1
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Hardison EA, Eliason EJ. Diet effects on ectotherm thermal performance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1537-1555. [PMID: 38616524 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The environment is changing rapidly, and considerable research is aimed at understanding the capacity of organisms to respond. Changes in environmental temperature are particularly concerning as most animals are ectothermic, with temperature considered a key factor governing their ecology, biogeography, behaviour and physiology. The ability of ectotherms to persist in an increasingly warm, variable, and unpredictable future will depend on their nutritional status. Nutritional resources (e.g. food availability, quality, options) vary across space and time and in response to environmental change, but animals also have the capacity to alter how much they eat and what they eat, which may help them improve their performance under climate change. In this review, we discuss the state of knowledge in the intersection between animal nutrition and temperature. We take a mechanistic approach to describe nutrients (i.e. broad macronutrients, specific lipids, and micronutrients) that may impact thermal performance and discuss what is currently known about their role in ectotherm thermal plasticity, thermoregulatory behaviour, diet preference, and thermal tolerance. We finish by describing how this topic can inform ectotherm biogeography, behaviour, and aquaculture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hardison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
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2
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House AH, Debes PV, Kurko J, Erkinaro J, Primmer CR. Genotype-specific variation in seasonal body condition at a large-effect maturation locus. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230432. [PMID: 37253427 PMCID: PMC10229225 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms use resource allocation strategies to survive seasonal environmental changes and life-history stage transitions. Earlier studies found a transcription cofactor, vgll3, associating with maturation timing that inhibits adipogenesis in mice and affects body condition in juvenile salmon. Owing to a lack of temporal studies examining seasonality effects on phenotypes such as vgll3 genotype, body condition, maturation and different life stages, we investigated the influence of different larval and juvenile temperatures, vgll3 genotype and interactions with body condition and maturation rate. We reared Atlantic salmon for 2 years in four larval-juvenile phase temperature groups until the occurrence of mature males. We found no effect of larval temperature on the measured phenotypes or maturation rate. However, we observed an increased maturation rate in individuals of the warm juvenile temperature treatment and differences in body condition associated with vgll3 genotype. Early maturation genotype individuals had a less variable body condition across seasons compared with late maturation genotype individuals. This result suggests a vgll3 influence on resource allocation strategies; possibly linked with the early maturation process, with early maturation genotype individuals having a higher maturation rate and a higher body condition in the spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. House
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Viikkinkaari 5d, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Pääjärventie 320, 16900 Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Paul V. Debes
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Viikkinkaari 5d, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kurko
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Viikkinkaari 5d, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Erkinaro
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Craig R. Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Viikkinkaari 5d, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Maamela KS, Åsheim ER, Debes PV, House AH, Erkinaro J, Liljeström P, Primmer CR, Mobley KB. The effect of temperature and dietary energy content on female maturation and egg nutritional content in Atlantic salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:1096-1108. [PMID: 36647775 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The environment experienced by a female influences reproductive traits in many species of fish. Environmental factors such as temperature and diet are not only important mediators of female maturation and reproduction but also of egg traits and offspring fitness through maternal provisioning. In this study, we use 3-year-old tank-reared Atlantic salmon from two Finnish populations to investigate the effect of temperature and diet on maturation and egg traits. We show that a temperature difference of 2°C is sufficient to delay maturation in female Atlantic salmon whereas a 22% reduction in dietary energy content had no effect on maturation. Diet did not influence the body size, condition or fecundity of the mature females or the size or protein content of the eggs. However, a higher energy diet increased egg lipid content. Neither female body size nor condition were associated with egg size or fat/protein composition. Our results indicate that female salmon that have a poorer diet in terms of energy content may have a reproductive disadvantage due to the lower energy provisioning of eggs. This disadvantage has the potential to translate into fitness consequences for their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja S Maamela
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eirik R Åsheim
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul V Debes
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - Andrew H House
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Petra Liljeström
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, Lammi, Finland
| | - Craig R Primmer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kenyon B Mobley
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Niu J, Huss M, Vasemägi A, Gårdmark A. Decades of warming alters maturation and reproductive investment in fish. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Niu
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Magnus Huss
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Department of Aquatic Resources Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Drottningholm Sweden
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Department of Aquatic Resources Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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5
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Mugwanya M, Dawood MA, Kimera F, Sewilam H. Anthropogenic temperature fluctuations and their effect on aquaculture: A comprehensive review. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Escribano-Álvarez P, Pertierra LR, Martínez B, Chown SL, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ. Half a century of thermal tolerance studies in springtails (Collembola): A review of metrics, spatial and temporal trends. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100023. [PMID: 36003273 PMCID: PMC9387465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metrics used in thermal tolerance studies in Collembola have diversified over time Cold tolerance has been assessed more often than heat tolerance Fewer data exist for tropical regions, especially for euedaphic and epedaphic organisms Thermal tolerances in Neanuridae are not as well-studied as in the other families
Global changes in soil surface temperatures are altering the abundances and distribution ranges of invertebrate species worldwide, including effects on soil microarthropods such as springtails (Collembola), which are vital for maintaining soil health and providing ecosystem services. Studies of thermal tolerance limits in soil invertebrates have the potential to provide information on demographic responses to climate change and guide assessments of possible impacts on the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Here, we review the state of knowledge of thermal tolerance limits in Collembola. Thermal tolerance metrics have diversified over time, which should be taken into account when conducting large-scale comparative studies. A temporal trend shows that the estimation of ‘Critical Thermal Limits’ (CTL) is becoming more common than investigations of ‘Supercooling Point’ (SCP), despite the latter being the most widely used metric. Indeed, most studies (66%) in Collembola have focused on cold tolerance; fewer have assessed heat tolerance. The majority of thermal tolerance data are from temperate and polar regions, with fewer assessments from tropical and subtropical latitudes. While the hemiedaphic life form represents the majority of records at low latitudes, euedaphic and epedaphic groups remain largely unsampled in these regions compared to the situation in temperate and high latitude regions, where sampling records show a more balanced distribution among the different life forms. Most CTL data are obtained during the warmest period of the year, whereas SCP and ‘Lethal Temperature’ (LT) show more variation in terms of the season when the data were collected. We conclude that more attention should be given to understudied zoogeographical regions across the tropics, as well as certain less-studied clades such as the family Neanuridae, to identify the role of thermal tolerance limits in the redistribution of species under changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Escribano-Álvarez
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Luis R. Pertierra
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Brezo Martínez
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Miguel Á. Olalla-Tárraga
- Dpto. Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933, Móstoles, Spain
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7
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Feeney R, Trueman CN, Gargan PG, Roche WK, Shephard S. Body condition of returning Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. correlates with scale δ 13 C and δ 15 N content deposited at the last marine foraging location. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34854485 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of feeding and growth of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in the marine environment are critical to understanding how observed declines in recruitment may reflect warming or other oceanic drivers. The isotopic composition of scales can provide insight into differences in marine feeding location and possibly temperature regime. The authors used archived scale samples to measure δ13 C and δ15 N deposited in the scales of one sea-winter (1SW) salmon during their last season of growth at sea before they returned to five Irish rivers. δ13 C values were related statistically to observed salmon body condition (Fulton's K), and fish with higher δ13 C values tended to show significantly better condition. In contrast, δ15 N values were negatively related to body condition. There was no important effect on condition of length at smolt migration, and the effect of duration of marine residence varied among rivers. It is likely that δ13 C values partly reflected ambient ocean temperature and recent marine feeding environment before return migration, such that the observed relationship between higher δ13 C values and increased body condition may express an advantage for adult fish feeding in warmer, potentially closer, waters. If greater body condition influences fitness, then a changing temperature regime in the Northeast Atlantic may drive shifts in salmon survival and reproduction. This study provides evidence that there is spatial and trophic variation at sea between salmon from rivers of origin that are located relatively close to each other, with potential consequences for body condition and, consequently, fitness and life history; this suggests that salmon populations from geographically proximate rivers within regions may exhibit differential responses to ocean-scale climatic changes across the Northeast Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clive N Trueman
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK
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8
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Benscoter AM, Smith BJ, Hart KM. Loggerhead marine turtles (
Caretta caretta
) nesting at smaller sizes than expected in the Gulf of Mexico: Implications for turtle behavior, population dynamics, and conservation. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Benscoter
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Fort Lauderdale Florida USA
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Kristen M. Hart
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Fort Lauderdale Florida USA
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9
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Genetic variation for upper thermal tolerance diminishes within and between populations with increasing acclimation temperature in Atlantic salmon. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:455-466. [PMID: 34446857 PMCID: PMC8551234 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations may counteract lasting temperature changes or recurrent extremes through plasticity or adaptation. However, it remains underexplored how outbreeding, either naturally, unintentionally, or facilitated, may modify a local response potential and whether genotype-by-environment interactions or between-trait correlations can restrict this potential. We quantified population differences and outbreeding effects, within-population genetic variation, and plasticity of these, for thermal performance proxy traits using 32 pedigreed wild, domesticated, and wild-domesticated Atlantic salmon families reared under common-garden conditions. Following exposure to ambient cold (11.6 °C) or ~4° and ~8° warmer summer temperatures, populations differed notably for body length and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and for thermal plasticity of length, condition, and CTmax, but not for haematocrit. Line-cross analysis suggested mostly additive and some dominant outbreeding effects on means and solely additive outbreeding effects on plasticity. Heritability was detected for all traits. However, with increasing acclimation temperature, differences in CTmax between populations and CTmax heritability diminished, and CTmax breeding values re-ranked. Furthermore, CTmax and body size were negatively correlated at the genetic and phenotypic levels, and there was indirect evidence for a positive correlation between growth potential and thermal performance breadth for growth. Thus, population differences (including those between wild and domesticated populations) in thermal performance and plasticity may present a genetic resource in addition to the within-population genetic variance to facilitate, or impede, thermal adaptation. However, unfavourable genotype-by-environment interactions and negative between-trait correlations may generally hamper joint evolution in response to an increase in average temperature and temporary extremes.
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10
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Jonsson B, Jonsson N. Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:18-24. [PMID: 33534141 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, individual growth of juvenile offspring of anadromous and freshwater resident brown trout Salmo trutta and crosses between the two from the River Imsa, Norway, was estimated. The juveniles were incubated until hatching at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 4.4 ± 1.5°C or 7.1 ± 0.6°C. Growth rate was estimated for 22 days in August-September when the fish on average were c. 8 g in wet mass, and the estimates were standardized to 1 g fish dry mass. Offspring of anadromous S. trutta grew better at both 15 and 18°C than offspring of freshwater resident S. trutta or offspring of crosses between the two S. trutta types. This difference appears not to result from a maternal effect because anadromous S. trutta grew better than the hybrids with anadromous mothers. Instead, this appears to be an inherited difference between the anadromous and the freshwater resident fish lending support to the hypothesis that anadromous and freshwater resident S. trutta in this river differ in genetic expression. Egg incubation temperature of S. trutta appeared not to influence the later growth as reported earlier from the studies of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bror Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Sarkar UK, Roy K, Karnatak G, Naskar M, Puthiyottil M, Baksi S, Lianthuamluaia L, Kumari S, Ghosh BD, Das BK. Reproductive environment of the decreasing Indian river shad in Asian inland waters: disentangling the climate change and indiscriminative fishing threats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30207-30218. [PMID: 33586110 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regional climate has significantly warmed with erratically declining annual rainfall and intensified downpour within a narrower span of monsoon months, which led to an increased trophic state (≈algae) in most inland waters. Freshwater clupeids vitally control the aquatic food chain by grazing on algae. Despite increasing food availability, IUCN Red List® revealed 16 freshwater clupeids with a decreasing population trend. We investigated one such species' reproductive dependencies, Gudusia chapra (Indian river shad), in the lower Gangetic drainage (India) under a mixed context of climate change and overfishing. Monthly rainfall (≥ 60-100 mm) and water temperature (≥ 31-32 °C) are key breeding cues for females. The regional climate seems inclined to fulfill these through the significant part of the breeding season, and indeed the species has maintained consistent breeding phenology over 20 years. Other breeding thresholds relevant to fishing include size at first maturity (≥ 6.8 cm; reduced by ~ 25-36%) and pre-spawning girth (Girthspawn50 ≥ 7 cm; first record). Girthspawn50 is a proxy of the minimum mesh size requirement of fishing nets to allow safe passage of "gravid" females (+ 22% bulged abdomen) and breed. The operational fishing nets (3-10 cm mesh) probably have been indulged in indiscriminative fishing of gravid females for generations. Under a favorably changing climate and food availability, existing evidence suggests a fishery-induced evolution in regional females (to circumvent such mesh sizes) through earlier maturation/puberty at smaller sizes. It could be an early warning sign of population collapse (smaller females → lessening fecundity → fewer offspring). Overfishing seemed to be a bigger threat than climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Kumar Sarkar
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India.
| | - Koushik Roy
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Na Sádkách 1780, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gunjan Karnatak
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Malay Naskar
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Mishal Puthiyottil
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Snigdha Baksi
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Lianthuamluaia Lianthuamluaia
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Suman Kumari
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Bandana Das Ghosh
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- National Innovation for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, 700120, India
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12
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Rueda-Zozaya P, Plasman M, Reynoso VH. Good alimentation can overcome the negative effects of climate change on growth in reptiles. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Climate change may lead to higher nest temperatures, which may increase embryo development rate but reduce hatchling size and growth. Larger body size permits better performance, making growth an important fitness trait. In ectotherms, growth is affected by temperature and food quality. To segregate the effects of incubation temperature vs. alimentation on the growth of the Mexican black spiny-tailed iguana, Ctenosaura pectinata, we incubated eggs at 29 or 32 °C, and hatchlings were kept at 30 °C and fed either high- or low-quality food for 1 year, with body size and mass being recorded every 2 weeks. Iguanas incubated at 29 °C grew faster than those incubated at 32 °C. However, food quality had a larger effect on growth than incubation temperature; iguanas fed with high-quality food reached larger body sizes. Growth models suggested that differences in growth between incubation temperatures and food types remain throughout their lives. We found that incubation temperature had long-lasting effects on an ectotherm, and higher incubation temperatures might lead to reduced growth and maturation at a later age. However, food might transcend the effect of increased incubation temperature; therefore, good alimentation might mitigate effects of climate change on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rueda-Zozaya
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Melissa Plasman
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Reynoso
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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13
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Carim KJ, Relyea S, Barfoot C, Eby LA, Kronenberger JA, Whiteley AR, Larkin B. Ultrasound imaging identifies life history variation in resident Cutthroat Trout. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246365. [PMID: 33534856 PMCID: PMC7857566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities that fragment fish habitat have isolated inland salmonid populations. This isolation is associated with loss of migratory life histories and declines in population density and abundance. Isolated populations exhibiting only resident life histories may be more likely to persist if individuals can increase lifetime reproductive success by maturing at smaller sizes or earlier ages. Therefore, accurate estimates of age and size at maturity across resident salmonid populations would improve estimates of population viability. Commonly used methods for assessing maturity such as dissection, endoscopy and hormone analysis are invasive and may disturb vulnerable populations. Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive method that has been used to measure reproductive status across fish taxa. However, little research has assessed the accuracy of ultrasound for determining maturation status of small-bodied fish, or reproductive potential early in a species’ reproductive cycle. To address these knowledge gaps, we tested whether ultrasound imaging could be used to identify maturing female Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi). Our methods were accurate at identifying maturing females reared in a hatchery setting up to eight months prior to spawning, with error rates ≤ 4.0%; accuracy was greater for larger fish. We also imaged fish in a field setting to examine variation in the size of maturing females among six wild, resident populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout in western Montana. The median size of maturing females varied significantly across populations. We observed oocyte development in females as small as 109 mm, which is smaller than previously documented for this species. Methods tested in this study will allow researchers and managers to collect information on reproductive status of small-bodied salmonids without disrupting fish during the breeding season. This information can help elucidate life history traits that promote persistence of isolated salmonid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie J Carim
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Scott Relyea
- Sekokini Springs Hatchery, Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, Montana, United States of America
| | - Craig Barfoot
- Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, Pablo, Montana, United States of America
| | - Lisa A Eby
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - John A Kronenberger
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrew R Whiteley
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Beau Larkin
- MPG Ranch, Condon, Montana, United States of America
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14
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Archer LC, Hutton SA, Harman L, McCormick SD, O'Grady MN, Kerry JP, Poole WR, Gargan P, McGinnity P, Reed TE. Food and temperature stressors have opposing effects in determining flexible migration decisions in brown trout (Salmo trutta). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2878-2896. [PMID: 32103581 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With rapid global change, organisms in natural systems are exposed to a multitude of stressors that likely co-occur, with uncertain impacts. We explored individual and cumulative effects of co-occurring environmental stressors on the striking, yet poorly understood, phenomenon of facultative migration. We reared offspring of a brown trout population that naturally demonstrates facultative anadromy (sea migration), under different environmental stressor treatments and measured life history responses in terms of migratory tactics and freshwater maturation rates. Juvenile fish were exposed to reduced food availability, temperatures elevated to 1.8°C above natural conditions or both treatments in combination over 18 months of experimental tank rearing. When considered in isolation, reduced food had negative effects on the size, mass and condition of fish across the experiment. We detected variable effects of warm temperatures (negative effects on size and mass, but positive effect on lipids). When combined with food restriction, temperature effects on these traits were less pronounced, implying antagonistic stressor effects on morphological traits. Stressors combined additively, but had opposing effects on life history tactics: migration increased and maturation rates decreased under low food conditions, whereas the opposite occurred in the warm temperature treatment. Not all fish had expressed maturation or migration tactics by the end of the study, and the frequency of these 'unassigned' fish was higher in food deprivation treatments, but lower in warm treatments. Fish showing migration tactics were smaller and in poorer condition than fish showing maturation tactics, but were similar in size to unassigned fish. We further detected effects of food restriction on hypo-osmoregulatory function of migrants that may influence the fitness benefits of the migratory tactic at sea. We also highlight that responses to multiple stressors may vary depending on the response considered. Collectively, our results indicate contrasting effects of environmental stressors on life history trajectories in a facultatively migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen A Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- Leetown Science Centre, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Turners Falls, MA, USA
| | - Michael N O'Grady
- Food Packaging Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph P Kerry
- Food Packaging Group, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Ramírez-Amaro S, Ordines F, Esteban A, García C, Guijarro B, Salmerón F, Terrasa B, Massutí E. The diversity of recent trends for chondrichthyans in the Mediterranean reflects fishing exploitation and a potential evolutionary pressure towards early maturation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:547. [PMID: 31953489 PMCID: PMC6969072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrichthyans are a vulnerable group that has been overexploited for almost half a century in the Mediterranean. Since in this area most chondrichthyans are rarely incorporated into international statistics, the impact of fishing on their populations is difficult to assess. Here, we evaluate temporal trends in order to understand the recent history of chondrichthyans in the western Mediterranean. Fishery-independent data were obtained from scientific surveys carried out from 1994 to 2015 in three geographical sub-areas. Our results reflect fairly stable populations in terms of diversity, with some increase in density and standardized biomass of some species dwelling on the continental shelf, and even for some species dwelling on the slope. In contrast, decreasing trends were observed in some deep-water species. This can be explained by the reduction of the trawling effort on the continental shelf over the last few decades, and the shift of the fleet towards deep waters, along with the greater resilience displayed by some species. Furthermore, a decreasing trend in maturity of Scyliorhinus canicula was detected, suggesting an evolutionary response to overfishing. These results improve scientific knowledge for developing true adaptive management in the Mediterranean that will implement measures to strengthen or initiate the recovery of chondrichthyans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ramírez-Amaro
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, 07015, Palma, Spain. .,Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Francesc Ordines
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, 07015, Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Esteban
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Varadero 1, 30740, San Pedro del Pinar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Muelle Pesquero s/n, 29640, Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Guijarro
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, 07015, Palma, Spain
| | - Francisca Salmerón
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Muelle Pesquero s/n, 29640, Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Terrasa
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Enric Massutí
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Moll de Ponent s/n, 07015, Palma, Spain
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16
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Jia Y, Kennard MJ, Liu Y, Sui X, Chen Y, Li K, Wang G, Chen Y. Understanding invasion success of Pseudorasbora parva in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Insights from life-history and environmental filters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133739. [PMID: 31756834 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of fish invasion success is crucial to controlling existing invasions and preventing potential future spread. Despite considerable advances in explaining successful fish invasions, little is known about how non-native fish successfully invade alpine freshwater ecosystems. Here, we explore the role of fish life history and environmental factors in contributing to invasion success of Pseudorasbora parva on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We compared life history trait differences between native populations in lowland China with introduced populations in lowland Europe and the high elevation Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse life-history trait variation across elevation gradients. A random forest model was developed to identify the key environmental filters influencing P. parva invasion success. Life history characteristics differed substantially between native and introduced populations. Compared with native Chinese populations, introduced populations in lowland Europe had smaller body size, higher fecundity, smaller oocytes and earlier maturation. Introduced populations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had smaller body size, lower fecundity, smaller oocytes and later maturation compared with native populations. 1-Year-Length and fecundity in all age classes of females significantly increased with increasing elevation. 2-Year-Length and 3-Year-Length of male significantly increased while maximal longevity and length at first maturity were significantly decreased with the elevation gradient. Habitat type, annual mean temperature, elevation, annual precipitation and precipitation seasonality, were the 5 most important predictors for the occurrence of the P. parva. Our study indicates that invasive P. parva adopt different life history strategies on the plateau compared with invasive populations at low elevations, highlighting that more studies are required for a better understanding of biological invasion under extreme conditions. Considering the ongoing hydrologic alteration and climate change, our study also highlighted that P. parva may expand their distribution range in the future on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintao Jia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mark J Kennard
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Sui
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yiyu Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kemao Li
- Qinghai Provincial Fishery Environmental Monitoring Center, Xining, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Fishery Environmental Monitoring Center, Xining, China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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17
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Sylvester EVA, Wringe BF, Duffy SJ, Hamilton LC, Fleming IA, Castellani M, Bentzen P, Bradbury IR. Estimating the relative fitness of escaped farmed salmon offspring in the wild and modelling the consequences of invasion for wild populations. Evol Appl 2019; 12:705-717. [PMID: 30976304 PMCID: PMC6439497 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout their native range, wild Atlantic salmon populations are threatened by hybridization and introgression with escapees from net-pen salmon aquaculture. Although domestic-wild hybrid offspring have shown reduced fitness in laboratory and field experiments, consequential impacts on population abundance and genetic integrity remain difficult to predict in the field, in part because the strength of selection against domestic offspring is often unknown and context-dependent. Here, we follow a single large escape event of farmed Atlantic salmon in southern Newfoundland and monitor changes in the in-river proportions of hybrids and feral individuals over time using genetically based hybrid identification. Over a three-year period following the escape, the overall proportion of wild parr increased consistently (total wild proportion of 71.6%, 75.1% and 87.5% each year, respectively), with subsequent declines in feral (genetically pure farmed individuals originating from escaped, farmed adults) and hybrid parr. We quantify the strength of selection against parr of aquaculture ancestry and explore the genetic and demographic consequences for populations in the region. Within-cohort changes in the relative proportions of feral and F1 parr suggest reduced relative survival compared to wild individuals over the first (0.15 and 0.81 for feral and F1, respectively) and second years of life (0.26, 0.83). These relative survivorship estimates were used to inform an individual-based salmon eco-genetic model to project changes in adult abundance and overall allele frequency across three invasion scenarios ranging from short-term to long-term invasion and three relative survival scenarios. Modelling results indicate that total population abundance and time to recovery were greatly affected by relative survivorship and predict significant declines in wild population abundance under continued large escape events and calculated survivorship. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of estimating the strength of selection against domestic offspring in the wild to predict the long-term impact of farmed salmon escape events on wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V. A. Sylvester
- Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Brendan F. Wringe
- Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Steven J. Duffy
- Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Lorraine C. Hamilton
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Ian A. Fleming
- Memorial University of NewfoundlandDepartment of Ocean SciencesSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
| | - Marco Castellani
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory, Department of BiologyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Ian R. Bradbury
- Science Branch, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSt. John’sNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
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18
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Vincenzi S, Crivelli AJ, Jeseňsek D, Campbell E, Garza JC. Effects of species invasion on population dynamics, vital rates and life histories of the native species. POPUL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vincenzi
- Institute of Marine Sciences; University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz California
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center; National Marine Fisheries Service; Santa Cruz California
| | | | | | - Ellen Campbell
- Institute of Marine Sciences; University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz California
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center; National Marine Fisheries Service; Santa Cruz California
| | - John C. Garza
- Institute of Marine Sciences; University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz California
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center; National Marine Fisheries Service; Santa Cruz California
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19
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Halttunen E, Gjelland KØ, Hamel S, Serra-Llinares RM, Nilsen R, Arechavala-Lopez P, Skarðhamar J, Johnsen IA, Asplin L, Karlsen Ø, Bjørn PA, Finstad B. Sea trout adapt their migratory behaviour in response to high salmon lice concentrations. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:953-967. [PMID: 29159923 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sea trout face growth-mortality trade-offs when entering the sea to feed. Salmon lice epizootics resulting from aquaculture have shifted these trade-offs, as salmon lice might both increase mortality and reduce growth of sea trout. We studied mortality and behavioural adaptations of wild sea trout in a large-scale experiment with acoustic telemetry in an aquaculture intensive area that was fallowed (emptied of fish) synchronically biannually, creating large variations in salmon lice concentrations. We tagged 310 wild sea trout during 3 years, and gave half of the individuals a prophylaxis against further salmon lice infestation. There was no difference in survival among years or between treatments. In years of high infestation pressure, however, sea trout remained closer to the river outlet, used freshwater (FW) habitats for longer periods and returned earlier to the river than in the low infestation year. This indicates that sea trout adapt their migratory behaviour by actively choosing FW refuges from salmon lice to escape from immediate mortality risk. Nevertheless, simulations show that these adaptations can lead to lost growth opportunities. Reduced growth can increase long-term mortality of sea trout due to prolonged exposure to size-dependent predation risk, lead to lower fecundity and, ultimately, reduce the likelihood of sea migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Halttunen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - K-Ø Gjelland
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Hamel
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - R Nilsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - P Arechavala-Lopez
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Ecology of Marine Resources, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| | - J Skarðhamar
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - I A Johnsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - L Asplin
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Ø Karlsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - P-A Bjørn
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tromsø, Norway
| | - B Finstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
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20
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Olson AP, Siddon CE, Eckert GL. Spatial variability in size at maturity of golden king crab ( Lithodes aequispinus) and implications for fisheries management. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171802. [PMID: 29657785 PMCID: PMC5882709 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many crab fisheries around the world are managed by size, sex and season, where males are given at least one opportunity to reproduce before being harvested. Golden king crab (Lithodes aequispinus) supports a commercial fishery in Southeast Alaska and legal size is based on growth and maturity information from other parts of their range. Size-at-maturity estimates varied for crabs among seven management areas in Southeast Alaska, where male maturity estimates increased in size with increases in latitude, while maturity estimates across their North Pacific range decreased in size with increases in latitude. Depth, temperature and harvest history were not related to variation observed in male maturity estimates. Management implications from this research include reducing legal size in some areas to maximize harvest potential and increasing in others to allow male crabs the opportunity to reproduce before being harvested. A more conservative strategy would incorporate the largest maturity estimate, thus increasing the legal size which would have a negative impact to the commercial fishery, but allow male crabs the opportunity to reproduce before being harvested. This study shows the importance of understanding how life-history characteristics change over space and the challenge incorporating spatial variability for improved fisheries management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Olson
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK 99811, USA
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - C. E. Siddon
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK 99811, USA
| | - G. L. Eckert
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
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21
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Sahashi G, Morita K. Adoption of alternative migratory tactics: a view from the ultimate mechanism and threshold trait changes in a salmonid fish. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Sahashi
- Div. of Biosphere Science; Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate; Hokkaido Japan
- Dept of Aquatic Life Science; Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The Univ. of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku; JP-113-8657 Tokyo Japan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency; Sapporo Japan
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22
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Hempson TN, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Williamson DH, Jones GP, Almany GR. Coral reef mesopredators switch prey, shortening food chains, in response to habitat degradation. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2626-2635. [PMID: 28428853 PMCID: PMC5395445 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet specificity is likely to be the key predictor of a predator's vulnerability to changing habitat and prey conditions. Understanding the degree to which predatory coral reef fishes adjust or maintain prey choice, in response to declines in coral cover and changes in prey availability, is critical for predicting how they may respond to reef habitat degradation. Here, we use stable isotope analyses to characterize the trophic structure of predator-prey interactions on coral reefs of the Keppel Island Group on the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. These reefs, previously typified by exceptionally high coral cover, have recently lost much of their coral cover due to coral bleaching and frequent inundation by sediment-laden, freshwater flood plumes associated with increased rainfall patterns. Long-term monitoring of these reefs demonstrates that, as coral cover declined, there has been a decrease in prey biomass, and a shift in dominant prey species from pelagic plankton-feeding damselfishes to territorial benthic algal-feeding damselfishes, resulting in differences in the principal carbon pathways in the food web. Using isotopes, we tested whether this changing prey availability could be detected in the diet of a mesopredator (coral grouper, Plectropomus maculatus). The δ13C signature in grouper tissue in the Keppel Islands shifted from a more pelagic to a more benthic signal, demonstrating a change in carbon sources aligning with the change in prey availability due to habitat degradation. Grouper with a more benthic carbon signature were also feeding at a lower trophic level, indicating a shortening in food chains. Further, we found a decline in the coral grouper population accompanying a decrease in total available prey biomass. Thus, while the ability to adapt diets could ameliorate the short-term impacts of habitat degradation on mesopredators, long-term effects may negatively impact mesopredator populations and alter the trophic structure of coral reef food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa N Hempson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Nicholas A J Graham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia.,Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - M Aaron MacNeil
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Qld Australia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
| | - David H Williamson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Geoffrey P Jones
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia.,College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Glenn R Almany
- CRIOBE-USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD and Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL" Perpignan Cedex France
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23
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Vincenzi S, Mangel M, Jesensˇek D, Garza JC, Crivelli AJ. Within- and among-population variation in vital rates and population dynamics in a variable environment. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:2086-2102. [PMID: 27755735 DOI: 10.1890/15-1808.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the causes of within- and among-population differences in vital rates, life histories, and population dynamics is a central topic in ecology. To understand how within- and among-population variation emerges, we need long-term studies that include episodic events and contrasting environmental conditions, data to characterize individual and shared variation, and statistical models that can tease apart shared and individual contribution to the observed variation. We used long-term tag-recapture data to investigate and estimate within- and among-population differences in vital rates, life histories, and population dynamics of marble trout Salmo marmoratus, an endemic freshwater salmonid with a narrow range. Only ten populations of pure marble trout persist in headwaters of Alpine rivers in western Slovenia. Marble trout populations are also threatened by floods and landslides, which have already caused the extinction of two populations in recent years. We estimated and determined causes of variation in growth, survival, and recruitment both within and among populations, and evaluated trade-offs between them. Specifically, we estimated the responses of these traits to variation in water temperature, density, sex, early life conditions, and extreme events. We found that the effects of population density on traits were mostly limited to the early stages of life and that growth trajectories were established early in life. We found no clear effects of water temperature on vital rates. Population density varied over time, with flash floods and debris flows causing massive mortalities (>55% decrease in survival with respect to years with no floods) and threatening population persistence. Apart from flood events, variation in population density within streams was largely determined by variation in recruitment, with survival of older fish being relatively constant over time within populations, but substantially different among populations. Marble trout show a fast to slow continuum of life histories, with slow growth associated with higher survival at the population level, possibly determined by food conditions and age at maturity. Our work provides unprecedented insight into the causes of variation in vital rates, life histories, and population dynamics in an endemic species that is teetering on the edge of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vincenzi
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Center for Stock Assessment Research, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/5, I-20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marc Mangel
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Center for Stock Assessment Research, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Dusˇan Jesensˇek
- Tolmin Angling Association, Trg 1. maja 7, 5220 Tolmin, Slovenia
| | - John C Garza
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA and University of California, Santa Cruz 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Alain J Crivelli
- Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, F-13200, Arles, France
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24
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Thompson JN, Beauchamp DA. Growth of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss under size-selective pressure limited by seasonal bioenergetic and environmental constraints. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 89:1720-1739. [PMID: 27397641 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased freshwater growth of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss improved survival to smolt and adult stages, thus prompting an examination of factors affecting growth during critical periods that influenced survival through subsequent life stages. For three tributaries with contrasting thermal regimes, a bioenergetics model was used to evaluate how feeding rate and energy density of prey influenced seasonal growth and stage-specific survival of juvenile O. mykiss. Sensitivity analysis examined target levels for feeding rate and energy density of prey during the growing season that improved survival to the smolt and adult stages in each tributary. Simulated daily growth was greatest during warmer months (1 July to 30 September), whereas substantial body mass was lost during cooler months (1 December to 31 March). Incremental increases in annual feeding rate or energy density of prey during summer broadened the temperature range at which faster growth occurred and increased the growth of the average juvenile to match those that survived to smolt and adult stages. Survival to later life stages could be improved by increasing feeding rate or energy density of the diet during summer months, when warmer water temperatures accommodated increased growth potential. Higher growth during the summer period in each tributary could improve resiliency during subsequent colder periods that lead to metabolic stress and weight loss. As growth and corresponding survival rates in fresh water are altered by shifting abiotic regimes, it will be increasingly important for fisheries managers to better understand the mechanisms affecting growth limitations in rearing habitats and what measures might maintain or improve growth conditions and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Thompson
- Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, U.S.A
| | - D A Beauchamp
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, U.S.A
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25
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Jonsson B, Jonsson N, Albretsen J. Environmental change influences the life history of salmon Salmo salar in the North Atlantic Ocean. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:618-637. [PMID: 26725985 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Annual mean total length (LT) of wild one-sea-winter (1SW) Atlantic salmon Salmo salar of the Norwegian River Imsa decreased from 63 to 54 cm with a corresponding decrease in condition factor (K) for cohorts migrating to sea from 1976 to 2010. The reduction in LT is associated with a 40% decline in mean individual mass, from 2 to 1·2 kg. Hatchery fish reared from parental fish of the same population exhibited similar changes from 1981 onwards. The decrease in LT correlated negatively with near-surface temperatures in the eastern Norwegian Sea, thought to be the main feeding area of the present stock. Furthermore, S. salar exhibited significant variations in the proportion of cohorts attaining maturity after only one winter in the ocean. The proportion of S. salar spawning as 1SW fish was lower both in the 1970s and after 2000 than in the 1980s and 1990s associated with a gradual decline in post-smolt growth and smaller amounts of reserve energy in the fish. In wild S. salar, there was a positive association between post-smolt growth and the sea survival back to the River Imsa for spawning. In addition, among smolt year-classes, there were significant positive correlations between wild and hatchery S. salar in LT, K and age at maturity. The present changes may be caused by ecosystem changes following the collapse and rebuilding of the pelagic fish abundance in the North Atlantic Ocean, a gradual decrease in zooplankton abundance and climate change with increasing surface temperature in the Norwegian Sea. Thus, the observed variation in the life-history traits of S. salar appears primarily associated with major changes in the pelagic food web in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Landscape Ecology Department, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - N Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Landscape Ecology Department, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - J Albretsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Research Station, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817 His, Norway
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Karjalainen J, Urpanen O, Keskinen T, Huuskonen H, Sarvala J, Valkeajärvi P, Marjomäki TJ. Phenotypic plasticity in growth and fecundity induced by strong population fluctuations affects reproductive traits of female fish. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:779-90. [PMID: 26865965 PMCID: PMC4739574 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are known for their high phenotypic plasticity in life-history traits in relation to environmental variability, and this is particularly pronounced among salmonids in the Northern Hemisphere. Resource limitation leads to trade-offs in phenotypic plasticity between life-history traits related to the reproduction, growth, and survival of individual fish, which have consequences for the age and size distributions of populations, as well as their dynamics and productivity. We studied the effect of plasticity in growth and fecundity of vendace females on their reproductive traits using a series of long-term incubation experiments. The wild parental fish originated from four separate populations with markedly different densities, and hence naturally induced differences in their growth and fecundity. The energy allocation to somatic tissues and eggs prior to spawning served as a proxy for total resource availability to individual females, and its effects on offspring survival and growth were analyzed. Vendace females allocated a rather constant proportion of available energy to eggs (per body mass) despite different growth patterns depending on the total resources in the different lakes; investment into eggs thus dictated the share remaining for growth. The energy allocation to eggs per mass was higher in young than in old spawners and the egg size and the relative fecundity differed between them: Young females produced more and smaller eggs and larvae than old spawners. In contrast to earlier observations of salmonids, a shortage of maternal food resources did not increase offspring size and survival. Vendace females in sparse populations with ample resources and high growth produced larger eggs and larvae. Vendace accommodate strong population fluctuations by their high plasticity in growth and fecundity, which affect their offspring size and consequently their recruitment and productivity, and account for their persistence and resilience in the face of high fishing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Olli Urpanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland; Metsähallitus Jyväskylä P.O. BOX 36 Jyväskylä FI-40100 Finland
| | - Tapio Keskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland Survontie 9A Jyväskylä FI-40500 Finland
| | - Hannu Huuskonen
- Department of Biology University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| | - Jouko Sarvala
- Department of Biology Section of Ecology University of Turku Turku FI-20014 Finland
| | - Pentti Valkeajärvi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland Survontie 9A Jyväskylä FI-40500 Finland
| | - Timo J Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
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Lewis B, Grant WS, Brenner RE, Hamazaki T. Changes in Size and Age of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Returning to Alaska. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130184. [PMID: 26090990 PMCID: PMC4474552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The average sizes of Pacific salmon have declined in some areas in the Northeast Pacific over the past few decades, but the extent and geographic distribution of these declines in Alaska is uncertain. Here, we used regression analyses to quantify decadal trends in length and age at maturity in ten datasets from commercial harvests, weirs, and spawner abundance surveys of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha throughout Alaska. We found that on average these fish have become smaller over the past 30 years (~6 generations), because of a decline in the predominant age at maturity and because of a decrease in age-specific length. The proportion of older and larger 4-ocean age fish in the population declined significantly (P < 0.05) in all stocks examined by return year or brood year. Our analyses also indicated that the age-specific lengths of 4-ocean fish (9 of 10 stocks) and of 3-ocean fish (5 of 10 stocks) have declined significantly (P < 0.05). Size-selective harvest may be driving earlier maturation and declines in size, but the evidence is not conclusive, and additional factors, such as ocean conditions or competitive interactions with other species of salmon, may also be responsible. Regardless of the cause, these wide-spread phenotypic shifts influence fecundity and population abundance, and ultimately may put populations and associated fisheries at risk of decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Lewis
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - W. Stewart Grant
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Brenner
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Juneau, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Toshihide Hamazaki
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
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Pedrosa V, Romano L, Santos FD, Guimarães J, Silva AD, Mendes E. Hiperplasia em túnicas de artérias coronárias de beijupirás criados em sistema offshore. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As lesões coronarianas já foram relatadas em espécies de peixes anádromos, com características semelhantes às observadas em aterosclerose humana, mas não em peixes cultivados sem interferência de padrões reprodutivos. Objetivou-se descrever lesões coronarianas em beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) criado em sistema offshore, em 54 exemplares coletados ao longo do cultivo de oito meses. Amostras de tecido cardíaco de alevinos e juvenis foram submetidas à análise histopatológica e à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), para visualização de lesões coronarianas, sendo as lâminas histológicas coradas pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina, ácido periódico de Schiff, alcian blue e reticulina de Gomori. Exames realizados pela fotomicroscopia de luz evidenciaram lesões arteriais caracterizadas por hiperplasia das túnicas íntima e média de artérias coronárias em, respectivamente, 29,63% e 79,63% dos animais, com redução do lúmen arterial. Na MET, foram observadas alterações na estrutura das coronárias com espessamento do endotélio e membrana basal, proliferação de fibroblastos e fibras colágenas, com acúmulo de material lipídico subendotelial, resíduos celulares aderidos à membrana basal e vesículas pinocitóticas com presença de lisossomos isolados. Constatou-se que os peixes da espécie Rachycentron canadum criados em cativeiro desenvolvem lesão arterial do tipo crônica degenerativa inflamatória.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.F. Pedrosa
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - E.S. Mendes
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brasil
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29
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Merrill L, Collins PM. Environment-specific and sex-specific allocation strategies among gonadal, somatic, and immune indices in a marine fish. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relative investment in somatic, gonadal, and liver growth, as well as a measure of immune function, in a marine species of fish (cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres, 1854)) reared under different ambient temperature regimes (mean temperatures: 14.8 °C in Santa Barbara and 12.7 °C in Cayucos; both in California, USA). We predicted that fish reared in colder water would exhibit more pronounced trade-offs among growth, development, and immune parameters than fish in warmer water, and that females would have more pronounced trade-offs than males due to increased energy requirements for ovary development. We found immune function and liver investment were positively related in cold-water fish, but unrelated in warmer water fish. Immune function positively covaried with gonadal investment, but was not associated with somatic investment. Gonadal investment was negatively related to somatic investment, but this was driven by females, as there was no relationship between gonad development and somatic growth in males. We also found that the sexes differed in the relationship between gonadal and liver investments, in which females again exhibited a negative association but males exhibited a positive association. These results indicate that developmental investment strategies in cabezon are flexible and may be both context-specific and sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Merrill
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Peter M. Collins
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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30
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Goto D, Hamel MJ, Hammen JJ, Rugg ML, Pegg MA, Forbes VE. Spatiotemporal variation in flow-dependent recruitment of long-lived riverine fish: Model development and evaluation. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Norrgård JR, Bergman E, Greenberg LA, Schmitz M. Effects of feed quality and quantity on growth, early maturation and smolt development in hatchery-reared landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:1192-1210. [PMID: 25263188 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of feed quality and quantity on growth, early male parr maturation and development of smolt characteristics were studied in hatchery-reared landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The fish were subjected to two levels of feed rations and two levels of lipid content from first feeding until release in May of their second year. Salmo salar fed high rations, regardless of lipid content, grew the most and those fed low lipid feed with low rations grew the least. In addition, fish fed low lipid feed had lower body lipid levels than fish fed high lipid feed. Salmo salar from all treatments showed some reduction in condition factor (K) and lipid levels during their second spring. Smolt status was evaluated using both physiological and morphological variables. These results, based on gill Na(+) , K(+) -ATPase (NKA) enzyme activity, saltwater tolerance challenges and visual assessments, were consistent with each other, showing that S. salar from all treatments, except the treatment in which the fish were fed low rations with low lipid content, exhibited characteristics associated with smolting at 2 years of age. Sexually mature male parr from the high ration, high lipid content treatment were also subjected to saltwater challenge tests, and were found to be unable to regulate plasma sodium levels. The proportion of sexually mature male parr was reduced when the fish were fed low feed rations, but was not affected by the lipid content of the feed. Salmo salar fed low rations with low lipid content exhibited the highest degree of severe fin erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Norrgård
- Department of Biology, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
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32
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Teder T, Vellau H, Tammaru T. Age and size at maturity: a quantitative review of diet-induced reaction norms in insects. Evolution 2014; 68:3217-28. [PMID: 25180817 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optimality models predict that diet-induced bivariate reaction norms for age and size at maturity can have diverse shapes, with the slope varying from negative to positive. To evaluate these predictions, we perform a quantitative review of relevant data, using a literature-derived database of body sizes and development times for over 200 insect species. We show that bivariate reaction norms with a negative slope prevail in nearly all taxonomic and ecological categories of insects as well as in some other ectotherm taxa with comparable life histories (arachnids and amphibians). In insects, positive slopes are largely limited to species, which feed on discrete resource items, parasitoids in particular. By contrast, with virtually no meaningful exceptions, herbivorous and predatory insects display reaction norms with a negative slope. This is consistent with the idea that predictable resource depletion, a scenario selecting for positively sloped reaction norms, is not frequent for these insects. Another source of such selection-a positive correlation between resource levels and juvenile mortality rates-should similarly be rare among insects. Positive slopes can also be predicted by models which integrate life-history evolution and population dynamics. As bottom-up regulation is not common in most insect groups, such models may not be most appropriate for insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Teder
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014, Tartu, Estonia.
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33
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Jonsson B, Jonsson N. Early environment influences later performance in fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:151-88. [PMID: 24961386 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Conditions fish encounter during embryogenesis and early life history can leave lasting effects not only on morphology, but also on growth rate, life-history and behavioural traits. The ecology of offspring can be affected by conditions experienced by their parents and mother in particular. This review summarizes such early impacts and their ecological influences for a variety of teleost species, but with special reference to salmonids. Growth and adult body size, sex ratio, egg size, lifespan and tendency to migrate can all be affected by early influences. Mechanisms behind such phenotypically plastic impacts are not well known, but epigenetic change appears to be one central mechanism. The thermal regime during development and incubation is particularly important, but also early food consumption and intraspecific density can all be responsible for later life-history variation. For behavioural traits, early experiences with effects on brain, sensory development and cognition appear essential. This may also influence boldness and other social behaviours such as mate choice. At the end of the review, several issues and questions for future studies are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
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34
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Morita K, Tamate T, Kuroki M, Nagasawa T. Temperature-dependent variation in alternative migratory tactics and its implications for fitness and population dynamics in a salmonid fish. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:1268-78. [PMID: 24773465 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-driven life-history modifications by adaptation occur in ectotherms, and therefore, life-history modifications by adaptation need to be taken into consideration when predicting population responses to the climate change. Partial migration is a common form of life-history diversity in which a population contains both migratory and resident behaviours. Salmonid fish exhibit a wide range of life-history diversity and, in particular, partial migration. We evaluated the effect of temperature-driven life-history modifications on population dynamics in partially migratory masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) by field observations and theoretical models. Field observations revealed that spatial patterns of alternative migratory tactics were associated with temperature gradients. The occurrence of resident males increased, whereas the proportion of migrant males and the proportion of delayed migrants including both sexes decreased with increasing temperature and, thereby, with improved early growth conditions. The expected fitness for each migratory tactic was computed in a life-history model with early growth conditions as a function. Individual fitness was maximized by adopting resident tactics under favourable early growth conditions, early migrant tactics under intermediate early growth conditions and delayed migrant tactics under unfavourable early growth conditions. The results suggest that individuals exhibited a status-dependent conditional strategy, that is, the adoption of alternative migratory tactics is influenced by the status of individuals to make the best of a situation. A simulation model suggests that increased residency by males to increased temperature leads to a substantial decrease in the number of migrants. Moreover, the decrease in the number of delayed (older) migrants with increasing temperature magnified fluctuations in abundance. Our findings indicate the importance of temperature-driven life-history modifications for predicting dynamics of natural populations under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Morita
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-2 Nakanoshima, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tamate
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 3-27-5 Shinhama-cho, Shiogama, Japan
| | - Mari Kuroki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nagasawa
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-2 Nakanoshima, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Jonsson N, Jonsson B. Time and size at seaward migration influence the sea survival of Salmo salar. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:1457-1473. [PMID: 24773540 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whether time of seaward migration of young Atlantic salmon Salmo salar influences their subsequent survival and growth was investigated in the River Imsa, south-western Norway. Salmo salar were tagged when moving downstream through a trap near the outlet between 1976 and 2010 and recaptured on their adult return. Most descended as smolts in April and May, but some descended during the other months of the year. Annual variation in timing of the smolt migration was significantly correlated with variation in water temperature during spring. Mean total body length of the descending S. salar varied with month of seaward migration. The sea survival of S. salar emigrating from the River Imsa between January and May was 2·8 times higher than for those descending between June and December. The sea survival of the various cohorts decreased with increasing river temperature in April to May, prior to the smolt migration, and decreasing day number when the smolts moved to sea. The size of smolts descending the river between April and May did not affect the survival at sea as much as it affected the survival of migrants descending in any other month of the year. The majority of the downstream migrating S. salar were 2 years old, but proportionally, more 1 year olds moved downstream in the autumn than in the rest of the year. Mean duration between downstream migration of the young and the return migration of the grilse was shortest (12·7 months) for those descending in July and August and longest for those descending in October (21 months). Mean monthly specific growth rate was highest for those migrating downstream between May and July and lowest for those emigrating in September. Based on the present results, it was hypothesized that S. salar emigrating between April and August migrated directly out into the ocean, while those that emigrated between October and March stayed in the estuary until the subsequent spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway
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36
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Ficker H, Mazzucco R, Gassner H, Wanzenböck J, Dieckmann U. Fish length exclusively determines sexual maturation in the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus species complex. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:1164-1170. [PMID: 24498908 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The probability that a fish matures at a certain age and length (the so-called probabilistic maturation reaction norm, PMRN) was analysed for a European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus species complex population living in the Austrian pre-alpine Lake Irrsee. Fish length was found to be the only relevant determinant of maturation probability, and females matured at slightly smaller sizes than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ficker
- Research Institute for Limnology of the University of Innsbruck, Herzog Odilostrasse 101, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
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37
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Martin KLM, Hieb KA, Roberts DA. A Southern California Icon Surfs North: Local Ecotype of California Grunion, Leuresthes tenuis (Atherinopsidae), Revealed by Multiple Approaches during Temporary Habitat Expansion into San Francisco Bay. COPEIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-13-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Sahashi G, Morita K. Migration costs drive convergence of threshold traits for migratory tactics. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132539. [PMID: 24197418 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial migration of some, but not all, members of a population is a common form of migration. We evaluated how migration costs influence which members migrate in 10 populations of two salmonid species. The migratory patterns of both species were evaluated based on the size at maturity for resident males, which is the threshold trait that determines the migratory tactics used within a population. In both species, this size was smaller in males located further from the sea, where migration costs are presumably higher. Moreover, the threshold sizes at maturity in males were correlated between both species. Our results suggest that migration costs are a significant convergent selective force on migratory tactics and life-history traits in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Sahashi
- Division of Marine Bioresource and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, , Hakodate 041-8611, Japan, Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, , Sapporo 062-0922, Japan
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