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Somenek M. Minimally Invasive Male Facial Rejuvenation: Energy-Based Devices. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2024; 32:437-445. [PMID: 38937001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The development of minimally invasive, non-surgical, and office-based procedures that have minimal downtime has stimulated an interest among men who may seek cosmetic treatments to increase competitiveness and appear youthful in the workplace. There has also been greater media attention on the male appearance and grooming along with increasing acceptance of cosmetic procedures within society. Achieving a successful cosmetic treatment in a male patient requires the physician to recognize the gender differences that exist. These include anatomy, skin aging, and skin biology, as well as behavioral patterns that exist in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Somenek
- Somenek+Pittman MD, Advanced Plastic Surgery, 2440 M Street NW, Suite 507, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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de Sanctis Pecora C. The gold protocol: A combined treatment approach for neck rejuvenation with calcium hydroxyapatite, botulinum toxin, and hyaluronic acid in the same session. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2392-2400. [PMID: 38566435 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The signs of aging seem to be more visible on the neck compared to other locations, especially if a patient has already gone through facial rejuvenation procedures. Treatment of the aging neck imposes a challenge to the clinician, since one single approach is usually not enough to achieve the desired result, requiring multiple injections and sessions, which apart from being painful for the patients, is time-consuming for the clinician. AIM To describe the use of calcium hydroxyapatite, incobotulinum toxin type A and Cohesive poly-densified matrix hyaluronic acid diluted in the same syringe and injected in the same session for neck rejuvenation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen women, older than 18 years, with cervical skin flaccidity grade 1-4 in a previously validated 5-point rating scale (Dermatologic Surg, 2016; 42, S94), who sought neck rejuvenation were injected in this pilot study with a single session with a combined hybrid mixture of calcium hydroxyapatite, incobotulinum toxin type A, and Cohesive poly-densified matrix hyaluronic acid and followed up for 90-180 days. RESULTS At the 4-month post injection evaluation, 93.3% of the patients presented at least 1-grade improvement in the 5-point scale as evaluated by the investigator. No serious adverse events were reported, being most mild and transient in nature. CONCLUSION CaHA, incoBonTA, and CPM-HA have complementary mechanisms of action and may be injected from the same syringe in the same session, boosting the final outcome, with high patient satisfaction, and ease of process for both patients and clinicians.
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Rothchild E, Jung G, Wang F, Ricci JA. Prejuvenation: What Social Media Tells Us About the Rising Trend. Aesthet Surg J 2024; 44:436-443. [PMID: 37963100 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjad347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Prejuvenation," a practice gaining enormous popularity among younger adults, can largely attribute its explosive growth to TikTok, the platform on which many first encounter this trend. Despite the rising usage of prejuvenation, however, there is a lack of clarity regarding its clinical practice and efficacy. OBJECTIVES To investigate the understandability, reliability, and actionability of prejuvenation-related TikTok content. METHODS TikTok was queried using 13 hashtags consisting of popular colloquial terms associated with prejuvenation treatments, and the top 25 videos meeting inclusion criteria for each hashtag were analyzed. For each video, poster credentials and video type were determined. Videos considered "educational" were analyzed using the validated modified DISCERN score and the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool scales. Creator's prejuvenation recommendations were recorded. Univariate and linear regression models were utilized for analysis. RESULTS A total of 303 videos amassed over 61,000,000 million views, 3,957,091 likes, 24,455 comments, and 71,697 shares. Nonphysicians posted the most videos (n = 257, 84.8%) and had significantly higher median views, likes, comments, and engagement than physician videos. Analysis of "educational" videos showed that most videos (50, 67%) supported the use of prejuvenation treatments, 18 (24%) were neutral, and 6 (8%) were opposed. CONCLUSIONS Prejuvenation content on TikTok varies widely in terms of quality and recommendations, calling for more standardization regarding the practice. Physician-generated prejuvenation content was more reliable, but distinguishing it from nonphysician content was challenging, underscoring the need for platform-specific verification tools.
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de Sanctis Pecora C. The Anatomical Layering Assessment: The Construction of Beauty. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:605-620. [PMID: 38505808 PMCID: PMC10949303 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s447865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Restructuring an aging face from bone structure to the surface of the skin can be metaphorically compared to building and renovating a house. While each anatomical layer of the face undergoes an aging process of its own, there is also an interdependency of superficial structures on deeper layers, so that a change in one layer may lead to changes to the adjacent layers. This interaction among the structures deep into the skin, along with the skin's ability to envelope them is what determine the aspect of the aging face. Thus, a careful assessment of all the layers is imperative and we describe herein a step-by-step facial layering assessment and facial restructuring approach from bone structure to the surface of the skin to implement a treatment plan able to deliver a harmonious rejuvenating outcome.
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Shaiek A, Monot M, Rubert V, Cornillon C, Vicic M, Decocq G, Flament F. Applications of the new Aeva-HE™ imaging system: Its link with the visual evaluation of facial wrinkles and its potential in screening tensile products. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13512. [PMID: 38081798 PMCID: PMC10713488 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate, in vivo, a recently developed imaging system (Aeva-HE™), based on fringe projection methodology: (i) its correlation with expert's assessments and real age of 85 French Caucasian women and (ii) its potential, as a screening tool, in rapidly selecting prototypes of tensile cosmetic products. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the bare faces of 85 differently aged French/Caucasian women were photographed under standard conditions and further analyzed by the Aeva-HE™ device. An expert aesthetician graded the severity of wrinkling on a fixed scale, helped by the use of a dedicated Skin Aging Atlas. A panel of 15 judges performed the same task on full-face standard photographs. The Aeva-HE™ software yielded various wrinkle's parameters (density, volume, mean depth, etc.) on different facial locations, according to age-groups. Second, seven women, balanced in age and wrinkling severity, were recruited in a separate study. These women applied at Day 1 a prototype of the tensile product and at Day 2, they applied another prototype of the tensile product. The whole faces (before and after products application) of the seven studied women were captured and analyzed by the Aeva-HE™ system. RESULTS The density of wrinkles was significantly highly correlated with the aesthetician scores and, unsurprisingly, with age. Some parameters (volume, depths) of different wrinkles (glabellar, crow's feet, cheeks) were quantified, showing different absolute values and of statistically different progressions with age. The amplitudes of the rapid effects brought by the two prototypes of tensile products were clearly differentiated. CONCLUSION The recently developed device Aeva-HE™ is an efficient system for rapidly establishing a faithful and precise status of facial wrinkles, in vivo and seems like a precious tool in the rapid screening of tensile products, possibly performed on a rather limited number of subjects.
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Donato L, Cecchi R, Dagoli S, Treglia M, Pallocci M, Zanovello C, Ubelaker DH, Marsella LT. Facial age progression: Review of scientific literature and value for missing person identification in forensic medicine. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 100:102614. [PMID: 37976962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas H Ubelaker
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
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Chen J, Li CT, Li TMH, Chan NY, Chan JWY, Liu Y, Lee TMC, Wing YK. A forgotten sign of depression - the omega sign and its implication. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 80:103345. [PMID: 36423435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chun-Tung Li
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tim M H Li
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ngan Yin Chan
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Joey W Y Chan
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Laboratory of Neuropsychology & Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yun-Kwok Wing
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Fujino S, Iwanaga T. Real-time wrinkle evaluation method using Visual Illusion-based image feature enhancement System. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13206. [PMID: 36382793 PMCID: PMC9838642 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several advanced methods for evaluating wrinkles are currently available, however, with limitations in their application because wrinkle structures change in response to facial expressions and surrounding environments. A Visual Illusion-based image feature enhancement System (VIS) was used to develop a real-time evaluation method. OBJECTIVES This study expands the VIS application into the wrinkle evaluation method by adjusting VIS to evaluate facial wrinkles, evaluating the age-dependent wrinkles, and validating it for real-time wrinkle evaluation. METHODS Wrinkles in various Japanese men and women were evaluated using VIS and the current methods. Furthermore, the effectiveness of an eye cream containing niacinamide was evaluated before and after the 4-week treatment. RESULTS VIS qualitatively detects even fine wrinkles and numerically records them without any special instrument. Moreover, VIS can be applied to moving images, revealing the effectiveness of the antiwrinkle formulation qualitatively and quantitatively even when the subjects are smiling. CONCLUSION This paper presents an epoch-making wrinkle evaluation method that is qualitative and quantitative, with high sensitivity in real-time and relies solely on digital images without any difficulties. Therefore, these results imply that this method enables the wrinkle evaluation under real-life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Fujino
- Beauty Care Laboratory, Kracie Home Products, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Iwanaga
- Beauty Care Laboratory, Kracie Home Products, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
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Ye Y, Li Y, Bi T, Jiang L. Improvement of urban eye skin in Chinese female by supramolecular retinol plus acmella oleracea extract-containing product. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3416-3422. [PMID: 34806292 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the anti-wrinkle effects of retinol have been widely reported, but there are few reports on the infraorbital dark circles reducing effects. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficiency and tolerance of one novel formulation containing supramolecular retinol plus acmella oleracea extract in Chinese urban eye skin. METHODS Thirty-three women with dark circles and visible fine wrinkles around the eyes, aged 20-45 years, were enrolled and instructed to use the formula for 6 weeks. Instrumental measures and subject assessment were obtained at baseline and at 3-week intervals. RESULTS After 6 weeks, Mexameter MX18 results demonstrated a statistically significant 13.8% decrease in MI (melanin index) value, and Colorimeter CL400 results demonstrated a statistically significant 0.5% increase in L* (lightness) value, which proved the efficacy of reducing dark circles. Primos-Lite data showed that the wrinkles parameters of Ra, the wrinkle area %, and number of the wrinkles under the eyes and crow's feet revealed significant reduction to varying degrees. Cutometer results showed that R2 value increased significantly by 13.0%, indicating the benefits of firmer skin. In addition, subject assessment revealed that at the end of 6 weeks, the eye skin was noticeably improved. CONCLUSIONS By clinical evaluation and subject assessment, the novel formulation containing supramolecular retinol plus acmella oleracea extract can effectively diminish the collective signs of stressed urban eye skin for Chinese female in terms of dark circles, fine wrinkles, and sagging skin with good tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Research and Innovation Center, Proya Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Research and Innovation Center, Proya Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Bi
- Research and Innovation Center, Proya Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Ligang Jiang
- Research and Innovation Center, Proya Cosmetics Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
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Single Treatment, Single Depth Superficial Microfocused Ultrasound with Visualization for Rhytid Improvement. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3662. [PMID: 34277316 PMCID: PMC8277253 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Standard lifting and tightening protocols with microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU-V, Ultherapy) comprise the use of multiple transducer depths. We developed a shortened, single depth treatment protocol for patients seeking skin rejuvenation. Methods Single-center, prospective case series. Subjects with static periorbital wrinkles, perioral wrinkles, or accordion lines had a single MFU-V treatment comprising up to 340 lines (periorbital 120, perioral 100, and accordion 120) with the superficial depth transducer (10.0 MHz/1.5 mm). Efficacy was assessed using established rating scales as well as clinician- and subject-reported Global Aesthetic Improvement Scales at baseline, 90, and 180 days, and each subject served as their own control. Adverse events were documented. Results Nine subjects, women aged 38-64, received treatment. At 180 days, post treatment clinicians reported visible improvements in periorbital lines (6/6 cases), accordion lines (5/6 cases), and perioral lines (3/6 cases). Subjects' self-assessments mirrored those of the clinicians, reporting improvements in accordion lines (5/6 cases improved, 1/6 cases much improved), periorbital lines (3/6 cases improved, 3/6 cases much improved) and perioral lines (2/6 cases improved, 2/6 cases much improved). Subject-rated satisfaction was high (accordion lines 6/6 cases, periorbital lines 4/6 cases and perioral lines 4/6 cases). All subjects experienced mild, transient erythema; in one subject, wheals persisted for 24 hours, resolving on application of mild topical corticosteroid. Conclusions Shortened protocol, single depth MFU-V treatment was well-tolerated. It provided aesthetic improvements in periorbital and accordion lines, and to a lesser extent in perioral lines. Its utility as a noninvasive therapy for superficial skin rejuvenation warrants further investigation.
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Prejuvenation: Definition of the Term and Evolution of the Concept. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:871-872. [PMID: 33481436 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Flament F, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Jiang R, Houghton J, Sarda Duthil L, Arcin V, Daniel R, Perrier JC, Niviere J, Moyano G, Thenin A, Garcia MS, Adam AS, Chibout S, Blin X, Delaunay C, Aarabi P. Developing an Artificial Intelligence (A.I)-based descriptor of facial appearance that fits with the assessments of makeup experts. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27:1081-1091. [PMID: 33998717 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an A.I-based automatic descriptor that detects and grades, from selfie pictures, 23 facial signs, hairs included, as a help to making-up procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS The selfie images taken in very different conditions by 3326 women and men were used to create (90% of dataset) and validate (10% of dataset) a new algorithm architecture to appraise and grade 23 different facial signs such as lips, nose, eye color, eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair color as defined by makeup artists. Each selfie image was annotated by 12 experts and defined references to train Artificial Intelligence (A.I)-based algorithm. RESULTS As some the 23 signs present a continuous or discontinuous feature, these were analyzed by two different statistical approaches. The results provided by the automatic descriptor system were not only in good agreement with the expert's assessments but were even found of a better precision and reproducibility. This automatic descriptor system has proven a good and robust accuracy despite the very variable conditions in the acquisition of selfie pictures. CONCLUSION Such automatic descriptor system seems providing a valuable help in making-up procedures and may extend to other activities such as Skincare or Haircare. As such it should allow large investigations to better evaluate the consumers' needs of esthetical improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuze Zhang
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhi Yu
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ruowei Jiang
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Houghton
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Arcin
- L'Oréal CDO - Digital Service Factory, Clichy, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Audrey Thenin
- L'Oréal Operations - Innovation Packaging, Levallois, France
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Blin
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Clichy, France
| | | | - Pahram Aarabi
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gabe Y, Takeda K, Tobiishi M, Kikuchi S, Tsuda K, Haryuu Y, Nakajima Y, Inomata Y, Nakamura S, Murase D, Tokunaga S, Miyaki M, Takahashi Y. Evaluation of subclinical chronic sun damage in the skin via the detection of long-lasting ultraweak photon emission. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27:1064-1071. [PMID: 33998715 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that solar radiation accelerates skin photoaging. To evaluate subclinical photodamage in the skin especially from the early phase of ultraviolet (UV)-induced damage, we have focused on ultraweak photon emission (UPE), also called biophotons. Our previous study reported that the amount of long-lasting UPE induced by UV, predominantly from lipid peroxidation, is a valuable indicator to assess cutaneous photodamage even at a suberythemal dose, although it was only applied to evaluate acute UV damage. The aim of this study was to further investigate whether long-lasting UPE could also be a useful marker to assess subclinical chronic sun damage in the course of skin photoaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-three Japanese females in their 20s were recruited and were divided into two groups according to their history of sun exposure based on a questionnaire (high- and low-sun-exposure groups). Several skin properties on the cheek and outer forearm were measured in addition to UV-induced UPE. RESULTS Among the skin properties measured, water content, average skin roughness, and the lateral packing of lipids in the stratum corneum were significantly deteriorated in the high-sun-exposure group as were changes in some skin photoaging scores such as pigmented spots and wrinkles. In addition, those skin properties were correlated with the UPE signals, suggesting the possible impact of oxidative stress on chronic skin damage. CONCLUSION Subtle oxidative stress detected by long-lasting UPE may contribute to subclinical cutaneous damage at the beginning phase of chronic sun exposure, which potentially enhances skin photoaging over a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gabe
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara, Japan
| | | | - Megumi Tobiishi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara, Japan
| | - Sho Kikuchi
- Skin Care Research, Kao Corporation, Sumida, Japan
| | - Koki Tsuda
- Analytical Science Research, Kao Corporation, Japan, Haga
| | | | | | | | - Shun Nakamura
- Analytical Science Research, Kao Corporation, Japan, Haga
| | - Daiki Murase
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara, Japan
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Nakamura R, Uehara S, Suematsu K, Ishitsuka Y, Noma H. Prediction of future wrinkles for middle-aged women: A 7-year longitudinal study on the progression of wrinkles in Japanese women. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27:854-862. [PMID: 33788307 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is commonly believed that there is serious heterogeneity in the rate of wrinkle progression among individuals. Although several skin characteristics have been shown to influence wrinkle progression, the ability to predict which individuals with skin characteristics are likely to develop wrinkles is still limited. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to develop and validate an effective prediction model for longitudinal changes in wrinkles. METHODS We collected annual wrinkle scores and multiple skin physiological characteristics in 48 Japanese women over a period of 7 years. We developed a multivariable prediction model for predicting future wrinkle status based on the various skin physiological characteristics using a linear mixed-effects model. RESULTS After variable selection by backwards, the final wrinkle prediction model included age, sebum volume, redness of skin color, lightness of skin color, and an interaction term between sebum volume and redness of skin color. The developed prediction model showed favorable prediction accuracy (R2 = 87.92%, 95% confidence interval 84.27%-90.68%). CONCLUSIONS The developed model accurately predicted levels of wrinkles in Japanese women aged 22-60 years. The prediction model is based on age and three practical skin characteristics, which might implicate an essential insight to prevent wrinkle progression in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nakamura
- KOSÉ Corporation Research Laboratories, Kita-ku, Japan.,Department of Statistical Science, School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan
| | | | - Ken Suematsu
- KOSÉ Corporation Research Laboratories, Kita-ku, Japan
| | | | - Hisashi Noma
- Department of Data Science, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa, Japan
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Abstract
AbstractExpression wrinkles form over time due to repeated facial movements such as smiling and frowning. They have an imprint on facial skin in areas such as the corner of the eyes, where they take the form of crow’s feet, the forehead and the glabella, where they appear as frown lines, and around the mouth, as marionette lines. In the study presented here, we recruited two sets of volunteers. An older group of 57 volunteers aged 50 to 65 years, and a group of eight younger volunteers aged 21–35 who were the biological daughters of eight of the older volunteers. Using VISIA CR, we took images of the volunteers in relaxed, angry and smiling mode to assess similarities in expression wrinkle patterns. In addition, the older volunteers were split into a placebo group and an active group who applied a formulation of 4% of a cosmetic product containing the peptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate (DABBA) for four weeks. Wrinkles were assessed by image analysis, expert grading and Primoslite measurements. Our study found striking similarities in the facial wrinkle patterns of mothers with relaxed faces and daughters with angry or smiling faces. We found a decrease in visible wrinkles in the group of older volunteers applying DABBA. We created a facial map for graded wrinkles showing these changes. Volunteers using the active formulation showed significantly less wrinkle area and length on the forehead when frowning compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05).
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OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment for Moderate to Severe Forehead Lines: A Review. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2669. [PMID: 32537333 PMCID: PMC7253259 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: With onabotulinumtoxinA approved for the treatment of glabellar and crow’s feet lines and, most recently, for forehead lines (FHL), it is possible to simultaneously treat multiple areas of the upper face that are of high concern and treatment priority for aesthetically oriented individuals. This review aims to present key insights on the use of onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of moderate to severe FHL. Methods: Double-blind, placebo-controlled registration trials of onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of FHL were included. Using findings from 3 such published studies, we discuss key concepts and clinical experience for the treatment of moderate to severe FHL with onabotulinumtoxinA (20 U in the frontalis and 20 U in the glabellar complex, with/without 24 U in crow’s feet lines), including injection pattern, dose selection, efficacy and safety data, and considerations for patient selection. Results: Across the 2 pivotal phase 3 studies, responder rates on investigator- and subject-assessed measures of appearance of FHL severity were significantly higher with onabotulinumtoxinA versus placebo for the treatment of FHL at day 30 (P < 0.0001), and results were maintained through 3 cycles of onabotulinumtoxinA. Conclusions: OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment also resulted in high patient satisfaction rates. The incidence of eyebrow and of eyelid ptosis was low, and no new safety signals were detected. OnabotulinumtoxinA is safe and effective and an appropriate option for patients with moderate to severe FHL encountered in clinical practice.
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Pierre J, Francois G, Benize AM, Rubert V, Coutet J, Flament F. Mapping, in vivo, the uniformity of two skin properties alongside the human face by a 3D virtual approach. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 40:482-487. [PMID: 30107030 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the homogeneity in the distribution of two cutaneous functions (hydration and elasticity) along the entire human face. MATERIAL AND METHODS The half faces (right or left, randomly chosen) of two groups of Caucasian women were measured on 24 different small sites (elasticity) and 41 others (hydration), by instruments of small-sized probes (Cutometer® and Corneometer® , respectively). Hydration of the face was recorded at different times (up to 24 h), post application of a highly hydrating product. The recorded values (left and right half faces) were further gathered and digitally positioned on a virtual feminine face and their intensity was illustrated through a colored white (lower values)-blue (higher values) scale. RESULTS The reconstitution of the mapping of the two measured parameters (from the left and right sides of different subjects), shows a perfect symmetry vis à vis the nose axis. However, both parameters present slightly variable but significant values along the human face. Sites from the temple are less elastic than chin or forehead. The upper and lower parts of the forehead show slight disparities in their elasticity values. Cheeks are significantly less prone at retaining their imparted hydration status (lost 2 h after application of a hydrating product) as compared to sub-ocular regions or chin that retain their hydration up to 24 h. Attempts to establish a mutual relationship between the two skin properties unsurprisingly failed. CONCLUSION The two studied skin properties show a slight but highly symmetric disparity along the entire human face.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pierre
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Chevilly Larue, France
| | - G Francois
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Chevilly Larue, France
| | - A M Benize
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Chevilly Larue, France
| | - V Rubert
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Chevilly Larue, France
| | - J Coutet
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Chevilly Larue, France
| | - F Flament
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Chevilly Larue, France
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Flament F, Qiu H, Abric A, Charbonneau A. Assessing changes in some facial signs of fatigue in Chinese women, induced by a single working day. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:21-27. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Flament
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Clichy France
| | - H. Qiu
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Shanghai China
| | - A. Abric
- Eurosyn; Villebon-sur-Yvette France
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Jiang R, Kezele I, Levinshtein A, Flament F, Zhang J, Elmoznino E, Ma J, Ma H, Coquide J, Arcin V, Omoyuri E, Aarabi P. A new procedure, free from human assessment that automatically grades some facial skin structural signs. Comparison with assessments by experts, using referential atlases of skin ageing. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 41:67-78. [PMID: 30664236 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an automatic system that grades the severity of facial signs through 'selfies' pictures taken by women of different ages and ethnics. METHODS 1140 women from three ethnics (African-American, Asian, Caucasian), of different ages (18-80 years old), took 'selfies' by high resolution smartphones cameras under different conditions of lighting or facial expressions. A dedicated software, was developed, based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that integrates training data from referential Skin Aging Atlases. The latter allows to an immediate quantification of the severity of nine facial signs according to the ethnicity declared by the subject. These automatic grading were confronted to those assessed by 12 trained experts and dermatologists either on 'selfies' pictures or in live conditions on a smaller cohort of women. RESULTS The system appears weakly influenced by lighting conditions or facial expressions (coefficients of variations ranging 10-13% for most signs) and leads to global agreements with experts' assessments, even showing a better reproducibility on some facial signs. CONCLUSION This automatic scoring system, still in development, seems offering a new quantitative approach in the quantified description of facial signs, independent from human vision, in many applications, being individual, cosmetic oriented or dermatological with regard to the follow-up of medical anti-ageing corrective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowei Jiang
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, Canada
| | - Irina Kezele
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Jingyi Zhang
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Junwei Ma
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, Canada
| | - He Ma
- ModiFace - A L'Oréal Group Company, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Arcin
- L'Oréal CDO - Digital Service Factory, Clichy, France
| | - Esohe Omoyuri
- L'Oréal CDO - Digital Service Factory, Clichy, France
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Phase 3 Study of OnabotulinumtoxinA Distributed Between Frontalis, Glabellar Complex, and Lateral Canthal Areas for Treatment of Upper Facial Lines. Dermatol Surg 2018; 44:1437-1448. [PMID: 30096106 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although commonly practiced, simultaneous onabotulinumtoxinA injections to multiple facial areas have not been investigated in prospective studies. OBJECTIVE Evaluate safety and efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of forehead lines (FHL) distributed between the frontalis (20 U) and glabellar complex (20 U), with or without simultaneous lateral canthal areas (crow's feet lines [CFL], 24 U) treatment. METHODS Subjects with moderate to severe FHL were randomized (2:2:1) to onabotulinumtoxinA 40 U, onabotulinumtoxinA 64 U, or placebo. After 180 days, subjects could receive up to 2 additional open-label onabotulinumtoxinA 64 U treatments. RESULTS The intent-to-treat (ITT) population comprised 787 subjects, and the modified ITT (mITT) population (subjects with psychological impact) comprised 568. After 30 days, onabotulinumtoxinA 40 U and 64 U significantly improved investigator- and subject-assessed FHL severity by at least 2 Facial Wrinkle Scale (FWS) grades in 45.6% and 53.0% of ITT subjects, respectively, versus 0.6% receiving placebo (both, p < .0001). Significantly more mITT subjects receiving onabotulinumtoxinA achieved investigator- and subject-assessed FWS ratings of none/mild versus placebo (p < .0001). OnabotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated. CONCLUSION OnabotulinumtoxinA distributed between the frontalis and glabellar complex, with or without additional CFL injections, was safe and effective for treatment of moderate to severe FHL.
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Campiche R, Trevisan S, Séroul P, Rawlings AV, Adnet C, Imfeld D, Voegeli R. Appearance of aging signs in differently pigmented facial skin by a novel imaging system. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:614-627. [PMID: 30381859 PMCID: PMC7379553 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Facial wrinkles, pores, and uneven skin tone are major beauty concerns. There is differential manifestation of aging signs in different ethnic groups. In this regard, studies on Black Africans from the African continent are scarce. Objective To investigate facial wrinkles, pores, and skin tone in Black African women from Mauritius Island and elucidate the differences to Caucasian women from France. Methods Facial images were taken using the imaging system ColorFace®. Wrinkles and pores were measured by their length, depth, surface, volume, and number; for skin tone, we measured L*a*b* and calculated ITA, IWANewtone, and color homogeneity. Results We found good correlations of wrinkle and pore scores with expert ranking done on ColorFace® images for Caucasians (Spearman's rho = 0.78 and 0.72) and Black Africans (Spearman's rho = 0.86 and 0.65). Caucasians showed more advanced facial signs of aging than Black Africans. Exceptions were vertical lines on upper lip and the depth of pores which were greatest for the Black African subjects. Black Africans had higher heterogeneity scores indicative for uneven skin tone. Luminance (L*) was significantly higher in Caucasians but a* and b* values were significantly higher in the Black African subjects. ITA and IWANewtone were significantly higher for Caucasians. Conclusions The high correlation between expert ranking and wrinkle and pore measurements prove ColorFace® a valid imaging system to study skin aging. Our results show that Africans from the African continent show delayed signs of aging compared to Caucasians. Some exceptions suggest that ethnic differences in facial aging are a complex phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Campiche
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Dominik Imfeld
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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Forehead Line Treatment With OnabotulinumtoxinA in Subjects With Forehead and Glabellar Facial Rhytids: A Phase 3 Study. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43 Suppl 3:S274-S284. [DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Flament F, Bazin R. Influences of age, ethnic group, and skin sites on a provisory skin marking, experimentally induced, in vivo. Skin Res Technol 2017; 24:180-186. [PMID: 29131424 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study capacity of skin to being imprinted by a marking head rapidly applied (10 seconds) onto the skin under a standardized pressure (15 kPa). MATERIAL AND METHODS Referential photographs of skin markings, resulting from different times of application serve at grading the extent of skin imprints. The imprinting tool, equipped with 5 linear bulbs of different sizes but same thickness (1 mm), was applied onto the cheeks of 641 women of different ages (18-80 years) of 3 different ethnic groups. In the cohort of 198 Caucasian women, the marking head was pressed onto 3 different sites (outer arm, cheek, and dorsal forearm) and the kinetics of skin recovery from cheek marking was recorded on a smaller and younger part of this Caucasian cohort, ie, 141 Caucasian women, aged 18-59 years. RESULTS The recorded intensities of skin markings were found highly correlated with age in all 3 studied ethnic groups (Chinese, African-American, and Caucasian). Caucasian women seem more sensitive to the marking and the kinetics of recovery from such imprint was found highly dependent from its intensity, ie, the higher the grades, the slower the recovery. In Caucasian women, intensities were different between skin sites, where arm showed higher resistance to marking. Possible impact of photo-aging on the decreased skin resistance to such provoked deformation is likely of minor amplitude, as compared to the one induced by chronological aging. CONCLUSION This method offers a new vision on skin aging, in its variable response to a standard deformation that appears mostly driven by chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Flament
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Paris, France
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24
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Flament F, Pierre J, Delhommeau K, Adam AS. How a working day-induced-tiredness may alter some facial signs in differently-aged Caucasian women. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 39:467-475. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Flament
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation; 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus 92110 Clichy France
| | - J. Pierre
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation; 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus 92110 Clichy France
| | - K. Delhommeau
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation; 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus 92110 Clichy France
| | - A. S. Adam
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation; 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus 92110 Clichy France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender is one of the most significant factors that influence facial anatomy and behavior, both key factors in the aging process. OBJECTIVE To review male facial anatomy, physiology, and behavior and how it contributes to sexual dimorphism in facial aging. METHODS A MEDLINE search was performed for publications on gender differences in facial anatomy, aging, cutaneous physiology, and behavior. RESULTS There are differences in both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors in men. Men have a thicker epidermis and dermis with more active cutaneous appendages including hair growth. Male skin has a reduced antioxidant capacity and increased ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression. The male face is larger and has a unique square shape with less subcutaneous soft tissue, especially at the medial cheek. Men are also more prone to smoking and exhibiting poor sun-protective behavior. The differences in intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors contribute to poor facial aging in men. Men develop more severe rhytides in a unique pattern, show increased periocular aging changes, and are more prone to hair loss. CONCLUSION This review provides insight into the factors contributing to accelerated male facial aging. Understanding gender differences in aging will help physicians tailor cosmetic treatments for men and minimize extrinsic aging factors.
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Anson G, Kane MAC, Lambros V. Sleep Wrinkles: Facial Aging and Facial Distortion During Sleep. Aesthet Surg J 2016; 36:931-40. [PMID: 27329660 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wrinkles are just one indicator of facial aging, but an indicator that is of prime importance in our world of facial aesthetics. Wrinkles occur where fault lines develop in aging skin. Those fault lines may be due to skin distortion resulting from facial expression or may be due to skin distortion from mechanical compression during sleep. Expression wrinkles and sleep wrinkles differ in etiology, location, and anatomical pattern. Compression, shear, and stress forces act on the face in lateral or prone sleep positions. We review the literature relating to the development of wrinkles and the biomechanical changes that occur in response to intrinsic and extrinsic influences. We explore the possibility that compression during sleep not only results in wrinkles but may also contribute to facial skin expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goesel Anson
- Dr Anson is a Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Dr Kane is a plastic surgeon in private practice in New York, NY. Dr Lambros is a Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Michael A C Kane
- Dr Anson is a Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Dr Kane is a plastic surgeon in private practice in New York, NY. Dr Lambros is a Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Val Lambros
- Dr Anson is a Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Dr Kane is a plastic surgeon in private practice in New York, NY. Dr Lambros is a Clinical Professor of Plastic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA
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27
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Hara Y, Hirao T, Iwai I. Facial expression under stiff stratum corneum leads to strain concentrations, followed by residual wrinkle formation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:66-71. [PMID: 27309128 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Computer simulation studies of skin models, which indicate skin compression in the same manner as facial expressions, have suggested that stratum corneum could control skin-folding patterns, which may play an essential role in wrinkle formation. However, it is not clear to what extent the mechanics of stratum corneum influence wrinkle formation in vivo. The aim of this study was to verify that stratum corneum could control strain distribution during facial expressions, which in turn leads to wrinkle formation. METHODS In experiments in vivo, volunteers were instructed to smile under 10% or 80% relative humidity (dry or humid conditions, respectively). Skin movement around their eye corners during smiling was captured by a high-speed video camera. Particle-tracking velocimetry was applied to video recordings to analyse skin strain distribution. Also, wrinkle volumes before or after smiling were measured using replicas. RESULTS With smiling under dry conditions, high strain was localized to form crease-shaped wrinkles whereas, under humid conditions, localized strain was dispersed. Furthermore, increased wrinkle volume after smiling was promoted under dry conditions. CONCLUSION Because exposure to dry or humid conditions in the short term could affect only stratum corneum mechanics, the present results indicated that stratum corneum could be considered to be responsible for localized strain during facial expressions. This strain is followed by residual wrinkle formation. Accumulation of residual wrinkles will produce permanent wrinkles in the long term. Improving the mechanics of stratum corneum might be an effective approach in wrinkle formation prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hara
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - T Hirao
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
| | - I Iwai
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8558, Japan
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28
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Nobile V, Buonocore D, Michelotti A, Marzatico F. Anti-aging and filling efficacy of six types hyaluronic acid based dermo-cosmetic treatment: double blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. J Cosmet Dermatol 2015; 13:277-87. [PMID: 25399620 PMCID: PMC4371636 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Human skin aging is a multifactorial and complex biological process affecting the different skin constituents. Even if the skin aging mechanism is not yet fully unravelled is evident that epidermis loses the principal molecule responsible for binding and retaining water molecules, resulting in loss of skin moisture and accounting for some of the most striking alterations of the aged skin. Objectives This Study investigated the cosmetic filling efficacy of Fillerina® in decreasing the skin aging signs and in improving facial volume deficiencies. Methods A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial was carried out on 40 healthy female subjects showing mild to moderate clinical signs of skin aging. The effect of the treatment on skin surface and on face volumes was assessed both in the short-term (3 h after a single product application) and in the long-term (7, 14, and 30 days after continuative daily use). Results Three hours after a single application and after 7, 14, and 30 days of treatment the lips volume was increased by 8.5%, 11.3%, 12.8%, and 14.2%. After 7, 14, and 30 days: (1) skin sagging of the face contours was decreased by −0.443 ± 0.286, −1.124 ± 0.511, and −1.326 ± 0.649 mm, respectively; (2) skin sagging of the cheekbones contours was decreased by −0.989 ± 0.585, −2.500 ± 0.929, and −2.517 ± 0.927 mm, respectively; (3) cheekbones volume was increased by 0.875 ± 0.519, 2.186 ± 0.781, and 2.275 ± 0.725 mm, respectively; (4) wrinkle volume was decreased by −11.3%, −18.4%, and −26.3%, respectively; and (5) wrinkle depth was decreased by −8.4%, −14.5%, and −21.8% respectively. Conclusion This study demonstrated the positive filling effect of Fillerina® in decreasing the clinical signs of skin aging and in improving the face volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Nobile
- Farcoderm Srl European Expertise Network for Wellness and Dermatology, San Martino Siccomario, Pavia, Italy
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29
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Flament F, Bazin R, Piot B. Influence of gravity upon some facial signs. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:291-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Flament
- Department of Applied Research and Development; L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Chevilly-Larue France
| | | | - B. Piot
- Department of Applied Research and Development; L'Oréal Research and Innovation; Chevilly-Larue France
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30
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Shiihara Y, Sato M, Hara Y, Iwai I, Yoshikawa N. Microrelief suppresses large wrinkling appearance: an in silico study. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:184-91. [PMID: 25470358 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Extensive skin wrinkling during facial expressions is one of the considerable problems in aesthetic dermatology. Although a few in silico studies have been performed with the aim of revealing the mechanism of a wrinkled appearance, there have been few studies that take into account the influence of skin roughness (i.e. microrelief), which exists on human skin in vivo. In this study, finite element simulations were performed using multilayer skin models with microrelief to investigate how extensive wrinkling appears on human skin, especially focusing on the role of surface roughness in the wrinkling mechanism. METHODS Linear and post-buckling analyses were performed on soft elastic laminate models using the finite element method. A simplified multilayer model of human skin was employed to examine the contribution of skin's multilayer structure to the large-wrinkle mechanism. Microrelief was included in the model to assess its effect on the mechanism. RESULTS A large wrinkle was observed as dermal buckling following a number of buckling events on the stratum corneum. The existence of microrelief had an effect on the suppression of dermal buckling. CONCLUSION Skin's multilayer structure should play a major role in the appearance of large wrinkles on human skin via its post-buckling behavior. This study suggested that fine microrelief on the skin surface hampers large wrinkles. These findings should be valuable for the development of cosmetic or medical treatments to prevent unfavorable skin deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shiihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Haghighatnama M, Haghi AM. Determination of the axial and circumferential mechanical properties of the skin tissue using experimental testing and constitutive modeling. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2014; 18:1768-74. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2014.961441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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KARIMI ALIREZA, FATURECHI RAHIM, NAVIDBAKHSH MAHDI, HASHEMI SEYYEDATAOLLAH. A NONLINEAR HYPERELASTIC BEHAVIOR TO IDENTIFY THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RAT SKIN UNDER UNIAXIAL LOADING. J MECH MED BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519414500754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin is a thin membrane which provides many biological functions, such as thermoregulation and protection from mechanical, bacterial, and viral insults. The mechanical properties of skin tissue are extremely hard to measure and may vary according to the anatomical locations of a body. However, the mechanical properties of skin at different anatomical regions have not been satisfactorily simulated by conventional engineering models. In this study, the linear elastic and nonlinear hyperelastic mechanical properties of rat skin at different anatomical locations, including back and abdomen, are investigated using a series of tensile tests. The Young's modulus and maximum stress of skin tissue are measured before the incidence of failure. The nonlinear mechanical behavior of skin tissue is also experimentally and computationally investigated through constitutive equations. Hyperelastic strain energy density functions are adjusted using the experimental results. A hyperelastic constitutive model is selected to suitably represent the axial behavior of the skin. The results reveal that the maximum stress (20%) and Young's modulus (35%) of back skin are significantly higher than that of abdomen skin. The Ogden model is selected to closely address the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the skin which can be used in further biomechanical simulations of the skin tissue. The results might have implications not only for understanding of the mechanical behavior of skin tissue at different anatomical locations, but also to give an engineering insight for a diversity of disciplines, such as dermatology, cosmetics industry, clinical decision making, and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALIREZA KARIMI
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran
| | - RAHIM FATURECHI
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875, Iran
- Physico-Mechanical Characterization of Biomaterials Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875, Iran
| | - MAHDI NAVIDBAKHSH
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846, Iran
| | - SEYYED ATAOLLAH HASHEMI
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875, Iran
- Physico-Mechanical Characterization of Biomaterials Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875, Iran
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33
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Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M. Measurement of the uniaxial mechanical properties of rat skin using different stress-strain definitions. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:149-57. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Karimi
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory; School of Mechanical Engineering; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Navidbakhsh
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Biological Systems Research Laboratory; School of Mechanical Engineering; Iran University of Science and Technology; Tehran Iran
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Kim EJ, Han JY, Lee HK, He QQ, Cho JC, Wei L, Wang X, Li L, Wei L, Liang H, Gao X, Kim BJ, Nam GW. Effect of the regional environment on the skin properties and the early wrinkles in young Chinese women. Skin Res Technol 2014; 20:498-502. [PMID: 24665994 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Kim
- Skin Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D CENTER; Yongin Korea
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - J. Y. Han
- Skin Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D CENTER; Yongin Korea
| | - H. K. Lee
- Skin Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D CENTER; Yongin Korea
| | - Q. Q. He
- AMORE PACIFIC Shanghai R&I CENTER; Shanghai China
| | - J. C. Cho
- Skin Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D CENTER; Yongin Korea
| | - L. Wei
- Department of Dermatology; the General Hospital of Air Force; Beijing China
| | - X. Wang
- Skin & Cosmetic Research Department; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - L. Li
- Department of Dermato-Venereology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - L. Wei
- Department of Dermatology; the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - H. Liang
- Department of Dermatology; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - X. Gao
- National Key Department of Dermatology & Venereology; the First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - B. J. Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Chung-Ang University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - G. W. Nam
- Skin Research Institute; Amorepacific R&D CENTER; Yongin Korea
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Arai KY, Sugimoto M, Ito K, Ogura Y, Akutsu N, Amano S, Adachi E, Nishiyama T. Repeated folding stress-induced morphological changes in the dermal equivalent. Skin Res Technol 2014; 20:399-408. [PMID: 24506301 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Repeated mechanical stresses applied to the same region of the skin are thought to induce morphological changes known as wrinkle. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To study the mechanisms, we examined effects of repeated mechanical stress on the dermal equivalent. METHODS We developed a novel device to apply repeated folding stress to the dermal equivalent. After applying the mechanical stress, morphological changes of the dermal equivalent and expression of several genes related to extracellular matrix turn over and cell contraction were examined. RESULTS The repeated folding stress induced a noticeable decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent. The mechanical stress altered orientations of collagen fibrils. Hydroxyproline contents, dry weights and cell viability of the dermal equivalents were not affected by the mechanical stress. On the other hand, Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase (ROCK) specific inhibitor Y27632 completely suppressed the decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent. CONCLUSION The present results revealed that either degradation of collagen or changes in the number of cells were not responsible for the decrease in the width of the dermal equivalent and indicate that the repeated mechanical stress induces unidirectional contraction in the dermal equivalent through the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Y Arai
- Scleroprotein Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Light and electron microscopy have not identified a distinct anatomical structure associated with either skin wrinkles or creases, and a histological difference between wrinkled and adjacent skin has not been identified. OBJECTIVES The authors investigate whether facial wrinkles are related to underlying lymphatic vessels and perilymphatic fat. METHODS Lymphatic vessels with a specialized tube of perilymphatic fat were identified beneath palmar creases. Sections of skin, adipose tissue, and muscle were harvested from each of 13 cadavers. Three sites were investigated: the transverse forehead crease, lateral orbicularis oculi wrinkle (crow's feet), and the nasojugal crease. The tissue was paraffin embedded and processed. Two-step indirect immunohistochemistry was performed, and images were examined using laser confocal microscopy. Measurements were taken with software. RESULTS Every wrinkle examined was found above and within ±1 mm of a major lymphatic vessel and its surrounding tube of adipose tissue. The results satisfied our null hypothesis and were statistically significant. Lymphatic vessels were identified by positive immunofluorescence as well as histological criteria. These findings have been further validated by fluorochrome tracer studies. CONCLUSIONS An anatomical basis for wrinkles was identified among the specimens studied. Lymphatic vessels, along with the surrounding distinct perilymphatic fat, traveled directly beneath wrinkles and creases. Lymphatic dysregulation leads to inflammation, scarring, and fibrosis, but inadvertent injection of these vessels can be avoided with anatomical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Pessa
- Dr Pessa is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Abilene, Texas
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Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M. Quantification of age-related facial wrinkles in men and women using a three-dimensional fringe projection method and validated assessment scales. Dermatol Surg 2013; 40:22-32. [PMID: 24267416 DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas the molecular mechanisms of skin aging are well understood, little information is available concerning the clinical onset and lifetime development of facial wrinkles. OBJECTIVES To perform the first systematic evaluation of the lifetime development of facial wrinkles and sex-specific differences using three-dimensional (3D) imaging and clinical rating. METHODS 200 men and women aged 20 to 70 were selected. Wrinkle severity of periorbital, glabellar, and forehead lines was evaluated using 3D imaging and validated assessment scales. RESULTS Wrinkle severity was greater at all assessed locations with older age. In men, wrinkles manifested earlier and were more severe than in women. In women, periorbital lines were the first visible wrinkles, in contrast to the forehead lines in men. In both sexes, glabellar lines did not clinically manifest before the age of 40. CONCLUSION The results of the present study confirm a progressive increase of crow's feet and forehead and glabellar lines in men and women. Although the development of facial wrinkles happens earlier and is more severe in men, perimenopause seems to particularly affect development in women. Clinical ratings and 3D measurements are suitable methods to assess facial wrinkle severity in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Luebberding
- Division of Cosmetic Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M. Mechanical properties of human skin in vivo: a comparative evaluation in 300 men and women. Skin Res Technol 2013; 20:127-35. [PMID: 23889488 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the clinical genesis and onset of facial wrinkles as well as the morphology of the extracellular matrix differ between the sexes. The aim of this present clinical study was to do the first systematic assessment of gender-related differences in skin elasticity, with special focus on age-related changes. MATERIAL AND METHODS 300 healthy male and female subjects (20-74 years) were selected following strict criteria including age, sun behavior or smoking habits. Skin mechanical properties were assessed at the cheek, neck, volar forearm and dorsum of the hand using a non-invasive suction device. RESULTS Data analysis shows a significant negative correlation for all parameters and subject's age. At young age results of the relative parameters are higher for women, whereas absolute parameters are higher for men. Parameters referring to the recovery phase change stronger with aging. DISCUSSION The present study verifies the progressive decline of the skin mechanical properties with aging. However, the elastic ability of the skin to recover after stretching is more strongly affected by the aging process than the firmness of the skin. Further, the mechanical properties change differently in men and woman over lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luebberding
- Division of Cosmetic Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Rawlings AV, Stephens TJ, Herndon JH, Miller M, Liu Y, Lombard K. The effect of a vitamin A palmitate and antioxidant-containing oil-based moisturizer on photodamaged skin of several body sites. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12:25-35. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monae Miller
- Thomas J. Stephens & Associates Inc; Dallas Texas USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Thomas J. Stephens & Associates Inc; Dallas Texas USA
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40
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Tsukahara K, Osanai O, Kitahara T, Takema Y. Seasonal and annual variation in the intensity of facial wrinkles. Skin Res Technol 2013; 19:279-87. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Tsukahara
- R&D Biological Science Research; Kao Corporation; 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| | - Osamu Osanai
- R&D Biological Science Research; Kao Corporation; 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| | - Takashi Kitahara
- R&D Biological Science Research; Kao Corporation; 2606, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun Tochigi 321-3497 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takema
- R&D Global; Kao Corporation; 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida-ku Tokyo 131-8501 Japan
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Poljsak B, Godic A, Lampe T, Dahmane R. The influence of the sleeping on the formation of facial wrinkles. J COSMET LASER THER 2012; 14:133-8. [PMID: 22506801 DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2012.685563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study addressed the influence of sleep as an important but overlooked contributory factor to the formation and progression of facial wrinkles and an alternative pillow was designed to reduce them. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen healthy young participants of both sexes (aged 26-42 years) volunteered for this study. We used a transparent PVC pillow filled with air to demonstrate mechanical forces and deformations of the face as a consequence of sleeping on a pillow. We used a Podometer (PDMTR) (integrated fluorescent luminaire lamp) as a diagnostic device to visualize and to document the imprint of facial deformities on a glass, as seen during sleeping. RESULTS We observed various facial deformities and wrinkles during sleep ('crow's feet' fine lines, lines around the mouth, flattening of the forehead, blunting of the nasofrontal angle, melolabial and nasolabial folds) and design an alternative pillow to reduce them by redistributing the pressure from the wrinkling parts of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljsak
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Fujimura T. Investigation of the relationship between wrinkle formation and deformation of the skin using three-dimensional motion analysis. Skin Res Technol 2012; 19:e318-24. [PMID: 22724632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2012.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there have been many studies investigating facial movements using three-dimensional (3D) quantitative analysis, the possible relationship between the levels of wrinkles and the movement distance of facial skin has previously not been reported. METHOD Forty-four healthy Japanese women (from 20 to 50 years, average = 47.7 ± 3.6 years) were recruited for this study with written informed consent. Infrared reflective marks were attached on their forehead skin, and then moving images of facial skin motions (raising the eyebrows) were captured using two infrared cameras under infrared ray irradiation. Calibration for the absolute value of distance was established using an exact one-point 3-m cube having infrared reflective marks at each apex. The two pupils and the top of the nose were setup as fixed standard points. 3D motion analysis was then carried out using Move-tr/3D(™) software to determine the absolute distances of skin surface movements. Levels of wrinkles were determined using a 3D roughness analyzer (PRIMOS) directly at rest and when raising the eyebrows. RESULTS The wrinkle levels at rest showed a relatively high and significant correlation with wrinkles when strongly raising the eyebrows. Although the wrinkle levels at rest showed no correlation with the movement distance, the wrinkle levels when raising the eyebrows showed a significant correlation with the movement distance. The ratio of change based on the distance between the marks at rest and when raising the eyebrows showed similar correlation results. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that both the levels of skin deformation caused by movements and the wrinkles at rest are important factors that determine the wrinkle level when raising the eyebrows. However, the level of skin deformation is not important for wrinkle levels at rest, which indicates that other factors such as skin elasticity are also important for the formation of wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Fujimura
- Biological Science Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan.
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Choi JW, Kwon SH, Huh CH, Park KC, Youn SW. The influences of skin visco-elasticity, hydration level and aging on the formation of wrinkles: a comprehensive and objective approach. Skin Res Technol 2012; 19:e349-55. [PMID: 22672420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2012.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various skin parameters including skin visco-elasticity and hydration level affect the formation of wrinkles. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the comprehensive and objective relationship between age, skin visco-elasticity, hydration level, and the occurrence of wrinkles using bioengineering equipments for the first time. METHODS A total number of 97 healthy women were included in this study. Age, Fitzpatrick skin type, skin mechanical parameters obtained with Cutometer(R0~R9), hydration level measured with Corneometer, as well as wrinkle parameters (SEsm, SEr, SEsc, and SEw) assessed with Visioscan, were analyzed with the Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS The skin fluidity (R6) increased while the elastic recovery ratio (R7) decreased with the age. The wrinkle parameter (SEw) also increased with the age. The higher skin hysteresis values (R4 and R9) coincided with the higher SEw values. Skin hydration significantly lowered the hysteresis (R9), the wrinkles (SEw), and the depth of wrinkle furrows (R3mr). CONCLUSION The elderly have less elastic skin and more wrinkles. Skin hysteresis most closely related with the degree of wrinkles. Drier skin showed more wrinkles and deeper furrows, with wider intervals. On the basis of these objective findings, we propose several skin parameters associated with wrinkles, and hypothesize the mechanism of wrinkle generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
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Kuwazuru O, Miyamoto K, Yoshikawa N, Imayama S. Skin wrinkling morphology changes suddenly in the early 30s. Skin Res Technol 2012; 18:495-503. [PMID: 22233477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2011.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Does the morphology of wrinkles alter gradually with aging or suddenly at a certain age? On the basis of the theoretic wrinkle simulation of ideal skin, we have suggested that the wrinkle morphology suddenly changes from stratum corneum wrinkling to epidermis wrinkling; the former induces shallow fine furrows, and the latter induces deep prominent wrinkles. To examine the existence of drastic change in wrinkling morphology, we developed a new measurement system for facial skin wrinkling test. METHODS The mechanical compression test of facial skin was carried out for 102 Japanese women aged 25-56 years. The test was performed on the right temple area skin, and the area of wrinkles induced by the compression was measured using a digital video camera. The rate of increase in wrinkle area during compression was defined as the skin wrinkling rate, and it was calculated for all subjects automatically by image processing. RESULTS The test results showed that the skin wrinkling rate underwent a step increase at the age 33, which means that the wrinkling morphologies of young and old skins are completely different, and so it changes suddenly in the early 30s. CONCLUSION A new skin measurement system was developed to validate our theory of wrinkle formation mechanism with aging. The results demonstrated the wrinkling morphology changes suddenly at early 30s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kuwazuru
- Department of Nuclear Power & Energy Safety Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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Chang ALS, Lingala B, Chang TC, Kern DG, Wood SM, Toyoda H, Knaggs HE. An exploratory study to determine the association between assessed facial skin aging and plasma isoprostane levels in middle-aged Japanese women. Dermatol Surg 2011; 38:462-70. [PMID: 22141590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the central mechanisms of aging is hypothesized to be oxidative stress. Quantification of oxidative stress in human organ systems has been difficult. One of the best methods is using plasma isoprostane levels, which have been shown to reflect oxidative stress in multiple nondermatologic organ systems. OBJECTIVE To determine whether severity of aging of human skin is associated with plasma isoprostane levels, specifically prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and 8-iso-PGF2a while controlling for covariates such as body mass index, ultraviolet light exposure, diet, medication, supplement use, and stress levels. METHODS AND MATERIALS Facial skin aging assessments performed by four blinded dermatologists were correlated with plasma isoprostane levels in 46 healthy, nonsmoking Japanese women aged 45 to 60. RESULTS Individuals whose assessed skin age exceeded chronological age had mean plasma isoprostane levels of PGF2a and 8-iso-PGF2a that were higher than those whose skin age was assessed to be less than chronological age (p = .001 and .001, respectively). These results remained statistically significant when adjusted for confounding variables (8-iso-PGF2a, p = .02; PGF2a, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Plasma isoprostanes as markers of accelerated aging of the skin merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lynn S Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California 94063, USA.
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Miyamoto K, Inoue Y, Hsueh K, Liang Z, Yan X, Yoshii T, Furue M. Characterization of comprehensive appearances of skin ageing: an 11-year longitudinal study on facial skin ageing in Japanese females at Akita. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:229-36. [PMID: 22015051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial appearance is regarded as a typical index of ageing. However, people of the same age do not necessarily show the same degree of the facial appearance. The ageing of facial skin proceeds relatively slowly and therefore requires long-term follow-up to elucidate the mechanism of ageing changes. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify facial skin parameters contributing the subjective impression of the overall ageing and characterize the degree of skin ageing by a 11 year longitudinal skin monitoring. METHODS One-hundred-eight healthy Japanese females excluded outside workers aged 5-64 at 1999, and lived in Akita, Japan till 2010 were enrolled. Facial images were collected to quantify various skin optical parameters. Skin colour, hydration and barrier function were measured with Chromameter, Corneometer and TEWAmeter, respectively. The visual evaluation of the overall facial skin ageing impression was also carried out. The skin parameters contributing visible impression of skin ageing were identified by variable importance in projection analysis, and the degree of facial skin ageing over 11 years was statistically classified by a cluster analysis. RESULTS Facial skin parameters that comprehensively influenced visible skin ageing, including hyperpigmented spots, wrinkles and texture were studied. The Skin Ageing Score calculated from these three skin factors was used to classify the subjects into a mild, age-appropriate, and severe skin ageing group. The mild skin ageing group maintained significant better both skin optical and physical conditions. CONCLUSIONS Variability and classification of the degree of facial skin ageing appearance were studied from this longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukizo Miyamoto
- Prestige and Female Beauty R&D, P&G Innovation Godo Kaisha, 1-17 Koyo-cho Naka, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0032, Japan.
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Flynn C, Taberner A, Nielsen P. Measurement of the force–displacement response of in vivo human skin under a rich set of deformations. Med Eng Phys 2011; 33:610-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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