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Sanvido O, Basketter DA, Berthet A, Bloch D, Ezendam J, Hopf NB, Kleinstreuer N, Merolla LL, Uter W, Wiemann C, Wilks MF. Quantitative risk assessment of skin sensitising pesticides: Clinical and toxicological considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 144:105493. [PMID: 37717614 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Like many other consumer and occupational products, pesticide formulations may contain active ingredients or co-formulants which have the potential to cause skin sensitisation. Currently, there is little evidence they do, but that could just reflect lack of clinical investigation. Consequently, it is necessary to carry out a safety evaluation process, quantifying risks so that they can be properly managed. A workshop on this topic in 2022 discussed how best to undertake quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for pesticide products, including learning from the experience of industries, notably cosmetics, that already undertake such a process routinely. It also addressed ways to remedy the matter of clinical investigation, even if only to demonstrate the absence of a problem. Workshop participants concluded that QRA for skin sensitisers in pesticide formulations was possible, but required careful justification of any safety factors applied, as well as improvements to the estimation of skin exposure. The need for regulations to stay abreast of the science was also noted. Ultimately, the success of any risk assessment/management for skin sensitisers must be judged by the clinical picture. Accordingly, the workshop participants encouraged the development of more active skin health monitoring amongst groups most exposed to the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sanvido
- State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO, Holzikofenweg 36, 3003, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Aurélie Berthet
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de La Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denise Bloch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Ezendam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721, MA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nancy B Hopf
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de La Corniche 2, 1066, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Uter
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin F Wilks
- University of Basel, Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Missionsstrasse 64, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Srour H, Gosset A, Moussallieh FM, Elbayed K, Giménez-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP. Synthesis and In Situ Behavior of 1,4- and 2,5-( 13C) Isotopomers of p-Phenylenediamine in Reconstructed Human Epidermis Using High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1881-1892. [PMID: 35976686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) has been classified as a strong skin allergen, but when it comes to toxicological concerns, benzoquinone diamine (BQDI), the primary oxidation derivative of PPD, is frequently considered and was shown to covalently bind nucleophilic residues on model peptides. However, tests in solution are far from providing a reliable model, as the cutaneous metabolism of PPD is not covered. We now report the synthesis of two 13C substituted isotopomers of PPD, 1,4-(13C)p-phenylenediamine 1 and 2,5-(13C)p-phenylenediamine 2, and the investigation of their reactivity in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) using the high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR technique. RHE samples were first treated with 1 or 2 and incubated for 1 to 48 h. Compared to the control, spectra clearly showed only the signals of 1 or 2 gradually decreasing with time to disappear after 48 h of incubation. However, the culture media of RHE incubated with 1 for 1 and 24 h, respectively, showed the presence of both monoacetylated- and diacetylated-PPD as major products. Therefore, the acetylation reaction catalyzed by N-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzymes appeared to be the main process taking place in RHE. With the aim of increasing the reactivity by oxidation, 1 and 2 were treated with 0.5 equiv of H2O2 prior to their application to RHE and incubated for different times. Under these conditions, new peaks having close chemical shifts to those of PPD-cysteine adducts previously observed in solution were detected. Under such oxidative conditions, we were thus able to detect and quantify cysteine adducts in RHE (maximum of 0.2 nmol/mg of RHE at 8 h of incubation) while no reaction with other nucleophilic amino acid residues could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Srour
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Alexis Gosset
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | | | - Karim Elbayed
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube UMR 7357, F-67412 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry UMR 7177, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Goksøyr L, Funch AB, Okholm AK, Theander TG, de Jongh WA, Bonefeld CM, Sander AF. Preclinical Efficacy of a Capsid Virus-like Particle-Based Vaccine Targeting IL-1β for Treatment of Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050828. [PMID: 35632584 PMCID: PMC9143278 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to a contact allergen is one of the most abundant forms of inflammatory skin disease. Today, more than 20% of the general population are sensitized to one or more contact allergens, making this disease an important healthcare issue, as re-exposure to the allergen can initiate the clinical disease termed allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The current standard treatment using corticosteroids is effective, but it has side effects when used for longer periods. Therefore, there is a need for new alternative therapies for severe ACD. In this study, we used the versatile Tag/Catcher AP205 capsid virus-like particle (cVLP) vaccine platform to develop an IL-1β-targeted vaccine and to assess the immunogenicity and in vivo efficacy of the vaccine in a translational mouse model of ACD. We show that vaccination with cVLPs displaying full-length murine IL-1β elicits high titers of neutralizing antibodies, leading to a significant reduction in local IL-1β levels as well as clinical symptoms induced by treatment with 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). Moreover, we show that a single amino acid mutation in muIL-1β reduces the biological activity while maintaining the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, the data suggest that a cVLP-based vaccine displaying full-length IL-1β represents a promising vaccine candidate for use as an alternative treatment modality against severe ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Goksøyr
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.G.); (A.K.O.); (T.G.T.)
- AdaptVac Aps, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Anders B. Funch
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.F.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Anna K. Okholm
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.G.); (A.K.O.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Thor G. Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.G.); (A.K.O.); (T.G.T.)
| | | | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.F.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Adam F. Sander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.G.); (A.K.O.); (T.G.T.)
- AdaptVac Aps, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
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Nishijo T, Api AM, Gerberick GF, Miyazawa M, Na M, Sakaguchi H. Implementation of a dermal sensitization threshold (DST) concept for risk assessment: structure-based DST and in vitro data-based DST. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:51-65. [PMID: 35416118 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2033162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skin sensitization resulting in allergic contact dermatitis represents an important toxicological endpoint as part of safety assessments. When available substance-specific sensitization data are inadequate, the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) concept has been proposed to set a skin exposure threshold to provide no appreciable risk of skin sensitization. Structure-based DSTs, which include non-reactive, reactive, and high potency category (HPC) DSTs, can be applied to substances with an identified chemical structures. An in vitro data-based "mixture DST" can be applied to mixtures based on data from in vitro test methods, such as KeratinoSens™ and the human Cell Line Activation Test. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the practical use of DSTs for conducting sound sensitization risk assessments to assure the safety of consumer products. To this end, several improvements are discussed in this review. For application of structure-based DSTs, an overall structural classification workflow was developed to exclude the possibility that "HPC but non-reactive" chemicals are misclassified as "non-reactive", because such chemicals should be classified as HPC chemicals considering that HPC rules have been based on the chemical structure of high potency sensitizers. Besides that, an extended application of the mixture DST principle to mixtures that either is cytotoxic or evaluated as positive was proposed. On a final note, we also developed workflows that integrate structure-based and in vitro-based mixture DST. The proposed workflows enable the application of the appropriate DST, which serves as a point of departure in the quantitative sensitization risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Nishijo
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | | | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mihwa Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Hitoshi Sakaguchi
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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Abstract
Reliable human potency data are necessary for conducting quantitative risk assessments, as well as development and validation of new nonanimal methods for skin sensitization assessments. Previously, human skin sensitization potency of fragrance materials was derived primarily from human data or the local lymph node assay.
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Sukakul T, Bruze M, Mowitz M, Antelmi A, Boonchai W, Dahlin J, Hamnerius N, Hauksson I, Lejding T, Svedman C. Simultaneous patch testing with fragrance markers in the baseline series and the ingredients of fragrance mixes ‐ an update from southern Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 86:514-523. [PMID: 35152428 PMCID: PMC9314710 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Regularly updating the prevalence of fragrance contact allergy (CA) is important. Patch testing with fragrance markers in the baseline series and the ingredients of fragrance mixes (FMs) is still debated. Objectives To update the prevalence and clinical characteristics of patients with fragrance CA. To establish the results of patch testing with individual allergens of FMs. Methods A retrospective analysis of 3539 patients with dermatitis who were patch tested with the baseline series and FMs ingredients during 2016 to 2020 was performed. Results The prevalence of fragrance CA was 13%. About 10% of these patients with fragrance CA would be missed if the individual ingredients were not tested. Unlike hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, there was no decreasing trend of CA to Evernia prunastri (oakmoss) extract after the EU regulation came into force. Patients with CA from only one ingredient of the mixes or having a weak positive reaction to the ingredients were significantly missed when tested with only the fragrance markers in the baseline series. Conclusions Patch testing with individual fragrance allergens is crucial for experts to expand knowledge in the fragrance CA field. The concentrations of the allergens in FMs may need to be adjusted to detect patients with fragrance CA, since some were significantly overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Waranya Boonchai
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Nils Hamnerius
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Inese Hauksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Tina Lejding
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö Sweden
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7
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Benchmarking performance of SENS-IS assay against weight of evidence skin sensitization potency categories. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 130:105128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Luu H, Mowitz M, Bruze M, Engfeldt M, Isaksson M, Svedman C. A comparative study between the two patch test systems Finn chambers and Finn chambers AQUA. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:290-298. [PMID: 33368411 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finn Chambers AQUA (FCA) is a development of the Finn Chambers (FC) test system in which the test chambers are mounted on a moisture-resistant adhesive patch. FCA has pre-fixed filter papers. Because the use of FCA does not require any extra taping or use of separate filter papers, a change from FC to FCA chambers may be beneficial for both patients and patch test technicians. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether there are any differences regarding detection of contact allergy when simultaneous patch testing is performed with FC and FCA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Results from 434 dermatitis patients simultaneously tested with 10 allergens in both FC and FCA were evaluated. RESULTS There were no significant differences regarding detection of positive reactions between the two test systems. There were significantly more doubtful reactions to methylisothiazolinone, fragrance mix I and hydroperoxides of linalool when testing with FCA. We only observed significantly more doubtful reactions in FC regarding nickel(II)sulfate. Irritant reactions to formaldehyde were also significantly more common when using FCA. CONCLUSION The FC and FCA had good agreement in detection of positive reactions. However, the results including doubtful and irritant reactions justify further research regarding optimization of the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Luu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Malin Engfeldt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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9
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Ronel T, Harries M, Wicks K, Oakes T, Singleton H, Dearman R, Maxwell G, Chain B. The clonal structure and dynamics of the human T cell response to an organic chemical hapten. eLife 2021; 10:54747. [PMID: 33432924 PMCID: PMC7880692 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diphenylcyclopropenone (DPC) is an organic chemical hapten which induces allergic contact dermatitis and is used in the treatment of warts, melanoma, and alopecia areata. This therapeutic setting therefore provided an opportunity to study T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire changes in response to hapten sensitization in humans. Repeated exposure to DPC induced highly dynamic transient expansions of a polyclonal diverse T cell population. The number of TCRs expanded early after sensitization varies between individuals and predicts the magnitude of the allergic reaction. The expanded TCRs show preferential TCR V and J gene usage and consist of clusters of TCRs with similar sequences, two characteristic features of antigen-driven responses. The expanded TCRs share subtle sequence motifs that can be captured using a dynamic Bayesian network. These observations suggest the response to DPC is mediated by a polyclonal population of T cells recognizing a small number of dominant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahel Ronel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Harries
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (Dermatology Centre), Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Wicks
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Theres Oakes
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Singleton
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Dearman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Guérin T, Massanyi P, Van Loveren H, Baert K, Gergelova P, Nielsen E. Update of the risk assessment of nickel in food and drinking water. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06268. [PMID: 33193868 PMCID: PMC7643711 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its previous Opinion on nickel in food and drinking water, taking into account new occurrence data, the updated benchmark dose (BMD) Guidance and newly available scientific information. More than 47,000 analytical results on the occurrence of nickel were used for calculating chronic and acute dietary exposure. An increased incidence of post-implantation loss in rats was identified as the critical effect for the risk characterisation of chronic oral exposure and a BMDL 10 of 1.3 mg Ni/kg body weight (bw) per day was selected as the reference point for the establishment of a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 13 μg/kg bw. Eczematous flare-up reactions in the skin elicited in nickel-sensitised humans, a condition known as systemic contact dermatitis, was identified as the critical effect for the risk characterisation of acute oral exposure. A BMDL could not be derived, and therefore, the lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level of 4.3 μg Ni/kg bw was selected as the reference point. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied and an MOE of 30 or higher was considered as being indicative of a low health concern. The mean lower bound (LB)/upper bound (UB) chronic dietary exposure was below or at the level of the TDI. The 95th percentile LB/UB chronic dietary exposure was below the TDI in adolescents and in all adult age groups, but generally exceeded the TDI in toddlers and in other children, as well as in infants in some surveys. This may raise a health concern in these young age groups. The MOE values for the mean UB acute dietary exposure and for the 95th percentile UB raises a health concern for nickel-sensitised individuals. The MOE values for an acute scenario regarding consumption of a glass of water on an empty stomach do not raise a health concern.
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Yokozeki K, Yuki T, Ogasawara A, Katagiri A, Takahashi Y, Basketter D, Sakaguchi H. Total dose defines the incidence of percutaneous IgE/IgG1 mediated immediate-type hypersensitivity caused by papain. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:898-906. [PMID: 33090523 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of human health risk requires an understanding of antigen dose metrics associated with toxicity. Whereas assessment of the human health risk for delayed-type hypersensitivity is understood, the metrics remain unclear for percutaneous immediate-type hypersensitivity (ITH) mediated by IgE/IgG1. In this work, we aimed to investigate the dose metric for percutaneous ITH mediated by IgE/IgG1 responses. Papain, which causes ITH via percutaneous sensitization in humans, was used to sensitize guinea pigs and mice. The total dose per animal or dose per unit area was adjusted to understand the drivers of sensitization. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for papain-specific IgG1 enabled quantification of the response in guinea pigs. In mice, the number of antigen-bearing B cells in the draining lymph nodes (DLN) was calculated using flow cytometry papain-specific IgG1 and IgE levels were quantified by ELISA. PCA positive test rates and the amounts of antigen-specific antibody corresponded with total dose per animal, not dose per unit area. Furthermore, the number of B cells taking up antigen within DLN also correlated with total dose. These findings indicate that the total antigen dose is the important metric for percutaneous IgE/IgG1-mediated ITH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Yokozeki
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takuo Yuki
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Ogasawara
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Asuka Katagiri
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Sakaguchi
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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12
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Api AM, Basketter D, Bridges J, Cadby P, Ellis G, Gilmour N, Greim H, Griem P, Kern P, Khaiat A, O'Brien J, Rustemeyer T, Ryan C, Safford B, Smith B, Vey M, White IR. Updating exposure assessment for skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment for fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104805. [PMID: 33075411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, a proposal for assessing the risk of induction of skin sensitization to fragrance materials Quantitative Risk Assessment 1 (QRA1) was published. This was implemented for setting maximum limits for fragrance materials in consumer products. However, there was no formal validation or empirical verification after implementation. Additionally, concerns remained that QRA1 did not incorporate aggregate exposure from multiple product use and included assumptions, e.g. safety assessment factors (SAFs), that had not been critically reviewed. Accordingly, a review was undertaken, including detailed re-evaluation of each SAF together with development of an approach for estimating aggregate exposure of the skin to a potential fragrance allergen. This revision of QRA1, termed QRA2, provides an improved method for establishing safe levels for sensitizing fragrance materials in multiple products to limit the risk of induction of contact allergy. The use of alternative non-animal methods is not within the scope of this paper. Ultimately, only longitudinal clinical studies can verify the utility of QRA2 as a tool for the prevention of contact allergy to fragrance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA.
| | | | - James Bridges
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Graham Ellis
- Firmenich SA, 1 Route des Jeunes, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Helmut Greim
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Petra Kern
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Alain Khaiat
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Cosmetics Consultant, Singapore
| | | | | | - Cindy Ryan
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Bob Safford
- Consultant, B-Safe Toxicology Consulting, Rushden, UK
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety Programme, Singapore Institute of Food & Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthias Vey
- International Fragrance Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ian R White
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
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13
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Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K, Dickel H, Drexler H, Elsner P, Geier J, John SM, Kreft B, Köllner A, Merk H, Ott H, Pleschka S, Portisch M, Spornraft-Ragaller P, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Worm M, Schnuch A, Uter W. S3 guidelines: Epicutaneous patch testing with contact allergens and drugs - Short version, Part 1. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 17:1076-1093. [PMID: 31631537 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epicutaneous patch testing is the diagnostic standard for the detection of allergic contact dermatitis. The present guidelines are aimed at residents and board-certified physicians in the fields of dermatology and allergology as well as other medical specialties involved in establishing the indication for patch testing and its execution in patients with contact dermatitis and other forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity. The target audience also includes other health care providers and insurance funds. Based on a systematic literature search and a formal consensus process (S3), the guidelines were developed by dermatologists in collaboration with pediatricians, occupational medicine physicians, nursing staff as well as patient representatives. The systematic methodological approach and appraisal of evidence upon which the recommendations are based are outlined in a separate method report that also contains evidence tables. The guidelines address general aspects of patch testing as well as medicolegal issues. The recommendations given relate to topics such as the indication for patch testing, informed patient consent, as well as the choice of test substances, test chambers and test site, duration of exposure, reading times and interpretation of test reactions. Furthermore, recommendations are provided with respect to endogenous and exogenous factors, specific patient groups (children, pregnant women, immunosuppressed individuals) as well as possible risks and adverse events associated with patch testing using contact allergens. Note: This publication is part 1 of the short version of the S3 guidelines for "Epicutaneous patch testing using contact allergens and drugs" (registry no. 013 - 018; date: March 20, 2019; valid until December 31, 2021). Part 2 of the short version will be published in the next issue. The long version of these guidelines can be accessed at www.awmf.org. The method report is available as online publication (https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/013-018.html) and contains the evidence tables in its appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Alexander Nast
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, Division of Evidence-based Medicine (dEBM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Detlef Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochen Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kristine Breuer
- Dermatology Practice (Dermatologie Reinbek), Reinbek, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich--Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kreft
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Hans Merk
- Professor of Dermatology and Allergology, Former Chairman of the Department of Dermatology, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hagen Ott
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Allergology, Children's Hospital Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silvia Pleschka
- German Allergy and Asthma Foundation (Deutscher Allergie- und Asthmabund e.V.), Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Maria Portisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Petra Spornraft-Ragaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Division of Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, , Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, Charité - UniversityMedicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology (IMBE), Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Mahler V, Nast A, Bauer A, Becker D, Brasch J, Breuer K, Dickel H, Drexler H, Elsner P, Geier J, John SM, Kreft B, Köllner A, Merk H, Ott H, Pleschka S, Portisch M, Spornraft‐Ragaller P, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Worm M, Schnuch A, Uter W. S3‐Leitlinie: Durchführung des Epikutantests mit Kontaktallergenen und Arzneimitteln – Kurzfassung Teil 1. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 17:1075-1093. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13956_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mahler
- Hautklinik Universitätsklinikum ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen
| | - Alexander Nast
- Division of Evidence‐Based Medicine (dEBM)Klinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden
| | | | - Jochen Brasch
- Klinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieUniversitätsklinikum Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel
| | | | - Heinrich Dickel
- Klinik für DermatologieVenerologie und AllergologieSt. Josef‐Hospital Ruhr‐Universität Bochum Bochum
| | - Hans Drexler
- Institut für Arbeits‐, Sozial‐ und Umweltmedizin der Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
| | - Peter Elsner
- Klinik für HautkrankheitenUniversitätsklinikum Jena Jena
| | - Johannes Geier
- Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken (IVDK) e.V. an der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Göttingen
| | - Swen Malte John
- Institut für interdisziplinäre Dermatologische Prävention und Rehabilitation (iDerm) an der Universität Osnabrück Osnabrück
| | - Burkhard Kreft
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und VenerologieUniversitätsklinikum Halle (Saale) Halle
| | | | - Hans Merk
- Univ.‐Professor für Dermatologie & AllergologieDirektor (em.) der Hautklinik – RWTH Aachen University Aachen
| | - Hagen Ott
- Hannoversche Kinderheilanstalt (HKA): Kinder‐ und Jugendkrankenhaus auf der Bult Hannover
| | | | - Maria Portisch
- Hautklinik Universitätsklinikum ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
| | - Petra Spornraft‐Ragaller
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Berufsdermatologie, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Heidelberg
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und VenerologieMedizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover
| | - Margitta Worm
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Informationsverbund Dermatologischer Kliniken (IVDK) e.V. an der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Göttingen
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Institut für Medizininformatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (IMBE)Medizinische Fakultät der Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen
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Jude J, Botelho D, Karmacharya N, Cao GY, Jester W, Panettieri RA. Salicylic acid amplifies Carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction in human precision-cut lung slices. Respir Res 2019; 20:72. [PMID: 30971247 PMCID: PMC6458705 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations evoke emergency room visits, progressive loss of lung function and increased mortality. Environmental and industrial toxicants exacerbate asthma, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We assessed whether 3 distinct toxicants, salicylic acid (SA), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) through modulating excitation-contraction coupling in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. The toxicants include a non-sensitizing irritant (SA), respiratory sensitizer (TDI) and dermal sensitizer (DNCB), respectively. We hypothesized that these toxicants induce AHR by modulating excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. METHODS Carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction was measured in precision-cut human lung slices (hPCLS) following exposure to SA, TDI, DNCB or vehicle. Culture supernatants of hPCLS were screened for mediator release. In HASM cells treated with the toxicants, surrogate readouts of EC coupling were measured by phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) and agonist-induced Ca2+ mobilization ([Ca2+]i). In addition, Nrf-2-dependent antioxidant response was determined by NAD(P) H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) expression in HASM cells. RESULTS In hPCLS, SA, but not TDI or DNCB, potentiated carbachol-induced bronchoconstriction. The toxicants had little effect on release of inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, IL-8 and eotaxin from hPCLS. In HASM cells, TDI amplified carbachol-induced MLC phosphorylation. The toxicants also had little effect on agonist-induced [Ca2+]i. CONCLUSION: SA, a non-sensitizing irritant, amplifies agonist-induced bronchoconstriction in hPCLS via mechanisms independent of inflammation and Ca2+ homeostasis in HASM cells. The sensitizers TDI and DNCB, had little effect on bronchoconstriction or inflammatory mediator release in hPCLS. IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that non-sensitizing irritant salicylic acid may evoke AHR and exacerbate symptoms in susceptible individuals or in those with underlying lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jude
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science (RITMS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rm# 4276, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ08901, USA.
| | - Danielle Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nikhil Karmacharya
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science (RITMS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rm# 4276, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ08901, USA
| | - Gao Yuan Cao
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science (RITMS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rm# 4276, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ08901, USA
| | - William Jester
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science (RITMS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rm# 4276, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ08901, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science (RITMS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Rm# 4276, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ08901, USA
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Reynolds J, MacKay C, Gilmour N, Miguel-Vilumbrales D, Maxwell G. Probabilistic prediction of human skin sensitiser potency for use in next generation risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Jones AW, Davison G. Exercise, Immunity, and Illness. MUSCLE AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814593-7.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than “normal” incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). This is likely related to regular acute (and possibly chronic) periods of exercise-induced changes in immune function. URT infections can compromise performance directly if suffered shortly before or during competition or indirectly if suffered at other times via effects on training and/or physiological adaptations. This chapter covers the effects of exercise (acute and chronic), both positive and negative, on immune function and consequent infection risk, and considers the current state-of-the-art for monitoring and assessing this in athletes.
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18
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A quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitizing plant protection products: Linking derived No-Effect levels (DNELs) with agricultural exposure models. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:171-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Schuttelaar ML, Dittmar D, Burgerhof JGM, Blömeke B, Goebel C. Cross-elicitation responses to 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine in p-phenylenediamine-allergic individuals: Results from open use testing and diagnostic patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:288-294. [PMID: 30084179 PMCID: PMC6175459 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis caused by p-phenylenediamine (PPD) is a health concern for hair dye users. Because of its lower sensitization potency, the PPD derivative 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine (ME-PPD) has been developed as an alternative hair dye for primary prevention. However, cross-elicitation responses can occur in PPD-allergic subjects. OBJECTIVES To compare cross-elicitation responses to ME-PPD in open use and diagnostic patch testing of PPD-allergic subjects with hair dye-related allergic contact dermatitis. METHODS Reactions to ME-PPD were investigated in 25 PPD-allergic subjects by performing (1) 45-minute open use testing with a hair dye containing 2.0% of either ME-PPD or PPD, and (2) patch testing with increasing ME-PPD concentrations (0.1%-2.0% pet.). RESULTS Of the 25 PPD-allergic subjects, 21 (84%) reacted to open use testing with a hair dye containing 2.0% PPD, and testing with 2.0% ME-PPD led to cross-elicitation in 12 (48%). When patch tested with increasing ME-PPD concentrations, 13 (52%) cross-reacted at 0.1% (lowest dose) and 21 (84%) at 2.0% (highest dose), indicating decreased reactivity as compared with published PPD dose-response data. CONCLUSION In line with the decreased cross-reactivity of ME-PPD in hair dye open use testing, PPD-allergic subjects show an attenuated cross-elicitation dose response to ME-PPD in patch testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Dittmar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G M Burgerhof
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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Sayes CM, Singal M. Optimizing a Test Bed System to Assess Human Respiratory Safety After Exposure to Chemical and Particle Aerosolization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhuri Singal
- Safety, Quality, Regulatory, and Compliance, Reckitt Benckiser, LLC, Montvale, New Jersey
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22
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The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on in vivo immunity following prolonged exercise: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 58:335-344. [PMID: 29274034 PMCID: PMC6425115 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Bovine colostrum (COL) has been advocated as a nutritional countermeasure to exercise-induced immune dysfunction, but there is a lack of research with clinically relevant in vivo measures. Aim To investigate the effects of COL supplementation on in vivo immunity following prolonged exercise using experimental contact hypersensitivity (CHS) with the novel antigen diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP). Methods In a double-blind design, 31 men were randomly assigned to COL (20 g/day) or placebo (PLA) for 58 days. Participants ran for 2 h at 60% maximal aerobic capacity on day 28 and received a primary DPCP exposure (sensitisation) 20 min after. On day 56, participants received a low-dose-series DPCP challenge to elicit recall of in vivo immune-specific memory (quantified by skinfold thickness 24 and 48 h later). Analysis of the dose–response curves allowed determination of the minimum dose required to elicit a positive response (i.e., sensitivity). Results There was no difference in summed skinfold thickness responses between COL and PLA at 24 h (p = 0.124) and 48 h (p = 0.405). However, sensitivity of in vivo immune responsiveness was greater with COL at 24 h (p < 0.001) and 48 h (p = 0.023) with doses ~ twofold greater required to elicit a positive response in PLA. Conclusions COL blunts the prolonged exercise-induced decrease in clinically relevant in vivo immune responsiveness to a novel antigen, which may be a mechanism for reduced illness reports observed in the previous studies. These findings also suggest that CHS sensitivity is highly relevant to host defence.
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Wareing B, Urbisch D, Kolle SN, Honarvar N, Sauer UG, Mehling A, Landsiedel R. Prediction of skin sensitization potency sub-categories using peptide reactivity data. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Diagnosing Allergic Contact Dermatitis Through Elimination, Perception, Detection and Deduction. Am J Clin Dermatol 2017; 18:651-661. [PMID: 28508257 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several authors have commented upon the skills of detection required in making a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. Here, we emphasise the search for clues in a systematic manner. We describe four stages as part of a systematic method for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis. Firstly, elimination (or inclusion) of non-allergic diagnoses. Secondly, perception: the pre-patch test diagnosis and the 'three scenarios' principle. Thirdly, detection: optimising the sensitivity of the patch test process. Fourthly, deduction: diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis by associating the dermatitis with the allergen exposure. We further compare and contrast the pre-patch test history and examination with the markedly different one ('microhistory' and 'microexamination') used after patch testing. The importance of knowledge of contact dermatitis literature is emphasised with a review of recent publications. Finally, we also highlight the use of contact allergy profiling as an investigative tool in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis.
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Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Gimenéz-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP, Uter W, Johansen JD. Immunological, chemical and clinical aspects of exposure to mixtures of contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:133-142. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Elena Gimenéz-Arnau
- Laboratory of Dermatochemistry, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177; University of Strasbourg; 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Laboratory of Dermatochemistry, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177; University of Strasbourg; 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermatology-Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
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26
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Kroona L, Warfvinge G, Isaksson M, Ahlgren C, Dahlin J, Sörensen Ö, Bruze M. Quantification of l-carvone in toothpastes available on the Swedish market. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:224-230. [PMID: 28524256 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toothpastes have widespread use in the population, and contain flavours to give a pleasant and often minty aroma. Flavours are prevalent allergens in toothpastes, and adverse reactions often present as perioral dermatitis or stomatitis. l-Carvone, a mint flavour found in spearmint oil, is one of these allergens. There are few studies on contact allergy to l-carvone, and some of them have indicated a positive relationship with oral lichenoid lesions. OBJECTIVES To qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the presence of l-carvone in commercially available toothpastes on the Swedish market. METHODS l-Carvone in 66 toothpastes was analysed with straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The product labels were studied with regard to limonene. RESULTS l-Carvone was found in 64 of 66 toothpastes (concentration: 0.00005-0.35%). In 10 of these, the concentration exceeded 0.1%. Higher concentrations of l-carvone were found if limonene was listed on the label. CONCLUSION The majority of toothpastes on the Swedish market contain l-carvone, but the concentration hardly relates to the advertised flavour or labelled ingredients. It is hitherto unknown whether the found concentrations are sufficient for induction of contact allergy in individuals with healthy oral mucosa or in those with oral lichenoid lesions or other mucosal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Kroona
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Warfvinge
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Camilla Ahlgren
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Östen Sörensen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
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27
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Gutowska-Owsiak D, Ogg GS. Therapeutic vaccines for allergic disease. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:12. [PMID: 29263869 PMCID: PMC5604746 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are highly prevalent worldwide and affect all age groups, contributing to a high personal and socioeconomic burden. Treatment with an “allergy vaccine” or allergen immunotherapy aims to provide long-lasting benefits by inducing unresponsiveness to the relevant antigen. The consequences of the therapy are considered disease modifying and range from dampening of the immediate immune responses to the reduction of secondary tissue remodeling. Furthermore, allergen immunotherapy interventions have a potential to slow or cease the development of additional allergic manifestations with a long-term overall effect on morbidity and quality of life. Here, we review proposed mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of immunotherapy for allergic diseases. Further, we discuss both standard and novel approaches and possible future directions in the development of allergen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham S Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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28
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Schmidt JD, Ahlström MG, Johansen JD, Dyring-Andersen B, Agerbeck C, Nielsen MM, Poulsen SS, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Thomsen AR, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM. Rapid allergen-induced interleukin-17 and interferon-γ secretion by skin-resident memory CD8+T cells. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:218-227. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas D. Schmidt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Malin G. Ahlström
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Beatrice Dyring-Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre; Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; 2900 Hellerup Denmark
| | - Christina Agerbeck
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten M. Nielsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Steen S. Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Allan R. Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Charlotte M. Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
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Diepgen TL, Naldi L, Bruze M, Cazzaniga S, Schuttelaar ML, Elsner P, Goncalo M, Ofenloch R, Svensson Å. Prevalence of Contact Allergy to p-Phenylenediamine in the European General Population. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:409-415. [PMID: 26802237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Population-based studies on contact allergy to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) are scarce. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence of contact allergy to PPD and its risk factors in the general population of 5 European countries. A total of 10,425 subjects were interviewed, and a random sample (n = 2,739) was patch tested to PPD. Overall, 5,286 individuals (50.9%) reported having used hair colorants at least once in their lifetime (78% female, 20% male), and 35% had used hair colorants during the last 12 months. Hair colorant avoidance because of any skin problem during the lifetime was reported by 6%. Black henna tattoos had been used by 5.5% during their lifetime. The prevalence of PPD contact allergy was 0.8% (95% confidence interval 0.6-1.0%), with no statistically significant association with gender or hair dye use. The prevalence of PPD in black henna tattoo users was 3.2% versus 0.6% in nonusers (P < 0.001). A clinically relevant positive patch test reaction to PPD related to hair coloring products was found in 0.1% (95% confidence interval 0.0-0.2%). A significant association with PPD contact allergy was observed for subjects who had black henna tattoos in their lifetime, with an age- and gender-adjusted odds ratio of 9.33 (95% confidence interval 3.45-25.26, P < 0.001). Black henna tattoos are an important risk factor for PPD contact allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Diepgen
- Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Luigi Naldi
- Department of Dermatology, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Centro Studi GISED-FROM Presidio Ospedaliero Matteo Rota, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Simone Cazzaniga
- Department of Dermatology, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Centro Studi GISED-FROM Presidio Ospedaliero Matteo Rota, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marie-Louise Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Margarida Goncalo
- Department of Dermatology, Coimbra University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Robert Ofenloch
- Department of Social Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Åke Svensson
- Department of Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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30
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Shunsheng Han C. A specific hygiene hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:146-9. [PMID: 27372876 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases have reached epidemic proportions in Western populations in the last several decades. The hygiene hypothesis proposed more than twenty years ago has helped us to understand the epidemic and has been verified with numerous studies. However, translational measures deduced from these studies to prevent allergic diseases have not proven effective. Recent studies on immigrants' allergies and any potential association between oral infection and allergic diseases prompt me to propose a specific hygiene hypothesis to explain how oral hygiene practices might have contributed to the uprising of hay fever, the most common allergic disease. The historic oral hygiene level in US is closely associated with the emerging allergic epidemic. Future studies to test the hypothesis are needed and verification of the hypothesis can potentially yield highly effective measures to prevent allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff Shunsheng Han
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division and Quality Performance Assurance Division, MS, M888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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31
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Schuttelaar MLA, Vogel TA, Rui F, Kręcisz B, Chomiczewska-Skora D, Kieć-Świerczyńska M, Uter W, Larese Filon F. ESSCA results with the baseline series, 2002-2012:p-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:165-72. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise A. Schuttelaar
- Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana A. Vogel
- Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Rui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine; University of Trieste; 34129 Trieste Italy
| | - Beata Kręcisz
- Faculty of Health Science; Jan Kochanowski University; 25-317 Kielce Poland
- Department of Dermatology; Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine; 90-950 Lodz Poland
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Francesca Larese Filon
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine; University of Trieste; 34129 Trieste Italy
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32
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Basketter DA, White IR, Kullavanijaya P, Tresukosol P, Wichaidit M, McFadden JP. Influence of vitamin C on the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis to p-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:368-72. [PMID: 27027508 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair dyes represent one of the most important causes of allergic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of cosmetic products. The principal causative chemistry is associated with oxidation products of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and closely related substances. OBJECTIVES To examine whether prior application of the antioxidant vitamin C to the skin was able to reduce the cutaneous allergic response to PPD. METHODS Twenty eight volunteers with a proven history of contact allergy to PPD were recruited. Each was tested with a range of PPD doses and PPD-containing hair dye on untreated skin and skin pretreated for 10 min with a vitamin C formulation. RESULTS Pretreatment of skin sites with vitamin C led to a reduction in the intensity, or even ablation, of the cutaneous allergic reaction to PPD in ∼75% of cases as compared with untreated skin. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that treatment of the skin adjacent to the hair-bearing area with antioxidant could form part of a strategy to reduce the burden of cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair dyeing.
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Kock M, Coenraads PJ, Blömeke B, Goebel C. Continuous usage of a hair dye product containing 2-methoxymethyl-para-phenylenediamine by hair-dye-allergic individuals. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:1042-50. [PMID: 26749506 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a positive patch test reaction to para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and/or toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD), many people attempt to continue dyeing their hair with products containing PPD or its derivatives. OBJECTIVES Investigation of elicitation reactions among PPD/PTD-allergic individuals to hair dye products containing the less sensitizing PPD derivative 2-methoxymethyl (ME)-PPD. METHODS Elicitation reactions were studied in 43 PPD/PTD-allergic individuals by a 45-min pretest with an ME-PPD-containing hair dye on their forearm. Upon a negative result this was followed by exposure to subsequent hair colour treatment(s). RESULTS Overall, 38 of 43 PPD/PTD-allergic individuals did not develop an elicitation reaction during the pretest with ME-PPD-containing hair dye products, and were eligible for subsequent hair colour treatments. Of these 38 PPD/PTD-allergic individuals, 29 tolerated subsequent hair dyeing with ME-PPD-containing hair dye products, while seven showed mild and two showed moderate/marked allergic reactions upon the first hair colour treatment. CONCLUSIONS Hair dye products with the less sensitizing ME-PPD were tolerated by 29 of 43 (67%) PPD/PTD-allergic individuals throughout continued hair dyeing with an average of nine treatments per year. Five individuals reacted upon pretesting, while only mild-to-moderate/marked skin reactions occurred upon hair dyeing in nine individuals who were not identified by the pretest. To our knowledge this is the first study among PPD/PTD-allergic individuals indicating that a negative 45-min pretest with a hair dye product helps to avoid severe allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kock
- Global Safety Surveillance & Analysis and Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Co., Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - P-J Coenraads
- Dermatology Department, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - C Goebel
- Global Safety Surveillance & Analysis and Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Co., Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
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34
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Basketter D, Safford B. Skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment: A review of underlying assumptions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vogel TA, Coenraads PJ, Bijkersma LM, Vermeulen KM, Schuttelaar MLA. p-Phenylenediamine exposure in real life - a case-control study on sensitization rate, mode and elicitation reactions in the northern Netherlands. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:355-61. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Vogel
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Coenraads
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Laura M. Bijkersma
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Karin M. Vermeulen
- Department of Epidemiology; University Medical Center Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
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Abstract
Immunotoxicology is the study of undesired modulation of the immune system by extrinsic factors. Toxicological assessments have demonstrated that the immune system is a target following exposure to a diverse group of xenobiotics including ultraviolet radiation, chemical pollutants, therapeutics, and recreational drugs. There is a well-established cause and effect relationship between suppression of the immune response and reduced resistance to infections and certain types of neoplasia. In humans, mild-to-moderate suppression of the immune response is linked to reduced resistance to common community-acquired infections, whereas opportunistic infections, which are very rare in the general population, are common in individuals with severe suppression. Xenobiotic exposure may also result in unintended stimulation of immune function. Although a cause and effect relationship between unintended stimulation of the immune response and adverse consequences has yet to be established, evidence does suggest that hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and pathological inflammation may be exacerbated in susceptible populations exposed to certain xenobiotics. Xenobiotics can act as allergens and elicit hypersensitivity responses, or they can modulate hypersensitivity responses to other allergens such as pollen or dust mite by acting as adjuvants, enhancing the development or expression of hypersensitivity. Allergic contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma are the most commonly encountered types of hypersensitivity reactions resulting from chemical exposure. The immunologic effectors and mechanisms involved in autoimmune reactions are the same as those associated with responses to foreign antigens; however, the reactions are directed against the host's own cells. Thus, chemicals that induce immune suppression, nonspecific immunostimulation, or hypersensitivity may also impact autoimmunity. Risk assessment for immunotoxicity should be performed using the same approaches and principles for other noncancer effects. However, since xenobiotics may have effects on more than one aspect of immune function, immunotoxicity data should be evaluated separately for evidence of suppression, stimulation, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity.
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37
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Popple A, Williams J, Maxwell G, Gellatly N, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. The lymphocyte transformation test in allergic contact dermatitis: New opportunities. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:84-91. [PMID: 25655136 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1008656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is driven by the activation and proliferation of allergen-specific memory T-lymphocytes and is currently diagnosed by patch testing with a selected panel of chemical allergens. The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) can be used to monitor ex vivo T-lymphocyte responses to antigens, including contact allergens. The LTT is not viewed as being an alternative to patch testing, but it does seek to reflect experimentally skin sensitization to specific chemicals. The LTT is based on stimulation in vitro of antigen-driven T-lymphocyte proliferation. That is, exposure in culture of primed memory T-lymphocytes to the relevant antigen delivered in an appropriate configuration will provoke a secondary response that reflects the acquisition of skin sensitization. The technical aspects of this test and the utility of the approach for investigation of immune responses to contact allergens in humans are reviewed here, with particular emphasis on further development and refinement of the protocol. An important potential application is that it may provide a basis for characterizing those aspects of T-lymphocyte responses to contact allergens that have the greatest influence on skin sensitizing potency and this will be considered in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Popple
- a Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Jason Williams
- b Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit , Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust , Salford , Manchester , UK , and
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- c Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park , Sharnbrook , Bedford , UK
| | - Nichola Gellatly
- c Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park , Sharnbrook , Bedford , UK
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- a Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- a Faculty of Life Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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38
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of nickel in food and drinking water. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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39
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Popov Aleksandrov A, Mirkov I, Demenesku J, Ninkov M, Zolotarevski L, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Strain differences in contact hypersensitivity reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 75:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Pot L, Coenraads P, Goebel C, Blömeke B. Assessment of the elicitation response in subjects weakly sensitized top-phenylenediamine. Br J Dermatol 2014; 172:138-44. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.M. Pot
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - P.J. Coenraads
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - C. Goebel
- The Procter and Gamble Company; Central Product Safety; Darmstadt Germany
| | - B. Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; University Trier; Trier Germany
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41
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Friis UF, Menné T, Flyvholm MA, Bonde JPE, Johansen JD. Difficulties in using Material Safety Data Sheets to analyse occupational exposures to contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 72:147-53. [PMID: 25407381 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the occurrence of contact allergens and irritants is crucial for the diagnosis of occupational contact dermatitis. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are important sources of information concerning exposures in the workplace. OBJECTIVE From a medical viewpoint, to evaluate the information available from MSDSs, and to ascertain whether MSDS are easy to obtain, whether they serve their purpose, and whether they provide sufficient information regarding allergens to enable correct diagnosis. METHODS MSDS and ingredients labelling were collected from consecutive patients and reviewed. If it was suspected that the MSDS were incomplete, the manufacturer, supplier, salesperson or workplace was contacted to gather more information. RESULTS Twenty-five per cent (79/316) of patients provided material for the exposure assessment. One or more shortcomings were found in 18.6% (137/738) of the MSDS. The most frequent shortcoming was 'Missing R43/H317 while known contact allergen was present', which was observed in 63.1% (84/137). Other shortcomings were 'Names of preservatives not included in section 3 despite containing preservatives', in 48.9% (67/137), and 'Nothing about allergy in sections 2, 3, 11, 15 or 16 in the MSDS despite the content of allergens', in 20.4% (28/137). The information retrieved led to additional testing of 21 patients. CONCLUSION Systematic exposure assessment is time-consuming. The main shortcomings are errors/omissions in the MSDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik F Friis
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Ledreborg Allé 40, 12: Niels Anderens Vej 65, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
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Vogel TA, Coenraads PJ, Schuttelaar MLA. Allergic contact dermatitis presenting as severe and persistent blepharoconjunctivitis and centrofacial oedema after dyeing of eyelashes. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:304-6. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Vogel
- Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Coenraads
- Dermatology; University Medical Center Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
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43
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Ross-Hansen K, Johansen JD, Vølund A, Menné T, Thyssen JP. The nickel dose-response relationship by filaggrin genotype (FLG). Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:49-53. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Ross-Hansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Aage Vølund
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Torkil Menné
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology; National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte; Hellerup 2900 Denmark
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44
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Goebel C, Troutman J, Hennen J, Rothe H, Schlatter H, Gerberick GF, Blömeke B. Introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain into p-phenylenediamine attenuates its sensitizing potency and reduces the risk of allergy induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:480-7. [PMID: 24333256 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The strong sensitizing potencies of the most important primary intermediates of oxidative hair dyes, p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and p-toluylenediamine (PTD, i.e. 2-methyl-PPD) are well established. They are considered as the key sensitizers in hair dye allergic contact dermatitis. While modification of their molecular structure is expected to alter their sensitizing properties, it may also impair their color performance. With introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain we found the primary intermediate 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine (ME-PPD) with excellent hair coloring performance but significantly reduced sensitizing properties compared to PPD and PTD: In vitro, ME-PPD showed an attenuated innate immune response when analyzed for its protein reactivity and dendritic cell activation potential. In vivo, the effective concentration of ME-PPD necessary to induce an immune response 3-fold above vehicle control (EC3 value) in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) was 4.3%, indicating a moderate skin sensitizing potency compared to values of 0.1 and 0.17% for PPD and PTD, respectively. Finally, assessing the skin sensitizing potency of ME-PPD under consumer hair dye usage conditions through a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) indicated an allergy induction risk negligible compared to PPD or PTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Goebel
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - John Troutman
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jenny Hennen
- Dept. of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Helga Rothe
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Schlatter
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety and Communications, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Frank Gerberick
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Central Product Safety, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Fischer K, Höffler S, Wacht M, Meyer A. HPLC Separation of Aryldiamine Transformation Products using a Polar-Modified RP-C18Column. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.811681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Damian DL, Saw RPM, Thompson JF. Topical immunotherapy with diphencyprone for in transit and cutaneously metastatic melanoma. J Surg Oncol 2013; 109:308-13. [PMID: 24522938 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Topical diphencyprone (DPCP) can be used to treat in transit and cutaneously metastastatic melanoma. To date, 50 patients have received DPCP therapy for at least 1 month at our institution, with complete clearance of cutaneous disease in 46% and partial response in a further 38% of patients. Topical immunotherapy with DPCP is inexpensive and well-tolerated and should be considered in patients with skin metastases unsuitable for or refractory to other forms of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diona L Damian
- Department of Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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47
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48
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McFadden JP, White IR, Basketter D, Puangpet P, Kimber I. The cosmetic allergy conundrum: inference of an immunoregulatory response to cosmetic allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 69:129-37. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John P. McFadden
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; St Thomas Hospital; London; SE1 7EH; UK
| | - Ian R. White
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; St Thomas Hospital; London; SE1 7EH; UK
| | | | - Pailin Puangpet
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; St Thomas Hospital; London; SE1 7EH; UK
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Manchester; M13 9PT; UK
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Popov A, Mirkov I, Vasilijic S, Zolotarevski L, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Impact of the magnitude of sensitization dose on the incidence and intensity of CHS to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB): Insight from ear swelling and challenged-skin draining lymph node response in rats. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 10:355-60. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.753960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pilkington SM, Massey KA, Bennett SP, Al-Aasswad NM, Roshdy K, Gibbs NK, Friedmann PS, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Randomized controlled trial of oral omega-3 PUFA in solar-simulated radiation-induced suppression of human cutaneous immune responses. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:646-52. [PMID: 23364005 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.049494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer is a major public health concern, and the majority of cases are caused by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, which suppresses skin immunity. Omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs protect against photoimmunosuppression and skin cancer in mice, but the impact in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that EPA-rich n-3 PUFA would abrogate photoimmunosuppression in humans. Therefore, a nutritional study was performed to assess the effect on UVR suppression of cutaneous cell-mediated immunity (CMI) reflected by nickel contact hypersensitivity (CHS). DESIGN In a double-blind, randomized controlled study, 79 volunteers (nickel-allergic women, 22-60 y old, with phototype I or II) took 5 g n-3 PUFA-containing lipid (70% EPA plus 10% DHA) or a control lipid daily for 3 mo. After supplementation, nickel was applied to 3 skin sites preexposed on 3 consecutive days to 1.9, 3.8, or 7.6 J/cm(2) of solar-simulated radiation (SSR) and to 3 unexposed control sites. Nickel CHS responses were quantified after 72 h and the percentage of immunosuppression by SSR was calculated. Erythrocyte [red blood cell (RBC)] EPA was measured by using gas chromatography. RESULTS SSR dose-related suppression of the nickel CHS response was observed in both groups. Photoimmunosuppression appeared less in the n-3 PUFA group than in the control group (not statistically significant [mean difference (95% CI): 6.9% (-2.1%, 15.9%)]). The difference was greatest at 3.8 J/cm(2) SSR [mean difference: 11% (95% CI: 0.5%, 21.4%)]. Postsupplementation RBC EPA was 4-fold higher in the n-3 PUFA group than in the control group (mean difference: 2.69% (95% CI: 2.23%, 3.14%), which confirmed the EPA bioavailability. CONCLUSION Oral n-3 PUFAs appear to abrogate photoimmunosuppression in human skin, providing additional support for their chemopreventive role; verification of study findings is required. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01032343.
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