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Wang S, Elmgren JK, Eisfeldt J, Asad S, Ek M, Bilcha K, Befekadu A, Wahlgren CF, Nordenskjöld M, Taylan F, Tapia-Paez I, Bradley M. Uncommon Variants in FLG2 and NOD2 Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis in the Ethiopian Population. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100284. [PMID: 38859976 PMCID: PMC11163169 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2024.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants in the FLG gene have been identified as the strongest cause of susceptibility to atopic dermatitis (AD) in Europeans and Asians. However, very little is known about the genetic etiology behind AD in African populations, where the prevalence of AD is notably high. We sought to investigate the genetic origins of AD by performing whole-genome sequencing in an Ethiopian family with 12 individuals and several affected in different generations. We identified 2 variants within FLG2 (p.D13Y) and NOD2 (p.A918S) genes cosegregating with AD in the affected individuals. Further genotyping analyses in both Ethiopian and Swedish AD cases and controls revealed a significant association with the FLG2 variant (p.D13Y, P < .0013) only in the Ethiopian cohort. However, the NOD2 variant (p.A918S) did not show any association in our Ethiopian cohort. Instead, 2 previously recognized NOD2 variants (p.A849V, P < .0085 and p.G908R, P < .0036) were significantly associated with AD in our Ethiopian cohort. Our study indicates that the FLG2 and NOD2 genes might be important in the etiology of AD in Ethiopians. Additional genetic and functional studies are needed to confirm the role of these genes and the associated variants into the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailan Wang
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia K. Elmgren
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eisfeldt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samina Asad
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marlene Ek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kassahun Bilcha
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Faculty of Medicine, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
- U.S. Dermatology Partners, Dulles, Virginia, USA
| | - Annisa Befekadu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Faculty of Medicine, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Carl-Fredrik Wahlgren
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Tapia-Paez
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bradley
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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NOD2 Signaling Circuitry during Allergen Sensitization Does Not Worsen Experimental Neutrophilic Asthma but Promotes a Th2/Th17 Profile in Asthma Patients but Not Healthy Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911894. [PMID: 36233196 PMCID: PMC9569442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) recognizes pathogens associated with the development of asthma. Moreover, NOD2 adjuvants are used in vaccine design to boost immune responses. Muramyl di-peptide (MDP) is a NOD2 ligand, which is able to promote Th2/Th17 responses. Furthermore, polymorphisms of the NOD2 receptor are associated with allergy and asthma development. This study aimed to evaluate if MDP given as an adjuvant during allergen sensitization may worsen the development of Th2/Th17 responses. We used a mouse model of Th2/Th17-type allergic neutrophil airway inflammation (AAI) to dog allergen, with in vitro polarization of human naive T cells by dendritic cells (DC) from healthy and dog-allergic asthma subjects. In the mouse model, intranasal co-administration of MDP did not modify the AAI parameters, including Th2/Th17-type lung inflammation. In humans, MDP co-stimulation of allergen-primed DC did not change the polarization profile of T cells in healthy subjects but elicited a Th2/Th17 profile in asthma subjects, as compared with MDP alone. These results support the idea that NOD2 may not be involved in the infection-related development of asthma and that, while care has to be taken in asthma patients, NOD2 adjuvants might be used in non-sensitized individuals.
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Alvarez-Simon D, Ait Yahia S, de Nadai P, Audousset C, Chamaillard M, Boneca IG, Tsicopoulos A. NOD-like receptors in asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928886. [PMID: 36189256 PMCID: PMC9515552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an extremely prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the airway where innate and adaptive immune systems participate collectively with epithelial and other structural cells to cause airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus overproduction, airway narrowing, and remodeling. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of intracellular innate immune sensors that detect microbe-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns, well-recognized for their central roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and host defense against bacteria, viruses and fungi. In recent times, NLRs have been increasingly acknowledged as much more than innate sensors and have emerged also as relevant players in diseases classically defined by their adaptive immune responses such as asthma. In this review article, we discuss the current knowledge and recent developments about NLR expression, activation and function in relation to asthma and examine the potential interventions in NLR signaling as asthma immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alvarez-Simon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Saliha Ait Yahia
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Patricia de Nadai
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Audousset
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, INSERM U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 6047, INSERM U1306, Unité Biologie et génétique de la paroi bactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Anne Tsicopoulos
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Tsicopoulos,
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Ghalandary M, Li Y, Fröhlich T, Magg T, Liu Y, Rohlfs M, Hollizeck S, Conca R, Schwerd T, Uhlig HH, Bufler P, Koletzko S, Muise AM, Snapper SB, Hauck F, Klein C, Kotlarz D. Valosin-containing protein-regulated endoplasmic reticulum stress causes NOD2-dependent inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3906. [PMID: 35273242 PMCID: PMC8913691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD2 polymorphisms may affect sensing of the bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and trigger perturbed inflammatory responses. Genetic screening of a patient with immunodeficiency and enteropathy revealed a rare homozygous missense mutation in the first CARD domain of NOD2 (ENST00000300589; c.160G > A, p.E54K). Biochemical assays confirmed impaired NOD2-dependent signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in patient's cells and heterologous cellular models with overexpression of the NOD2 mutant. Immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry unveiled the ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP) as novel interaction partner of wildtype NOD2, while the binding to the NOD2 variant p.E54K was abrogated. Knockdown of VCP in coloncarcinoma cells led to impaired NF-κB activity and IL8 expression upon MDP stimulation. In contrast, tunicamycin-induced ER stress resulted in increased IL8, CXCL1, and CXCL2 production in cells with knockdown of VCP, while enhanced expression of these proinflammatory molecules was abolished upon knockout of NOD2. Taken together, these data suggest that VCP-mediated inflammatory responses upon ER stress are NOD2-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghalandary
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Yue Li
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Magg
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Yanshan Liu
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Meino Rohlfs
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hollizeck
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Raffaele Conca
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Pediatrics, and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Bufler
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Collegium, Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
- VEO-IBD Consortium, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1A8, Canada
| | - Scott B Snapper
- VEO-IBD Consortium, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fabian Hauck
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
- VEO-IBD Consortium, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
- Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Deutsche Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany.
- VEO-IBD Consortium, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany.
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Strong association of common variants in the miRNA-binding site of NOD2 gene with clinicopathological characteristics and disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:4559-4567. [PMID: 34173079 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease, in which genetic susceptibility plays a pivotal role. The nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) gene is one of the main regulators of chronic inflammatory conditions and could be involved in SLE pathogenesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA binding sites which are located in 3'UTR of the NOD2 gene could be associated with SLE risk by dysregulation of NOD2 expression. In the present study, we assessed the possible association between SNPs rs3135500 and rs3135499 in the NOD2 gene with SLE risk in the Iranian population. METHODS A case-control study using 110 SLE patients and 120 control subjects was undertaken to estimate rs3135500 (G > A) and rs3135499 (A > C) genotypes via real-time PCR high-resolution melting method (HRM). RESULTS No significant association was observed between allele and genotype frequencies of rs3135500 and rs3135499 polymorphisms and SLE risk in this population (P > 0.05). However, there was an obvious association between rs3135500 (A allele) with laboratory factors that are associated with disease activity (P < 0.05) and some clinical manifestations that are associated with disease severity such as neurological symptoms, skin manifestations, renal involvements, and higher serum concentration of creatinine (P < 0.05). Besides, rs3135499 (C allele) was correlated with renal involvement and also the concentration of creatinine (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the patients group, the risk alleles in these polymorphisms were associated with lower age of onset (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a substantial association between NOD2 polymorphisms with clinicopathological characteristics and SLE disease activity. Key Points • Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA binding sites which are located in 3'UTR of the NOD2 gene could be associated with SLE risk by dysregulation of NOD2 expression. • Our results suggested that two miRSNPs (rs3135500 and rs3135499) in the NOD2 gene were meaningfully correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and disease activity of SLE.
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Tsang MSM, Hou T, Chan BCL, Wong CK. Immunological Roles of NLR in Allergic Diseases and Its Underlying Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1507. [PMID: 33546184 PMCID: PMC7913164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding on the immunological roles of pathogen recognition in innate immunity has vastly increased over the past 20 years. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLR) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that are responsible for sensing microbial motifs and endogenous damage signals in mammalian cytosol for immune surveillance and host defense. The accumulating discoveries on these NLR sensors in allergic diseases suggest that the pathogenesis of allergic diseases may not be confined to the adaptive immune response. Therapy targeting NLR in murine models also shields light on its potential in the treatment of allergies in man. In this review, we herein summarize the recent understanding of the role of NLR sensors and their molecular mechanisms involved in allergic inflammation, including atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.S.-M.T.); (T.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Tianheng Hou
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.S.-M.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Ben Chung-Lap Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.S.-M.T.); (T.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Trindade BC, Chen GY. NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:139-161. [PMID: 32677123 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognized that NOD1 and NOD2 are critical players in the host immune response, primarily by their sensing bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs. Significant advances have been made from efforts that characterize their upstream activators, assembly of signaling complexes, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Disruption in NOD1 and NOD2 signaling has also been associated with impaired host defense and resistance to the development of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 sense microbes and cellular stress to regulate host responses that can affect disease pathogenesis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Trindade
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Grace Y Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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8
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Cai X, Xu Q, Zhou C, Zhou L, Dai W, Ji G. The association of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 gene polymorphisms with the risk of asthma in the Chinese Han population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00675. [PMID: 30950247 PMCID: PMC6565575 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic background is one of the important risk factors for development of asthma. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) has been involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between NOD2 gene polymorphisms and asthma susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. METHODS Children with asthma (n = 309) and Healthy children (n = 163) were recruited from Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China, between January 2016 and December 2017. The NOD2 gene polymorphisms were measured by the Snapshot SNP genotyping assays. Genotyping was performed for 4 tag SNPs of NOD2. Serum IFN-β levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The serum IFN-β levels were significantly lower in Asthmatic children than those in the controls (p < 0.001). Low levels of IFN-β may be related to the susceptibility to severe asthma. The rs3135499 C allele was associated with a significantly increased risk of asthma as compared with the rs3135499 A allele. CONCLUSION The rs3135499 polymorphism of NOD2 gene and IFN-β may play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulong Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Qiaolan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Chenrong Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Weihua Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Guanchi Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
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Miller MH, Shehat MG, Alcedo KP, Spinel LP, Soulakova J, Tigno-Aranjuez JT. Frontline Science: RIP2 promotes house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:447-459. [PMID: 30052281 PMCID: PMC6113092 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi0118-017rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
House dust mites (HDMs) are one of the most significant environmental allergens in the establishment of the so-called "Atopic March." It is known that the immune response to HDM is Th2 dominant, but the innate mechanisms leading to HDM-induced type 2 responses are still not completely understood. A number of innate immune receptors have been implicated in the response to HDM including toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and protease activated receptors. NOD2 is a member of the NOD-like receptor family, which has been reported to be involved in the establishment of type 2 immunity and in blocking respiratory tolerance. NOD2 mediates its effects through its downstream effector kinase, receptor interacting protein (RIP2). It has not been shown if RIP2 is involved in the innate response to HDM and in the resulting generation of type 2 immunity. Furthermore, the role of RIP2 in modulating allergic airway inflammation has been controversial. In this study, we show that RIP2 is activated in airway epithelial cells in response to HDM and is important for the production of CCL2. Using a murine HDM asthma model, we demonstrate that lung pathology, local airway inflammation, inflammatory cytokines, HDM-specific IgG1 antibody production, and HDM-specific Th2 responses are all reduced in RIP2 knockout mice compared to WT animals. These data illustrate that RIP2 can be activated by a relevant allergic stimulus and that such activation can contribute to allergic airway inflammation. These findings also suggest that RIP2 inhibitors might have some efficacy in down-regulating the inflammatory response in type 2 dominated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn H Miller
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G Shehat
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Karel P Alcedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lina P Spinel
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Julia Soulakova
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Justine T Tigno-Aranjuez
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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10
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Icduygu FM, Erdogan MO, Ulasli SS, Yildiz HG, Celik ZS, Unlu M, Solak M. Is There an Association Between NOD2 Gene Polymorphisms and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Progression? INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2017.1351118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Mutlu Icduygu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun, 28100, Turkey
| | - Mujgan Ozdemir Erdogan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, 03200, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Sarinc Ulasli
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Handan Gonenli Yildiz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, 03200, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Sonmez Celik
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Eskisehir State Hospital, Eskisehir, 26060 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Unlu
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, 03200, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Solak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, 03200, Turkey
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11
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Singh DP, Bagam P, Sahoo MK, Batra S. Immune-related gene polymorphisms in pulmonary diseases. Toxicology 2017; 383:24-39. [PMID: 28366820 PMCID: PMC5464945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Between the DNA sequences of two randomly-selected human genomes, which consist of over 3 billion base pairs and twenty five thousand genes, there exists only 0.1% variation and 99.9% sequence identity. During the last couple of decades, extensive genome-wide studies have investigated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common DNA variations, and susceptibility to various diseases. Because the immune system's primary function is to defend against myriad infectious agents and diseases, the large number of people who escape serious infectious diseases underscores the tremendous success of this system at this task. In fact, out of the third of the global human population infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis during their lifetime, only a few people develop active disease, and a heavy chain smoker may inexplicably escape all symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and other smoke-associated lung diseases. This may be attributable to the genetic makeup of the individual(s), including their SNPs, which provide some resistance to the disease. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), transcription factors, cytokines and chemokines all play critical roles in orchestrating immune responses and their expression/activation is directly linked to human disease tolerance. Moreover, genetic variations present in the immune-response genes of various ethnicities may explain the huge differences in individual outcomes to various diseases and following exposure to infectious agents. The current review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of pulmonary diseases and the relationship of genetic variations in immune response genes to these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra P Singh
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, United States
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, United States
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, United States
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, United States.
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12
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Zaniboni MC, Samorano LP, Orfali RL, Aoki V. Skin barrier in atopic dermatitis: beyond filaggrin. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:472-8. [PMID: 27579743 PMCID: PMC4999106 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a complex
pathogenesis, where changes in skin barrier and imbalance of the immune system
are relevant factors. The skin forms a mechanic and immune barrier, regulating
water loss from the internal to the external environment, and protecting the
individual from external aggressions, such as microorganisms, ultraviolet
radiation and physical trauma. Main components of the skin barrier are located
in the outer layers of the epidermis (such as filaggrin), the proteins that form
the tight junction (TJ) and components of the innate immune system. Recent data
involving skin barrier reveal new information regarding its structure and its
role in the mechanic-immunological defense; atopic dermatitis (AD) is an example
of a disease related to dysfunctions associated with this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valéria Aoki
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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13
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Liang Y, Chang C, Lu Q. The Genetics and Epigenetics of Atopic Dermatitis-Filaggrin and Other Polymorphisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 51:315-328. [PMID: 26385242 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic evidences depict a complex network comprising by epidermal barrier dysfunctions and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of AD. Mutations in the human filaggrin gene (FLG) are the most significant and well-replicated genetic mutation associated with AD, and other mutations associated with epidermal barriers such as SPINK5, FLG-2, SPRR3, and CLDN1 have all been linked to AD. Gene variants may also contribute to the abnormal innate and adaptive responses found in AD, including mutations in PRRs and AMPs, TSLP and TSLPR, IL-1 family cytokines and receptors genes, vitamin D pathway genes, FCER1A, and Th2 and other cytokines genes. GWAS and Immunochip analysis have identified a total of 19 susceptibility loci for AD. Candidate genes at these susceptibility loci identified by GWAS and Immunochip analysis also suggest roles for epidermal barrier functions, innate and adaptive immunity, interleukin-1 family signaling, regulatory T cells, the vitamin D pathway, and the nerve growth factor pathway in the pathogenesis of AD. Increasing evidences show the modern lifestyle (i.e., the hygiene hypothesis, Western diet) and other environmental factors such as pollution and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) lead to the increasing prevalence of AD with the development of industrialization. Epigenetic alterations in response to these environmental factors, including DNA methylation and microRNA related to immune system and skin barriers, have been found to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Genetic variants and epigenetic alteration might be the key tools for the molecular taxonomy of AD and provide the background for the personalized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics & Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics & Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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14
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Park KD, Pak SC, Park KK. The Pathogenetic Effect of Natural and Bacterial Toxins on Atopic Dermatitis. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 9:toxins9010003. [PMID: 28025545 PMCID: PMC5299398 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic skin disease that is associated with chronic, recurrent eczematous and pruritic lesions at the flexural folds caused by interacting factors related to environmental and immune system changes. AD results in dry skin, and immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic reactions to foods and environmental allergens. While steroids and anti-histamines temporarily relieve the symptoms of AD, the possibility of side effects from pharmacological interventions remains. Despite intensive research, the underlying mechanisms for AD have not been clarified. A study of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) established the role of its toxins in the pathogenesis of AD. Approximately 90% of patients with AD experience S. aureus colonization and up to 50%–60% of the colonizing S. aureus is toxin-producing. Any damage to the protective skin barrier allows for the entry of invading allergens and pathogens that further drive the pathogenesis of AD. Some natural toxins (or their components) that have therapeutic effects on AD have been studied. In addition, recent studies on inflammasomes as one component of the innate immune system have been carried out. Additionally, studies on the close relationship between the activation of inflammasomes and toxins in AD have been reported. This review highlights the literature that discusses the pathogenesis of AD, the role of toxins in AD, and the positive and negative effects of toxins on AD. Lastly, suggestions are made regarding the role of inflammasomes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Duck Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst NSW 2795, Australia.
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33, Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
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15
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Global gene regulation during activation of immunoglobulin class switching in human B cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37988. [PMID: 27897229 PMCID: PMC5126563 DOI: 10.1038/srep37988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) to IgE is a tightly regulated process central to atopic disease. To profile the B-cell transcriptional responses underlying the activation of the germinal centre activities leading to the generation of IgE, naïve human B-cells were stimulated with IL-4 and anti-CD40. Gene expression and alternative splicing were profiled over 12 days using the Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST Array. A total of 1,399 genes, forming 13 temporal profiles were differentially expressed. CCL22 and CCL17 were dramatically induced but followed a temporal trajectory distinct from classical mediators of isotype switching. AICDA, NFIL3, IRF4, XBP1 and BATF3 shared a profile with several genes involved in innate immunity, but with no recognised role in CSR. A transcription factor BHLHE40 was identified at the core of this profile. B-cell activation was also accompanied by variation in exon retention affecting >200 genes including CCL17. The data indicate a circadian component and central roles for the Th2 chemokines CCL22 and CCL17 in the activation of CSR.
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16
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Oussalah A, Mayorga C, Blanca M, Barbaud A, Nakonechna A, Cernadas J, Gotua M, Brockow K, Caubet JC, Bircher A, Atanaskovic M, Demoly P, K. Tanno L, Terreehorst I, Laguna JJ, Romano A, Guéant JL. Genetic variants associated with drugs-induced immediate hypersensitivity reactions: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Allergy 2016; 71:443-62. [PMID: 26678823 DOI: 10.1111/all.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity includes allergic (AR) and nonallergic reactions (NARs) influenced by genetic predisposition. We performed a systematic review of genetic predictors of IgE-mediated AR and NAR with MEDLINE and PubMed search engine between January 1966 and December 2014. Among 3110 citations, the search selected 53 studies, 42 of which remained eligible. These eligible studies have evaluated genetic determinants of immediate reactions (IR) to beta-lactams (n = 19), NAR against aspirin (n = 12) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (n = 8), and IR to biologics (n = 3). We reported two genomewide association studies and four case-control studies on candidate genes validated by replication. Genes involved in IR to beta-lactams belonged to HLA type 2 antigen processing, IgE production, atopy, and inflammation, including 4 genes validated by replications, HLA-DRA, ILR4, NOD2, and LGALS3. Genes involved in NAR to aspirin belonged to arachidonic acid pathway, membrane-spanning 4A gene family, histamine production pathway, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, while those involved in NAR to all NSAIDs belonged to arachidonic acid pathway and HLA antigen processing pathway. ALOX5 was a common predictor of studies on NAR to both aspirin and NSAIDs. Although these first conclusions could be drawn, this review highlights also the lack of reliable data and the need for replicating studies in contrasted populations, taking into account worldwide allele frequencies, gene-gene interactions, and contrasted situations of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Oussalah
- Faculty of Medicine of Nancy; NGERE - Nutrition, Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure; INSERM U954; University of Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Metabolism; University Hospital of Nancy; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - C. Mayorga
- Research Laboratory; IBIMA; Regional University Hospital of Malaga; UMA; Malaga Spain
- Allergy Unit; IBIMA; Regional University Hospital of Malaga; UMA; Malaga Spain
| | - M. Blanca
- Allergy Unit; IBIMA; Regional University Hospital of Malaga; UMA; Malaga Spain
| | - A. Barbaud
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Hospital of Nancy; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
| | - A. Nakonechna
- Allergy and Immunology; Clinic Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital; Thomas Drive Liverpool UK
| | - J. Cernadas
- Immunoallergy Department; Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao; Porto Portugal
| | - M. Gotua
- Center for Allergy and Immunology Research; Tbilisi Georgia
| | - K. Brockow
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein; Technische Universität München; München Germany
| | - J.-C. Caubet
- Division of Paediatrics; University Hospital of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - A. Bircher
- Dermatologie/Allergologie; Universitätsspital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - M. Atanaskovic
- Department of Allergology and Pulmonology; University Children's Hospital; Belgrade Serbia
| | - P. Demoly
- Department of Pulmonology; Division of Allergy; Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve; University Hospital of Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | | | - I. Terreehorst
- Academisch Medisch Centrum; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - J. J. Laguna
- Allergy Unit; Hospital de la Cruz Roja and Department of Immunology Alfonso X el Sabio University; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Romano
- Allergy Unit; Complesso Integrato Columbus, Rome and IRCCS Oasi Maria S.S.; Troina Italy
| | - J.-L. Guéant
- Faculty of Medicine of Nancy; NGERE - Nutrition, Genetics and Environmental Risk Exposure; INSERM U954; University of Lorraine; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Personalized Therapeutics; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Metabolism; University Hospital of Nancy; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France
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17
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with specific genetic and immunological mechanisms. The rapid development of new techniques in molecular biology had ushered in new discoveries on the role of cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells in the pathogenesis of AD. New polymorphisms of AD are continually being reported in different populations. The physical and immunological barrier of normal intact skin is an important part of the innate immune system that protects the host against microbials and allergens that are associated with AD. Defects in the filaggrin gene FLG may play a role in facilitating exposure to allergens and microbial pathogens, which may induce Th2 polarization. Meanwhile, Th22 cells also play roles in skin barrier impairment through IL-22, and AD is often considered to be a Th2/Th22-dominant allergic disease. Mast cells and eosinophils are also involved in the inflammation via Th2 cytokines. Release of pruritogenic substances by mast cells induces scratching that further disrupts the skin barrier. Th1 and Th17 cells are mainly involved in chronic phase of AD. Keratinocytes also produce proinflammatory cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which can further affect Th cells balance. The immunological characteristics of AD may differ for various endotypes and phenotypes. Due to the heterogeneity of the disease, and the redundancies of these mechanisms, our knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease is still incomplete, which is reflected by the absence of a cure for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanglei Mu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, No11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
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18
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Jakopin Ž. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) inhibitors: a rational approach toward inhibition of NOD signaling pathway. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6897-918. [PMID: 24707857 DOI: 10.1021/jm401841p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1 and NOD2) has been implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders, rendering them and their downstream signaling proteins potential therapeutic targets. Selective inhibition of NOD1 and NOD2 signaling could be advantageous in treating many acute and chronic diseases; therefore, harnessing the full potential of NOD inhibitors is a key topic in medicinal chemistry. Although they are among the best studied NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the therapeutic potential of pharmacological modulation of NOD1 and NOD2 is largely unexplored. This review is focused on the scientific progress in the field of NOD inhibitors over the past decade, including the recently reported selective inhibitors of NOD1 and NOD2. In addition, the potential approaches to inhibition of NOD signaling as well as the advantages and disadvantages linked with inhibition of NOD signaling are discussed. Finally, the potential directions for drug discovery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with defective sensing of pathogens in genetically susceptible individuals. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) mutations in coding regions are strongly linked to CD pathogenesis. Our laboratory has reported that microRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially expressed in CD. However, miRNA regulation of NOD2 remains unknown. This study was designed to determine whether miRNAs regulate NOD2 expression as well as downstream nuclear factor kappaB activation and inflammatory responses in colonic epithelial HCT116 cells. METHODS NOD2 and miRNA expression in stimulated HCT116 cells were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Regulation of NOD2 expression by miRNAs was determined by luciferase reporter construct assays and transfection of specific miRNA mimics. Regulation of NOD2 signaling and immune response by miRNAs was assessed by transfection of mimics followed by muramyl dipeptide stimulation. RESULTS Muramyl dipeptide-induced increases in NOD2, interleukin-8, and CXCL3 expression were inversely associated with miRNA expression. Overexpression of miR-192, miR-495, miR-512, and miR-671 suppressed NOD2 expression, muramyl dipeptide-mediated NF-κB activation, and messenger RNA expressions of interleukin-8 and CXCL3 in HCT116 cells. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs3135500) located in the NOD2 3'-untranslated region significantly reduced miR-192 effects on NOD2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that miRNAs regulate NOD2 and its signaling pathway. Four miRNAs downregulate NOD2 expression, suppress NF-κB activity, and inhibit interleukin-8 and CXCL3 messenger RNA expression. Treatment of CD with miRNAs may represent a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategy in CD patients with and without NOD2 gene mutations.
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20
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Myers ND, Chantratita N, Berrington WR, Chierakul W, Limmathurotsakul D, Wuthiekanun V, Robertson JD, Liggitt HD, Peacock SJ, Skerrett SJ, West TE. The role of NOD2 in murine and human melioidosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:300-7. [PMID: 24298015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that regulates susceptibility to a variety of infections and chronic diseases. Burkholderia pseudomallei, a facultative intracellular bacterium, causes the tropical infection melioidosis. We hypothesized that NOD2 may participate in host defense in melioidosis. We performed a series of in vitro assays and in vivo experiments and analyzed the association of human genetic variation with infection to delineate the contribution of NOD2 to the host response to B. pseudomallei. We found that transfection with NOD2 mediated NF-κB activation induced by B. pseudomallei stimulation of HEK293 cells. After low-dose inoculation with aerosolized B. pseudomallei, Nod2-deficient mice showed impaired clinical responses and permitted greater bacterial replication in the lung and dissemination to the spleen compared with wild-type mice. IL-6 and KC levels were higher in the lungs of Nod2-deficient mice. In a cohort of 1562 Thai subjects, a common genetic polymorphism in the NOD2 region, rs7194886, was associated with melioidosis, and this effect was most pronounced in women. rs7194886 was not associated with differences in cytokine production induced by whole-blood stimulation with the NOD2 ligand, muramyl dipeptide, or B. pseudomallei. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to characterize the role of NOD2 in host defense in mammalian melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle D Myers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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21
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Chaput C, Sander LE, Suttorp N, Opitz B. NOD-Like Receptors in Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:393. [PMID: 24312100 PMCID: PMC3836004 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a particularly vulnerable organ at the interface of the body and the exterior environment. It is constantly exposed to microbes and particles by inhalation. The innate immune system needs to react promptly and adequately to potential dangers posed by these microbes and particles, while at the same time avoiding extensive tissue damage. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) represent a group of key sensors for microbes and damage in the lung. As such they are important players in various infectious as well as acute and chronic sterile inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumoconiosis, and asthma. Activation of most known NLRs leads to the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and/or to the induction of cell death. We will review NLR functions in the lung during infection and sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chaput
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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22
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Schuepbach-Mallepell S, Philippe V, Brüggen MC, Watanabe H, Roques S, Baldeschi C, Gaide O. Antagonistic effect of the inflammasome on thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:1348-57. [PMID: 23953709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune sensors control key cytokines that regulate T-cell priming and T-cell fate. This is particularly evident in allergic reactions, which represent ideal systems to study the interplay of innate and adaptive immunity. In patients with contact dermatitis, inflammasome-mediated IL-1 activation is responsible for a TH1 immune response. Surprisingly, the IL-1 signaling pathway was also proposed to control the activation of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine implicated in development of the T(H)2 response in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the effect of the inflammasome on TSLP expression levels and the development of AD. METHODS We studied the effect of the inflammasome activator 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, and IL-1β on TSLP mRNA expression levels in mouse and human cell lines (in vitro assays), as well as in live mice and on human skin transplants. We also assessed the effect of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene on TSLP and the TH2 response in mice in which the inflammasome and IL-1 signaling pathways were blocked, either genetically or pharmacologically, in 2 models of AD. RESULTS We provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that inflammasome activation has an inhibitory role on TSLP mRNA expression and T(H)2 cell fate in the skin. We also show that solvents influence the activation of TSLP and IL-1β and direct the T-cell fate to a given hapten. CONCLUSION Our observations strongly suggest that the TH1 versus TH2 cell fate decision is regulated at multiple levels and starts with innate immune events occurring within peripheral epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Schuepbach-Mallepell
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology/Immunology, Geneva University Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Bursztejn AC, Romano A, Guéant-Rodriguez RM, Cornejo JA, Oussalah A, Chery C, Gastin I, Gaeta F, Barbaud A, Blanca M, Guéant JL. Allergy to betalactams and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) gene polymorphisms. Allergy 2013; 68:1076-80. [PMID: 23888881 DOI: 10.1111/all.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms of interleukin genes related to IgE production and inflammation are predictors of hypersensitivity to betalactam, but nothing is known on the influence of NOD genes, despite their association with inflammation and atopy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of NOD2 and NOD1 polymorphisms with betalactam allergy. METHOD We genotyped 3 polymorphisms of NOD2 and 1 of NOD1 in 368 Italian and 387 Spanish patients, compared with 368 and 326 controls, respectively. RESULTS CT/TT genotypes of rs2066845 of NOD2 predicted a lower risk in Italy (P = 0.003), while WT/insC genotype of rs5743293 (also in leucine-rich repeat domain) predicted a higher risk in Spain (P = 0.007). G allele of rs2066845 was associated with a higher level of IgE in the Italian population. CONCLUSION The mirrored influence of these NOD2 polymorphisms on betalactam allergy in two populations suggests a link with pathways of inflammation and/or atopy through mechanisms, which need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. M. Guéant-Rodriguez
- Inserm U954 N-GERE (Nutrition-Génétique-Exposition aux risques environnementaux); Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Université de Lorraine; Nancy
| | - J. A. Cornejo
- Research Laboratory for Allergic Diseases and Allergy Service; Carlos Haya Hospital; Malaga; Spain
| | - A. Oussalah
- Inserm U954 N-GERE (Nutrition-Génétique-Exposition aux risques environnementaux); Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Université de Lorraine; Nancy
| | - C. Chery
- Inserm U954 N-GERE (Nutrition-Génétique-Exposition aux risques environnementaux); Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Université de Lorraine; Nancy
| | - I. Gastin
- Inserm U954 N-GERE (Nutrition-Génétique-Exposition aux risques environnementaux); Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Université de Lorraine; Nancy
| | - F. Gaeta
- Allergy Unit; Complesso Integrato Columbus; Rome
| | | | - M. Blanca
- Research Laboratory for Allergic Diseases and Allergy Service; Carlos Haya Hospital; Malaga; Spain
| | - J. L. Guéant
- Inserm U954 N-GERE (Nutrition-Génétique-Exposition aux risques environnementaux); Faculté de Médecine et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Université de Lorraine; Nancy
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24
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Wong CK, Hu S, Leung KML, Dong J, He L, Chu YJ, Chu IMT, Qiu HN, Liu KYP, Lam CWK. NOD-like receptors mediated activation of eosinophils interacting with bronchial epithelial cells: a link between innate immunity and allergic asthma. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:317-29. [PMID: 23524653 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key intracytosolic pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity against bacterial infections are nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). We elucidated the NOD1 and NOD2-mediated activation of human eosinophils, the principal effector cells for allergic inflammation, upon interacting with human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells in allergic asthma. Eosinophils constitutively expressed NOD1,2 but exhibited nonsignificant responses to release chemokines upon the stimulation by NOD1 ligand γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) and NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP). However, iE-DAP and MDP could significantly upregulate cell surface expression of CD18 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 on eosinophils and ICAM-1 on BEAS-2B cells, as well as induce chemokines CCL2 and CXCL8 release in the coculture system (all P<0.05). Both eosinophils and BEAS-2B cells were the main source for CXCL8 and CCL2 release in the coculture system upon iE-DAP or MDP stimulation. Direct interaction between eosinophils and BEAS-2B cells is responsible for CCL2 release, and soluble mediators are implicated in CXCL8 release. ERK and NF-κB play regulatory roles for the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines in coculture. Treatment with NOD1,2 ligand could induce the subepithelial fibrosis and significantly enhance the serum concentration of total IgE, chemokine CCL5 for eosinophils and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and asthma Th2 cytokine IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ovalbumin-sensitized allergic asthmatic mice (all P<0.05). This study provides further evidence of bacterial infection-mediated activation of NOD1,2 in triggering allergic asthma via the activation of eosinophils interacting with bronchial epithelial cells at inflammatory airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Nilsson D, Andiappan AK, Halldén C, Tim CF, Säll T, Wang DY, Cardell LO. Poor reproducibility of allergic rhinitis SNP associations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53975. [PMID: 23382861 PMCID: PMC3559641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of reported associations is crucial to the investigation of complex disease. More than 100 SNPs have previously been reported as associated with allergic rhinitis (AR), but few of these have been replicated successfully. To investigate the general reproducibility of reported AR-associations in candidate gene studies, one Swedish (352 AR-cases, 709 controls) and one Singapore Chinese population (948 AR-cases, 580 controls) were analyzed using 49 AR-associated SNPs. The overall pattern of P-values indicated that very few of the investigated SNPs were associated with AR. Given published odds ratios (ORs) most SNPs showed high power to detect an association, but no correlations were found between the ORs of the two study populations or with published ORs. None of the association signals were in common to the two genome-wide association studies published in AR, indicating that the associations represent false positives or have much lower effect-sizes than reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nilsson
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Biomedicine, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Chew Fook Tim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Torbjörn Säll
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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A discrete ubiquitin-mediated network regulates the strength of NOD2 signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:146-58. [PMID: 23109427 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01049-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of NOD2 signaling is implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, asthma, and sarcoidosis, making signaling proteins downstream of NOD2 potential therapeutic targets. Inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) proteins, particularly cIAP1, are essential mediators of NOD2 signaling, and in this work, we describe a molecular mechanism for cIAP1's regulation in the NOD2 signaling pathway. While cIAP1 promotes RIP2's tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent NOD2 signaling, this positive regulation is countered by another E3 ubiquitin ligase, ITCH, through direct ubiquitination of cIAP1. This ITCH-mediated ubiquitination leads to cIAP1's lysosomal degradation. Pharmacologic inhibition of cIAP1 expression in ITCH(-/-) macrophages attenuates heightened ITCH(-/-) macrophage muramyl dipeptide-induced responses. Transcriptome analysis, combined with pharmacologic inhibition of cIAP1, further defines specific pathways within the NOD2 signaling pathway that are targeted by cIAP1. This information provides genetic signatures that may be useful in repurposing cIAP1-targeted therapies to correct NOD2-hyperactive states and identifies a ubiquitin-regulated signaling network centered on ITCH and cIAP1 that controls the strength of NOD2 signaling.
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NOD2 gene mutations associate weakly with ulcerative colitis but not with Crohn's disease in Indian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gene 2012; 512:309-13. [PMID: 23085276 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three mutations (two missense and one frameshift) in the NOD2 gene are associated with Crohn's disease (CD) in a proportion of patients with Crohn's disease in North America, Europe and Australia. These three mutations are not found in Indian patients with CD. We undertook new studies to identify polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene in the Indian population and to detect whether any of these were associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in this population. METHODS Individual exons of the NOD2 gene were amplified by PCR and subjected to denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) to detect heteroduplex formation. All 12 exons of the NOD2 gene were amplified and Sanger-sequenced to detect polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene. 310 patients with CD, 318 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 442 healthy controls (HC) were recruited for association studies. DNA from these participants was evaluated for the identified eight polymorphisms by Sequenom analysis. RESULTS Heteroduplex formation was noted by DHPLC in exons 2 and 4 of the NOD2 gene. Sequencing of the entire NOD2 gene data revealed eight polymorphisms - rs2067085, rs2066842, rs2066843, rs1861759, rs2111235, rs5743266, rs2076753, and rs5743291 - of which the latter four were described for the first time in Indians. None of these polymorphisms was associated with CD. The SNPs rs2066842 and rs2066843 were in significant linkage disequilibrium. Both SNPs showed a significant association with UC (P=0.03 and 0.04 respectively; odds ratio 1.44 and 1.41 respectively). CONCLUSION Four NOD2 polymorphisms were identified for the first time in the Indian population. Of 8 NOD2 polymorphisms, none were associated with CD but two were weakly associated with UC. NOD2 polymorphisms do not play a major role in CD genesis in India.
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Wang P, Zhang L, Jiang JM, Ma D, Tao HX, Yuan SL, Wang YC, Wang LC, Liang H, Zhang ZS, Liu CJ. Association of NOD1 and NOD2 genes polymorphisms with Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer in a Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2112-20. [PMID: 22563200 PMCID: PMC3342611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the association between the tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (TagSNPs) of NOD1 and NOD2 and the risk of developing gastric cancer.
METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study including 296 incident gastric cancer patients and 160 gastritis controls. Eight TagSNPs in the NOD1 and NOD2 genes were selected from the Hapmap database using the haploview software and genotyped by the Sequenom MassArray system. The serum levels of anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to indicate H. pylori infection. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, including sex and age as confounding factors.
RESULTS: The NOD1 rs2907749 GG genotype showed a decreased risk for gastric cancer (OR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26-0.95, P = 0.04) while the rs7789045 TT genotype showed an increased risk (OR 2.14, 95% CI: 1.20-3.82, P = 0.01). An elevated susceptibility to gastric cancer was observed in the subjects with H. pylori infection and the NaOD1 rs7789045 TT genotype (OR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.07-3.94, P = 0.03) or the NOD2 rs7205423 GC genotype (OR 2.52, 95% CI: 1.05-6.04, P = 0.04). Haplotype analysis suggested that the distribution of AGT (rs2907749, rs2075820 and rs7789045) in NOD1 between the cases and control groups was significantly different (P corrected: 0.04), and the diplotype AGT/AGT was associated with an elevated gastric cancer risk (OR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.04-3.79, P = 0.04). The association of the NOD1 rs7789045 TT genotype and the diplotype AGT/AGT was significant with H. pylori-related diffuse-type gastric cancer (OR 3.00, 95% CI: 1.38-6.53, P = 0.01; OR 4.02, 95% CI: 1.61-10.05, P < 0.01, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms in NOD1 and NOD2 may interact with H. pylori infection and may play important roles in promoting the development of gastric cancer in the Chinese population.
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Tigno-Aranjuez JT, Abbott DW. Ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the regulation of NOD2 signaling and NOD2-mediated disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:2022-8. [PMID: 22522061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is exquisitely balanced. It has the ability to effectively respond to and control infections while at the same time preventing inappropriate responses to self and environmental antigens. When this response goes awry, either through a failure to activate the immune response, or failure to terminate it, inflammatory pathology results. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation help ensure that the delicate balance underlying immune signal transduction is maintained. Ubiquitination and phosphorylation affect localization, activity, stability, and interactions of various components of the immune signal transduction machinery. Moreover, ubiquitination and phosphorylation are tightly linked, with one PTM affecting the other. Therefore, in order to find potential therapies for many immune-related pathologies, it is necessary to understand not only how the immune response is activated by ubiquitination and phosphorylation, but also how it is regulated by these PTMs at different stages of the response. An excellent system to study such activation and regulation is the NOD2 pathway. Dysregulation of NOD2 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders including Crohn's disease, early onset sarcoidosis, and Blau syndrome. More recently NOD2 has been implicated in the development of autoimmune disease, allergy and asthma. This review will focus on what is currently known about how ubiquitination and phosphorylation regulate NOD2 signaling with particular emphasis on novel in vitro substrates which may serve as potential in vivo therapeutic targets for hyperactive NOD2 states. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Ubiquitin Drug Discovery and Diagnostics.
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Kinose D, Ogawa E, Hirota T, Ito I, Kudo M, Haruna A, Marumo S, Hoshino Y, Muro S, Hirai T, Sakai H, Date H, Tamari M, Mishima M. A NOD2 gene polymorphism is associated with the prevalence and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a Japanese population. Respirology 2012; 17:164-71. [PMID: 21943069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Genetic background is thought to be one of the risk factors for development of COPD. Recently, it has been proposed that the innate immune system is involved in the pathophysiology of COPD. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)1 and NOD2 genes would be associated with the pathogenesis of COPD. In addition, the associations between these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phenotypes of COPD were analysed. METHODS Japanese COPD patients (n = 228) and non-COPD smokers (n = 101) were recruited from the outpatient clinic at Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan. At entry into the study, a blood sample was taken and a pulmonary function test was performed. Genotyping was performed for 6 selected tag SNPs of NOD1 and 5 tag SNPs of NOD2. Further investigations were performed for SNP that were associated with COPD, including baseline gene expression, the relative proportions of splicing variants in whole blood, responses to ligand and enhancement of gene expression in peripheral blood neutrophils stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS The distribution of NOD2 rs1077861 genotypes differed between Japanese COPD patients and non-COPD smokers (P = 0.036). This SNP was also associated with a lower FEV(1) % predicted (57.2 ± 1.8 for TT vs 50.8 ± 2.3 for TA/AA, P = 0.03) and DL(CO) /V(A) (2.89 ± 0.1 in TT vs 2.53 ± 0.14 in TA/AA, P = 0.036) in COPD patients. NOD2 gene expression after stimulation with 10 ng/mL of tumour necrosis factor-α for 4 h, was increased to a greater extent in TA/AA genotype than in TT genotype peripheral blood neutrophils (P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The NOD2 rs1077861 SNP may influence the development and progression of COPD in Japanese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Fujimoto Y, Pradipta AR, Inohara N, Fukase K. Peptidoglycan as Nod1 ligand; fragment structures in the environment, chemical synthesis, and their innate immunostimulation. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:568-79. [PMID: 22370813 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2011. This review focuses on the recent revealing of the immunostimulatory bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) fragments as Nod1 ligands, especially a newly developed chemical synthesis of the partial structures, fragment structures in the environment and bacterial supernatant, and the immunostimulatory activities of the Nod1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Voronko OE, Dmitrieva-Zdorova EV, Latysheva EA, Aksenova MG, Storozhakov GI, Bodoev NV, Archakov AI. CARD15 and TLR4 polymorphisms in atopic bronchial asthma. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial disease, with a strong genetic predisposition. Genome-wide studies as well as candidate gene studies revealed several susceptibility loci. Since the observation of a strong association of "loss of function" mutations in the filaggrin gene with AD, the epidermal barrier was rediscovered as important pathophysiological co-factor of this disease.
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Fujimoto Y, Fukase K. Structures, synthesis, and human Nod1 stimulation of immunostimulatory bacterial peptidoglycan fragments in the environment. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:518-525. [PMID: 21341753 DOI: 10.1021/np100795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria release immunostimulatory compounds to the environment, and one of the stimulants is the ligand of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 (Nod1), an intracellular protein involved in the recognition of the bacterial component peptidoglycans having a diaminopimelic acid (DAP) structure. The polymorphisms of Nod1 have been linked to several inflammatory diseases and allergies that are strongly affected by environmental factors. The present paper summarizes recent results on the isolation and structural elucidation of natural human Nod1 (hNod1) ligands from the Escherichia coli (E. coli) K-12 culture supernatant, the first chemical synthesis of these natural ligands and related PGN fragments structures, and the hNod1 stimulatory activities of the chemically synthesized DAP-type PGN fragments. For structural characterization studies, the 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carbonyl (DEAC) labeling method was also used to enhance the sensitivity in mass spectrometry studies, in order to observe PGN fragments in a comprehensive manner. The results suggest that DAP-containing bacteria release certain hNod1 ligands to the environment and that these ligands accumulate in the environment and regulate the immune system through Nod1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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Maintz L, Novak N. Modifications of the innate immune system in atopic dermatitis. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:131-41. [PMID: 21252494 DOI: 10.1159/000323963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent chronic inflammatory skin disease which is often complicated by recurrent microbial superinfections. Genetically based modifications which might have an impact on the innate immune system, such as impairment of the skin barrier, modifications of pattern recognition receptors, deficiency of antimicrobial peptides, antiviral natural killer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, facilitate the entry of allergens and infectious microbes into the skin, where they encounter immunocompetent cells. The micromilieu in the skin of AD patients further potentiates dysfunctions of the innate immune system, leading to a vicious circle promoting the disease. This article provides an overview of modifications of the innate immune system in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maintz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Alter A, Grant A, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Leprosy as a genetic disease. Mamm Genome 2010; 22:19-31. [PMID: 20936290 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alter
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Pradipta AR, Fujimoto Y, Hasegawa M, Inohara N, Fukase K. Characterization of natural human nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 (Nod1) ligands from bacterial culture supernatant for elucidation of immune modulators in the environment. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23607-13. [PMID: 20519512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.137893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 (Nod1) is an intracellular protein involved in recognition of the bacterial component peptidoglycan. This recognition event induces a host defense response to eliminate invading pathogens. The genetic variation of Nod1 has been linked to several inflammatory diseases and allergies, which are strongly affected by environmental factors. We have found that many of the bacteria that contain DAP-type peptidoglycan release Nod1 ligands into the environment. However, the structures of natural Nod1 ligands in the environment are not well understood. Herein, we report the isolation and structural elucidation of natural human Nod1 (hNod1) ligands from the Escherichia coli K-12 culture supernatant. The supernatant was fractionated with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), resulting in the isolation of several hNod1 stimulatory fractions. Structural characterization studies demonstrated that the molecular structure of the most active fraction was the native hNod1 ligand GlcNAc-(beta1-4)-(anhydro)MurNAc-l-Ala-gamma-d-Glu-meso-DAP. We also found other peptidoglycan fragments using the 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carbonyl labeling method to enhance sensitivity in mass spectroscopy studies. These results suggested that DAP-containing bacteria release certain hNod1 ligands to the environment, and these ligands would accumulate in the environment and regulate the immune system through Nod1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambara R Pradipta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Reijmerink NE, Bottema RWB, Kerkhof M, Gerritsen J, Stelma FF, Thijs C, van Schayck CP, Smit HA, Brunekreef B, Koppelman GH, Postma DS. TLR-related pathway analysis: novel gene-gene interactions in the development of asthma and atopy. Allergy 2010; 65:199-207. [PMID: 19968634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The toll-like receptor (TLR)-related pathway is important in host defence and may be crucial in the development of asthma and atopy. Numerous studies have shown associations of TLR-related pathway genes with asthma and atopy phenotypes. So far it has not been investigated whether gene-gene interactions in this pathway contribute to atopy and asthma development. METHODS One hundred and sixty-nine haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 29 genes (i.e. membrane and intracellular receptors, TLR4 or lipopolysaccharide-binding/facilitating proteins, adaptors, interleukin-1 receptor associated kinases, kinases, chaperone molecules, transcription factors and inhibitors) were analysed for single- and multilocus associations with atopy [total and specific immunglobulin E (IgE) at 1-2 and 6-8 years] and asthma (6-8 years). A total of 3062 Dutch children from the birth cohorts PIAMA, PREVASC and KOALA (Allergenic study) were investigated. Chi-squared test, logistic regression and the data mining approach multifactor dimensionality reduction method (MDR) were used in analysis. RESULTS Several genes in the TLR-related pathway were associated with atopy and/or asthma [e.g. IL1RL1, BPI, NOD1, NOD2 and MAP3K7IP1]. Multiple, single associations were found with the phenotypes under study. MDR analysis showed novel, significant gene-gene interactions in association with atopy and asthma phenotypes (e.g. IL1RL1 and TLR4 with sIgE to indoor allergens and IRAK1, NOD1 and MAP3K7IP1 with asthma). Interestingly, gene-gene interactions were identified with SNPs that did not have an effect on their own. CONCLUSION Our unbiased approach provided suggestive evidence for interaction between several TLR-related pathway genes important in atopy and/or asthma development and pointed to novel genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Reijmerink
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) in inflammatory disorders. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:242-53. [PMID: 19748439 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are two major forms of innate immune sensors, which provide immediate responses against pathogenic invasion or tissue injury. Activation of these sensors induces the recruitment of innate immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, initiates tissue repair processes, and results in adaptive immune activation. Abnormalities in any of these innate sensor-mediated processes may cause excessive inflammation due to either hyper responsive innate immune signaling or sustained compensatory adaptive immune activation. Recent gene association studies appear to reveal strong associations of NLR gene mutations and development of several idiopathic inflammatory disorders. In contrast, TLR polymorphisms are less often associated with inflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, TLRs are up-regulated in the affected tissue of most inflammatory disorders, suggesting TLR signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic and/or idiopathic inflammatory disorders. NLR signaling results in the formation of a molecular scaffold complex (termed an inflammasome) and orchestrates with TLRs to induce IL-1beta and IL-18, both of which are important mediators in the majority of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, understanding the roles of TLRs and NLRs in the pathogenesis of chronic and idiopathic inflammatory disorders may provide novel targets for the prevention and/or treatment of many common and uncommon diseases involving inflammation.
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Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S. NOD-like receptors--pivotal guardians of the immunological integrity of barrier organs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:35-47. [PMID: 19799110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) exert pivotal roles in innate immunity as sensors of exogenous or endogenous cellular danger signals. The NLR protein family has a characteristic domain architecture comprising a central nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD), an N-terminal effector binding domain and C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Mutations in NLR genes are genetically associated with a number of chronic inflammatory diseases of barrier organs. In this chapter, we focus on the influence of NLR regulation and function in the complex pathophysiology of mucosal homeostasis. The understanding of NLR biology may guide our future understanding of how the interaction between the human genome and the metagenome of transient and resident microbiota precipitates into chronic inflammatory disorders, such as Crohn's disease or atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Clustering of (auto)immune diseases with early-onset and complicated inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:575-83. [PMID: 18670786 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies in adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have highlighted associations with genetic and serologic markers and suggest an association with disease location, behaviour and natural history. Data on patients with Crohn's disease (CD, n=80), ulcerative colitis (UC, n=15) and indeterminate colitis (n=4) were collected. All individuals were analysed for CARD15 R702W, G908R and L1007fs for toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) Asp299Gly and for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies (pANCA). After a mean of 10.7 years of follow up, the disease behaviour changed in 45% of CD patients, in contrast to disease location, where only 12.5% had a change (p<0.001). The younger the age at diagnosis, the more patients presented with colonic disease (p=0.021). Also, more TLR4 Asp299 Gly variants were found when the age at onset was younger (p=0.018). A large number of concomitant diseases were observed. There was no difference in the prevalence of TLR4 variants nor ASCA or pANCA between the patients with or without concomitant diseases. Patients who progressed more often needed surgery as compared to patients who remained free of stenosing or fistulising disease (27/32 or 84% versus 3/35 or 8.6%, respectively, p<0.0001) and more often had concomitant immune-mediated diseases and a trend for more seroreactivity towards ASCA.
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Kiyohara C, Tanaka K, Miyake Y. Genetic susceptibility to atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2008; 57:39-56. [PMID: 18209506 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.r-07-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with an increasing prevalence in industrialized countries. AD belongs to the group of allergic disorders that includes food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. A multifactorial background for AD has been suggested, with genetic as well as environmental factors influencing disease development. Recent breakthroughs in genetic methodology have greatly augmented our understanding of the contribution of genetics to susceptibility to AD. A candidate gene association study is a general approach to identify susceptibility genes. Fifty three candidate gene studies (50 genes) have identified 19 genes associated with AD risk in at least one study. Significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chemokines (chymase 1-1903A > G), cytokines (interleukin13 Arg144Gln), cytokine receptors (interleukin 4 receptor 1727G > A) and SPINK 1258G > A have been replicated in more than one studies. These SNPs may be promising for identifying at-risk individuals. SNPs, even those not strongly associated with AD, should be considered potentially important because AD is a common disease. Even a small increase in risk can translate to a large number of AD cases. Consortia and international collaborative studies, which may maximize study efficacy and overcome the limitations of individual studies, are needed to help further illuminate the complex landscape of AD risk and genetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kiyohara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Serum concentration of C-reactive protein is not a good marker of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 55:341-5. [PMID: 18219765 PMCID: PMC2766458 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-007-0035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Asthmatic inflammation is responsible for vital features of the disease, including bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). At present we do not have precise markers for monitoring asthmatic inflammation. C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, seemed to be a factor which could also reflect the level of asthmatic inflammation expressed by BHR. Therefore the relationship between CRP concentration and BHR was evaluated. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two patients entered the study. A skin prick test with a broad spectrum of common aeroallergens as well as baseline spirometry and a histamine bronchoprovocation test were performed in each subject. Blood samples for high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) measurement were taken before the bronchial challenge tests. Results: Serum hsCRP concentrations ranged from 0.20 to 14.5 mg/l (median: 1.2 mg/l, 25–75% quartiles: 0.6–2.4). Positive skin prick tests were found in 26 subjects. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was confirmed in 42 patients (first subgroup), while 60 subjects did not demonstrate BHR (second subgroup). Among the patients with BHR, asthma was diagnosed in 33 cases and Corrao syndrome in 9. In both subgroups, serum hsCRP concentrations had similar levels (median: 1.4 mg/l, 25–75% quartiles: 0.8–2.4 and median: 0.9 mg/l, 25–75% quartiles: 0.5–2.8, respectively; p=0.297). There was no statistically significant correlation (r= −0.163, p=0.302) between serum hsCRP concentration and the level of BHR expressed as the 20% provocative concentration for histamine. In addition, hsCRP serum concentration, after adjustment for age, atopy, body mass index, and gender, was not a significant predictor of positive histamine bronchoprovocation test results (p=0.22, OR=0.86, 95% CI). Conclusions: Serum hsCRP concentration is not a good marker of BHR, which is mainly dependent on asthmatic inflammation and is measured during bronchial challenge with histamine. This finding is important for interpreting and discussing results obtained from epidemiological and population-based studies on relationships between either CRP concentration and BHR or local and systemic inflammation.
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El Mokhtari NE, Ott SJ, Nebel A, Schäfer A, Rosenstiel P, Förster M, Nothnagel M, Simon R, Schreiber S. Role of NOD2/CARD15 in coronary heart disease. BMC Genet 2007; 8:76. [PMID: 17980027 PMCID: PMC2204032 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial DNA has been repeatedly detected in atheromatous lesions of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Phylogenetic signatures in the atheroma lesions that are similar to those of bacterial biofilms on human barrier organs, including the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract, raise the question of a defective barrier function in CHD. NOD2 plays a major role in defense against bacterial invasion. Genetic variation in the CARD15 gene, which encodes NOD2, was previously shown to result in a barrier defect that causes chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g. Crohn disease). In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of NOD2/CARD15 in the pathology of CHD by i) analyzing the local expression of NOD2 in atherectomy versus healthy tissue (n = 5 each) using histochemical immunofluorescence and ii) by testing the three major functional CARD15 variants (R702W, G908R and 1007fs) for association with early-onset CHD in 900 German patients and 632 healthy controls. RESULTS In atherectomy tissue of CHD patients, NOD2 was detected in inflammatory cells at the luminal sides of the lesions. However, the allele and genotype frequencies of the three major CARD15 polymorphisms did not differ between CHD patients and controls. CONCLUSION The NOD2 up-regulation in atheroma lesions indicates an involvement of this protein in the pathology of CHD. Although NOD2 could be important in local immune response mechanisms, none of the analyzed CARD15 variants seem to play a significant role in the etiology of CHD.
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Abstract
The term autoinflammatory syndromes describes a distinct group of systemic inflammatory diseases apparently different from infectious, autoimmune, allergic and immunodeficient ones. Originally, it was almost synonymous with clinically defined hereditary periodic fever syndromes, including familial Mediterranean fever, hyper immunoglobulin D syndrome with periodic fever and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. Similar but distinct periodic fever syndromes accompanied by urticarial rash, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous articular syndrome, have all been reportedly associated with CIAS1 mutations and are collectively called cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes. Consequently, the concept of autoinflammatory syndromes has been spread to contain other systemic inflammatory diseases: rare hereditary diseases with or without periodic fevers, such as pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne syndrome, Blau syndrome and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, and the more common collagen disease-like diseases, such as Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis and psoriatic arthritis. These diseases are all caused by or associated with mutations of genes regulating innate immunity and have common clinical features accompanied with activation of neutrophils and/or monocytes/macrophages. In this review, major autoinflammatory syndromes are summarized and the pathophysiology of related skin disorders is discussed in association with dysregulated innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kanazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Macaluso F, Nothnagel M, Parwez Q, Petrasch-Parwez E, Bechara FG, Epplen JT, Hoffjan S. Polymorphisms in NACHT-LRR (NLR) genes in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:692-8. [PMID: 17620097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease affecting up to 15% of children in industrialized countries. AD belongs to the group of atopic disorders characterized by excessive immune reactions to ubiquitous antigens. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors have been suggested for atopic disorders. Dysregulation of the innate immune system appears crucial for the pathogenesis of AD. The NACHT-LRRs (NLRs) represent a group of innate immune receptors with special relevance for inflammatory processes. In order to investigate the role of variation in NLR genes for AD, we genotyped 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven selected NLR genes (CARD4, CARD15, CARD12, NALP1, NALP3, NALP12, MHC2TA) in 392 AD patients and 297 controls by restriction enzyme digestion or TaqMan assays. Single-SNP analysis demonstrated significant associations of the CARD15_R702W variation and the NALP12_In9 T-allele with AD (P = 0.008 and P = 0.03, resp.; insignificant after Bonferroni correction). In the CARD4 gene, a rare haplotype was more frequent in AD patients than in controls. Interactions between all pairs of SNPs in the seven genes were analysed by logistic regression. Significant interactions comprised SNPs in the CARD4 gene (CARD4_In1 and CARD4_Ex6, P = 6.56 x 10(-7); CARD4_Prom und CARD4_Ex6, P = 2.45 x 10(-4)) and promoter polymorphisms in the CARD12 and NALP1 genes (P = 4.31 x 10(-4)). In conclusion, variation in individual genes from the NLR family as well as interactions within this group of innate immune receptor genes could play a role in AD pathogenesis. Investigations in other populations and functional studies are warranted to clarify contributions of NLR variation for this frequent skin disease.
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Nitz I, Fisher E, Grallert H, Li Y, Gieger C, Rubin D, Boeing H, Spranger J, Lindner I, Schreiber S, Rathmann W, Gohlke H, Döring A, Wichmann HE, Schrezenmeir J, Döring F, Illig T. Association of prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) Arg298His polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in two German study populations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3183-8. [PMID: 17566096 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT On the basis of its chromosomal localization and its role in the synthesis of the antilipolytic compound prostaglandin E(2), the prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) is a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genetic variants in the PTGES2 gene are associated with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Sequencing of the PTGES2 gene revealed one nonsynonymous coding single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Arg298His, rs13283456) and a previously unknown promoter SNP g.-417G>T. Both SNPs and additional haplotype tagging SNPs (rs884115, rs10987883, rs4837240) were genotyped in a nested case-control study of 192 incident type 2 diabetes subjects and 384 controls (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam). Carriers of the minor allele of Arg298His had a lower risk to develop the disease [odds ratio (OR) 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-0.97, P = 0.04], compared with homozygous individuals with the common allele. The PTGES2 Arg298His polymorphism was reinvestigated in a population-based cross-sectional study (Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region) consisting of 239 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, 226 with type 2 diabetes, and 863 normoglycemic controls. In this study population, the Arg298His polymorphism was significantly associated with impaired glucose tolerance (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.93, P = 0.007) and type 2 diabetes (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.86, P = 0.004). A pooled analysis of data from both study populations revealed reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47-0.81, P = 0.0005) in PTGES2 298His allele carriers. CONCLUSION We obtained evidence from two Caucasian study populations that the His298-allele of PTGES2 Arg298His confers to reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inke Nitz
- Molecular Nutrition, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Fisher E, Nitz I, Gieger C, Grallert H, Gohlke H, Lindner I, Dahm S, Boeing H, Burwinkel B, Rathmann W, Wichmann HE, Schrezenmeir J, Illig T, Döring F. Association of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) single nucleotide polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in two German study populations. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:178-84. [PMID: 17262885 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) is a potential candidate gene of type 2 diabetes (T2D), since it plays a central role in determining the intracellular concentration of activated fatty acids which contribute to insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ACBP gene are associated with risk of T2D. Genotyping of eight SNPs (rs2084202, rs3731607, rs8192501, rs8192504, rs2244135, rs2276596, rs8192506, rs2289948) was performed in 192 incident T2D subjects and 384 matched controls of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam cohort. A putative promoter SNP (rs2084202) of splice variant ACBP 1c showed decreased risk of T2D (odds ratio (OR) 0.63, 95% CI 0.41-0.96). The haplotype, that contained the mutant base of rs2084202 showed similar evidence for the association with disease risk as single SNP rs2084202. In a second population-based study, Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region of 226 individuals with T2D and 863 control subjects a borderline significant association between rs2084202 and T2D (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.51-1.01) was observed. In summary, we obtained evidence from two Caucasian study populations that the minor allele of ACBP rs2084202 might be associated with reduced risk of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fisher
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Jones G. Susceptibility to asthma and eczema from mucosal and epidermal expression of distinctive genes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7:11-7. [PMID: 17504656 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have seen an increase in the rate at which genes that are associated with allergic asthma and eczema are discovered. This review -examines genetic association, gene expression, and functional studies that have identified genes that are expressed in the epithelial cells of the skin and lung and are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and eczema. This includes the genes encoding thymic stromal lympho-poietin (TSLP) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3) that are involved in the activation of T-helper 2 cells, the microbial pattern recognition receptors nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) genes (CARD4 and CARD15), Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), and filaggrin, a protein required for effective barrier defense of the skin. Therefore, the development of allergic disease involves both the adaptive and innate immune systems, and the expression of these genes in the skin and lungs suggests a link to environmental -triggers at body surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Jones
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, ICPMR Building, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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