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Bishop LR, Starost MF, Kovacs JA. CD4, but not Cxcr6, is necessary for control of Pneumocystis murina infection. Microbes Infect 2024:105408. [PMID: 39182643 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical to control of Pneumocystis infection, and Cxcr6 has been shown to be upregulated in these cells during infection, but the roles of CD4 and Cxcr6 in this setting are undefined. To explore this, mice deficient in CD4 or Cxcr6 expression were utilized in a co-housing mouse model that mimics the natural route of Pneumocystis infection. Organism load and anti-Pneumocystis antibodies were assayed over time, and immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR were used to characterize host immune responses during infection. CD4 was found to be necessary for clearance of Pneumocystis murina, though partial control was seen in it's absence; based on ThPOK expression, double negative T cells with T helper cell characteristics may be contributing to this control. Using a Cxcr6 deficient mouse expressing gfp, control of infection in the absence of Cxcr6 was similar to that in heterozygous control mice. It is noteworthy that gfp + cells were seen in the lungs with similar frequencies between the 2 strains. Interferon-ɣ and chemokine/ligands Cxcr3, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10 increased during P. murina infection in all models. Thus, CD4, but not Cxcr6, is needed for clearance of P. murina infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Bishop
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2C145, MSC 1662, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Building 28A, Room 111A, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph A Kovacs
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 2C145, MSC 1662, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Orozco RC, Marquardt K, Pratumchai I, Shaikh AF, Mowen K, Domissy A, Teijaro JR, Sherman LA. Autoimmunity-associated allele of tyrosine phosphatase gene PTPN22 enhances anti-viral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012095. [PMID: 38512979 PMCID: PMC10987006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The 1858C>T allele of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 is present in 5-10% of the North American population and is strongly associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Although research has been done to define how this allele potentiates autoimmunity, the influence PTPN22 and its pro-autoimmune allele has in anti-viral immunity remains poorly defined. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing and functional studies to interrogate the impact of this pro-autoimmune allele on anti-viral immunity during Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus clone 13 (LCMV-cl13) infection. Mice homozygous for this allele (PEP-619WW) clear the LCMV-cl13 virus whereas wildtype (PEP-WT) mice cannot. This is associated with enhanced anti-viral CD4 T cell responses and a more immunostimulatory CD8α- cDC phenotype. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that PEP-619WW enhanced anti-viral CD4 T cell function through virus-specific CD4 T cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Taken together, our data show that the pro-autoimmune allele of Ptpn22 drives a beneficial anti-viral immune response thereby preventing what is normally a chronic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C. Orozco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Isaraphorn Pratumchai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anam Fatima Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kerri Mowen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alain Domissy
- Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Chia TY, Billingham LK, Boland L, Katz JL, Arrieta VA, Shireman J, Rosas AL, DeLay SL, Zillinger K, Geng Y, Kruger J, Silvers C, Wang H, Vazquez Cervantes GI, Hou D, Wang S, Wan H, Sonabend A, Zhang P, Lee-Chang C, Miska J. The CXCL16-CXCR6 axis in glioblastoma modulates T-cell activity in a spatiotemporal context. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1331287. [PMID: 38299146 PMCID: PMC10827847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1331287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) pathobiology is characterized by its significant induction of immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment, predominantly mediated by immunosuppressive tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs). Myeloid cells play a pivotal role in shaping the GBM microenvironment and influencing immune responses, with direct interactions with effector immune cells critically impacting these processes. Methods Our study investigates the role of the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis in T-cell myeloid interactions within GBM tissues. We examined the surface expression of CXCL16, revealing its limitation to TAMCs, while microglia release CXCL16 as a cytokine. The study explores how these distinct expression patterns affect T-cell engagement, focusing on the consequences for T-cell function within the tumor environment. Additionally, we assessed the significance of CXCR6 expression in T-cell activation and the initial migration to tumor tissues. Results Our data demonstrates that CXCL16 surface expression on TAMCs results in predominant T-cell engagement with these cells, leading to impaired T-cell function within the tumor environment. Conversely, our findings highlight the essential role of CXCR6 expression in facilitating T-cell activation and initial migration to tumor tissues. The CXCL16-CXCR6 axis exhibits dualistic characteristics, facilitating the early stages of the T-cell immune response and promoting T-cell infiltration into tumors. However, once inside the tumor, this axis contributes to immunosuppression. Discussion The dual nature of the CXCL16-CXCR6 axis underscores its potential as a therapeutic target in GBM. However, our results emphasize the importance of carefully considering the timing and context of intervention. While targeting this axis holds promise in combating GBM, the complex interplay between TAMCs, microglia, and T cells suggests that intervention strategies need to be tailored to optimize the balance between promoting antitumor immunity and preventing immunosuppression within the dynamic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Chia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leah K. Billingham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lauren Boland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua L. Katz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Victor A. Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jack Shireman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aurora-Lopez Rosas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Susan L. DeLay
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kaylee Zillinger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yuheng Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeandre Kruger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Caylee Silvers
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hanxiang Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gustavo Ignacio Vazquez Cervantes
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Hou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hanxiao Wan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adam Sonabend
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Catalina Lee-Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jason Miska
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Silva MDJ, de Andrade CM, Fiuza BSD, Pinheiro GP, Nova Santana CV, Costa RDS, Barnes K, Cruz ÁA, Figueiredo CA. Genetic variants associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection also affect lung function and asthma severity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19235. [PMID: 37662742 PMCID: PMC10474403 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host genetic factors may be associated with COVID-19 unfavourable outcomes. The first genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted in individuals with respiratory failure due to COVID-19 revealed susceptibility loci close to six genes (SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6 and XCR1) and the ABO blood-group gene. We aimed to investigate how polymorphisms in those genes could relate to lung function and severe asthma in a Brazilian population. Methods DNA samples of 784 individuals following the ProAR (Programa para Controle da Asma e Rinite Alérgica da Bahia) were genotyped by the Multi-Ethnic Global Array panel with ∼2 million polymorphisms (Illumina). Polymorphisms in SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6, XCR1 and the ABO blood-group gene were evaluated. Logistic regression for severe asthma, airway obstruction and lack of FEV1 reversibility was performed using PLINK software 1.9, in the additive model and was adjusted for sex, age and PCA-1. Pairwise Linkage disequilibrium analyses were performed using Haploview 4.2. The haplotypes and gene score analyses were performed in the SNPstat tool. In silico functions of polymorphisms were analysed using rSNPbase and RegulomeDB plataforms. Results We identified the rs8176733 (G allele) and rs8176725 (A allele) in the ABO blood-group gene as risk factors for severe asthma, lower pulmonary obstruction and lack of FEV1 reversibility. Polymorphisms in CCR9 are risk factors for both severe asthma (A allele of rs34338823) and airway obstruction (A allele of rs6806802). The markers rs13079478 (A allele) and rs75817942 (A allele) in FYCO1 are related to more severe asthma and a lack of FEV1 reversibility, respectively. We identified the A allele of both rs35731912 and rs34338823 in LZTFL1 as risk factors for severe asthma. The marker rs6806802 (C allele) was associated with airway obstruction and rs7614952 (A allele), rs7625839 (G allele) and rs112509260 (A allele) are related to a lack of FEV1 reversibility. The A allele of rs2531747 in the SLC6A20 gene is also associated with severe asthma. Conversely, polymorphisms in XCR1 play a protective role in relation to severe asthma (A allele of rs2036295) and airway obstruction (A allele of rs2036295). Additionally, we found that individuals with a higher number of risk alleles have a greater risk of severe asthma, airway obstruction and FEV1 reversibility. Conclusion Our study suggests that polymorphisms in genes associated with respiratory failure in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are associated with greater susceptibility to severe asthma and reduced lung function in subjects with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ryan dos S. Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kathleen Barnes
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Álvaro A. Cruz
- Fundação ProAR and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
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Bao N, Fu B, Zhong X, Jia S, Ren Z, Wang H, Wang W, Shi H, Li J, Ge F, Chang Q, Gong Y, Liu W, Qiu F, Xu S, Li T. Role of the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110530. [PMID: 37348231 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The C-X-C motif ligand 16, or CXCL16, is a chemokine that belongs to the ELR - CXC subfamily. Its function is to bind to the chemokine receptor CXCR6, which is a G protein-coupled receptor with 7 transmembrane domains. The CXCR6/CXCL16 axis has been linked to the development of numerous autoimmune diseases and is connected to clinical parameters that reflect disease severity, activity, and prognosis in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis. CXCL16 is expressed in various immune cells, such as dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and B cells. During autoimmune diseases, CXCL16 can facilitate the adhesion of immune cells like monocytes, T cells, NKT cells, and others to endothelial cells and dendritic cells. Additionally, sCXCL16 can regulate the migration of CXCR6-expressing leukocytes, which includes CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, NK cells, constant natural killer T cells, plasma cells, and monocytes. Further investigation is required to comprehend the intricate interactions between chemokines and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It remains to be seen whether the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis represents a new target for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandi Bao
- Senior Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of neurology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Department of neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Jia
- Department of neurology, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China; Navy Clinical College, the Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Ren
- Navy Clinical College, the Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fulin Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Shiping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Ullah A, Wang MJ, Wang YX, Shen B. CXC chemokines influence immune surveillance in immunological disorders: Polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166704. [PMID: 37001703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive health is a worldwide challenge, but it is of particular significance to women during their reproductive age. Several female reproductive problems, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis, affect about 10 % of women and have a negative impact on their health, fertility, and quality of life. Small, chemotactic, and secreted cytokines are CXC chemokines. Both PCOS and endometriosis demonstrate dysregulation of CXC chemokines, which are critical to the development and progression of both diseases. Recent research has shown that both in humans and animals, CXC chemokines tend to cause inflammation. It has also been found that CXC chemokines are necessary for promoting angiogenesis and inflammatory responses. CXC chemokine overexpression is frequently associated with poor survival and prognosis. CXC chemokine levels in PCOS and endometriosis patients impact their circumstances significantly. Hence, CXC chemokines have significant potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The molecular mechanisms through which CXC chemokines promote inflammation and the development of PCOS and endometriosis are currently unknown. This article will discuss the functions of CXC chemokines in the promotion, development, and therapy of PCOS and endometriosis, as well as future research directions. The current state and future prospects of CXC chemokine -based therapeutic strategies in the management of PCOS and endometriosis are also highlighted.
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Zhang SL, Cheng LS, Zhang ZY, Sun HT, Li JJ. Untangling determinants of gut microbiota and tumor immunologic status through a multi-omics approach in colorectal cancer. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106633. [PMID: 36574857 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The changes in gut microbiota have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC). The interplays between the host and gut microbiota remain largely unclear, and few studies have investigated these interplays using integrative multi-omics data. In this study, large-scale multi-comic datasets, including microbiome, metabolome, bulk transcriptomics and single cell RNA sequencing of CRC patients, were analyzed individually and integrated through advanced bioinformatics methods. We further examined the clinical relevance of these findings in the mice recolonized with microbiota from human. We found that CRC patients had distinct microbiota compositions compared to healthy controls. A machine-learning model was developed with 28 biomarkers for detection of CRC, which had high accuracy and clinical applicability. We identified multiple significant correlations between genera and well-characterized genes, suggesting the potential role of gut microbiota in tumor immunity. Further analysis showed that specific metabolites worked as profound communicators between these genera and tumor immunity. Integrating microbiota and metabolome perspectives, we cataloged gut taxonomic and metabolomic features that represented the key multi-omics signature of CRC. Furthermore, gut microbiota transplanted from CRC patients compromised the response of CRC to immunotherapy. These phenotypes were strongly associated with the alterations in gut microbiota, immune cell infiltration as well as multiple metabolic pathways. The comprehensive interplays across multi-comic data of CRC might explain how gut microbiota influenced tumor immunity. Hence, we proposed that modifying the CRC microbiota using healthy donors might serve as a promising strategy to improve response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Long Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Li-Sha Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen 361015, PR China; Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Xiamen 361015, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Stem Cell Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201100, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Sun
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jia-Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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Mabrouk N, Tran T, Sam I, Pourmir I, Gruel N, Granier C, Pineau J, Gey A, Kobold S, Fabre E, Tartour E. CXCR6 expressing T cells: Functions and role in the control of tumors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1022136. [PMID: 36311728 PMCID: PMC9597613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR6 is a receptor for the chemokine CXCL16, which exists as a membrane or soluble form. CXCR6 is a marker for resident memory T (TRM) cells that plays a role in immunosurveillance through their interaction with epithelial cells. The interaction of CXCR6 with CXCL16 expressed at the membrane of certain subpopulations of intratumor dendritic cells (DC) called DC3, ideally positions these CXCR6+ T cells to receive a proliferation signal from IL-15 also presented by DC3. Mice deficient in cxcr6 or blocking the interaction of CXCR6 with its ligand, experience a poorer control of tumor proliferation by CD8+ T cells, but also by NKT cells especially in the liver. Intranasal vaccination induces CXCL16 production in the lungs and is associated with infiltration by TRM expressing CXCR6, which are then required for the efficacy of anti-tumor vaccination. Therapeutically, the addition of CXCR6 to specific CAR-T cells enhances their intratumoral accumulation and prolongs survival in animal models of pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer. Finally, CXCR6 is part of immunological signatures that predict response to immunotherapy based on anti-PD-(L)1 in various cancers. In contrast, a protumoral role of CXCR6+T cells has also been reported mainly in Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to a non-antigen specific mechanism. The targeting and amplification of antigen-specific TRM expressing CXCR6 and its potential use as a biomarker of response to immunotherapy opens new perspectives in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi Tran
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Ikuan Sam
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Pourmir
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Nadège Gruel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Department of Translational Research, Paris, France
- INSERM U830, Equipe labellisée LNCC, Siredo Oncology Centre, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Granier
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou and Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Joséphine Pineau
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou and Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Alain Gey
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou and Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Fabre
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Lung Oncology Unit, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université ParisCité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
- Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou and Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Eric Tartour,
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Burgoyne P, Hayes AJ, Cooper RS, Le Brocq ML, Hansell CA, Campbell JD, Graham GJ. CCR7 + dendritic cells sorted by binding of CCL19 show enhanced Ag-presenting capacity and antitumor potency. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1243-1251. [PMID: 34780080 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ab0720-446rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell therapy has been a promising addition to the current armory of therapeutic options in cancer for more than 20 years but has not yet achieved breakthrough success. To successfully initiate immunity, dendritic cells have to enter the lymph nodes. However, experience to date of therapeutic dendritic cell administration indicates that this is frequently an extremely inefficient process. The major regulator of dendritic cell migration to the lymph nodes is the chemokine receptor CCR7 and in vitro generated dendritic cells typically display heterogeneous expression of this receptor. Here we demonstrate that positive selection for the dendritic cell subpopulation expressing CCR7, using a chemically-synthesized ligand:CCL19, enriches for cells with enhanced lymph node migration and Ag presentation competence as well as a chemokine expression profile indicative of improved interactions with T cells. This enhanced lymph node homing capacity of enriched CCR7+ cells is seen in comparison to a population of unsorted dendritic cells containing an equivalent number of CCR7+ dendritic cells. Importantly, this indicates that separating the CCR7+ dendritic cells from the CCR7- cells, rather than simple CCL19 exposure, is required to affect the enhanced lymph node migration of the CCR7+ cells. In models of both subcutaneous and metastatic melanoma, we demonstrate that the dendritic cells sorted for CCR7 expression trigger enhanced CD8 T-cell driven antitumor immune responses which correlate with reduced tumor burden and increased survival. Finally, we demonstrate that this approach is directly translatable to human dendritic cell therapy using the same reagents coupled with clinical-grade flow-cytometric sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Burgoyne
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan J Hayes
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel S Cooper
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle L Le Brocq
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Ah Hansell
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Dm Campbell
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Heng AHS, Han CW, Abbott C, McColl SR, Comerford I. Chemokine-Driven Migration of Pro-Inflammatory CD4 + T Cells in CNS Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817473. [PMID: 35250997 PMCID: PMC8889115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells drive the pathogenesis of many autoimmune conditions. Recent advances have modified views of the phenotype of pro-inflammatory Th cells in autoimmunity, extending the breadth of known Th cell subsets that operate as drivers of these responses. Heterogeneity and plasticity within Th1 and Th17 cells, and the discovery of subsets of Th cells dedicated to production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as GM-CSF have led to these advances. Here, we review recent progress in this area and focus specifically upon evidence for chemokine receptors that drive recruitment of these various pro-inflammatory Th cell subsets to sites of autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. We discuss expression of specific chemokine receptors by subsets of pro-inflammatory Th cells and highlight which receptors may be tractable targets of therapeutic interventions to limit pathogenic Th cell recruitment in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H S Heng
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caleb W Han
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caitlin Abbott
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Li T, Pan J, Chen H, Fang Y, Sun Y. CXCR6-based immunotherapy in autoimmune, cancer and inflammatory infliction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3255-3262. [PMID: 35967287 PMCID: PMC9366225 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Medical Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongliang Fang
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Microbiology and Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
- Corresponding authors.
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12
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Li D, Li J, Liu H, Zhai L, Hu W, Xia N, Tang T, Jiao J, Lv B, Nie S, Hu D, Liao Y, Yang X, Shi G, Cheng X. Pathogenic Tconvs promote inflammatory macrophage polarization through GM‐CSF and exacerbate abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22172. [PMID: 35133017 PMCID: PMC9303938 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101576r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) elicit massive inflammatory leukocyte recruitment to the aorta. CD4+ T cells, which include regulatory T cells (Tregs) and conventional T cells (Tconvs), are involved in the progression of AAA. Tregs have been reported to limit AAA formation. However, the function and phenotype of the Tconvs found in AAAs remain poorly understood. We characterized aortic Tconvs by bulk RNA sequencing and discovered that Tconvs in aortic aneurysm highly expressed Cxcr6 and Csf2. Herein, we determined that the CXCR6/CXCL16 signaling axis controlled the recruitment of Tconvs to aortic aneurysms. Deficiency of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), encoded by Csf2, markedly inhibited AAA formation and led to a decrease of inflammatory monocytes, due to a reduction of CCL2 expression. Conversely, the exogenous administration of GM‐CSF exacerbated inflammatory monocyte infiltration by upregulating CCL2 expression, resulting in worsened AAA formation. Mechanistically, GM‐CSF upregulated the expression of interferon regulatory factor 5 to promote M1‐like macrophage differentiation in aortic aneurysms. Importantly, we also demonstrated that the GM‐CSF produced by Tconvs enhanced the polarization of M1‐like macrophages and exacerbated AAA formation. Our findings revealed that GM‐CSF, which was predominantly derived from Tconvs in aortic aneurysms, played a pathogenic role in the progression of AAAs and may represent a potential target for AAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jingyong Li
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Henan Liu
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Luna Zhai
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Wangling Hu
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Bingjie Lv
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shaofang Nie
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Institute of Hematology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Xiangping Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Guo‐Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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13
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Liu JMH, Chen P, Uyeda MJ, Cieniewicz B, Sayitoglu EC, Thomas BC, Sato Y, Bacchetta R, Cepika AM, Roncarolo MG. Pre-clinical development and molecular characterization of an engineered type 1 regulatory T-cell product suitable for immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:1017-1028. [PMID: 34404616 PMCID: PMC8546780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative therapeutic approach for many hematological disorders. However, allo-HSCT is frequently accompanied by a serious side effect: graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The clinical use of allo-HSCT is limited by the inability of current immunosuppressive regimens to adequately control GvHD without impairing the graft-versus-leukemia effect (GvL) conferred by transplanted healthy immune cells. To address this, the authors have developed an engineered type 1 regulatory T-cell product called CD4IL-10 cells. CD4IL-10 cells are obtained through lentiviral transduction, which delivers the human IL10 gene into purified polyclonal CD4+ T cells. CD4IL-10 cells may provide an advantage over standard-of-care immunosuppressants because of the ability to suppress GvHD through continuous secretion of IL-10 and enhance the GvL effect in myeloid malignancies through targeted killing of malignant myeloid cells. METHODS Here the authors established a production process aimed at current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) production for CD4IL-10 cells. RESULTS The authors demonstrated that the CD4IL-10 cell product maintains the suppressive and cytotoxic functions of previously described CD4IL-10 cells. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis of CD4IL-10 identified novel transcriptome changes, indicating that CD4IL-10 cells primarily upregulate cytotoxicity-related genes. These include four molecules with described roles in CD8+ T and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity: CD244, KLRD1, KLRC1 and FASLG. Finally, it was shown that CD4IL-10 cells upregulate IL-22, which mediates wound healing and tissue repair, particularly in the gut. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results pave the way toward clinical translation of the cGMP-optimized CD4IL-10 cell product and uncover new molecules that have a role in the clinical application of CD4IL-10 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Mao-Hwa Liu
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ping Chen
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Molly Javier Uyeda
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brandon Cieniewicz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ece Canan Sayitoglu
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Craig Thomas
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yohei Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alma-Martina Cepika
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Definitive and Curative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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14
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Christophersen A, Zühlke S, Lund EG, Snir O, Dahal‐Koirala S, Risnes LF, Jahnsen J, Lundin KEA, Sollid LM. Pathogenic T Cells in Celiac Disease Change Phenotype on Gluten Challenge: Implications for T-Cell-Directed Therapies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102778. [PMID: 34495570 PMCID: PMC8564461 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gluten-specific CD4+ T cells being drivers of celiac disease (CeD) are obvious targets for immunotherapy. Little is known about how cell markers harnessed for T-cell-directed therapy can change with time and upon activation in CeD and other autoimmune conditions. In-depth characterization of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells and CeD-associated (CD38+ and CD103+ ) CD8+ and γδ+ T cells in blood of treated CeD patients undergoing a 3 day gluten challenge is reported. The phenotypic profile of gluten-specific cells changes profoundly with gluten exposure and the cells adopt the profile of gluten-specific cells in untreated disease (CD147+ , CD70+ , programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)+ , inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS)+ , CD28+ , CD95+ , CD38+ , and CD161+ ), yet with some markers being unique for day 6 cells (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (CXCR6), CD132, and CD147) and with integrin α4β7, C-C motif chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), and CXCR3 being expressed stably at baseline and day 6. Among gluten-specific CD4+ T cells, 52% are CXCR5+ at baseline, perhaps indicative of germinal-center reactions, while on day 6 all are CXCR5- . Strikingly, the phenotypic profile of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells on day 6 largely overlaps with that of CeD-associated (CD38+ and CD103+ ) CD8+ and γδ+ T cells. The antigen-induced shift in phenotype of CD4+ T cells being shared with other disease-associated T cells is relevant for development of T-cell-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn Christophersen
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
- Department of RheumatologyDermatology and Infectious DiseasesOslo University HospitalOslo0372Norway
| | - Stephanie Zühlke
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
| | - Eivind G. Lund
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
| | - Omri Snir
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
| | - Shiva Dahal‐Koirala
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
| | - Louise Fremgaard Risnes
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Department of ImmunologyOslo University HospitalOslo0372Norway
| | - Jørgen Jahnsen
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
- Department of GastroenterologyAkershus University HospitalLørenskog1478Norway
| | - Knut E. A. Lundin
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
- Department of GastroenterologyOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOslo0372Norway
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research CentreUniversity of OsloOslo0372Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOslo0450Norway
- Department of ImmunologyOslo University HospitalOslo0372Norway
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15
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Haim-Vilmovsky L, Henriksson J, Walker JA, Miao Z, Natan E, Kar G, Clare S, Barlow JL, Charidemou E, Mamanova L, Chen X, Proserpio V, Pramanik J, Woodhouse S, Protasio AV, Efremova M, Griffin JL, Berriman M, Dougan G, Fisher J, Marioni JC, McKenzie ANJ, Teichmann SA. Mapping Rora expression in resting and activated CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251233. [PMID: 34003838 PMCID: PMC8130942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Rora has been shown to be important for the development of ILC2 and the regulation of ILC3, macrophages and Treg cells. Here we investigate the role of Rora across CD4+ T cells in general, but with an emphasis on Th2 cells, both in vitro as well as in the context of several in vivo type 2 infection models. We dissect the function of Rora using overexpression and a CD4-conditional Rora-knockout mouse, as well as a RORA-reporter mouse. We establish the importance of Rora in CD4+ T cells for controlling lung inflammation induced by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, and have measured the effect on downstream genes using RNA-seq. Using a systematic stimulation screen of CD4+ T cells, coupled with RNA-seq, we identify upstream regulators of Rora, most importantly IL-33 and CCL7. Our data suggest that Rora is a negative regulator of the immune system, possibly through several downstream pathways, and is under control of the local microenvironment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nippostrongylus/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/parasitology
- Pneumonia/pathology
- Strongylida Infections/immunology
- Strongylida Infections/parasitology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Haim-Vilmovsky
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Henriksson
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Walker
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zhichao Miao
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eviatar Natan
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gozde Kar
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian L. Barlow
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evelina Charidemou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xi Chen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Proserpio
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jhuma Pramanik
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Woodhouse
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna V. Protasio
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjana Efremova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian L. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Berriman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - John C. Marioni
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew N. J. McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Blair TC, Alice AF, Zebertavage L, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The Dynamic Entropy of Tumor Immune Infiltrates: The Impact of Recirculation, Antigen-Specific Interactions, and Retention on T Cells in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653625. [PMID: 33968757 PMCID: PMC8101411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of tumor infiltration using conventional methods reveals a snapshot view of lymphocyte interactions with the tumor environment. However, lymphocytes have the unique capacity for continued recirculation, exploring varied tissues for the presence of cognate antigens according to inflammatory triggers and chemokine gradients. We discuss the role of the inflammatory and cellular makeup of the tumor environment, as well as antigen expressed by cancer cells or cross-presented by stromal antigen presenting cells, on recirculation kinetics of T cells. We aim to discuss how current cancer therapies may manipulate lymphocyte recirculation versus retention to impact lymphocyte exclusion in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Blair
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro F Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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17
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Yu H, Yang A, Liu L, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Cowley S. CXCL16 Stimulates Antigen-Induced MAIT Cell Accumulation but Trafficking During Lung Infection Is CXCR6-Independent. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1773. [PMID: 32849637 PMCID: PMC7426740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique T cell subset that contributes to protective immunity against microbial pathogens, but little is known about the role of chemokines in recruiting MAIT cells to the site of infection. Pulmonary infection with Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) stimulates the accrual of large numbers of MAIT cells in the lungs of mice. Using this infection model, we find that MAIT cells are predominantly CXCR6+ but do not require CXCR6 for accumulation in the lungs. However, CXCR6 does contribute to long-term retention of MAIT cells in the airway lumen after clearance of the infection. We also find that MAIT cells are not recruited from secondary lymphoid organs and largely proliferate in situ in the lungs after infection. Nevertheless, the only known ligand for CXCR6, CXCL16, is sufficient to drive MAIT cell accumulation in the lungs in the absence of infection when administered in combination with the MAIT cell antigen 5-OP-RU. Overall, this new data advances the understanding of mechanisms that facilitate MAIT cell accumulation and retention in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Amy Yang
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ligong Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Siobhan Cowley
- Laboratory of Mucosal Pathogens and Cellular Immunology, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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18
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Bockerstett KA, Petersen CP, Noto CN, Kuehm LM, Wong CF, Ford EL, Teague RM, Mills JC, Goldenring JR, DiPaolo RJ. Interleukin 27 Protects From Gastric Atrophy and Metaplasia During Chronic Autoimmune Gastritis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:561-579. [PMID: 32376420 PMCID: PMC7399182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The association between chronic inflammation and gastric carcinogenesis is well established, but it is not clear how immune cells and cytokines regulate this process. We investigated the role of interleukin 27 (IL27) in the development of gastric atrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia (preneoplastic lesions associated with inflammation-induced gastric cancer) in mice with autoimmune gastritis. METHODS We performed studies with TxA23 mice (control mice), which express a T-cell receptor against the H+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase α chain and develop autoimmune gastritis, and TxA23xEbi3-/- mice, which develop gastritis but do not express IL27. In some experiments, mice were given high-dose tamoxifen to induce parietal cell atrophy and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Recombinant IL27 was administered to mice with mini osmotic pumps. Stomachs were collected and analyzed by histopathology and immunofluorescence; we used flow cytometry to measure IL27 and identify immune cells that secrete IL27 in the gastric mucosa. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on immune cells that infiltrated stomach tissues. RESULTS We identified IL27-secreting macrophages and dendritic cell in the corpus of mice with chronic gastritis (TxA23 mice). Mice deficient in IL27 developed more severe gastritis, atrophy, and SPEM than control mice. Administration of recombinant IL27 significantly reduced the severity of inflammation, atrophy, and SPEM in mice with gastritis. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that IL27 acted almost exclusively on stomach-infiltrating CD4+ T cells to suppress expression of inflammatory genes. CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice with autoimmune gastritis, we found that IL27 is an inhibitor of gastritis and SPEM, suppressing CD4+ T-cell-mediated inflammation in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Bockerstett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Christine P Petersen
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christine N Noto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Lindsey M Kuehm
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Chun Fung Wong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric L Ford
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan M Teague
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - James R Goldenring
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard J DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.
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19
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Touzelet O, Broadbent L, Armstrong SD, Aljabr W, Cloutman-Green E, Power UF, Hiscox JA. The Secretome Profiling of a Pediatric Airway Epithelium Infected with hRSV Identified Aberrant Apical/Basolateral Trafficking and Novel Immune Modulating (CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3) and Antiviral (CEACAM1) Proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:793-807. [PMID: 32075873 PMCID: PMC7196588 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium comprises polarized cells at the interface between the environment and airway tissues. Polarized apical and basolateral protein secretions are a feature of airway epithelium homeostasis. Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major human pathogen that primarily targets the respiratory epithelium. However, the consequences of hRSV infection on epithelium secretome polarity and content remain poorly understood. To investigate the hRSV-associated apical and basolateral secretomes, a proteomics approach was combined with an ex vivo pediatric human airway epithelial (HAE) model of hRSV infection (data are available via ProteomeXchange and can be accessed at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/ with identifier PXD013661). Following infection, a skewing of apical/basolateral abundance ratios was identified for several individual proteins. Novel modulators of neutrophil and lymphocyte activation (CXCL6, CSF3, SECTM1 or CXCL16), and antiviral proteins (BST2 or CEACAM1) were detected in infected, but not in uninfected cultures. Importantly, CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3 were also detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) from hRSV-infected infants but not healthy controls. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of CEACAM1 against RSV was confirmed in vitro using BEAS-2B cells. hRSV infection disrupted the polarity of the pediatric respiratory epithelial secretome and was associated with immune modulating proteins (CXCL6, CXCL16, CSF3) never linked with this virus before. In addition, the antiviral activity of CEACAM1 against hRSV had also never been previously characterized. This study, therefore, provides novel insights into RSV pathogenesis and endogenous antiviral responses in pediatric airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Touzelet
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lindsay Broadbent
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Waleed Aljabr
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Biomedical Research Administration, Research Centre, King Fahad Medical City, P.O. Box 59046 Riyadh 11252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elaine Cloutman-Green
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Level 4 Camelia Botnar Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ultan F Power
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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20
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Wetzel KS, Elliott STC, Collman RG. SIV Coreceptor Specificity in Natural and Non-Natural Host Infection: Implications for Cell Targeting and Differential Outcomes from Infection. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:41-51. [PMID: 29173179 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171124121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic HIV-1 infection of humans and SIVmac infection of macaques are the result of zoonotic transfer of primate immunodeficiency viruses from their natural hosts into non-natural host species. Natural host infections do not result in pathogenesis despite high levels of virus replication, and evidence suggests that differences in anatomical location and specific subsets of CD4+ T cells infected may underlie distinct outcomes from infection. The coreceptor CCR5 has long been considered the sole pathway for SIV entry and the key determinant of CD4+ cell targeting, but it has also been known that natural hosts express exceedingly low levels of CCR5 despite maintaining high levels of virus replication. This review details emerging data indicating that in multiple natural host species, CCR5 is dispensable for SIV infection ex vivo and/or in vivo and, contrary to the established dogma, alternative coreceptors, particularly CXCR6, play a central role in infection and cell targeting. Infections of non-natural hosts, however, are characterized by CCR5-exclusive entry. These findings suggest that alternative coreceptor-mediated cell targeting in natural hosts, combined with low CCR5 expression, may direct the virus to distinct populations of cells that are dispensable for immune homeostasis, particularly extralymphoid and more differentiated CD4+ T cells. In contrast, CCR5-mediated entry in non-natural hosts results in targeting of CD4+ T cells that are located in lymphoid tissues, critical for immune homeostasis, or necessary for gut barrier integrity. Thus, fundamental differences in viral entry coreceptor use may be central determinants of infection outcome. These findings redefine the normal SIV/host relationship in natural host species, shed new light on key features linked to zoonotic immunodeficiency virus transfer, and highlight important questions regarding how and why this coreceptor bottleneck occurs and the coevolutionary equilibrium is lost following cross-species transfer that results in AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Wetzel
- Department of Medicine and Penn Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah T C Elliott
- Department of Medicine and Penn Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine and Penn Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Oreskovic Z, Nechvatalova K, Krejci J, Kummer V, Faldyna M. Aspects of intradermal immunization with different adjuvants: The role of dendritic cells and Th1/Th2 response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211896. [PMID: 30742635 PMCID: PMC6370205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradermal (i.d.) application of vaccine is promising way how to induce specific immune response against particular pathogens. Adjuvants, substances added into vaccination dose with the aim to increase immunogenicity, play important role in activation of dendritic cells with subsequent activation of lymphocytes. They can, however, induce unwanted local reactions. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of i.d. administration of model antigen keyhole limped hemocyanine alone or with different adjuvants-aluminium hydroxide and oil-based adjuvants-on local histopathological reaction as well as dendritic cell activation at the site of administration and local cytokine and chemokine response. This was assessed at 4 and 24 hours after application. Selection of the adjuvants was based on the fact, that they differently enhance antibody or cell-mediated immunity. The results showed activation of dendritic cells and both Th1 and Th2 response stimulated by oil-based adjuvants. It was associated with higher expression of set of genes, incl. chemokine receptor CCR7 or Th1-associated chemokine CXCL10 and cytokine IFNγ. Application of the antigen with aluminium hydroxide induced higher expression of Th2-associated IL4 or IL13. On the other hand, both complete and incomplete Freund´s adjuvants provoked strong local reaction associated with influx of neutrophils. This was accompanied with high expression of proinflammatory IL1 or neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8. Surprisingly, similarly strong local reaction was detected also after application of aluminium hydroxide-based adjuvant. The best balanced local reaction with sufficient activation of immune cells was detected after application of oil-based adjuvants Montanide and Emulsigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Oreskovic
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Krejci
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kummer
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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22
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CXCR6 +ST2 + memory T helper 2 cells induced the expression of major basic protein in eosinophils to reduce the fecundity of helminth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9849-E9858. [PMID: 30275296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714731115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T helper (mTh) cells play important roles in the reinfection of pathogens and drive the pathogenesis of diseases. While recent studies have characterized the pathogenic mTh2 cell subpopulations driving allergic inflammation, those that induce immune responses against helminth infection remain unknown. We found that IL-5-producing CXCR6+ST2+CD44+ mTh2 cells play a crucial role in the IL-33-dependent inhibition of the fecundity of helminth, whereas other ST2- mTh2 cells do not. Although both cell types induced the infiltration of granulocytes, especially eosinophils, into the lungs in response to helminth infection, the ST2+ mTh2 cell-induced eosinophils expressed higher levels of major basic protein (MBP), which is important for reducing the fecundity of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), than ST2- mTh2 cell-induced ones. Notably, we also found that ST2+ Treg cells but not ST2- Treg cells suppressed CXCR6+ST2+ mTh2 cell-mediated immune responses. Taken together, these findings show that we identified a mechanism against helminth elicited by a subpopulation of IL-5-producing mTh2 cells through the accumulation of eosinophils strongly expressing MBP in the lungs.
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23
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Morin A, Madore AM, Kwan T, Ban M, Partanen J, Rönnblom L, Syvänen AC, Sawcer S, Stunnenberg H, Lathrop M, Pastinen T, Laprise C. Exploring rare and low-frequency variants in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean population identified genes associated with asthma and allergy traits. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:90-101. [PMID: 30206357 PMCID: PMC6303288 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) region is located in northeastern Quebec and is known for its unique demographic history and founder effect. As founder populations are enriched with population-specific variants, we characterized the variants distribution in SLSJ and compared it with four European populations (Finnish, Sweden, United Kingdom and France), of which the Finnish population is another founder population. Targeted sequencing of the coding and non-coding immune regulatory regions of the SLSJ asthma familial cohort and the four European populations were performed. Rare and low-frequency coding and non-coding regulatory variants identified in the SLSJ population were then investigated for variant- and gene-level associations with asthma and allergy-related traits (eosinophil percentage, immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels and lung function). Our data showed that (1) rare or deleterious variants were not enriched in the two founder populations as compared with the three non-founder European populations; (2) a larger proportion of founder population-specific variants occurred with higher frequencies; and (3) low-frequency variants appeared to be more deleterious. Furthermore, a rare variant, rs1386931, located in the 3ʹ-UTR of CXCR6 and intron of FYCO1 was found to be associated with eosinophil percentage. Gene-based analyses identified NRP2, MRPL44 and SERPINE2 to be associated with various asthma and allergy-related traits. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of using a founder population to identify new genes associated with asthma and allergy-related traits; thus better understand the genes and pathways implicated in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Morin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Madore
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Tony Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Ban
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jukka Partanen
- Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen Sawcer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hendrik Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Catherine Laprise
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada. .,Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Saguenay, QC, Canada.
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24
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Wetzel KS, Yi Y, Yadav A, Bauer AM, Bello EA, Romero DC, Bibollet-Ruche F, Hahn BH, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Peeters M, Collman RG. Loss of CXCR6 coreceptor usage characterizes pathogenic lentiviruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007003. [PMID: 29659623 PMCID: PMC5919676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic HIV-1 originated from the cross-species transmission of SIVcpz, which infects chimpanzees, while SIVcpz itself emerged following the cross-species transmission and recombination of monkey SIVs, with env contributed by the SIVgsn/mus/mon lineage that infects greater spot-nosed, mustached and mona monkeys. SIVcpz and HIV-1 are pathogenic in their respective hosts, while the phenotype of their SIVgsn/mus/mon ancestors is unknown. However, two well-studied SIV infected natural hosts, sooty mangabeys (SMs) and African green monkeys (AGMs), typically remain healthy despite high viral loads; these species express low levels of the canonical coreceptor CCR5, and recent work shows that CXCR6 is a major coreceptor for SIV in these hosts. It is not known what coreceptors were used by the precursors of SIVcpz, whether coreceptor use changed during emergence of the SIVcpz/HIV-1 lineage, and what T cell subsets express CXCR6 in natural hosts. Using species-matched coreceptors and CD4, we show here that SIVcpz uses only CCR5 for entry and, like HIV-1, cannot use CXCR6. In contrast, SIVmus efficiently uses both CXCR6 and CCR5. Coreceptor selectivity was determined by Env, with CXCR6 use abrogated by Pro326 in the V3 crown, which is absent in monkey SIVs but highly conserved in SIVcpz/HIV-1. To characterize which cells express CXCR6, we generated a novel antibody that recognizes CXCR6 of multiple primate species. Testing lymphocytes from SM, the best-studied natural host, we found that CXCR6 is restricted to CD4+ effector memory cells, and is expressed by a sub-population distinct from those expressing CCR5. Thus, efficient CXCR6 use, previously identified in SM and AGM infection, also characterizes a member of the SIV lineage that gave rise to SIVcpz/HIV-1. Loss of CXCR6 usage by SIVcpz may have altered its cell tropism, shifting virus from CXCR6-expressing cells that may support replication without disrupting immune function or homeostasis, towards CCR5-expressing cells with pathogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Wetzel
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yanjie Yi
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anjana Yadav
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anya M. Bauer
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ezekiel A. Bello
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dino C. Romero
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Martine Peeters
- UMI233-TransVIHMI/INSERM U1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Koenen A, Babendreyer A, Schumacher J, Pasqualon T, Schwarz N, Seifert A, Deupi X, Ludwig A, Dreymueller D. The DRF motif of CXCR6 as chemokine receptor adaptation to adhesion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173486. [PMID: 28267793 PMCID: PMC5340378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXC-chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) is a class A GTP-binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) that mediates adhesion of leukocytes by interacting with the transmembrane cell surface-expressed chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), and also regulates leukocyte migration by interacting with the soluble shed variant of CXCL16. In contrast to virtually all other chemokine receptors with chemotactic activity, CXCR6 carries a DRF motif instead of the typical DRY motif as a key element in receptor activation and G protein coupling. In this work, modeling analyses revealed that the phenylalanine F3.51 in CXCR6 might have impact on intramolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds by this possibly changing receptor function. Initial investigations with embryonic kidney HEK293 cells and further studies with monocytic THP-1 cells showed that mutation of DRF into DRY does not influence ligand binding, receptor internalization, receptor recycling, and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. Adhesion was slightly decreased in a time-dependent manner. However, CXCL16-induced calcium signaling and migration were increased. Vice versa, when the DRY motif of the related receptor CX3CR1 was mutated into DRF the migratory response towards CX3CL1 was diminished, indicating that the presence of a DRF motif generally impairs chemotaxis in chemokine receptors. Transmembrane and soluble CXCL16 play divergent roles in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer, which can be beneficial or detrimental. Therefore, the DRF motif of CXCR6 may display a receptor adaptation allowing adhesion and cell retention by transmembrane CXCL16 but reducing the chemotactic response to soluble CXCL16. This adaptation may avoid permanent or uncontrolled recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Koenen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pasqualon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research and Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dreymueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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26
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Sarkar S, Bailey E, Go YY, Cook RF, Kalbfleisch T, Eberth J, Chelvarajan RL, Shuck KM, Artiushin S, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Allelic Variation in CXCL16 Determines CD3+ T Lymphocyte Susceptibility to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection and Establishment of Long-Term Carrier State in the Stallion. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006467. [PMID: 27930647 PMCID: PMC5145142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of horses and other equid species. Following natural infection, 10-70% of the infected stallions can become persistently infected and continue to shed EAV in their semen for periods ranging from several months to life. Recently, we reported that some stallions possess a subpopulation(s) of CD3+ T lymphocytes that are susceptible to in vitro EAV infection and that this phenotypic trait is associated with long-term carrier status following exposure to the virus. In contrast, stallions not possessing the CD3+ T lymphocyte susceptible phenotype are at less risk of becoming long-term virus carriers. A genome wide association study (GWAS) using the Illumina Equine SNP50 chip revealed that the ability of EAV to infect CD3+ T lymphocytes and establish long-term carrier status in stallions correlated with a region within equine chromosome 11. Here we identified the gene and mutations responsible for these phenotypes. Specifically, the work implicated three allelic variants of the equine orthologue of CXCL16 (EqCXCL16) that differ by four non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions (XM_00154756; c.715 A → T, c.801 G → C, c.804 T → A/G, c.810 G → A) within exon 1. This resulted in four amino acid changes with EqCXCL16S (XP_001504806.1) having Phe, His, Ile and Lys as compared to EqCXL16R having Tyr, Asp, Phe, and Glu at 40, 49, 50, and 52, respectively. Two alleles (EqCXCL16Sa, EqCXCL16Sb) encoded identical protein products that correlated strongly with long-term EAV persistence in stallions (P<0.000001) and are required for in vitro CD3+ T lymphocyte susceptibility to EAV infection. The third (EqCXCL16R) was associated with in vitro CD3+ T lymphocyte resistance to EAV infection and a significantly lower probability for establishment of the long-term carrier state (viral persistence) in the male reproductive tract. EqCXCL16Sa and EqCXCL16Sb exert a dominant mode of inheritance. Most importantly, the protein isoform EqCXCL16S but not EqCXCL16R can function as an EAV cellular receptor. Although both molecules have equal chemoattractant potential, EqCXCL16S has significantly higher scavenger receptor and adhesion properties compared to EqCXCL16R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sarkar
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ernest Bailey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UBRB); (EB)
| | - Yun Young Go
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - R. Frank Cook
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ted Kalbfleisch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - John Eberth
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - R. Lakshman Chelvarajan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Shuck
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UBRB); (EB)
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Tang Y, Wei Y, Ye Z, Qin C. Th1, Th17, CXCL16 and homocysteine elevated after intracranial and cervical stent implantation. Int J Neurosci 2016; 127:701-708. [PMID: 27669631 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2016.1241249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Th1 and Th17 cells has been observed as major inducers in inflammation and immune responses associated stenting. However, there is rare data on the impact of Th1, Th17, CXCL16 and homocysteine after cerebral stent implantation. Here, we performed the statistical analysis to first evaluate the variation of the Th17and Th1 cells and their related cytokines, CXCL16 and homocysteine in the peripheral blood of patients with cerebral stenting. The flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-17 and CXCL16. Plasma homocysteine was examined by immunoturbidimetry. The level of Th1, CXCL16 and homocysteine showed an increase at 3 d, followed by the continuous decrease at 7 d and 3 months. The frequency of Th17 cells increased to a peak at three days, and subsequently decreased with a higher level than baseline. Our data revealed that the variation in Th1, Th17, CXCL16 and homocysteine in peripheral blood of patients with stenting may be implicated in inflammation after intracranial and cervical stent implantation. A better understanding of these factors will provide help for further drug design and clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Tang
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Yunfei Wei
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Ziming Ye
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
| | - Chao Qin
- a Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University , Nanning , China
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Ahn J, Choe K, Wang T, Hwang Y, Song E, Kim KH, Kim P. In vivo longitudinal cellular imaging of small intestine by side-view endomicroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3963-72. [PMID: 26504646 PMCID: PMC4605055 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of cellular dynamics in the gastrointestinal tract of living mouse model to investigate the pathophysiology has been a long-pursuing goal. Especially, for chronic disease such as Crohn's disease, a longitudinal observation of the luminal surface of the small intestine in the single mouse is highly desirable to investigate the complex pathogenesis in sequential time points. In this work, by utilizing a micro-GRIN lens based side-view endomicroscope integrated into a video-rate confocal microscopy system, we successfully performed minimally-invasive in vivo cellular-level visualization of various fluorescent cells and microvasculature in the small intestinal villi. Also, with a transgenic mouse universally expressing photoconvertible protein, Kaede, we demonstrated repetitive cellular-level confocal endoscopic visualization of same area in the small intestinal lumen of a single mouse, which revealed the continuous homeostatic renewal of the small intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyo Ahn
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (GSNT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Kibaek Choe
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (GSNT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Yoonha Hwang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (GSNT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Song
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (GSNT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (GSNT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Deahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, South Korea
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Perez VL, Saeed AM, Tan Y, Urbieta M, Cruz-Guilloty F. The eye: A window to the soul of the immune system. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:7-14. [PMID: 23871641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The eye is considered as an immune privileged site, and with good reason. It has evolved a variety of molecular and cellular mechanisms that limit immune responses to preserve vision. For example, the cornea is mainly protected from autoimmunity by the lack of blood and lymphatic vessels, whereas the retina-blood barrier is maintained in an immunosuppressive state by the retinal pigment epithelium. However, there are several scenarios in which immune privilege is altered and the eye becomes susceptible to immune attack. In this review, we highlight the role of the immune system in two clinical conditions that affect the anterior and posterior segments of the eye: corneal transplantation and age-related macular degeneration. Interestingly, crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems is critical in both acute and chronic inflammatory responses in the eye, with T cells playing a central role in combination with neutrophils and macrophages. In addition, we emphasize the advantage of using the eye as a model for in vivo longitudinal imaging of the immune system in action. Through this technique, it has been possible to identify functionally distinct intra-graft motility patterns of responding T cells, as well as the importance of chemokine signaling in situ for T cell activation. The detailed study of ocular autoimmunity could provide novel therapeutic strategies for blinding diseases while also providing more general information on acute versus chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Perez
- Laboratory of Ocular Immunology and Transplantation, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Tan Y, Abdulreda MH, Cruz-Guilloty F, Cutrufello N, Shishido A, Martinez RE, Duffort S, Xia X, Echegaray-Mendez J, Levy RB, Berggren PO, Perez VL. Role of T cell recruitment and chemokine-regulated intra-graft T cell motility patterns in corneal allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1461-73. [PMID: 23679575 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Keratoplasty is the primary treatment to cure blindness due to corneal opacification. However, immune-mediated rejection remains the leading cause of keratoplasty failure. Here, we utilize an in vivo imaging approach to monitor, track, and characterize in real-time the recruitment of GFP-labeled allo-specific activated (Bonzo) T cells during corneal allograft rejection. We show that the recruitment of effector T cells to the site of transplantation determined the fate of corneal allografts, and that local intra-graft production of CCL5 and CXCL9/10 regulated motility patterns of effector T cells in situ, and correlated with allograft rejection. We also show that different motility patterns associate with distinct in vivo phenotypes (round, elongated, and ruffled) of graft-infiltrating effector T cells with varying proportions during progression of rejection. The ruffled phenotype was characteristic of activated effectors T cells and predominated during ongoing rejection, which associated with significantly increased T cell dynamics within the allografts. Importantly, CCR5/CXCR3 blockade decreased the motility, size, and number of infiltrating T cells and significantly prolonged allograft survival. Our findings indicate that chemokines produced locally within corneal allografts play an important role in the in situ activation and dynamic behavior of infiltrating effector T cells, and may guide targeted interventions to promote graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow–derived granular lymphocytes that have a key role in immune defense against viral and bacterial infections and malignancies. NK cells are traditionally defined as cells of the innate immune response because they lack RAG recombinase–dependent clonal antigen receptors. However, evidence suggests that specific subsets of mouse NK cells can nevertheless develop long-lived and highly specific memory to a variety of antigens. Here we review published evidence of NK cell–mediated, RAG-independent adaptive immunity. We also compare and contrast candidate mechanisms for mammalian NK cell memory and antigen recognition with other examples of RAG-independent pathways that generate antigen receptor diversity in non-mammalian species and discuss NK cell memory in the context of lymphocyte evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Paust
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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CXCR6 is a marker for protective antigen-specific cells in the lungs after intranasal immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3328-37. [PMID: 21628524 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01133-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing correlates of protective immunity against tuberculosis have been elusive. In BALB/c mice, intranasal immunization with a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A (adenovirus-85A) induces protective lower respiratory tract immunity against pulmonary challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while intradermal immunization with adenovirus-85A does not. Here we report that intranasal immunization with adenovirus-85A induces expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR6 on lung CD8 T lymphocytes, which is maintained for at least 3 months. CXCR6-positive antigen-specific T cell numbers are increased among bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable cells. Similarly, intranasal immunization with recombinant antigen 85A with adjuvant induces CXCR6 expression on lung CD4 cells in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, while a synthetic ESAT6(1-20) peptide with adjuvant induces CXCR6 expression in C57BL/6 mice. Parenteral immunization fails to do so. Upregulation of CXCR6 is accompanied by a transient elevation of serum CXCL16 after intranasal immunization, and lung cells cultured ex vivo from mice immunized intranasally show increased production of CXCL16. Administration of CXCL16 and cognate antigen intranasally to mice previously immunized parenterally increases the number of antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable population, which mediates inhibition of the early growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after challenge. We conclude that expression of CXCR6 on lung T lymphocytes is a correlate of local protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis after intranasal immunization and that CXCR6 and CXCL16 play an important role in the localization of T cells within lung tissue and the bronchoalveolar lavage-recoverable compartment.
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Day C, Patel R, Guillen C, Wardlaw AJ. The chemokine CXCL16 is highly and constitutively expressed by human bronchial epithelial cells. Exp Lung Res 2009; 35:272-83. [PMID: 19415545 PMCID: PMC2685639 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802635517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR6 is highly expressed on lung-derived T cells compared to blood T cells, especially in inflammatory diseases characterised by T-cell migration to the lung. This suggests that CXCR6 is a candidate lung homing receptor. The sole ligand of CXCR6, CXCL16, has previously been shown to be expressed by alveolar macrophages. The authors hypothesized that also structural lung cells express CXCL16. CXCL16 expression was detected using real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry. Chemotaxis assays were used to test functionality of the secreted protein. Human bronchial epithelial cells secreted relatively high basal levels of CXCL16 (> 1000 pg/mL). Interferon (IFN)-γ, but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin (IL)-4, caused a modest but significant up-regulation in secretion. Airway smooth muscle and fibroblasts also expressed CXCL16, but at lower levels. Western blotting detected expression of the full-length (60-kDa) form of the chemokine in cell lysates, and the cleaved (35-kDa) form in culture supernatants. Concentrated supernatants from a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) were chemotactic for CXCR6 expressing T cells from blood. In conclusion, these results suggest that the bronchial epithelium is an important source of constitutively expressed CXCL16, which may be involved in T-cell recruitment to the lung in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Day
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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YANABA KOICHI, MUROI EIJI, YOSHIZAKI AYUMI, HARA TOSHIHIDE, OGAWA FUMIHIDE, SHIMIZU KAZUHIRO, YOZAKI MARIKO, HASEGAWA MINORU, FUJIMOTO MANABU, TAKEHARA KAZUHIKO, SATO SHINICHI. Serum CXCL16 Concentrations Correlate with the Extent of Skin Sclerosis in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2009; 36:1917-23. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To determine serum concentrations of soluble CXCL16 and its clinical associations in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).Methods.Serum CXCL16 levels from 89 patients with SSc were examined by ELISA. In a retrospective longitudinal study, 68 sera from 28 patients with SSc were analyzed (followup 1.3 to 7.3 yrs).Results.Serum CXCL16 levels were elevated in patients with SSc compared with healthy controls (n = 42). Patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc (n = 52) had higher levels of CXCL16 than those with limited cutaneous SSc (n = 37). Serum CXCL16 levels correlated positively with the extent of skin sclerosis. In the longitudinal study, CXCL16 levels generally decreased on a parallel with the improvement in skin sclerosis.Conclusion.CXCL16 levels were increased in patients with SSc, and correlated with the extent of skin sclerosis, suggesting that CXCL16 may have a role in the development of skin fibrosis in SSc. Blockade of CXCL16 interaction might be a potential therapeutic target in patients with SSc.
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Prostaglandin E(2)-EP(3) signaling suppresses skin inflammation in murine contact hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:809-18.e2. [PMID: 19541354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) exerts a variety of actions through 4 G protein-coupled receptors designated as EP(1), EP(2), EP(3), and EP(4). We have reported that PGE(2) acts on EP(3) in airway epithelial cells and exerts anti-inflammatory actions in ovalbumin-induced murine allergic asthma. Although EP(3) is also expressed in skin and PGE(2) is produced abundantly during skin allergic inflammation, the role of PGE(2)-EP(3) signaling in skin allergic inflammation remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether PGE(2)-EP(3) signaling exerts anti-inflammatory actions in skin allergic inflammation. METHODS We used a murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS) model and examined the role of EP(3) by using an EP(3)-selective agonist, ONO-AE-248 (AE248), and EP(3)-deficient mice. The inflammation was evaluated by the thickness and histology of the hapten-challenged ear. Inflammation-associated changes in gene expression and effects of AE248 were examined by means of microarray analysis of the skin. Localization of EP(3) was examined by staining for beta-galactosidase knocked in at the EP(3) locus in EP(3)-deficient mice. EP(3) action was also examined in cultured keratinocytes. RESULTS Administration of AE248 during the elicitation phase significantly suppressed CHS compared with that seen in vehicle-treated mice. Microarray analysis revealed that administration of AE248 inhibited the gene expression of neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, including CXCL1, at the elicitation site. X-gal staining in EP(3)-deficient mice revealed EP(3) expression in keratinocytes, which was further confirmed by anti-EP(3) antibody in wild-type mice. In cultured keratinocytes AE248 suppressed CXCL1 production induced by TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION PGE(2)-EP(3) signaling inhibits keratinocytes activation and exerts anti-inflammatory actions in murine CHS.
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Casas R, Lindau C, Zetterström O, Duchén K. Downregulation of CXCR6 and CXCR3 in lymphocytes from birch-allergic patients. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:351-61. [PMID: 18782262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Preferential expression of chemokine receptors on Th1 or Th2 T-helper cells has mostly been studied in cell lines generated in vitro or in animal models; however, results are less well characterized in humans. We determined T-cell responses through chemokine receptor expression on lymphocytes, and cytokine secretion in plasma from birch-allergic and healthy subjects. The expression of CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR6, IL-12 and IL-18R receptors was studied on CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells from birch-allergic (n = 14) and healthy (n = 14) subjects by flow cytometry. The concentration of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha cytokines was measured in plasma from the same individuals using a cytometric bead array human cytokines kit. The similar expression of CCR4 in T cells from atopic and healthy individuals argues against the use of the receptor as an in vivo marker of Th2 immune responses. Reduced percentages of CD4(+) cells expressing IL-18R, CXCR6 and CXCR3 were found in the same group of samples. TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-5, IL-4 and IL-12 cytokines were elevated in samples from allergic individuals. Reduced expression of Th1-associated chemokine receptors together with higher levels of Th1, Th2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines in samples from allergic patients indicate that immune responses in peripheral blood in atopic diseases are complex and cannot be simplified to the Th1/Th2 paradigm. Not only the clinical picture of atopic diseases but also the clinical state at different time points of the disease might influence the results of studies including immunological markers associated with Th1- or Th2-type immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Casas
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden.
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Martini G, Cabrelle A, Calabrese F, Carraro S, Scquizzato E, Teramo A, Facco M, Zulian F, Agostini C. CXCR6-CXCL16 interaction in the pathogenesis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:268-76. [PMID: 18760678 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the role of CXCR6/CXCL16 in driving lymphocyte migration into inflamed joints of children with oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) we analysed CXCR6 expression and functional capability in lymphocytes from synovial fluid (SF) by flow cytometry, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and migration assays. Furthermore, CXCR6 and CXCL16 expression in synovial tissue (ST) was analysed by immunohistochemistry. T cells isolated from SF of patients with JIA expressed CXCR6 which was functionally active as shown by chemotactic assays. The same cells expressed CXCR3 and it exerted a migratory activity in response to CXCL10. CXCL16 and CXCR6 were intensively expressed on the synovium cells, respectively on macrophages, synoviocytes and endothelial cells and on lymphocytes, synoviocytes and endothelial cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CXCR6 and CXCR3 act coordinately with respective ligands and are involved in the pathophysiology of JIA-associated inflammatory processes.
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Morgan AJ, Guillen C, Symon FA, Birring SS, Campbell JJ, Wardlaw AJ. CXCR6 identifies a putative population of retained human lung T cells characterised by co-expression of activation markers. Immunobiology 2008; 213:599-608. [PMID: 18656707 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Expressions of activation markers have been described on the surface of T cells in the blood and the lung in both health and disease. We have studied the distribution of activation markers on human lung T cells and have found that only certain populations exist. Importantly, the presence or absence of some markers appears to predict those of others, in particular cells which express CD103 also express CD49a and CD69, whereas cells which do not express CD69 also do not express CD49a or CD103. In view of the paucity of activation marker expression in the peripheral blood, we have hypothesised that these CD69+, CD49a+, and CD103+ (triple positive) cells are retained in the lung, possess effector function (IFNgamma secretion) and express particular chemokine receptors which allow them to be maintained in this environment. We have found that the ability of the triple negative cells to secrete IFNgamma is significantly less than the triple positive cells, suggesting that the expression of activation markers can highlight a highly specialised effector cell. We have studied the expression of 14 chemokine receptors and have found that the most striking difference between the triple negative cells and the triple positive cells is the expression of CXCR6 with 12.8+/-9.8% of triple negative cells expressing CXCR6 compared to 89.5+/-5.5% of triple positive cells. We propose therefore that CXCR6 may play an important role in the retention of T cells within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Morgan
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, Leicester University, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
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