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Surakka I, Isaacs A, Karssen LC, Laurila PPP, Middelberg RPS, Tikkanen E, Ried JS, Lamina C, Mangino M, Igl W, Hottenga JJ, Lagou V, van der Harst P, Mateo Leach I, Esko T, Kutalik Z, Wainwright NW, Struchalin MV, Sarin AP, Kangas AJ, Viikari JS, Perola M, Rantanen T, Petersen AK, Soininen P, Johansson Å, Soranzo N, Heath AC, Papamarkou T, Prokopenko I, Tönjes A, Kronenberg F, Döring A, Rivadeneira F, Montgomery GW, Whitfield JB, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Freimer NB, Willemsen G, de Geus EJC, Palotie A, Sandhu MS, Waterworth DM, Metspalu A, Stumvoll M, Uitterlinden AG, Jula A, Navis G, Wijmenga C, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Taskinen MR, Ala-Korpela M, Kaprio J, Kyvik KO, Boomsma DI, Pedersen NL, Gyllensten U, Wilson JF, Rudan I, Campbell H, Pramstaller PP, Spector TD, Witteman JCM, Eriksson JG, Salomaa V, Oostra BA, Raitakari OT, Wichmann HE, Gieger C, Järvelin MR, Martin NG, Hofman A, McCarthy MI, Peltonen L, van Duijn CM, Aulchenko YS, Ripatti S. A genome-wide screen for interactions reveals a new locus on 4p15 modifying the effect of waist-to-hip ratio on total cholesterol. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002333. [PMID: 22028671 PMCID: PMC3197672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies described 95 loci controlling serum lipid levels. These common variants explain ∼25% of the heritability of the phenotypes. To date, no unbiased screen for gene-environment interactions for circulating lipids has been reported. We screened for variants that modify the relationship between known epidemiological risk factors and circulating lipid levels in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association (GWA) data from 18 population-based cohorts with European ancestry (maximum N = 32,225). We collected 8 further cohorts (N = 17,102) for replication, and rs6448771 on 4p15 demonstrated genome-wide significant interaction with waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR) on total cholesterol (TC) with a combined P-value of 4.79×10(-9). There were two potential candidate genes in the region, PCDH7 and CCKAR, with differential expression levels for rs6448771 genotypes in adipose tissue. The effect of WHR on TC was strongest for individuals carrying two copies of G allele, for whom a one standard deviation (sd) difference in WHR corresponds to 0.19 sd difference in TC concentration, while for A allele homozygous the difference was 0.12 sd. Our findings may open up possibilities for targeted intervention strategies for people characterized by specific genomic profiles. However, more refined measures of both body-fat distribution and metabolic measures are needed to understand how their joint dynamics are modified by the newly found locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirkka-Pekka P. Laurila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rita P. S. Middelberg
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wilmar Igl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tõnu Esko
- The Estonian Genome Center and the Center of Translational Genomics of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas W. Wainwright
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maksim V. Struchalin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma S. Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- The Estonian Genome Center and the Center of Translational Genomics of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Taina Rantanen
- Department of Health Sciences, Gerontology Research Centre, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ann-Kristin Petersen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pasi Soininen
- NMR Metabonomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Theodore Papamarkou
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manj S. Sandhu
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Group, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn M. Waterworth
- Genetics, Medicines Discovery, and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andres Metspalu
- The Estonian Genome Center and the Center of Translational Genomics of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine Research Group, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- NMR Metabonomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, Clinical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsten O. Kyvik
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy
- Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline C. M. Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Physiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)–sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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