potentially contribute to virus-associated, phytohormone-mediated manipulation of plant-insect interactions. In this article, we review the research progress, discuss issues related to the complexity and variability of the viral modulation of plant interactions with insect vectors, and suggest future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Huiying Miao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementMinistry of AgricultureDepartment of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant GrowthDevelopment and Quality ImprovementMinistry of AgricultureDepartment of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant SciencesCenter for Plant Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA92521‐0124USA
| | - Shu‐Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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Manacorda CA, Gudesblat G, Sutka M, Alemano S, Peluso F, Oricchio P, Baroli I, Asurmendi S. TuMV triggers stomatal closure but reduces drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1399-1416. [PMID: 33554358 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compatible plant viral infections are a common cause of agricultural losses worldwide. Characterization of the physiological responses controlling plant water management under combined stresses is of great interest in the current climate change scenario. We studied the outcome of TuMV infection on stomatal closure and water balance, hormonal balance and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. TuMV infection reduced stomatal aperture concomitantly with diminished gas exchange rate, daily water consumption and rosette initial dehydration rate. Infected plants overaccumulated salicylic acid and abscisic acid and showed altered expression levels of key ABA homeostasis genes including biosynthesis and catabolism. Also the expression of ABA signalling gene ABI2 was induced and ABCG40 (which imports ABA into guard cells) was highly induced upon infection. Hypermorfic abi2-1 mutant plants, but no other ABA or SA biosynthetic, signalling or degradation mutants tested abolished both stomatal closure and low stomatal conductance phenotypes caused by TuMV. Notwithstanding lower relative water loss during infection, plants simultaneously subjected to drought and viral stresses showed higher mortality rates than mock-inoculated drought stressed controls, alongside downregulation of drought-responsive gene RD29A. Our findings indicate that despite stomatal closure triggered by TuMV, additional phenomena diminish drought tolerance upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Augusto Manacorda
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Gudesblat
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Profesor Héctor Maldonado"- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Translacional (IB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Moira Sutka
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Instituto de Biodiversidad, Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, UNRC. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-CONICET), Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Franco Peluso
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Patricio Oricchio
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Irene Baroli
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Instituto de Biodiversidad, Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Argentina
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Khati P, Mishra PK, Parihar M, Singh AK, Bisht JK, Pattanayak A. Drought Stress Tolerance: An Insight to Resistance Mechanism and Adaptation in Plants. MICROBES AND SIGNALING BIOMOLECULES AGAINST PLANT STRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7094-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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Watt LG, Crawshaw S, Rhee SJ, Murphy AM, Canto T, Carr JP. The cucumber mosaic virus 1a protein regulates interactions between the 2b protein and ARGONAUTE 1 while maintaining the silencing suppressor activity of the 2b protein. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009125. [PMID: 33270799 PMCID: PMC7738167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) is a potent counter-defense and pathogenicity factor that inhibits antiviral silencing by titration of short double-stranded RNAs. It also disrupts microRNA-mediated regulation of host gene expression by binding ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1). But in Arabidopsis thaliana complete inhibition of AGO1 is counterproductive to CMV since this triggers another layer of antiviral silencing mediated by AGO2, de-represses strong resistance against aphids (the insect vectors of CMV), and exacerbates symptoms. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays we found that the CMV 1a protein, a component of the viral replicase complex, regulates the 2b-AGO1 interaction. By binding 2b protein molecules and sequestering them in P-bodies, the 1a protein limits the proportion of 2b protein molecules available to bind AGO1, which ameliorates 2b-induced disease symptoms, and moderates induction of resistance to CMV and to its aphid vector. However, the 1a protein-2b protein interaction does not inhibit the ability of the 2b protein to inhibit silencing of reporter gene expression in agroinfiltration assays. The interaction between the CMV 1a and 2b proteins represents a novel regulatory system in which specific functions of a VSR are selectively modulated by another viral protein. The finding also provides a mechanism that explains how CMV, and possibly other viruses, modulates symptom induction and manipulates host-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Crawshaw
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sun-Ju Rhee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás Canto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Center for Biological Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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28
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Leone M, Zavallo D, Venturuzzi A, Asurmendi S. RdDM pathway components differentially modulate Tobamovirus symptom development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:467-481. [PMID: 32813230 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crop yield losses induced by phytoviruses are mainly associated with the symptoms of the disease. DNA modifications as methylation can modulate the information coded by the sequence, process named epigenetics. Viral infection can change the expression patterns of different genes linked to defenses and symptoms. This work represents the initial step to expose the role of epigenetic process, in the production of symptoms associated with plants-virus interactions. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are important molecules for gene regulation in plants and play an essential role in plant-pathogen interactions. Researchers have evaluated the relationship between viral infections as well as the endogenous accumulation of sRNAs and the transcriptional changes associated with the production of symptoms, but little is known about a possible direct role of epigenetics, mediated by 24-nt sRNAs, in the induction of these symptoms. Using different RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway mutants and a triple demethylase mutant; here we demonstrate that the disruption of RdDM pathway during viral infection produce alterations in the plant transcriptome and in consequence changes in plant symptoms. This study represents the initial step in exposing that DNA methylation directed by endogenous sRNAs has an important role, uncoupled to defense, in the production of symptoms associated with plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Leone
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Zavallo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), De Los Reseros y N. Repetto S/N, Hurlingham, B1686IGC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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29
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Pasin F, Shan H, García B, Müller M, San León D, Ludman M, Fresno DH, Fátyol K, Munné-Bosch S, Rodrigo G, García JA. Abscisic Acid Connects Phytohormone Signaling with RNA Metabolic Pathways and Promotes an Antiviral Response that Is Evaded by a Self-Controlled RNA Virus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100099. [PMID: 32984814 PMCID: PMC7518510 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A complex network of cellular receptors, RNA targeting pathways, and small-molecule signaling provides robust plant immunity and tolerance to viruses. To maximize their fitness, viruses must evolve control mechanisms to balance host immune evasion and plant-damaging effects. The genus Potyvirus comprises plant viruses characterized by RNA genomes that encode large polyproteins led by the P1 protease. A P1 autoinhibitory domain controls polyprotein processing, the release of a downstream functional RNA-silencing suppressor, and viral replication. Here, we show that P1Pro, a plum pox virus clone that lacks the P1 autoinhibitory domain, triggers complex reprogramming of the host transcriptome and high levels of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. A meta-analysis highlighted ABA connections with host pathways known to control RNA stability, turnover, maturation, and translation. Transcriptomic changes triggered by P1Pro infection or ABA showed similarities in host RNA abundance and diversity. Genetic and hormone treatment assays showed that ABA promotes plant resistance to potyviral infection. Finally, quantitative mathematical modeling of viral replication in the presence of defense pathways supported self-control of polyprotein processing kinetics as a viral mechanism that attenuates the magnitude of the host antiviral response. Overall, our findings indicate that ABA is an active player in plant antiviral immunity, which is nonetheless evaded by a self-controlled RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pasin
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongying Shan
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David San León
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - David H. Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Rodrigo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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30
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Sanfaçon H. Modulation of disease severity by plant positive-strand RNA viruses: The complex interplay of multifunctional viral proteins, subviral RNAs and virus-associated RNAs with plant signaling pathways and defense responses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:87-131. [PMID: 32711736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses induce a range of symptoms of varying intensity, ranging from severe systemic necrosis to mild or asymptomatic infection. Several evolutionary constraints drive virus virulence, including the dependence of viruses on host factors to complete their infection cycle, the requirement to counteract or evade plant antiviral defense responses and the mode of virus transmission. Viruses have developed an array of strategies to modulate disease severity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted not only the multifunctional role that viral proteins play in disrupting or highjacking plant factors, hormone signaling pathways and intracellular organelles, but also the interaction networks between viral proteins, subviral RNAs and/or other viral-associated RNAs that regulate disease severity. This review focusses on positive-strand RNA viruses, which constitute the majority of characterized plant viruses. Using well-characterized viruses with different genome types as examples, recent advances are discussed as well as knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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31
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Corrales‐Gutierrez M, Medina‐Puche L, Yu Y, Wang L, Ding X, Luna AP, Bejarano ER, Castillo AG, Lozano‐Duran R. The C4 protein from the geminivirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus confers drought tolerance in Arabidopsis through an ABA-independent mechanism. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:1121-1123. [PMID: 31637850 PMCID: PMC7152601 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Corrales‐Gutierrez
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Area de GenéticaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Laura Medina‐Puche
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yanling Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liping Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xue Ding
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Area de GenéticaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Area de GenéticaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Araceli G. Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM‐UMA‐CSIC)Area de GenéticaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Rosa Lozano‐Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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32
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Bergès SE, Vasseur F, Bediée A, Rolland G, Masclef D, Dauzat M, van Munster M, Vile D. Natural variation of Arabidopsis thaliana responses to Cauliflower mosaic virus infection upon water deficit. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008557. [PMID: 32413076 PMCID: PMC7255604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant virus pathogenicity is expected to vary with changes in the abiotic environment that affect plant physiology. Conversely, viruses can alter the host plant response to additional stimuli from antagonism to mutualism depending on the virus, the host plant and the environment. Ecological theory, specifically the CSR framework of plant strategies developed by Grime and collaborators, states that plants cannot simultaneously optimize resistance to both water deficit and pathogens. Here, we investigated the vegetative and reproductive performance of 44 natural accessions of A. thaliana originating from the Iberian Peninsula upon simultaneous exposure to soil water deficit and viral infection by the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Following the predictions of Grime's CSR theory, we tested the hypothesis that the ruderal character of a plant genotype is positively related to its tolerance to virus infection regardless of soil water availability. Our results showed that CaMV infection decreased plant vegetative performance and annihilated reproductive success of all accessions. In general, water deficit decreased plant performance, but, despite differences in behavior, ranking of accessions tolerance to CaMV was conserved under water deficit. Ruderality, quantified from leaf traits following a previously published procedure, varied significantly among accessions, and was positively correlated with tolerance to viral infection under both well-watered and water deficit conditions, although the latter to a lesser extent. Also, in accordance with the ruderal character of the accession and previous findings, our results suggest that accession tolerance to CaMV infection is positively correlated with early flowering. Finally, plant survival to CaMV infection increased under water deficit. The complex interactions between plant, virus and abiotic environment are discussed in terms of the variation in plant ecological strategies at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy E. Bergès
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - François Vasseur
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Bediée
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaëlle Rolland
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Masclef
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Alazem M, Lin NS. Interplay between ABA signaling and RNA silencing in plant viral resistance. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:1-7. [PMID: 32222536 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant responses to different stimuli including viral infections through two different defense mechanisms; the antiviral RNA silencing pathway and callose accumulation. In some pathosystems, induction of these defense mechanisms is stronger in plants with resistance (R)-genes than in more susceptible plants. Mutants in several RNA silencing genes are hypersensitive to ABA, which suggests that these genes exert a regulatory feedback loop on ABA signaling. This scenario suggests that the RNA silencing pathway can target genes involved in the ABA pathway to control ABA production/signaling since prolonged production of this stress hormone arrests plant growth and development. Mutations in the ABA or salicylic acid pathways do not completely repress RNA silencing genes, indicating that RNA silencing represents a regulatory hub through which different pathways exert some of their functions, and thus the regulation of RNA silencing could be subject to hormone balancing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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34
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van Munster M. Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Plant Virus Transmission by Aphids. Viruses 2020; 12:E216. [PMID: 32075208 PMCID: PMC7077179 DOI: 10.3390/v12020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants regularly encounter abiotic constraints, and plant response to stress has been a focus of research for decades. Given increasing global temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and the occurrence of water stress episodes driven by climate change, plant biochemistry, in particular, plant defence responses, may be altered significantly. Environmental factors also have a wider impact, shaping viral transmission processes that rely on a complex set of interactions between, at least, the pathogen, the vector, and the host plant. This review considers how abiotic stresses influence the transmission and spread of plant viruses by aphid vectors, mainly through changes in host physiology status, and summarizes the latest findings in this research field. The direct effects of climate change and severe weather events that impact the feeding behaviour of insect vectors as well as the major traits (e.g., within-host accumulation, disease severity and transmission) of viral plant pathogens are discussed. Finally, the intrinsic capacity of viruses to react to environmental cues in planta and how this may influence viral transmission efficiency is summarized. The clear interaction between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses is a risk that must be accounted for when modelling virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella van Munster
- INRA, UMR385, CIRAD TA-A54K, Campus International de Baillarguet, CEDEX 05, 34398 Montpellier, France
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35
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González R, Butković A, Elena SF. From foes to friends: Viral infections expand the limits of host phenotypic plasticity. Adv Virus Res 2020; 106:85-121. [PMID: 32327149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity enables organisms to survive in the face of unpredictable environmental stress. Intimately related to the notion of phenotypic plasticity is the concept of the reaction norm that places phenotypic plasticity in the context of a genotype-specific response to environmental gradients. Whether reaction norms themselves evolve and which factors might affect their shape has been the object of intense debates among evolutionary biologists along the years. Since their discovery, viruses have been considered as pathogens. However, new viromic techniques and a shift in conceptual paradigms are showing that viruses are mostly non-pathogenic ubiquitous entities. Recent studies have shown how viral infections can even be beneficial for their hosts. This may happen especially in the context of stressed hosts, where the virus infection can induce beneficial changes in the host's physiological homeostasis, hence changing the shape of the reaction norm. Despite the fact that underlying physiological mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics are still not well understood, such beneficial interactions are being discovered in a growing number of plant-virus systems. Here, we aim to review these disperse studies and place them into the context of phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of reaction norms. This is an emerging field that is posing many questions that still need to be properly answered. The answers would clearly interest virologists, plant pathologists and evolutionary biologists and likely they will suggest possible future biotechnological applications, including the development of crops with higher survival rates and yield under adverse environmental situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anamarija Butković
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.
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36
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Wu X, Ye J. Manipulation of Jasmonate Signaling by Plant Viruses and Their Insect Vectors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020148. [PMID: 32012772 PMCID: PMC7077190 DOI: 10.3390/v12020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses pose serious threats to stable crop yield. The majority of them are transmitted by insects, which cause secondary damage to the plant host from the herbivore-vector's infestation. What is worse, a successful plant virus evolves multiple strategies to manipulate host defenses to promote the population of the insect vector and thereby furthers the disease pandemic. Jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives (JAs) are lipid-based phytohormones with similar structures to animal prostaglandins, conferring plant defenses against various biotic and abiotic challenges, especially pathogens and herbivores. For survival, plant viruses and herbivores have evolved strategies to convergently target JA signaling. Here, we review the roles of JA signaling in the tripartite interactions among plant, virus, and insect vectors, with a focus on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that drive vector-borne plant viral diseases. This knowledge is essential for the further design and development of effective strategies to protect viral damages, thereby increasing crop yield and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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37
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Aguilar E, del Toro FJ, Figueira-Galán D, Hou W, Canto T, Tenllado F. Virus infection induces resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and to drought in both compatible and incompatible bacteria–host interactions, which are compromised under conditions of elevated temperature and CO2 levels. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:122-135. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco J. del Toro
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Figueira-Galán
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Weina Hou
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
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38
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Takahashi H, Fukuhara T, Kitazawa H, Kormelink R. Virus Latency and the Impact on Plants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2764. [PMID: 31866963 PMCID: PMC6908805 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are thought to be essentially harmful to the lives of their cultivated crop hosts. In most cases studied, the interaction between viruses and cultivated crop plants negatively affects host morphology and physiology, thereby resulting in disease. Native wild/non-cultivated plants are often latently infected with viruses without any clear symptoms. Although seemingly non-harmful, these viruses pose a threat to cultivated crops because they can be transmitted by vectors and cause disease. Reports are accumulating on infections with latent plant viruses that do not cause disease but rather seem to be beneficial to the lives of wild host plants. In a few cases, viral latency involves the integration of full-length genome copies into the host genome that, in response to environmental stress or during certain developmental stages of host plants, can become activated to generate and replicate episomal copies, a transition from latency to reactivation and causation of disease development. The interaction between viruses and host plants may also lead to the integration of partial-length segments of viral DNA genomes or copy DNA of viral RNA genome sequences into the host genome. Transcripts derived from such integrated viral elements (EVEs) may be beneficial to host plants, for example, by conferring levels of virus resistance and/or causing persistence/latency of viral infections. Studies on viral latency in wild host plants might help us to understand and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of latency and provide insights into the raison d’être for viruses in the lives of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences and Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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39
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Fukuhara T, Tabara M, Koiwa H, Takahashi H. Effect of asymptomatic infection with southern tomato virus on tomato plants. Arch Virol 2019; 165:11-20. [PMID: 31620899 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Southern tomato virus (STV) is often found infecting healthy tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). In this study, we compared STV-free and STV-infected plants of cultivar M82 to determine the effect of STV infection on the host plant. STV-free plants exhibited a short and bushy phenotype, whereas STV-infected plants were taller. STV-infected plants produced more fruit than STV-free plants, and the germination rate of seeds from STV-infected plants was higher than that of seeds from STV-free plants. This phenotypic difference was also observed in progeny plants (siblings) derived from a single STV-infected plant in which the transmission rate of STV to progeny plants via the seeds was approximately 86%. These results suggest that the interaction between STV and host plants is mutualistic. Transcriptome analysis revealed that STV infection affects gene expression in the host plant and results in downregulation of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling. STV-infected tomato plants might thus be artificially selected due to their superior traits as a crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan. .,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Midori Tabara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
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40
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Alazem M, Widyasari K, Kim KH. An Avirulent Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus Reverses the Defensive Effect of Abscisic Acid in a Susceptible Soybean Cultivar. Viruses 2019; 11:E879. [PMID: 31546878 PMCID: PMC6783863 DOI: 10.3390/v11090879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In soybean cultivar L29, the Rsv3 gene is responsible for extreme resistance (ER) against the soybean mosaic virus avirulent strain G5H, but is ineffective against the virulent strain G7H. Part of this ER is attributed to the rapid increase in abscisic acid (ABA) and callose, and to the rapid induction of several genes in the RNA-silencing pathway. Whether these two defense mechanisms are correlated or separated in the ER is unknown. Here, we found that ABA treatment of L29 plants increased the expression of several antiviral RNA-silencing genes as well as the PP2C3a gene, which was previously shown to increase callose accumulation; as a consequence, ABA increased the resistance of L29 plants to G7H. The effect of ABA treatment on these genes was weaker in the rsv3-null cultivar (Somyungkong) than in L29. Besides, G5H-infection of Somyungkong plants subverted the effect of ABA leading to reduced callose accumulation and decreased expression of several RNA-silencing genes, which resulted in increased susceptibility to G5H infection. ABA treatment, however, still induced some resistance to G7H in Somyungkong, but only AGO7b was significantly induced. Our data suggest that Rsv3 modulates the effect of ABA on these two resistance mechanisms, i.e., callose accumulation and the antiviral RNA-silencing pathway, and that in the absence of Rsv3, some strains can reverse the effect of ABA and thereby facilitate their replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Kristin Widyasari
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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41
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Lefeuvre P, Martin DP, Elena SF, Shepherd DN, Roumagnac P, Varsani A. Evolution and ecology of plant viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:632-644. [PMID: 31312033 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the first non-cellular infectious agent, later determined to be tobacco mosaic virus, paved the way for the field of virology. In the ensuing decades, research focused on discovering and eliminating viral threats to plant and animal health. However, recent conceptual and methodological revolutions have made it clear that viruses are not merely agents of destruction but essential components of global ecosystems. As plants make up over 80% of the biomass on Earth, plant viruses likely have a larger impact on ecosystem stability and function than viruses of other kingdoms. Besides preventing overgrowth of genetically homogeneous plant populations such as crop plants, some plant viruses might also promote the adaptation of their hosts to changing environments. However, estimates of the extent and frequencies of such mutualistic interactions remain controversial. In this Review, we focus on the origins of plant viruses and the evolution of interactions between these viruses and both their hosts and transmission vectors. We also identify currently unknown aspects of plant virus ecology and evolution that are of practical importance and that should be resolvable in the near future through viral metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-UV, Paterna, València, Spain.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | | | - Philippe Roumagnac
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, Montpellier, France.,BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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42
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Roossinck MJ. Viruses in the phytobiome. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:72-76. [PMID: 31310864 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytobiome, defined as plants and all the entities that interact with them, is rich in viruses, but with the exception of plant viruses of crop plants, most of the phytobiome viruses remain very understudied. This review focuses on the neglected portions of the phytobiome, including viruses of other microbes interacting with plants, viruses in the soil, viruses of wild plants, and relationships between viruses and the vectors of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Roossinck
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, USA.
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43
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Shates TM, Sun P, Malmstrom CM, Dominguez C, Mauck KE. Addressing Research Needs in the Field of Plant Virus Ecology by Defining Knowledge Gaps and Developing Wild Dicot Study Systems. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3305. [PMID: 30687284 PMCID: PMC6333650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous within all habitats that support cellular life and represent the most important emerging infectious diseases of plants. Despite this, it is only recently that we have begun to describe the ecological roles of plant viruses in unmanaged systems and the influence of ecosystem properties on virus evolution. We now know that wild plants frequently harbor infections by diverse virus species, but much remains to be learned about how viruses influence host traits and how hosts influence virus evolution and vector interactions. To identify knowledge gaps and suggest avenues for alleviating research deficits, we performed a quantitative synthesis of a representative sample of virus ecology literature, developed criteria for expanding the suite of pathosystems serving as models, and applied these criteria through a case study. We found significant gaps in the types of ecological systems studied, which merit more attention. In particular, there is a strong need for a greater diversity of logistically tractable, wild dicot perennial study systems suitable for experimental manipulations of infection status. Based on criteria developed from our quantitative synthesis, we evaluated three California native dicot perennials typically found in Mediterranean-climate plant communities as candidate models: Cucurbita foetidissima (buffalo gourd), Cucurbita palmata (coyote gourd), and Datura wrightii (sacred thorn-apple). We used Illumina sequencing and network analyses to characterize viromes and viral links among species, using samples taken from multiple individuals at two different reserves. We also compared our Illumina workflow with targeted RT-PCR detection assays of varying costs. To make this process accessible to ecologists looking to incorporate virology into existing studies, we describe our approach in detail and discuss advantages and challenges of different protocols. We also provide a bioinformatics workflow based on open-access tools with graphical user interfaces. Our study provides evidence that dicot perennials in xeric habitats support multiple, asymptomatic infections by viruses known to be pathogenic in related crop hosts. Quantifying the impacts of these interactions on plant performance and virus epidemiology in our logistically tractable host systems will provide fundamental information about plant virus ecology outside of crop environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M. Shates
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Penglin Sun
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Malmstrom
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chrysalyn Dominguez
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Kerry E. Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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44
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Paudel DB, Sanfaçon H. Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1575. [PMID: 30450108 PMCID: PMC6224807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance is defined as an interaction in which viruses accumulate to some degree without causing significant loss of vigor or fitness to their hosts. Tolerance can be described as a stable equilibrium between the virus and its host, an interaction in which each partner not only accommodate trade-offs for survival but also receive some benefits (e.g., protection of the plant against super-infection by virulent viruses; virus invasion of meristem tissues allowing vertical transmission). This equilibrium, which would be associated with little selective pressure for the emergence of severe viral strains, is common in wild ecosystems and has important implications for the management of viral diseases in the field. Plant viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that divert the host cellular machinery to complete their infection cycle. Highjacking/modification of plant factors can affect plant vigor and fitness. In addition, the toxic effects of viral proteins and the deployment of plant defense responses contribute to the induction of symptoms ranging in severity from tissue discoloration to malformation or tissue necrosis. The impact of viral infection is also influenced by the virulence of the specific virus strain (or strains for mixed infections), the host genotype and environmental conditions. Although plant resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation or movement have received much attention, molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance are less well-understood. We review the experimental evidence that supports the concept that tolerance can be achieved by reaching the proper balance between plant defense responses and virus counter-defenses. We also discuss plant translation repression mechanisms, plant protein degradation or modification pathways and viral self-attenuation strategies that regulate the accumulation or activity of viral proteins to mitigate their impact on the host. Finally, we discuss current progress and future opportunities toward the application of various tolerance mechanisms in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Paudel
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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45
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Chiumenti M, Catacchio CR, Miozzi L, Pirovano W, Ventura M, Pantaleo V. A Short Indel-Lacking-Resistance Gene Triggers Silencing of the Photosynthetic Machinery Components Through TYLCSV-Associated Endogenous siRNAs in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1470. [PMID: 30364213 PMCID: PMC6193080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses modify gene expression in infected tissues by altering the micro (mi)RNA-mediated regulation of genes. Among conserved miRNA targets there are transcripts coding for transcription factors, RNA silencing core, and disease-resistance proteins. Paralogs in these gene families are widely present in plant genomes and are known to respond differently to miRNA-mediated regulation during plant virus infections. Using genome-wide approaches applied to Solanum lycopersicum infected by a nuclear-replicating virus, we highlighted miRNA-mediated cleavage events that could not be revealed in virus-free systems. Among them we confirmed miR6024 targeting and cleavage of RX-coiled-coil (RX-CC), nucleotide binding site (NBS), leucine-rich (LRR) mRNA. Cleavage of paralogs was associated with short indels close to the target sites, indicating a general functional significance of indels in fine-tuning gene expression in plant-virus interaction. miR6024-mediated cleavage, uniquely in virus-infected tissues, triggers the production of several 21-22 nt secondary siRNAs. These secondary siRNAs, rather than being involved in the cascade regulation of other NBS-LRR paralogs, explained cleavages of several mRNAs annotated as defence-related proteins and components of the photosynthetic machinery. Outputs of these data explain part of the phenotype plasticity in plants, including the appearance of yellowing symptoms in the viral pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Chiumenti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the National Research Council, Research Unit of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Laura Miozzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the National Research Council, Research Unit of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Mario Ventura
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vitantonio Pantaleo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of the National Research Council, Research Unit of Bari, Bari, Italy
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46
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Carr JP, Donnelly R, Tungadi T, Murphy AM, Jiang S, Bravo-Cazar A, Yoon JY, Cunniffe NJ, Glover BJ, Gilligan CA. Viral Manipulation of Plant Stress Responses and Host Interactions With Insects. Adv Virus Res 2018; 102:177-197. [PMID: 30266173 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Do the alterations in plant defensive signaling and metabolism that occur in susceptible hosts following virus infection serve any purpose beyond directly aiding viruses to replicate and spread? Or indeed, are these modifications to host phenotype purely incidental consequences of virus infection? A growing body of data, in particular from studies of viruses vectored by whiteflies and aphids, indicates that viruses influence the efficiency of their own transmission by insect vectors and facilitate mutualistic relationships between viruses and their insect vectors. Furthermore, it appears that viruses may be able to increase the opportunity for transmission in the long term by providing reward to the host plants that they infect. This may be conditional, for example, by aiding host survival under conditions of drought or cold or, more surprisingly, by helping plants attract beneficial insects such as pollinators. In this chapter, we cover three main areas. First, we describe the molecular-level interactions governing viral manipulation of host plant biology. Second, we review evidence that virus-induced changes in plant phenotype enhance virus transmission. Finally, we discuss how direct and indirect manipulation of insects and plants might impact on the evolution of viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjie Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Bravo-Cazar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Virology Unit, Department of Horticultural and Herbal Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Agency, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nik J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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47
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Wu G, Zheng G, Hu Q, Ma M, Li M, Sun X, Yan F, Qing L. NS3 Protein from Rice stripe virus affects the expression of endogenous genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virol J 2018; 15:105. [PMID: 29940994 PMCID: PMC6019303 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice stripe virus (RSV) belongs to the genus Tenuivirus. It is transmitted by small brown planthoppers in a persistent and circulative-propagative manner and causes rice stripe disease (RSD). The NS3 protein of RSV, encoded by the viral strand of RNA3, is a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR). NS3 plays a significant role in viral infection, and NS3-transgenic plants manifest resistance to the virus. METHODS The stability and availability of NS3 produced by transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana was investigated by northern blot analysis. The accumulation of virus was detected by western blot analysis. Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NS3-transgenic N. benthamiana. RESULTS When the host plants were inoculated with RSV, symptoms and viral accumulation in NS3-transgenic N. benthamiana were reduced compared with the wild type. Transcriptome analysis identified 2533 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the NS3-transgenic N. benthamiana, including 597 upregulated genes and 1936 downregulated genes. These DEGs were classified into three Gene Ontology (GO) categories and were associated with 43 GO terms. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these DEGs were involved in pathways associated with ribosomes (ko03010), photosynthesis (ko00195), photosynthesis-antenna proteins (ko00196), and carbon metabolism (ko01200). More than 70 DEGs were in these four pathways. Twelve DEGs were selected for RT-qPCR verification and subsequent analysis. The results showed that NS3 induced host resistance by affecting host gene expression. CONCLUSION NS3, which plays dual roles in the process of infection, may act as a VSR during RSV infection, and enable viral resistance in transgenic host plants. NS3 from RSV affects the expression of genes associated with ribosomes, photosynthesis, and carbon metabolism in N. benthamiana. This study enhances our understanding of the interactions between VSRs and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentu Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Guixian Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Qiao Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Mingge Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Mingjun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Fei Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breading Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
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48
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Mauck KE, Chesnais Q, Shapiro LR. Evolutionary Determinants of Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:189-250. [PMID: 29908590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses possess adaptations for facilitating acquisition, retention, and inoculation by vectors. Until recently, it was hypothesized that these adaptations are limited to virus proteins that enable virions to bind to vector mouthparts or invade their internal tissues. However, increasing evidence suggests that viruses can also manipulate host plant phenotypes and vector behaviors in ways that enhance their own transmission. Manipulation of vector-host interactions occurs through virus effects on host cues that mediate vector orientation, feeding, and dispersal behaviors, and thereby, the probability of virus transmission. Effects on host phenotypes vary by pathosystem but show a remarkable degree of convergence among unrelated viruses whose transmission is favored by the same vector behaviors. Convergence based on transmission mechanism, rather than phylogeny, supports the hypothesis that virus effects are adaptive and not just by-products of infection. Based on this, it has been proposed that viruses manipulate hosts through multifunctional proteins that facilitate exploitation of host resources and elicitation of specific changes in host phenotypes. But this proposition is rarely discussed in the context of the numerous constraints on virus evolution imposed by molecular and environmental factors, which figure prominently in research on virus-host interactions not dealing with host manipulation. To explore the implications of this oversight, we synthesized available literature to identify patterns in virus effects among pathogens with shared transmission mechanisms and discussed the results of this synthesis in the context of molecular and environmental constraints on virus evolution, limitations of existing studies, and prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Quentin Chesnais
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Bergès SE, Vile D, Vazquez-Rovere C, Blanc S, Yvon M, Bédiée A, Rolland G, Dauzat M, van Munster M. Interactions Between Drought and Plant Genotype Change Epidemiological Traits of Cauliflower mosaic virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:703. [PMID: 29881396 PMCID: PMC5976794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants suffer from a broad range of abiotic and biotic stresses that do not occur in isolation but often simultaneously. Productivity of natural and agricultural systems is frequently constrained by water limitation, and the frequency and duration of drought periods will likely increase due to global climate change. In addition, phytoviruses represent highly prevalent biotic threat in wild and cultivated plant species. Several hints support a modification of epidemiological parameters of plant viruses in response to environmental changes but a clear quantification of plant-virus interactions under abiotic stresses is still lacking. Here we report the effects of a water deficit on epidemiological parameters of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a non-circulative virus transmitted by aphid vectors, in nine natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana with known contrasted responses to water deficit. Plant growth-related traits and virus epidemiological parameters were evaluated in PHENOPSIS, an automated high throughput phenotyping platform. Water deficit had contrasted effects on CaMV transmission rate and viral load among A. thaliana accessions. Under well-watered conditions, transmission rate tended to increase with viral load and with CaMV virulence across accessions. Under water deficit, transmission rate and virulence were negatively correlated. Changes in the rate of transmission under water deficit were not related to changes in viral load. Our results support the idea that optimal virulence of a given virus, as hypothesized under the transmission-virulence trade-off, is highly dependent on the environment and growth traits of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy E. Bergès
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Denis Vile, Manuella van Munster,
| | - Cecilia Vazquez-Rovere
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- LABINTEX Europe, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuária, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Yvon
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Bédiée
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaëlle Rolland
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSE, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuella van Munster
- BGPI, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Denis Vile, Manuella van Munster,
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50
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Carr JP. Exploring how viruses enhance plants' resilience to drought and the limits to this form of viral payback. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2906-2908. [PMID: 28898417 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Virulence determines beneficial trade-offs in the response of virus-infected plants to drought via induction of salicylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Peter Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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