1
|
Makarem A, Zareef R, Abourjeili J, Nassar JE, Bitar F, Arabi M. Low molecular weight heparin in COVID-19: benefits and concerns. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159363. [PMID: 37180701 PMCID: PMC10174321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence, the COVID-19 pandemic had a dramatic impact on the public health worldwide and it scarred the medical, economical, and social determinants of health. Even after the significant vaccination advances, the disease of SARS-CoV-2 can manifest in severe presentations with life-threatening thromboembolic and multi-organ complications leading to notable morbidity and mortality. Clinicians and researchers are on continuous pursuit of investigating different approaches in the attempt to prevent the infection and minimize its severity. Although the COVID-19's pathophysiology remains relatively unclear, it is well established now that coagulopathy, systemic thrombotic propensity, and a robust immunoinflammatory response are some of the most important determinants of its morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, research efforts have focused on addressing the inflammatory and hematological cascades using available agents to avoid thromboembolic events. Several studies and investigators have emphasized the importance of Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), namely, Lovenox, in addressing these sequelae of the COVID-19 disease, either prophylactically or therapeutically. This review explores the benefits and concerns of employing LMWH, a widely used anticoagulant, in COVID-19 disease. It delves into Enoxaparin as a molecule, along with its pharmacology, mechanism of action, and clinical uses. It also reviews the current high-quality clinical evidence that highlight the role of enoxaparin in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adham Makarem
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Zareef
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Abourjeili
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph E Nassar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- *Correspondence: Mariam Arabi,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anatriello Dos Santos C, Westin AT, Perecin FAMC, Simão JCL, Faria FM, Frade MAC. A Case of Linear Alopecia of the Scalp. Skin Appendage Disord 2020; 6:389-392. [PMID: 33313058 DOI: 10.1159/000510854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Anatriello Dos Santos
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Telles Westin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda André Martins Cruz Perecin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Lopes Simão
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesca Maia Faria
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Andrey Cipriani Frade
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of the Clinics of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gilhar A, Laufer-Britva R, Keren A, Paus R. Frontiers in alopecia areata pathobiology research. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1478-1489. [PMID: 31606262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This current review explores selected and as yet insufficiently investigated frontiers in current alopecia areata (AA) pathobiology research, with an emphasis on potential "new" players in AA pathobiology that deserve more systematic exploration and therapeutic targeting. Indeed, new evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells, which have long been thought to be the central players in AA pathobiology, are not the only drivers of disease. Instead, subsets of natural killer (NK) and so-called "unconventional" T cells (invariant NK T cells, γδ T cells, classic NK cells, and type 1 innate lymphoid cells), all of which can produce large amounts of IFN-γ, might also drive AA pathobiology independent of classical, autoantigen-dependent CD8+ T-cell functions. Another important new frontier is the role of regulatory lymphocyte subsets, such as regulatory T cells, γδ regulatory T cells, NKT10 cells, and perifollicular mast cells, in maintaining physiologic hair follicle immune privilege (IP); the extent to which these functions are defective in patients with AA; and how this IP-protective role could be restored therapeutically in patients with established AA. Broadening our AA research horizon along the lines suggested above promises not only to open the door to innovative and even more effective immunotherapy strategies for AA but will also likely be relevant for other autoimmune disorders in which pathobiology, ectopic MHC class I expression, and IP collapse play an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | | | - Aviad Keren
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr Philipp Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla; Dermatology Research Centre, University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A new dynamic culture device suitable for rat skin culture. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:723-731. [PMID: 30392145 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cultured skin has been used extensively for testing therapeutic drugs because it replicates the physical and biochemical properties of whole skin. However, traditional static culture cannot fully maintain cell viability and skin morphology because of the limitations involved with nutrient transmission. Here, we develop a new dynamic perfusion platform for skin culture and compare it with a static culture device. Rat skins were cultured in either static or dynamic condition for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. H&E, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and picrosirius red (PSR) staining were used for skin morphology detection, immunostaining against cytokeratin 10 (CK10) for differentiation detection, immunostaining against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for cell proliferation detection and TUNEL staining for apoptosis detection. After culturing for 12 days, the epidermis, basement membrane, hair follicles and connective tissue were disrupted in the static group, whereas these features were preserved in the dynamic group. Moreover, compared to the static group, proliferation in the epidermis and hair follicles was significantly improved and apoptosis in dermis was significantly decreased in the dynamic group. These findings suggest that our device is effective for extending the culture period of rat skin to maintain its characteristics and viability in vitro.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Alopecia has been observed with many anticoagulants although the mechanism is unclear. A 20 year old female with recurrent DVTs developed alopecia with multiple anticoagulants, including heparin derivatives and the new oral anticoagulants. This resolved with discontinuation of the agents. The patient was ultimately able to be anticoagulated with fondaparinux long term without any alopecia. This case addresses the Key Clinical Question of management and recognition of anticoagulant induced alopecia. This side effect can result from almost any of the available agents and is quickly reversible, underlining the importance of tailoring treatment to the individual and their experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Weyand
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 8200 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, (ph) 734-615-8232
| | - Jordan A Shavit
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 8200 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, (ph) 734-615-8232, @clot1
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Watras MM, Patel JP, Arya R. Traditional Anticoagulants and Hair Loss: A Role for Direct Oral Anticoagulants? A Review of the Literature. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2016; 3:1-6. [PMID: 27747798 PMCID: PMC4819463 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-015-0056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair loss is associated with the anticoagulants heparin and warfarin. With the recent availability of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) it is of clinical interest to know if they are implicated with hair loss and/or whether they could be successfully prescribed for patients who suffer from coumarin- or heparin-related alopecia. Initially reports of heparin- and coumarin-associated alopecia available through PubMed and Medline were explored in order to establish the cause of this side effect. Currently there is a lack of unanimity on why anticoagulants cause alopecia. However, timing and presentation strongly suggest that telogen effluvium is part of the process. The observation that both heparins and coumarins cause a similar pattern of hair loss suggests a shared mechanism related to anticoagulant activity. To date, the World Health Organization has received 405 reports of DOAC-associated alopecia through their pharmacovigilance database VigiBase®. Additionally, real world registry data describes an alopecia incidence of 4.4 per 100 patient years in patients prescribed rivaroxaban and dabigatran. Further widespread clinical experience is required to ascertain if this is true, but early indications suggest that DOACs are implicated in hair loss and will not provide a suitable alternative for patients suffering from alopecia related to traditional anticoagulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Watras
- Pharmacy Department, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
| | - Jignesh P Patel
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roopen Arya
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
All the adverse effects of heparins are related to their wide variety of biological activities, with bleeding being the most important safety issue, resulting directly from the potency of heparin as an anticoagulant. However, it is hard to define the bleeding risk, since it depends on numerous parameters including the indication, dosage, method, and duration of heparin application, the clinical study design and definition of bleeding as well as patient characteristics and determinants of bleeding such as type of surgery and co-medication. Nonbleeding complications of heparins are caused by binding of heparin molecules to proteins other than antithrombin and to cells, which is generally more pronounced with unfractionated heparin than with low-molecular-weight heparins. Accordingly, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, the most severe nonbleeding adverse reaction, occurs about 10 times less with low-molecular-weight heparins than with unfractionated heparin. Frequent and therefore important adverse reactions of heparins are skin lesions resulting from delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. All the other undesirable effects are discussed as well, but they are mostly clinically irrelevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Alban
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Regeneration of Hair Follicles Is Modulated by Flightless I (Flii) in a Rodent Vibrissa Model. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:838-47. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
10
|
Exploring the “Thyroid–Skin Connection”: Concepts, Questions, and Clinical Relevance. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:7-10. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
11
|
Harries MJ, Meyer KC, Paus R. Hair loss as a result of cutaneous autoimmunity: Frontiers in the immunopathogenesis of primary cicatricial alopecia. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:478-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
12
|
Lu Z, Hasse S, Bodo E, Rose C, Funk W, Paus R. Towards the development of a simplified long-term organ culture method for human scalp skin and its appendages under serum-free conditions. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:37-44. [PMID: 17181635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Organ culture of human scalp skin is usually performed with serum-containing medium, which limits its analytical usefulness. Here we report that intact human scalp skin can be grown at the air/liquid interface in supplemented, serum-free William's E medium for more than 2 weeks. Active hair shaft growth was visible until day 16 and was significantly enhanced compared with minimum essential medium (MEM) + 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Moreover, William's E medium protected better against cell death than MEM + 10% FBS before day 12. Using quantitative immunochemistry, proliferating (Ki-67+) cells could still be observed in the epithelium of hair follicles even on day 17 of serum-free skin organ culture. The number of apoptotic (TUNEL+) cells in the skin epithelium rose steadily after day 5. Giemsa stains revealed mature skin mast cells even after 13 days in culture. The percentage of surviving hair follicles (mostly with catagen- or telogen-like morphology) gradually increased over time displaying mostly catagen hair follicles after 17 days of culture. Although epidermis and hair follicle epithelium showed increasing atrophy and degeneration, and their pigmentation decreased gradually over time, some long-term-surviving epithelial islands were found in association with remnants of follicular structures as late as on day 88. These preliminary data suggest that a very simple serum-free organ culture method allows prolonged human skin and hair follicle survival as well as some limited hair follicle cycling in intact skin for more than 2 weeks under well-defined experimental conditions. This pragmatic assay invites multiple uses, and may become a valuable tool for both skin and hair research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfa Lu
- Department of Dermatology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report three cases of alopecia induced by the anticoagulant enoxaparin in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) patients. CASE SUMMARY Three female patients were treated initially with direct intrasinus urokinase, and then followed by low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin at 1 mg/kg given subcutaneously twice daily for 3 weeks. It was switched to oral anticoagulant warfarin at 5 mg daily for another 6 months. Nearly 3 weeks after the initiation of anticoagulation, all of the three patients complained of excessive hair loss with large areas of patchy, non-scarring alopecia. Hair growth returned to normal within 1 month after the completion of enoxaparin. DISCUSSION Unfractionated heparin remains the first-line treatment of CVT because of its efficacy, safety and feasibility. Alopecia has been reported as a side effect of LMWHs dalteparin and tinzaparin. The pattern of hair loss, telogen effluvium, involves the induction of the hair follicle into a resting phase without apparent pathologic implication. In addition, this article also reviewed other medications taken by the patients that are possibly associated with hair loss. CONCLUSION From the review of literature, there is no report of alopecia caused by urokinase. Using the Naranjo ADR Probability Scale, a score of 6 suggests that enoxaparin was the probable cause of alopecia in our three patients. This report introduces evidence of alopecia as a probable side effect of enoxaparin, but stresses the efficacy and safety of LMWH. As this is not a life-threatening disorder, we hope to increase the awareness of pharmacists and clinicians to this relatively rare but important side effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Wang
- Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kobayashi H, Kromminga A, Dunlop TW, Tychsen B, Conrad F, Suzuki N, Memezawa A, Bettermann A, Aiba S, Carlberg C, Paus R. A role of melatonin in neuroectodermal-mesodermal interactions: the hair follicle synthesizes melatonin and expresses functional melatonin receptors. FASEB J 2005; 19:1710-2. [PMID: 16030176 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2293fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since mammalian skin expresses the enzymatic apparatus for melatonin synthesis, it may be an extrapineal site of melatonin synthesis. However, evidence is still lacking that this is really the case in situ. Here, we demonstrate melatonin-like immunoreactivity (IR) in the outer root sheath (ORS) of mouse and human hair follicles (HFs), which corresponds to melatonin, as shown by radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The melatonin concentration in organ-cultured mouse skin, mouse vibrissae follicles, and human scalp HFs far exceeds the respective melatonin serum level and is significantly increased ex vivo by stimulation with norepinephrine (NE), the key stimulus for pineal melatonin synthesis. By real-time PCR, transcripts for the melatonin membrane receptor MT2 and for the nuclear mediator of melatonin signaling, retinoid orphan receptor alpha (ROR)alpha, are detectable in murine back skin. Transcript levels for these receptors fluctuate in a hair cycle-dependent manner, and are maximal during apoptosis-driven HF regression (catagen). Melatonin may play a role in hair cycle regulation, since its receptors (MT2 and RORalpha) are expressed in murine skin in a hair cycle-dependent manner, and because it inhibits keratinocyte apoptosis and down-regulates ERalpha expression. Therefore, the HF is both, a prominent extrapineal melatonin source, and an important peripheral melatonin target tissue. Regulated intrafollicular melatonin synthesis and signaling may play a previously unrecognized role in the endogenous controls of hair growth, for example, by modulating keratinocyte apoptosis during catagen and by desensitizing the HF to estrogen signaling. As a prototypic neuroectodermal-mesodermal interaction model, the HF can be exploited for dissecting the obscure role of melatonin in such interactions in peripheral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zcharia E, Philp D, Edovitsky E, Aingorn H, Metzger S, Kleinman HK, Vlodavsky I, Elkin M. Heparanase regulates murine hair growth. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:999-1008. [PMID: 15793281 PMCID: PMC1602387 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, the main polysaccharide component of the extracellular matrix. Heparan sulfate moieties are responsible for the extracellular matrix barrier function, as well as for sequestration of heparin-binding growth factors in the extracellular matrix. Degradation of heparan sulfate by heparanase enables cell movement through extracellular barriers and releases growth factors from extracellular matrix depots, making them bioavailable. Here, we demonstrate a highly coordinated temporospatial pattern of heparanase expression and enzymatic activity during hair follicle cycling. This pattern paralleled the route and timing of follicular stem cell progeny migration and reconstitution of the lower part of the follicle, which is a prerequisite for hair shaft formation. By monitoring in vivo activation of luciferase reporter gene driven by heparanase promoter, we observed activation of heparanase gene transcription at a specific stage of the hair cycle. Heparanase was produced by rat vibrissa bulge keratinocytes, closely related to a follicular stem cell population. Heparanase contributed to the ability of the bulge-derived keratinocytes to migrate through the extracellular matrix barrier in vitro. In heparanase-overexpressing transgenic mice, increased levels of heparanase enhanced active hair growth and enabled faster hair recovery after chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Collectively, our results identify heparanase as an important regulator of hair growth and suggest that cellular mechanisms of its action involve facilitation of follicular stem cell progeny migration and release of extracellular matrix-resident, heparin-bound growth factors, thus regulating hair cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Zcharia
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University of Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sakaguchi I, Ishimoto H, Matsuo M, Ikeda N, Minamino M, Kato Y. The water-soluble extract of Illicium anisatum stimulates mouse vibrissae follicles in organ culture. Exp Dermatol 2005; 13:499-504. [PMID: 15265014 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that reduced blood flow in the scalp is a cause of alopecia. We have shown previously that the extract of Illicium anisatum increases subcutaneous blood flow in mice. In the present study, we used an organ culture system to examine whether this extract promoted hair follicle elongation. B6C3HF1 mouse vibrissae follicles were cultured in serum-free medium for 7 days at 31 degrees C. Follicles treated with water-soluble (WS) extracts of the leaves, fruits and roots of Illicium anisatum or shikimic acid grew significantly longer than controls. In contrast, ethyl acetate-soluble (AS) extracts and n-hexane-soluble (HS) extracts of the leaves, fruits and roots of the plant inhibited hair follicles and shaft growth. Fractionation of the WS fruit extract showed that the number 1 and number 2 fractions possessed hair follicle elongation activity. GC/MS analysis revealed that the number 1 fraction contained shikimic acid, and that the number 2 fraction was a mixture of many components including glycosides and polysaccharides. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that shikimic acid also induced mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, keratinocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the hair follicles. These results suggest that the WS extract of Illicium anisatum promotes hair growth and may be a useful additive in hair growth products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Sakaguchi
- Research & Development Division, Club Cosmetics Co., Ltd, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0222, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sarris E, Tsele E, Bagiatoudi G, Salpigidis K, Stavrianaki D, Kaklamanis L, Siakotos M. Diffuse alopecia in a hemodialysis patient caused by a low-molecular-weight heparin, tinzaparin. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41:E15. [PMID: 12778433 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-6386(03)00211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The authors report on a 66-year-old hemodialysis patient who had diffuse alopecia while on anticoagulation treatment to prevent extracorporeal blood clotting with a low- molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), tinzaparin. The alopecia reversed completely when tinzaparin was substituted by another LMWH, enoxaparin. The biopsy findings, the possible mechanisms of heparin's action in the hair roots, and the restoration of the patient's hairs after the discontinuation of tinzaparin are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Sarris
- Department of Nephrology, Western Attica General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Nearly 50 years ago, Chase published a review of hair cycling in which he detailed hair growth in the mouse and integrated hair biology with the biology of his day. In this review we have used Chase as our model and tried to put the adult hair follicle growth cycle in perspective. We have tried to sketch the adult hair follicle cycle, as we know it today and what needs to be known. Above all, we hope that this work will serve as an introduction to basic biologists who are looking for a defined biological system that illustrates many of the challenges of modern biology: cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell biology, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. For the immediate future, our challenge is to define the molecular basis for hair follicle growth control, to regenerate a mature hair follicle in vitro from defined populations, and to offer real solutions to our patients' problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Stenn
- Beauty Genome Sciences Inc., Skillman, New Jersey, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
In mammals hair growth is cyclical; however, the factors that regulate the hair growth cycle are still poorly understood. The recent development of methods for culturing hair follicles in vitro has proved an important tool to investigate many aspects of the regulation of hair follicle growth. At present, however, these models are based on the culture of anagen hair follicles and have only partially been used to address the cyclical nature of hair growth. In this study we have made use of the fact that in rodents the hair growth cycle is synchronized, well characterized, and relatively short. We have isolated vibrissa follicles from 12 d old rats and confirmed by histology that these follicles are in the anagen stage of their first hair growth cycle. We have then maintained these follicles in vitro, on Gelfoam supports, for up to 23 d (35 d of age) and compared their histology with in vivo follicles from equivalent age littermates. We observed that 12 d old follicles maintained in vitro for up to 23 d show changes in morphology that suggest that cultured rat vibrissa follicles retain cyclical activity in vitro. Cyclical changes in hair follicle morphology were only seen in follicles maintained on gelfoam supports and moreover, hair follicle size appears to be a key feature in determining the ability of the follicle to cycle in vitro. All follicles that showed cyclical changes in vitro, however, appeared to remain blocked in pro-anagen. These data suggest that the vibrissa follicle is a in vitro good model system with which to investigate hair cycle control. J Invest Dermatol 115:1152-1155 2000
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Philpott
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Maurer M, Opitz M, Henz BM, Paus R. The mast cell products histamine and serotonin stimulate and TNF-alpha inhibits the proliferation of murine epidermal keratinocytes in situ. J Dermatol Sci 1997; 16:79-84. [PMID: 9438912 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(97)00043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To better characterize the proposed growth modulatory functions of mast cells and their products in the regulation of epidermal homeostasis, we have assessed keratinocyte proliferation by incorporation of [3H]thymidine in murine skin organ cultures after incubation with different concentrations of histamine, serotonin or TNF-alpha. Both histamine and serotonin significantly stimulate the proliferation of keratinocytes as compared to controls (P < 0.001), reaching maxima within a range from micro- to nanomolar concentrations. Even at subnanomolar concentration, TNF-alpha significantly inhibits the incorporation of labelled thymidine by epidermal keratinocytes in murine skin organ culture (P < 0.001). These observations support the concept of mast cell products as modulators of keratinocyte proliferation, and suggest a role for mast cells in the regulation of epidermal tissue turnover under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maurer
- Department of Dermatology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Botchkarev VA, Eichmüller S, Johansson O, Paus R. Hair cycle-dependent plasticity of skin and hair follicle innervation in normal murine skin. J Comp Neurol 1997; 386:379-95. [PMID: 9303424 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970929)386:3<379::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The innervation of normal, mature mammalian skin is widely thought to be constant. However, the extensive skin remodeling accompanying the transformation of hair follicles from resting stage through growth and regression back to resting (telogen-anagen-catagen-telogen) may also be associated with alteration of skin innervation. We, therefore, have investigated the innervation of the back skin of adolescent C57BL/6 mice at various stages of the depilation-induced hair cycle. By using antisera against neuronal (protein gene product 9.5 [PGP 9.5], neurofilament 150) and Schwann cell (S-100, myelin basic protein) markers, as well as against neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), we found a dramatic increase of single fibers within the dermis and subcutis during early anagen. This was paralleled by an increase in the number of anastomoses between the cutaneous nerve plexuses and by distinct changes in the nerve fiber supply of anagen vs. telogen hair follicles. The follicular isthmus, including the bulge, the seat of epithelial follicle stem cells, was found to be the most densely innervated skin area. Here, a defined subpopulation of nerve fibers increased in number during anagen and declined during catagen, accompanied by dynamic alterations in the expression of NCAM and GAP-43. Thus, our study provides evidence for a surprising degree of plasticity of murine skin innervation. Because hair cycle-associated tissue remodeling evidently is associated with tightly regulated sprouting and regression of nerve fibers, hair cycle-dependent alterations in murine skin and hair follicle innervation offer an intriguing model for studying the controlled rearrangement of neuronal networks in peripheral tissues under physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A Botchkarev
- Department of Dermatology, Charité, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In this article the authors have reviewed the historical background behind the organ culture of whole hair follicles. The methods developed by the authors and others for the isolation and whole organ maintenance of hair follicles from both human and other species are described. How whole organ models have been used to further understanding of the biology of the hair follicle and how they may be used in the future are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Philpott
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Imaizumi T, Jean-Louis F, Dubertret ML, Dubertret L. Heparin induces fibroblast proliferation, cell-matrix interaction and epidermal growth inhibition. Exp Dermatol 1996; 5:89-95. [PMID: 8734917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1996.tb00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the effect of heparin on fibroblasts cultivated in monolayer or in a 3-dimensional culture system: the so-called collagen lattices. Thereafter, we have investigated the effect of heparin on the kinetics of epidermal growth on the collagen lattices. In monolayer culture, heparin stimulated the fibroblast growth with an optimal response at 0.01 mg/ml. The volume of treated fibroblasts was smaller than that of untreated controls. In the collagen lattices, heparin stimulated the fibroblast growth with an optimal response at 0.1 mg/ml. The volume of treated fibroblasts was greater than that of untreated controls, the opposite to the result observed in monolayer culture. The beginning of the contraction of the collagen lattices was inhibited by heparin. Heparin inhibited epidermal growth on the immersion as well as on the emersion collagen lattices. These effects of heparin should be the consequences of heparin-induced modifications of cell-matrix interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Imaizumi
- INSERM U312, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Botchkarev VA, Paus R, Czarnetzki BM, Kupriyanov VS, Gordon DS, Johansson O. Hair cycle-dependent changes in mast cell histochemistry in murine skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1995; 287:683-6. [PMID: 8534134 DOI: 10.1007/bf00371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V A Botchkarev
- Department of Human Physiology, Chuvash State University, Cheboksary, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
While the central role of mast cells (MC) in allergy and inflammation is well-appreciated, much less is known about their physiological functions. The impressive battery of potent growth modulatory MC products, and increasing evidence of MC involvement in hyperproliferative and fibrotic disorders suggest that tissue remodelling may be one of those, namely in the skin. Here, we delineate why this may best be studied by analysing the potential role of MC in hair growth regulation. On the background of numerous, yet widely under-appreciated hints from the older literature, we summarize and discuss our recent observations from the C57BL/6 mouse model for hair research which support the concept that MC are functionally important modulators of hair follicle cycling, specifically during anagen development. This invites to exploit the murine hair cycle as a model for dissecting the physiological growth modulatory functions of MC and encourages the exploration of MC-targeting pharmaceutical strategies for the treatment of hair growth disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Maurer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Paus R, Heinzelmann T, Robicsek S, Czarnetzki BM, Maurer M. Substance P stimulates murine epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and dermal mast cell degranulation in situ. Arch Dermatol Res 1995; 287:500-2. [PMID: 7542862 DOI: 10.1007/bf00373436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital R. Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Asada-Kubota M. Inhibition of hair growth by subcutaneous injection of a sympathetic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine in neonatal mice. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1995; 191:407-14. [PMID: 7625611 DOI: 10.1007/bf00304426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a sympathetic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on hair growth in neonatal mice were examined. Newborn mice were injected once subcutaneously in the mid-dorsal region with 6-OHDA (0.3 mg/g body weight) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) or with BSA only (controls) on day 0. By day 10, distinct areas of hairless skin were observed surrounding the sites treated with 6-OHDA. The areas of hairless skin were smaller at 15 days of age and were covered with hair by 20 days of age. Control sites injected with BSA only were indistinguishable from the surrounding skin at all ages examined. Microscopic and morphometrical analyses of skin obtained from the neonatal mice at various ages showed that the hairless skin in 6-OHDA-treated mice was thinner than the skin of control animals. The thinning of the skin and delay in hair growth induced by 6-OHDA treatment showed a significant difference from the skin of control animals injected with BSA only. Immunohistochemical experiments demonstrated that the administration of 6-OHDA had caused the complete depletion of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers (sympathetic fibers) around blood vessels and piloerector muscles and in nerve bundles throughout the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. These findings indicate that the sympathetic neurons are associated with skin thickness and hair growth in neonatal mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Asada-Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reichrath J, Schilli M, Kerber A, Bahmer FA, Czarnetzki BM, Paus R. Hair follicle expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors during the murine hair cycle. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:477-82. [PMID: 7947199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Because the hair follicle is a highly hormone-sensitive miniorgan, the role of hormones produced locally in the skin in the control of hair growth deserves systematic analysis. It has been shown previously that the potent steroid hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) modulates growth and differentiation of keratinocytes via binding to a high-affinity nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). In this study, we have examined the in situ expression of VDR during the murine hair cycle. VDR expression was detected immunohistochemically. To obtain defined stages of the murine hair cycle, hair growth was induced by depilation in C57 BL-6 mice. In addition to the recognized VDR expression of outer root sheath keratinocytes, we detected VDR immunoreactive cells in the dermal papilla, the mesenchymal key structure of the hair follicle. Furthermore, VDR immunoreactivity in the nuclei of outer root sheath keratinocytes and in dermal papilla cells was stronger during anagen IV-VI and catagen than during telogen and anagen I-III. This suggests hair cycle-associated changes in the expression of VDR, and points to a potential role for 1,25-D3 in hair follicle biology. Selected follicular cell populations may display hair cycle-dependent sensitivity to 1,25-D3 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Handjiski BK, Eichmüller S, Hofmann U, Czarnetzki BM, Paus R. Alkaline phosphatase activity and localization during the murine hair cycle. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131:303-10. [PMID: 7918003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
For unknown reasons, the pilosebaceous unit displays prominent alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and alterations in AP activity are seen in alopecia areata. The role of AP in hair biology and pathology has been obscured by contradictory reports on the localization and activity of AP during the hair cycle, and by a paucity of instructive models for studying AP functions. Using the C57 BL-6 mouse model for hair research, we have characterized endogenous AP with a simple histochemical developing solution routinely employed for AP immunohistology. This method was selective for AP, and revealed distinctive hair cycle-dependent changes in AP activity and localization. Although the dermal papilla displays unusually strong AP activity during the entire hair cycle, the outer root sheath is AP-positive only during late anagen and early catagen. Strong, rather homogeneous AP activity is seen in the sebaceous gland (SG) only during catagen and telogen. This AP staining pattern indicates hair cycle-dependent changes in SG functions, and differs to some extent from the previously reported AP activity during the hair cycle of various species. We propose a simple and effective technique for follicle classification based on the AP histochemistry of dermal papilla and sebaceous gland, and discuss uses of the C57 BL-6 mouse model for functional AP studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B K Handjiski
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dippel E, Mayer B, Schönfelder G, Czarnetzki BM, Paus R. Distribution of constitutive nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase activity in murine telogen and anagen skin. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103:112-5. [PMID: 7517979 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12391865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The freely diffusible radical nitric oxide is generated by nitric oxide synthase, and is a pleiotropic, bioregulatory molecule that regulates, e.g., the vascular tone, functions as a major neurotransmitter, and is involved in macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity and platelet aggregation. Constitutive nitric oxide synthase exhibits NADPH-diaphorase activity that can be demonstrated histochemically. To study whether this enzyme is present in mammalian skin during distinct phases of the murine hair cycle, we have examined cryosections of C 57 BL-6 mouse skin in telogen and depilation-induced anagen VI. Histochemical analysis of NADPH-diaphorase activity was complemented by immunohistology, using two specific rabbit antisera against constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Epidermis and the outer root sheath showed both immunoreactivity for the enzyme and NADPH-diaphorase activity, whereas dermal papilla and sebaceous glands displayed only strong NADPH-diaphorase activity, suggesting that this enzyme histochemical test measures additional enzymes besides nitric oxide synthase. Intrinsic nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was also detected by immunoblot in mouse skin homogenates, staining proteins of an apparent 160-kDa molecular weight. Compared to telogen skin, these immunoreactive proteins were quantitatively increased in anagen VI skin. Thus, our study suggests that defined epithelial compartments of normal murine skin are capable of synthesizing nitric oxide and that the molecule may be involved in skin physiology, growth, and remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dippel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf-Virchow, Free University Berlin, FRG
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Slominski A, Paus R, Plonka P, Chakraborty A, Maurer M, Pruski D, Lukiewicz S. Melanogenesis during the anagen-catagen-telogen transformation of the murine hair cycle. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:862-9. [PMID: 8006449 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12382606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Melanin synthesis of follicular melanocytes is strictly coupled to the growth stage of the hair cycle (anagen), ceases during follicle regression (catagen), and is absent throughout the resting stage (telogen). Having previously characterized the expression and activity of melanogenesis-related proteins during the telogen-anagen transition of the murine hair cycle (JID 96:172, 1991), we here report a biophysical and biochemical analysis of follicular melanogenesis during the anagen-catagen-telogen transformation of the C57 BL-6 mouse hair cycle. Tyrosinase activity and concentration as well as dopachrome tautomerase activity were compared with melanin synthesis, as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The visible changes in skin color and the histologically appreciable switch-off of melanin formation during the anagen-catagen transformation were accompanied by a steep decline in 1) the melanin-associated EPR signal of full-thickness mouse skin, 2) tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase activities, and 3) the skin concentration of 80-85-kD melanogenesis related protein and 66-68-kD tyrosinase protein. Telogen skin displayed a minimum of the EPR amplitude as well as of tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase activity detected. By EPR, only eumelanin was identified during all hair cycle stages. The gradual switch-off of melanogenesis during anagen VI started with an unexpectedly early decline of the EPR melanin signal, followed by dopachrome tautomerase activity and the concentration of 80-85-kD melanogenesis related protein. The initiation of catagen was characterized by a significant and rapid decrease in activity and concentration of tyrosinase, and was accompanied by a second drop in dopachrome tautomerase activity. Together, these biochemical and biophysical parameters of follicular melanogenesis serve as novel and differential markers for the imminent termination of anagen and the development of catagen. They also show that the switch-off of melanogenesis during the anagen-catagen-telogen transition is a stochastic process commencing already in mid anagen VI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, New York 12208
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Paus R, Hofmann U, Eichmüller S, Czarnetzki BM. Distribution and changing density of gamma-delta T cells in murine skin during the induced hair cycle. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130:281-9. [PMID: 8148267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-delta T cells (gdTC) are recognized as the predominant intraepidermal T-cell population in murine skin, although their physiological functions are still unclear. Little is known of the exact distribution of gdTC in the other epithelial skin compartments of normal mice. Using selective gdTC-receptor antibodies in immunohistology (alkaline phosphatase technique), the distribution and density of gdTC was analysed morphometrically in cryostat sections of full-thickness back skin of normal, adolescent C57 BL-6 mice in all the different stages of the depilation-induced hair cycle. We found that, during the entire hair cycle, V gamma 3-TCR-bearing lymphocytes are restricted to the epidermis, and to the epithelial hair bulb in, and distal to, the bulge area. No gdTC were seen in the sebaceous glands. During early anagen development, the number of pan-gdTC receptor-positive cells increased significantly (P < 0.005) in the interfollicular epidermis and the suprainfundibular portion of the hair bulb, whereas the number decreased in the infrainfundibular region (P < 0.005). As gdTC are thought to migrate into the skin only during embryogenesis, this finding suggests hair cycle-dependent, differential intraepithelial proliferation of gdTC in murine skin. We advocate employing only skin of defined hair cycle stages in immunological studies on murine skin, and discuss the value of the C57 BL-6 model for assessing the functions of gdTC in skin and hair biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital R. Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Paus R, Lüftl M, Czarnetzki BM. Nerve growth factor modulates keratinocyte proliferation in murine skin organ culture. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130:174-80. [PMID: 8123570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that several cell types residing in or travelling through the skin are targets and/or sources of nerve growth factor (NGF), little is known about the role of NGF in skin development, physiology and disease. Employing a previously defined skin organ culture assay for studying the proliferation of murine keratinocytes in their natural tissue environment, we have assessed the effect of murine NGF (7S) on keratinocyte proliferation in intact skin derived from two defined stages of the murine hair cycle. We found that 10-200 ng/ml NGF stimulated epidermal keratinocyte proliferation in organ-cultured C57 BL-6 mouse skin in the telogen phase of the hair cycle. Follicle keratinocyte proliferation was stimulated by 100 ng/ml NGF in telogen skin organ culture, but this concentration of NGF inhibited both epidermal and follicle keratinocyte proliferation in organ culture of anagen skin. The latter inhibitory effect of NGF was abrogated by co-incubation with neutralizing anti-NGF antibodies or with the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine. The proliferation-modulatory effects of NGF were associated with the induction of significant mast cell degranulation, and were inhibited by cromoglycate co-administration. This is the first report of a modulatory, hair cycle-dependent effect of NGF on keratinocyte proliferation in situ, which may require the presence of mast cells. Our study supports the notion of auto- and paracrine functions of NGF in murine skin physiology, which can be further assessed in the physiologically relevant mouse model delineated here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Slominski A, Chassalevris N, Mazurkiewicz J, Maurer M, Paus R. Murine skin as a target for melatonin bioregulation. Exp Dermatol 1994; 3:45-50. [PMID: 8061934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1994.tb00265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Specific binding sites for 3H-melatonin were detected in membrane fractions prepared from C57 BL-6 mouse skin, and were localized to the epidermis and the epithelial bulb of the hair follicle by in situ autoradiography. In skin organ culture, melatonin stimulated DNA synthesis by the epidermal keratinocytes at concentration 0.1-10 nM, while at > or = 1 microM it inhibited tyrosinase activity. We concluded that murine skin is a target for melatonin bioregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, NY 12208
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Paus R, Rosenbach T, Haas N, Czarnetzki BM. Patterns of cell death: the significance of apoptosis for dermatology. Exp Dermatol 1993; 2:3-11. [PMID: 8156168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1993.tb00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Development, function, remodelling, and senescence of multicellular organisms depend on the coordinated occurrence of physiological, actively induced cell death in two major patterns: terminal differentiation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Apoptosis is a highly selective form of "cell suicide" with characteristic morphological and biochemical features: chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and DNA fragmentation by activation of endonucleases. Here, we outline the current understanding of apoptosis and its subtypes, discuss their biological functions, and delineate why apoptosis is relevant to the skin and its diseases. We distinguish apoptosis from necrosis, and discuss the regulation of apoptosis by selected genes, hormones, growth factors and cytokines. The epidermis and the regressing hair follicle offer interesting models for studying the as yet ill-understood biology of epithelial cell apoptosis. The selective manipulation of cell death programs may become part of the therapeutic arsenal of clinical dermatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Paus
- Dept. of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li L, Paus R, Slominski A, Hoffman RM. Skin histoculture assay for studying the hair cycle. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1992; 28A:695-8. [PMID: 1483957 DOI: 10.1007/bf02631052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
38
|
Li L, Margolis LB, Paus R, Hoffman RM. Hair shaft elongation, follicle growth, and spontaneous regression in long-term, gelatin sponge-supported histoculture of human scalp skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:8764-8. [PMID: 1528891 PMCID: PMC50001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.18.8764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms of human hair growth control and to test hair growth-modulatory drugs, appropriate in vitro models are required. Here, we report the long-term growth, shaft elongation, and spontaneous regression of human hair follicles in histoculture of intact scalp skin. Human scalp skin with abundant hair follicles in various stages of the hair growth cycle was grown for up to 40 days in a gelatin sponge-supported histoculture system at the air/liquid interface. Isolated follicles placed in the gelatin-sponge matrix also supported hair shaft elongation, with the hair follicle cells remaining proliferative and viable for very long periods. Hair shaft elongation occurred mainly during the first 10 days of histoculture of both intact skin and isolated follicles. However, hair follicles were viable and follicle keratinocytes continued to incorporate [3H]thymidine for up to several weeks after shaft elongation had ceased as shown by fluorescent-dye double staining, measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and by histological autoradiography of [3H]thymidine incorporation, respectively. Hair follicles could continue their cycle in histoculture; for example, apparent spontaneous catagen induction was observed both histologically and by the actual regression of the hair follicle. In addition, vellus follicles were shown to be viable at day 40 after initiation of culture. In the histocultured human scalp we demonstrated the association of mast cells with anagen follicles and macrophages with catagen follicles, suggesting a role of these cells in the hair cycle. This histoculture technique should serve as a powerful tool for future hair research in the human system as well as a screening assay for compounds that can perturb the hair cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92110
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Slominski A, Paus R, Mazurkiewicz J. Pro-opiomelanocortin expression and potential function of pro-opiomelanocortin products during induced hair growth in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 642:459-61. [PMID: 1809105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb24417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208
| | | | | |
Collapse
|