1
|
Qiao H, Chen J, Yang S. Enhanced polysaccharide production through quorum sensing system in Cordyceps militaris. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400103. [PMID: 38771080 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to enhance extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production in Cordyceps militaris by constructing a quorum sensing (QS) system to regulate the expression of biosynthetic enzyme genes, including phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, phosphomannomutase, polysaccharide synthase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase genes. The study found higher EPS concentrations in seven recombinant strains compared to the wild-type C. militaris, indicating that the overexpression of key enzyme genes increased EPS production. Among them, the CM-pgm-2 strain exhibited the highest EPS production, reaching a concentration of 3.82 ± 0.26 g/L, which was 1.52 times higher than the amount produced by the wild C. militaris strain. Additionally, the regulatory effects of aromatic amino acids on the QS system of the CM-pgm-2 strain were investigated. Under the influence of 45 mg/L tryptophan, the EPS production in CM-pgm-2 reached 4.75 ± 0.20 g/L, representing a 1.90-fold increase compared to wild C. militaris strains. This study provided an effective method for the large-scale production of EPSs in C. militaris, and opened up new avenues for research into fungal QS mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Qiao
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Chen
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengli Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Noor El Deen AM, Elsehemy IA, Ahmed EH, Awad HM, Farid MAM. Optimized scleroglucan production by Athelia rolfsii and in vitro Sclg-5-fluorouracil release investigations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132864. [PMID: 38844272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Scleroglucan is a notable member of the β-glucan microbial polysaccharides with a long tradition of industrial and therapeutic use. The local strain, previously identified as Athelia rolfsii TEMG MH 236106 produced an appreciable amount of scleroglucan using glucose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source. Plackett-Burman design was employed to effectively screen critical medium composition, culture, and fermentation conditions. Athelia rolfsii TEMG MH 236106 produced the maximum amount of scleroglucan (18.12 g/L) with a 45.3 % glucose conversion. Out of the eleven variables, the most effective factors showing a high level of significance are as follows: glucose, yeast extract, citric acid, inoculum disc numbers, culture volume and incubation time. An update to maximize scleroglucan production in the central composite design for four parameters (glucose and yeast extract concentrations, disc number, medium volume and incubation time) with 31 runs was applied and the production of scleroglucan reached its maximum at 31.56 g/L with 78.9 % glucose conversion. Three models of Sclg-5-fluorouracil complexes have been employed to study in vitro drug release investigations. Hence, the Sclg-5-FU (5 and 10 mg/mL) models appeared to be the most suitable for drug administration due to their concentration and distribution within capsules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Noor El Deen
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam A Elsehemy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman H Ahmed
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology group (AMNTG), Center of Excellence, Chemical Industrial Institute, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Awad
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Farid
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan HH, Shang YT, Wang LH, Tian XQ, Tran VT, Yao LH, Zeng B, Hu ZH. Construction of a New Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation System based on a Dual Auxotrophic Approach in Cordyceps militaris. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1178-1187. [PMID: 38563100 PMCID: PMC11180907 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a significant edible fungus that produces a variety of bioactive compounds. We have previously established a uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutant and a corresponding Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system for genetic characterization in C. militaris using pyrG as a screening marker. In this study, we constructed an ATMT system based on a dual pyrG and hisB auxotrophic mutant of C. militaris. Using the uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutant as the background and pyrG as a selection marker, the hisB gene encoding imidazole glycerophosphate dehydratase, required for histidine biosynthesis, was knocked out by homologous recombination to construct a histidine auxotrophic C. militaris mutant. Then, pyrG in the histidine auxotrophic mutant was deleted to construct a ΔpyrG ΔhisB dual auxotrophic mutant. Further, we established an ATMT transformation system based on the dual auxotrophic C. militaris by using GFP and DsRed as reporter genes. Finally, to demonstrate the application of this dual transformation system for studies of gene function, knock out and complementation of the photoreceptor gene CmWC-1 in the dual auxotrophic C. militaris were performed. The newly constructed ATMT system with histidine and uridine/uracil auxotrophic markers provides a promising tool for genetic modifications in the medicinal fungus C. militaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan huan Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Yi tong Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Li hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Xue qin Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Li hua Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, P.R. China
| | - Zhi hong Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deshmukh N, Bhaskaran L. Optimization of cultural and nutritional conditions to enhance mycelial biomass of Cordyceps militaris using statistical approach. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:235-244. [PMID: 38150151 PMCID: PMC10920581 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a fungus with numerous therapeutic properties that has gained worldwide popularity due to its potential health benefits. The fruiting body of this mushroom is highly expensive and takes a longer time to produce, making mycelial a sustainable and cost-effective alternative. The study investigates and optimizes cultural and nutritional conditions to maximize mycelial biomass. The initial optimization was done by the conventional single-factor approach, followed by Plackett-Burman design to screen the most significant variables, with yeast extract, temperature, and glucose being the most significant, contributing 11.58%, 49.74%, and 27.98%, respectively, in mycelial biomass production. These variables were then optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The study observed that temperature and glucose had the highest impact on mycelial biomass, with p-values of 0.0128 and 0.0191, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, temperature 20 °C, glucose 2.5% (w/v), and yeast extract 0.8% (w/v), the maximal yield of mycelial biomass reached 547 ± 2.09 mg/100 mL, which was 1.95-fold higher than the yield in the basal medium. These findings suggest that optimizing the cultural and nutritional conditions can enhance mycelial biomass production of Cordyceps militaris, offering a sustainable and cost-effective source of this valuable fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niketan Deshmukh
- L J School of Applied Sciences, L J University, Ahmedabad, 382210, India.
| | - Lakshmi Bhaskaran
- L J School of Applied Sciences, L J University, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin SP, Sung TH, Angkawijaya AE, Go AW, Hsieh CW, Hsu HY, Santoso SP, Cheng KC. Enhanced exopolysaccharide production of Cordyceps militaris via mycelial cell immobilization on plastic composite support in repeated-batch fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126267. [PMID: 37567526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Repeated-batch fermentation with fungal mycelia immobilized in plastic composite support (PCS) eliminates the lag phase during fermentation and improves metabolite productivity. The strategy is implemented herein, and a novel modified PCS is developed to enhance exopolysaccharide (EPS) production from the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris. A modified PCS (SYE + PCS) was made by compositing polypropylene (PP) with a nutrient mixture containing soybean hull, peptone, yeast extract, and minerals (SYE+). The use of SYE + PCS has consistent cell productivity throughout the multiple fermentation cycles, which resulted in a more higher cell productivity after second batch compared to unmodified PCS. The cell grown on SYE + PCS also generates a higher yield of EPS (3.36, 6.93, and 5.72 g/L in the first, second, and third fermentation cycles, respectively) up to three-fold higher than the cell immobilized on unmodified PCS. It is also worth noting that the EPS from mycelium grown on SYE + PCS contains up to 2.3-fold higher cordycepin than those on unmodified PCS. The presence of nutrients in SYE + PCS also affects the hydrophobicity and surface roughness of the PC, improving mycelial cell adhesion. This study also provides a preliminary antioxidant activity assessment of EPS from immobilized C. militaris grown with SYE + PCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ping Lin
- School of Food Safety, Taipei Medical University, #250, Wuxing Street, Xinyi Dist., Taipei 11042, Taiwan; Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, #250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, #250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, Taipei Medical University, #250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Taiwan Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Sung
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan; School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, #250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | | | - Alchris Woo Go
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, #43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd., Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung City 40227, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, North Dist., Taichung City 404333, Taiwan; Taiwan Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Shella Permatasari Santoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability, Jl. Kalijudan 37, Surabaya 60114, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Optometry, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Optimization of Submerged Culture Parameters of the Aphid Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium equiseti Based on Sporulation and Mycelial Biomass. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010190. [PMID: 36677481 PMCID: PMC9865567 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium equiseti (JMF-01), as an entomopathogenic fungus, can effectively control agricultural pests and has the potential to be a biocontrol agent. To promote mycelial growth and sporulation, we investigated the optimal submerged culture conditions for F. equiseti. In this study, we used the single-factor method and Box-Behnken design and determined the virulence of the submerged culture against Myzus persicae after optimization. As a result, the highly significant factors affecting the spore concentration of strain JMF-01 were the primary inoculum density and the initial pH, and the highly significant factor affecting the mycelial biomass was the medium-to-flask ratio. The highest mycelial biomass value was 0.35 g when the incubation time was 5.68 days, the initial pH was 5.11, the medium-to-flask ratio was 0.43, and 1 mL of the primary inoculum with spore density of 0.97 × 107 conidia/mL was added. When the incubation time was 6.32 days, the initial pH was 4.46, the medium-to-flask ratio was 0.35, the primary inoculum density was 1.32 × 107 conidia/mL of 1 mL, and the highest spore concentration of 6.49 × 108 blastospores/mL was obtained. Compared with the unoptimized medium conditions, the optimized submerged culture had the highest mycelial biomass and spore concentration, which were 3.46 and 2.06 times higher, respectively. The optimized submerged culture was highly pathogenic toward M. persicae, reaching a 95% mortality rate. Our results provide optimal submerged culture conditions for F. equiseti and lay the basis for later research to expand production for pest control.
Collapse
|
7
|
Berovic M, Zhong JJ. Advances in Production of Medicinal Mushrooms Biomass in Solid State and Submerged Bioreactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:125-161. [PMID: 36592190 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Production of mushroom fruit bodies using farming technology could hardly meet the increasing demand of the world market. During the last several decades, there have been various basic and applied studies on fungal physiology, metabolism, process engineering, and (pre)clinical studies. The fundamental aspects of solid-state cultivation of various kinds of medicinal mushroom mycelia in various types of bioreactors were established. Solid-state cultivation of medicinal mushrooms for their biomass and bioactive metabolites production appear very suitable for veterinary use. Development of comprehensive submerged technologies using stirred tank and airlift bioreactors is the most promising technology for fast and large-scale production of medicinal fungi biomass and their pharmaceutically active products for human need. The potentials initiate the development of new drugs and some of the most attractive over-the-counter human and veterinary remedies. This article is to overview the engineering achievements in solid state and submerged cultivations of medicinal mushrooms in bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Efficacy of Green Extracting Solvents on Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase, and Plant Inhibitory Potentials of Solid-Based Residues (SBRs) of Cordyceps militaris. STRESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid-based residues (SBRs) of Cordyceps militaris are often considered as waste after the cultivation of the fruiting body. To demonstrate the value of this by-product, different ratios of two favorable green solvents (EtOH and water) were employed to optimize the yields of cordycepin (Cor) and adenosine (Ado) and investigate relevant activities of plant growth inhibition (allelopathy), antioxidants, and xanthine oxidase. The SBR extracts of 60% EtOH-40% water (W4) and 40% EtOH-60% water (W6) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity as well as yielded the optimum content of Cor and Ado. The W4 and Wt (hot water) exhibited maximum inhibitory effects on the growth of Raphanus sativus (radish), Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and two noxious weeds, Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) and Bidens pilosa (beggarticks). Furthermore, GC-MS scan analysis revealed the presence of 14 major compounds in the SBRs. W4 is the best solvent to optimize yields of Cor and Ado, as well as having the strongest levels of antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase, and growth-inhibitory activity. This study reveals that SBRs are a potential source of medicinal and agricultural utilization.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma C, Wang X, Shao W, Zhao Q, Wei J, Liu Z, Li C. Effects of a Cordyceps militaris With Herba epimedii Complex on Chronic Renal Failure Induced by Adenine in vivo. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the relieving effects of Cordyceps militaris and Herba epimedii complex on chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by adenine were investigated. The CRF model with severe damage to kidney tissue and abnormality of physiological and biochemical indices was established by administrating Sprague Dawley male rats daily with adenine (250 mg/kg). After treatments with the complex, the levels of serum creatinine ( P < .001), urea nitrogen ( P < .001), uric acid ( P < .001), and P3+ ( P < .01) were significantly decreased, while the levels of estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone ( P < .001), nitrite oxide ( P < .001), and Ca2+ ( P < .001) were significantly increased. The damage to kidney tissue of CRF rats was obviously ameliorated. All the treatment groups showed therapeutic effects of CRF induced by adenine. The Cordyceps militaris and Herba epimedii complex showed the best effect at the dose of 10.4 + 10.4 mg/kg/d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyang Ma
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuebiao Wang
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenjing Shao
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinfeng Wei
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
- Technology & Media University of Henan Kaifeng, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Changqin Li
- National R&D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
- Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Recent trends in submerged cultivation of mushrooms and their application as a source of nutraceuticals and food additives. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
11
|
Pintathong P, Chomnunti P, Sangthong S, Jirarat A, Chaiwut P. The Feasibility of Utilizing Cultured Cordyceps militaris Residues in Cosmetics: Biological Activity Assessment of Their Crude Extracts. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110973. [PMID: 34829260 PMCID: PMC8621739 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-based residues (SBRs) left from harvesting the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps mushrooms are a challenge to sustainability. Therefore, in this study, the SBRs from the cultivation of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) via solid-state fermentation (SSF) were employed to prepare crude extracts, with the aim of considering their possible use in cosmetics. The SBRs obtained from cultivation with solid media containing defatted rice bran mixed with barley, white rice, Riceberry rice, and wheat were named SBR-B, SBR-R, SBR-Rb, and SRB-W, respectively. They were extracted with solvents of differing polarity and then evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total carbohydrate content (TCC). In addition, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, photoprotection, and cytotoxicity were also assessed. The results revealed that the total bioactive contents and biological capacities of crude SBR extracts were significantly influenced by the types of SBR and extraction solvent (p < 0.05). The SBR-B extracted with hot water exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (66.62 ± 2.10, 212.00 ± 3.43, and 101.62 ± 4.42 mg TEAC/g extract) when assayed by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, respectively, whereas tyrosinase inhibitory activity (51.13 ± 1.11 mg KAE/g extract) with 90.43 ± 1.96% inhibition at 1 mg/mL was excellently achieved by SBR-Rb extracted by 50% (v/v) ethanol. Correlations between bioactive contents in the crude extracts and their biological activities were mostly proven at a strong level (p < 0.01). The capability of the crude extracts to absorb UV over the range of 290–330 nm disclosed their potential roles as natural UV absorbers and boosters. Cytotoxicity analysis using fibroblast cell lines tested with hot water and 50% (v/v) ethanolic SBR extracts demonstrated safe use within a concentration range of 0.001–10 mg/mL. Interestingly, their fibroblast proliferative capacity, indicating anti-aging properties, was highly promoted. The chemical composition analyzed via LC–MS/MS techniques showed that seven phenolic acids and four flavonoids were identified in the crude SBR extracts. Furthermore, the other compounds present included nucleosides, nucleobases, amino acids, sugars, phospholipids, alkaloids, organic acids, vitamins, and peptides. Therefore, it is emphasized that SBRs from C. militaris can be a prospective source for preparing crude extracts employed in cosmetics. Lastly, they could be further utilized as multifunctional ingredients in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punyawatt Pintathong
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (A.J.); (P.C.)
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-5-3916-839
| | - Putarak Chomnunti
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sarita Sangthong
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (A.J.); (P.C.)
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Areeya Jirarat
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (A.J.); (P.C.)
| | - Phanuphong Chaiwut
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (A.J.); (P.C.)
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Production, characterization, and bioactivities of exopolysaccharides from the submerged culture of Ganoderma cantharelloideum M. H. Liu. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:145. [PMID: 33732567 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the submerged culture conditions for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Ganoderma cantharelloideum M. H. Liu were screened and optimized, and the physicochemical and biological properties of EPS were investigated. Results showed that the glucose and tryptone were the best C and N sources for the maximum EPS production, respectively. Under the optimal culture conditions, the EPS production achieved 1.60 g/L at day 6 in a 5 L stirred tank reactor. Two purified fractions (i.e., Fr-I and Fr-II) were obtained from the G. cantharelloideum EPS by gel permeation chromatography. Fr-II had a higher yield (87.54%), carbohydrate (95.86%), and protein (3.07%) contents and lower molecular weight (74.56 kDa) than that of Fr-I. Both Fr-I and Fr-II were polysaccharide-protein complexes with different monosaccharide compositions and chemical structures. Fr-II also exhibited stronger radical scavenging abilities, antioxidant capacities, and α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities in vitro than that of Fr-I. Therefore, Fr-II obtained from G. cantharelloideum EPS might be explored as potential natural functional components or supplements for applications in food, medicine, and cosmetics.
Collapse
|
13
|
Philippini RR, Martiniano SE, Franco Marcelino PR, Chandel AK, Dos Santos JC, Da Silva SS. Production of β-glucan exopolysaccharide lasiodiplodan by Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT 3966 from corn bran acid hydrolysate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2319-2332. [PMID: 33599793 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential utilization of corn bran acid hydrolysate (CBAH) was evaluated as an inexpensive feedstock for the production of a rich carbohydrate and protein medium for lasiodiplodan (LAS) production using the filamentous fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT 3966. Experiments were performed according to a 22 CCRD experimental design aiming to evaluate the influence of agitation speed (rpm) and temperature (°C) over the production of total cell biomass (TCB) and LAS concentration released to the medium (LAS-M), adhered to biomass (LAS-C), and total (LAS-T). Under the selected conditions (temperature of 28°C and agitation of 200 rpm), 8.73 g·L-1 of LAS-T and 4.47 g·L-1 of TCB were obtained. Recovery of LAS-C with hot water was shown as an alternative to increase the production concentration, although it might require further purification steps. CBAH potential for substitution of synthetic media was demonstrated, indicating that it is an adequate raw material containing all necessary nutrients for LAS production.Key points• Corn bran acid hydrolysate is presented as a suitable substrate for β-glucan production.• Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT 3966 have the potential for the industrial β-glucan production.• Simple recovering of biomass-adhered lasiodiplodan by hot water extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rodrigues Philippini
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n, 12, Lorena, SP, 602-810, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Evelin Martiniano
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n, 12, Lorena, SP, 602-810, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n, 12, Lorena, SP, 602-810, Brazil
| | - Anuj Kumar Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n, 12, Lorena, SP, 602-810, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n, 12, Lorena, SP, 602-810, Brazil
| | - Silvio Silvério Da Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n, 12, Lorena, SP, 602-810, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Selvasekaran P, Mahalakshmi, Roshini F, Angalene LA, Chandini, Sunil T, Chidambaram R. Fungal Exopolysaccharides: Production and Biotechnological Industrial Applications in Food and Allied Sectors. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
15
|
Kaushik V, Singh A, Arya A, Sindhu SC, Sindhu A, Singh A. Enhanced production of cordycepin in Ophiocordyceps sinensis using growth supplements under submerged conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00557. [PMID: 33294405 PMCID: PMC7691154 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin is a crucial bioactive compound produced by the fungus Cordyceps spp. Its therapeutic potential has been recognized for a wide range of biological properties such as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antidepressant, antioxidant, immunomodulation, etc. Moreover, its human random clinical trials depicted a promising anti-inflammatory activity that reduced the airway inflammation remarkably in asthmatic patients. But its overexploitation and low production of cordycepin in naturally growing biomass are insufficient to meet its existing market demand for its therapeutic use. Therefore, strategies for enhancement of cordycepin production in Cordyceps spp. are warranted. However, specifically, wild type Ophiocordyceps sinensis possesses a very low content of cordycepin and has restricted growth in natural mycelial biomass. To overcome these limitations, this study attempted to enhance cordycepin production in its mycelial biomass in vitro under submerged conditions by adding various growth supplements. The effect of these growth supplements was evaluated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) which demonstrated that among nucleosides- hypoxanthine and adenosine; amino acids-glycine and glutamine; plant hormones- 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA); vitamin-thiamine (B1) from each group of growth supplements yielded a higher amount of cordycepin with 466.48 ± 3.88, 380.23 ± 1.78, 434.97 ± 2.32, 269.78 ± 2.92, 227.61 ± 2.34, 226.02 ± 1.69 and 185.26 ± 2.35 mg/L respectively as compared to control with 13.66 ± 0.64 mg/L. Further, at the transcriptional level, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of genes associated with metabolism and cordycepin biosynthesis depicted significant upregulation of major downstream genes- NT5E, RNR, purA, and ADEK which corroborated well with RP-HPLC analysis. Taken together, the present study identified growth supplements as potential precursors to activate the cordycepin biosynthesis pathway leading to improved cordycepin production in O. sinensis.
Collapse
Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- Cordycepin biosynthesis pathway
- Cordycepin production
- Growth supplements
- KH2PO4, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
- Medicinal mushroom
- MgSO4, Magnesium sulfate
- Mycelial biomass
- RP-HPLC, Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
- SDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar
- SEM, Standard error mean
- cDNA, Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- dNTP, Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate
- mRNA, Messenger ribonucleic acid
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
- qRT-PCR, Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Amanvir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Aditi Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Sangeeta Chahal Sindhu
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Sindhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Ajay Singh
- Haryana Agro Industries Corporation, Research and Development Centre, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tsai YS, Hsu JH, Lin DPC, Chang HH, Chang WJ, Chen YL, Chen CC. Safety Assessment of HEA-Enriched Cordyceps cicadae Mycelium: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:127-132. [PMID: 32702252 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1743211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Cordyceps cicadae, a medicinal fungus, is assessed as having many functions: anti-cancer, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, immune-boosting, renal and liver protection. Since the industrial production of C. cicadae mycelium consistently manufactures bioactive compounds superior to wild fruiting bodies, there is a need to confirm the toxicity of liquid fermented C. cicadae mycelium. Studies showed the toxicity evaluation of C. cicadae mycelium in animal models, but safety reports in clinical studies are scarce. As such, a safety assessment of oral N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA-enriched) C. cicadae mycelium in humans is provided here.Method: After 49 participants ingested granules of 1.05 g of freeze-dried C. cicadae mycelium once a day for 3 months, their blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment for analysis.Results: There were no significant differences between the initial and final measurements in renal and liver function. Also, there was no influence on blood electrolytes as well as blood lipid levels. In clinical observation, there were also no side effects or adverse feelings mentioned by participants.Conclusion: These results suggested that HEA-enriched C. cicadae mycelium produced by liquid fermentation is safe and can be developed as a functional health food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Shan Tsai
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsia Hsu
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - David Pei-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsin Chang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lien Chen
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Antunes F, Marçal S, Taofiq O, M. M. B. Morais A, Freitas AC, C. F. R. Ferreira I, Pintado M. Valorization of Mushroom By-Products as a Source of Value-Added Compounds and Potential Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112672. [PMID: 32526879 PMCID: PMC7321189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the food sector is highly concerned with environmental issues and foreseen to develop strategies to reduce waste and losses resulting from activities developed in the food system. An approach is to increment added value to the agro-industrial wastes, which might provide economic growth and environmental protection, contributing to a circular economy. Mushroom by-products represent a disposal problem, but they are also promising sources of important compounds, which may be used due to their functional and nutritional properties. Research has been developed in different fields to obtain value added solutions for the by-products generated during mushroom production and processing. Bioactive compounds have been obtained and applied in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, other applications have been explored and include animal feed, fertilizer, bioremediation, energy production, bio-based materials, cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the relevant composition of mushroom by-products and discuss their potential as a source of functional compounds and other applications. Future research needs to explore pilot and industrial scale extraction methods to understand the technological feasibility and the economic sustainability of the bioactive compounds extraction and valorization towards different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Antunes
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Sara Marçal
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Oludemi Taofiq
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (O.T.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Alcina M. M. B. Morais
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Ana Cristina Freitas
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (O.T.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
De Iseppi A, Lomolino G, Marangon M, Curioni A. Current and future strategies for wine yeast lees valorization. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109352. [PMID: 33233056 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wine lees is a sludge material mainly composed of dead yeast precipitated at the bottom of wine tanks. Along with grape pomace and grape stalks, it is one of the main by-products of the winemaking industry. Given that wine lees are considered a soil pollutant, their disposal represents a cost for wineries. Numerous wine lees recovery and valorization strategies have been proposed, with a particularly steep increase in published research in recent years. This attention is strictly linked to the concepts of circular economy and environmental sustainability that are attracting the interest of the scientific community. In this review, an overview on the available wine lees recovery and valorization strategies is reported. Additionally, the methods for the extraction and valorization of yeast's cell wall polysaccharides (β-glucans and mannoproteins) are discussed. Finally, current and future innovative applications in different sectors of yeast β-glucans and mannoproteins are described and critically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto De Iseppi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lomolino
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Marangon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Curioni
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), Viale XXVIII Aprile 14, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Probing Carbon Utilization of Cordyceps militaris by Sugar Transportome and Protein Structural Analysis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020401. [PMID: 32050592 PMCID: PMC7072658 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond comparative genomics, we identified 85 sugar transporter genes in Cordyceps militaris, clustering into nine subfamilies as sequence- and phylogenetic-based functional classification, presuming the versatile capability of the fungal growths on a range of sugars. Further analysis of the global gene expression patterns of C. militaris showed 123 genes were significantly expressed across the sucrose, glucose, and xylose cultures. The sugar transporters specific for pentose were then identified by gene-set enrichment analysis. Of them, the putative pentose transporter, CCM_06358 gene, was highest expressed in the xylose culture, and its functional role in xylose transport was discovered by the analysis of conserved structural motifs. In addition, a battery of molecular modeling methods, including homology modeling, transport pathway analysis, residue interaction network combined with molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area simulation (MM-PBSA), was implemented for probing the structure and function of the selected pentose transporter (CCM_06358) as a representative of sugar transportome in C. militaris. Considering the network bottlenecks and structural organizations, we further identified key amino acids (Phe38 and Trp441) and their interactions with other residues, contributing the xylose transport function, as verified by binding free energy calculation. The strategy used herein generated remarkably valuable biological information, which is applicable for the study of sugar transportome and the structure engineering of targeted transporter proteins that might link to the production of bioactive compounds derived from xylose metabolism, such as cordycepin.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang C, Feng J, Chen Y, Li D, Liu L, Wu Y, Zhang S, Du S, Zhang Y. Revealing mitogenome-wide DNA methylation and RNA editing of three Ascomycotina fungi using SMRT sequencing. Mitochondrion 2020; 51:88-96. [PMID: 31923469 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps militaris and Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycotina) are traditional Chinese medicines. Here, mitogenomes of these three Ascomycotina fungi were sequenced and de-novo assembled using single-molecule real-time sequencing. The results showed that their complete mitogenomes were 31,258, 31,854 and 157,584 bp, respectively, with sequencing depth approximately 278,760×, 326,283× and 69,385×. Types of repeat sequences were mainly (AA)n, (AAT)n, (TA)n and (TATT)n. DNA methylation motifs were revealed in DNA modifications of these three fungi. We discovered new models of RNA editing through analysis of transcriptomes from B. bassiana and C. militaris. These data lay a solid foundation for further genetic and biological studies about these three fungi, especially for elucidating the mitogenome evolution and exploring the regulatory mechanism of adapting environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxia Wang
- Management Center of Tianjin Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Base, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China; Tianjin Lakeside Powergene Science Development Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300309, China.
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Tianjin Lakeside Powergene Science Development Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- Tuke (Tianjing) Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Tianjin Lakeside Powergene Science Development Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Li Liu
- Tuke (Tianjing) Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- Gui'an Precision Medicine Academy Co. Ltd, GuiZhou 550029, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Research Center of Human Genome, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Simiao Du
- Zheng Yuan Tang (Tianjin) Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yaozhou Zhang
- Research Center of Human Genome, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300309, China; Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedical, Tianjin 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effect of nutrition, vitamin, grains, and temperature on the mycelium growth and antioxidant capacity of Cordyceps militaris (strains AG-1 and PSJ-1). JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in subcultured Cordyceps militaris. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:369-375. [PMID: 30680410 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic mushroom Cordyceps militaris is a storehouse of various medicinal compounds and pharmacological effects. However, the high frequency of strain degeneration during subculture and preservation severely limits the large-scale production of C. militaris. DNA methylation is an important epigenomic modification involved in gene regulation. In this study, we used bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation profiling of wild-type and mutant C. militaris. The differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the two types were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) clustering and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. DNA methylation levels of the wild-type and mutant-type C. militaris were 0.48% and 0.56%, respectively. Methylation appeared at CHH dinucleotides in 58.62% and 58.20% of all methylated cytosine sites in the wild and mutant types, respectively. In all, 188 DMRs were identified from the wild and mutant types. Most of the DMRs ranged from 200 to 350 bp in length. KEGG pathways of the expression of DMR-related genes, which are involved in pyruvate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, DNA replication, and N-glycan biosynthesis. This contributes to the knowledge and understanding of the possible mechanisms of C. militaris strain degeneration.
Collapse
|
23
|
Temperature adaptations of Cordyceps militaris, impact of host thermal biology and immunity on mycosis development. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Jhou BY, Fang WC, Chen YL, Chen CC. A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of submerged mycelial culture of Cordyceps militaris in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:977-986. [PMID: 30310675 PMCID: PMC6116727 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a parasitic fungus that grows on the larvae of Lepidoptera. It is a well-known fungus with immunomodulatory activity. The study was conducted to clarify the edible safety of C. militaris mycelium for long term use. Eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups (10 males and 10 females in each group). Rats were orally administrated with reverse osmosis water or 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg per kg BW per day freeze dried C. militaris mycelium powder for 90 consecutive days. Clinical observation was carried out daily. The body weight and feed intake of the rats were recorded weekly. At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed and the blood and organs were collected for hematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathological examination. All animals survived until the end of the study. During the study period, no abnormality occurred in clinical signs, body weight, feed intake, ophthalmological examination and urinalysis. There were no significant differences upon gross necropsy between the treatment and control group. Hematology, clinical biochemistry parameters and histopathological examination showed no treatment-related change. According to the results, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of C. militaris mycelium is 4000 mg per kg BW per day for male and female SD rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Jhou
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Wei-Chen Fang
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Yen-Lien Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
- Department of Food Science , Nutrition , and Nutraceutical Biotechnology , Shih Chien University , Taipei City , Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei City , Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology , Chung Yuan Christian University , Taoyuan City , Taiwan
- Insitute of Biotechnology , National Changhua University of Education , Changhua County , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Raethong N, Laoteng K, Vongsangnak W. Uncovering global metabolic response to cordycepin production in Cordyceps militaris through transcriptome and genome-scale network-driven analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9250. [PMID: 29915355 PMCID: PMC6006141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular metabolic adaptations of Cordyceps militaris have been progressively studied. In particular, the cordycepin pathway is of interest in medicinal applications. Even though the metabolic pathways for cordycepin production are known to be related to different carbon sources, the regulatory mechanisms at a systems level are poorly characterized. To explore the regulatory mechanisms, this study therefore aimed to investigate the global metabolic response to cordycepin production in C. militaris through transcriptome analysis and genome-scale network-driven analysis. Here, transcriptome analysis of 16,805 expressed genes in C. militaris strain TBRC6039 grown on different carbon sources was performed. Of these genes, 2,883 were significantly differentially expressed genes, uncovering sucrose- and glucose-mediated changes in the transcriptional regulation of central carbon metabolism in C. militaris, which was shown using the CmSNF1 mechanism as an example. After applying genome-scale metabolic network-driven analysis, reporter metabolites and key metabolic subnetworks involving adenosine, cordycepin and methionine were proposed through the up-regulation of cordycepin biosynthetic genes. Our findings suggest that the transcriptional regulation of these pathways is a ubiquitous feature in response to specific culture conditions during cordycepin overproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nachon Raethong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. .,Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang S, Zheng M, Cao Y, Dong Y, Yaqoob S, Liu J. Optimization of liquid fermentation conditions for biotransformation zein by Cordyceps militaris 202 and characterization of physicochemical and functional properties of fermentative hydrolysates. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:621-631. [PMID: 29452848 PMCID: PMC6066730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris 202 is a potential fungus for biotransformation zein, due to its various proteases, high tolerance and viability in nature. In this article, single factor experiment and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the liquid fermentation conditions and improve the ability of biotransformation zein. The optimized fermentation conditions were as follows: inoculum concentration of 19%, volume of liquor of 130 mL/500 mL and pH of 4.7. Under this condition, the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was 27.31%. The zein hydrolysates from fungi fermentation maintained a high thermal stability. Compared to the original zein, the zein hydrolysates were found to have high solubility, which most likely results in improved foaming and emulsifying properties. Overall, this research demonstrates that hydrolysis of zein by C. militaris 202 is a potential method for improving the functional properties of zein, and the zein hydrolysates can be used as functional ingredients with an increased antioxidant effect in both food and non-food applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun, China; Jilin Agricultural University, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun, China; Jilin Agricultural University, National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, China
| | - Yanjiao Dong
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun, China
| | - Sanabil Yaqoob
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun, China
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- Jilin Agricultural University, College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang J, Li W, Liu Q, Liu H. Dissolution of antibiotics mycelium in ionic liquids: Performance and mechanism. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
28
|
Gamage S, Nakayama J, Fuyuno Y, Ohga S. The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the <i>Paecilomyces hepiali </i>and <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.87034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Liu GQ, Qiu XH, Cao L, Han RC. Scratching Stimuli of Mycelia Influence Fruiting Body Production and ROS-Scavenging Gene Expression of Cordyceps militaris. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:382-387. [PMID: 30637146 PMCID: PMC6319459 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1544769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris is a valuable medicinal ascomycete, which degenerates frequently during subsequent culture. To avoid economic losses during industrialized production, scratching stimuli of mycelia was introduced to improve the fruiting body production. The present results indicated that higher yields and biological efficiency were obtained from two degenerate strains (YN1-14 and YN2-7) but not from g38 (an insertional mutant in Rhf1 gene with higher yields and shorter growth periods). Furthermore, the growth periods of the fruiting bodies were at least 5 days earlier when the mycelia were scratched before stromata differentiation. Three ROS-scavenging genes including Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CmSod1), Glutathione peroxidase (CmGpx), and Catalase A (CmCat A) were isolated and their expression profiles against scratching were determined in degenerate strain YN1-14 and mutant strain g38. At day 5 after scratching, the expression level of CmGpx significantly decreased for strain g38, but that of CmSod1 significantly increased for YN1-14. These results indicated that scratching is an effective way to promote fruiting body production of degenerate strain, which may be related at least with Rhf1 and active oxygen scavenging genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Hong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ri-Chou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Ri-Chou Han
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Cordyceps is one of the most well-known mushroom with numerous bioactive compounds possess wide range of biotherapeutic activities. This mushroom has been used for many years as medicinal food particularly in China and in different regions of south East Asia. Cordycepin is a nucleoside compound extracted from different species of Cordyceps and considered as one of the most important bioactive metabolites of this fungus. This low molecular weight compound exhibit several medicinal functions as anticancer, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory agent. In this chapter we reviewed recent published research on the cordycepin chemistry, production, extraction, isolation, purification, biotherapeutic activities and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhim Pratap Singh
- Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - Ajit Kumar Passari
- Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Venâncio C, Pereira R, Freitas AC, Rocha-Santos TAP, da Costa JP, Duarte AC, Lopes I. Salinity induced effects on the growth rates and mycelia composition of basidiomycete and zygomycete fungi. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1633-1641. [PMID: 28964607 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization, as the combination of primary and secondary events, can adversely affect organisms inhabiting this compartment. In the present study, the effects of increased salinity were assessed in four species of terrestrial fungi: Lentinus sajor caju, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Rhizopus oryzae and Trametes versicolor. The mycelial growth and biochemical composition of the four fungi were determined under three exposure scenarios: 1) exposure to serial dilutions of natural seawater (SW), 2) exposure to serial concentrations of NaCl (potential surrogate of SW); and 3) exposure to serial concentrations of NaCl after a period of pre-exposure to low levels of NaCl. The toxicity of NaCl was slightly higher than that of SW, for all fungi species: the conductivities causing 50% of growth inhibition (EC50) were within 14.9 and 22.0 mScm-1 for NaCl and within 20.2 and 34.1 mScm-1 for SW. Phanerochaete chrysosporium showed to be the less sensitive species, both for NaCl and SW. Exposure to NaCl caused changes in the biochemical composition of fungi, mainly increasing the production of polysaccharides. When fungi were exposed to SW this pattern of biochemical response was not observed. Fungi pre-exposed to low levels of salinity presented higher EC50 than fungi non-pre-exposed, though 95% confidence limits overlapped, with the exception of P. chrysosporium. Pre-exposure to low levels of NaCl also induced changes in the biochemical composition of the mycelia of L. sajor caju and R. oryzae, relatively to the respective control. These results suggest that some terrestrial fungi may acquire an increased tolerance to NaCl after being pre-exposed to low levels of this salt, thus, suggesting their capacity to persist in environments that will undergo salinization. Furthermore, NaCl could be used as a protective surrogate of SW to derive safe salinity levels for soils, since it induced toxicity similar or higher than that of SW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Venâncio
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - A C Freitas
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 45202-401 Porto, Portugal
| | - T A P Rocha-Santos
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J P da Costa
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Optimization and Scale-up of Extracellular b-glucan Production by Ophiocordyceps dipterigena BCC 2073 in Low-Cost Media. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.1.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
33
|
Chen W, Liu G, Yang H, Wu Z, Yang H. Production and Preliminary Characterization of Antioxidant Polysaccharide by Submerged Culture of Culinary and Medicinal Fungi Cordyceps militaris CICC14013. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris show multiple biological activities, such as antioxidation, antitumor, antivirus and immunomodulating properties, etc. The nutritional requirements for antioxidant polysaccharide bio-synthesis by submerged culture of C. militaris were evaluated on the basis of assay for DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power in this work. The results showed the best antioxidant activity of polysaccharide could be achieved when the media consisted of mannose, peptone, MgSO4, Na2HPO4, and KH2PO4. Furthermore, the main fraction of antioxidant polysaccharide, CMP-2, was preliminary isolated from the fermentation broth of C. militaris by ethanol precipitation, filtration, and DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography. CMP-2 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose and galactose in a ratio of 2527:164:172:100, and had an average molecular weight (Mw) of approximately 8175 Da. The results suggested antioxidant polysaccharide could be produced by submerged culture of C. militaris and the medium composition significantly affected its DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hirsch KR, Smith-Ryan AE, Roelofs EJ, Trexler ET, Mock MG. Cordyceps militaris Improves Tolerance to High-Intensity Exercise After Acute and Chronic Supplementation. J Diet Suppl 2016; 14:42-53. [PMID: 27408987 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1203386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effects of a mushroom blend containing Cordyceps militaris on high-intensity exercise after 1 and 3 weeks of supplementation. Twenty-eight individuals (Mean ± standard deviation [SD]; Age = 22.7 ± 4.1 yrs; Height = 175.4 ± 8.7 cm; Weight = 71.6 ± 12.0 kg) participated in this randomized, repeated measures, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), time to exhaustion (TTE), and ventilatory threshold (VT) were measured during a maximal graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Relative peak power output (RPP), average power output (AvgP), and percent drop (%drop) were recorded during a 3 minute maximal cycle test with resistance at 4.5% body weight. Subjects consumed 4 g·d-1 mushroom blend (MR) or maltodextrin (PL) for 1 week. Ten volunteers supplemented for an additional 2 weeks. Exercise tests were separated by at least 48 hours and repeated following supplementation periods. One week of supplementation elicited no significant time × treatment interaction for VO2max (p = 0.364), VT (p = 0.514), TTE (p = 0.540), RPP (p = 0.134), AvgP (p = 0.398), or %drop (p = 0.823). After 3 weeks, VO2max significantly improved (p = 0.042) in MR (+4.8 ml·kg-1·min-1), but not PL (+0.9 ml·kg-1·min-1). Analysis of 95% confidence intervals revealed significant improvements in TTE after 1- (+28.1 s) and 3 weeks (+69.8 s) in MR, but not PL, with additional improvements in VO2max (+4.8 ml·kg-1·min-1) and VT (+0.7 l·min-1) after 3 weeks. Acute supplementation with a Cordyceps militaris containing mushroom blend may improve tolerance to high-intensity exercise; greater benefits may be elicited with consistent chronic supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Hirsch
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Lab , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Lab , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Human Movement Science Curriculum , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Erica J Roelofs
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Lab , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,c Nutrition, Health, and Human Performance Department , Meredith College , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Eric T Trexler
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Lab , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Human Movement Science Curriculum , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Meredith G Mock
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Lab , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nutrient Recovery of Starch Processing Waste to Cordyceps militaris: Solid State Cultivation and Submerged Liquid Cultivation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:274-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
36
|
Sharma SK, Gautam N, Atri NS. Optimized extraction, composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of exo and intracellular polysaccharides from submerged culture of Cordyceps cicadae. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:446. [PMID: 26694071 PMCID: PMC4689043 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cordyceps cicadae is known as Jin Chan Hua in Traditional Chinese Medicine and known to possess different pharmacological activities. Presently, it was collected from the wild and isolated. Mycelial culture was optimized for extraction of polysaccharides under submerged culture conditions. Besides antioxidant, antibacterial activities of extracted polysaccharides were tested for first time. METHODS Exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) production was tested under different factors (medium capacity, rotation speed, pH, incubation time, temperature, carbon, nitrogen, minerals sources and carbon to nitrogen ratio) by orthogonal experiments using one-factor-at-a-time method. Monosaccharides composition of polysaccharides produced by C. cicadae was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on eight bacterial strains were checked by different standard procedures. RESULTS Factors viz., medium capacity, rotation speed, incubation time, pH and temperature affected the EPS and IPS production under submerged culture conditions. EPS and IPS production was observed to vary with different carbon and nitrogen sources as well as C/N ratio. Glucose was the major component of polysaccharides (63.10 ± 4.15 %). Extracted EPS and IPS showed higher antioxidant potential with significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power and iron chelating activity. Antimicrobial activities of EPS and IPS varied among the tested bacterial strains. IPS showed slightly higher inhibition rate to all the tested bacterial strains as compared to EPS. Maximum inhibition zones of IPS (12.9 ± 0.2 mm) and EPS (12.5 ± 0.3 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 10 % con. However, both EPS and IPS fractions showed broad spectrum for all the pathogenic microbial strains tested. The MIC of both the extracts ranged from 60-100 mg/mL. CONCLUSIONS EPS and IPS production from submerged culture of C. cicadae with significant antioxidant and antibacterial potential can be enhanced with the combination of several factors which can be used for large scale industrial fermentation of C. cicadae.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sharma SK, Gautam N, Atri NS. Optimization, Composition, and Antioxidant Activities of Exo- and Intracellular Polysaccharides in Submerged Culture of Cordyceps gracilis (Grev.) Durieu & Mont. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:462864. [PMID: 25878715 PMCID: PMC4387898 DOI: 10.1155/2015/462864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Under present experiments, EPS and IPS production, monosaccharide composition, and antioxidant activities of C. gracilis were studied for the first time under submerged culture conditions. Effect of different factors on polysaccharides production was studied by orthogonal experiments using one-factor-at-a-time method. Incubation of culture in the medium with capacity 200 mL (675.12 ± 5.01 and 385.20 ± 5.01 mg/L), rotation speed 150 rpm (324.62 ± 3.32 and 254.62 ± 4.62 mg/L), 6-day culture incubation time (445.24 ± 1.11, 216.60 ± 1.71 mg/L), pH 6.0 (374.81 ± 2.52 and 219.45 ± 2.59 mg/L), and temperature 23°C (405.24 ± 1.11 and 215.60 ± 1.71 mg/L) produced higher EPS and IPS, respectively. Maximum EPS and IPS production was observed in the medium supplemented with glucose as a carbon source (464.82 ± 2.12 and 264.42 ± 2.62 mg/L) and yeast extract as a nitrogen source (465.21 ± 3.11 and 245.17 ± 3.24 mg/L), respectively. Carbon to nitrogen ratio for maximum EPS and IPS production was observed as 10 : 1 (395.29 ± 2.15 and 235.62 ± 1.40 mg/L), respectively. Glucose was found to be the major monosaccharide (62.15 ± 7.33%). Both EPS and IPS of C. gracilis showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and iron chelating activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, CSK, Himachal Pradesh Agriculture University, Palampur 176 062, India
| | - Nandini Gautam
- Centre for Environment Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shashidhar GM, Giridhar P, Manohar B. Functional polysaccharides from medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis as a potent food supplement: extraction, characterization and therapeutic potentials – a systematic review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13539c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a rich source of novel polysaccharides, Cordyceps sinensis (CS), one of the valued traditional Chinese medicinal fungi, is a major focus of many natural products research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Shashidhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi
- India
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
| | - P. Giridhar
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysore
- India
| | - B. Manohar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi
- India
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhao W, Chai DD, Li HM, Chen T, Tang YJ. Significance of metal ion supplementation in the fermentation medium on the structure and anti-tumor activity of Tuber polysaccharides produced by submerged culture of Tuber melanosporum. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
40
|
Characterization and discrimination of polysaccharides from different species of Cordyceps using saccharide mapping based on PACE and HPTLC. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 103:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
41
|
Yan JK, Wang WQ, Wu JY. Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: Mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. J Funct Foods 2014; 6:33-47. [PMID: 32362940 PMCID: PMC7185505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) sinensis, the Chinese caterpillar fungus, is a unique and precious medicinal fungus in traditional Chinese medicine which has been used as a prestigious tonic and therapeutic herb in China for centuries. Polysaccharides are bioactive constituents of C. sinensis, exhibiting several activities such as immunomodulation, antitumour, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic. As natural C. sinensis fruiting body-caterpillar complexes are very rare and expensive, the polysaccharides documented over the last 15-20 years from this fungal species were mostly extracted from cultivated fungal mycelia (intracellular polysaccharides) or from mycelial fermentation broth (exopolysaccharides). Extraction and purification of the polysaccharides is a tedious process involving numerous steps of liquid and solid phase separations. Nevertheless, a large number of polysaccharide structures have been purified and elucidated. However, relationships between the structures and activities of these polysaccharides are not well established. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in various aspects (i.e., production, extraction, structure, and bioactivity) of the intracellular and exopolysaccharides from mycelial fermentation of C. sinensis fungi. The contents and data will serve as useful references for further investigation, production and application of these polysaccharides in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Yan
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Housseiny MM, Abo-Elmagd HI, Ibrahim GE. Preliminary studies on microbial polysaccharides from different Penicilliumspecies as flavour stabiliser in cloudy apple juice. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manal M. Housseiny
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department; Faculty of Education; Ain Shams University; Heliopolis; Roxy; Cairo; 11757; Egypt
| | - Heba I. Abo-Elmagd
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department; Faculty of Education; Ain Shams University; Heliopolis; Roxy; Cairo; 11757; Egypt
| | - Gamil E. Ibrahim
- Chemistry of Flavour & aroma department; National Research center; Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shashidhar M, Giridhar P, Udaya Sankar K, Manohar B. Bioactive principles from Cordyceps sinensis: A potent food supplement - A review. J Funct Foods 2013; 5:1013-1030. [PMID: 32288795 PMCID: PMC7104994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing the importance of Cordyceps sinensis (CS) and its economics. Alternative artificial cultivation methods for large scale production to meet the world demand for CS. Chemical characterization of compounds in different extracts of CS. Potential health benefits and mechanism of action of compounds in CS. Possible application of whole fungus or its extracts in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a well-known entamophagus fungus, naturally distributed in the Tibetan Plateau of Asia and Himalayas. Recently this synonym is transferred to Ophiocordyceps by both scientific and non-scientific communities. It is widely used as a tonic and medicinal food in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as it possess wonderful health benefits. To support its functional attributes, various investigations have been carried out to find out its adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, nootropic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective role. Its fruiting portion as well as the larvae possesses potent bio-active fractions and their composition almost found to be similar in both. The bioactive principles are nucleosides, exo-polysaccharides, sterols and, proteins, among others. Among nucleosides, adenosine and cordycepin are the major biochemical markers. Further, different types of solvent extracts and their mixtures exhibit wide range of pharmacological activities, while the water and methanol extracts with the richest sources of nucleosides and polysaccharides also show wide range of pharmacological activities. This review gives a panoramic view of potential health benefits of various classes of bio-active fractions along with the need for sustainable management of CS for human wellness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Shashidhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - P. Giridhar
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - K. Udaya Sankar
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - B. Manohar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India. Fax: +91 821 2517233.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Fungal exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have been recognized as high value biomacromolecules for the last two decades. These products, including pullulan, scleroglucan, and botryosphaeran, have several applications in industries, pharmaceuticals, medicine, foods etc. Although fungal EPSs are highly relevant, to date information concerning fungal biosynthesis is scarce and an extensive search for new fugal species that can produce novel EPSs is still needed. In most cases, the molecular weight variations and sugar compositions of fungal EPSs are dependent to culture medium composition and different physical conditions provided during fermentation. An inclusive and illustrative review on fungal EPS is presented here. The general outline of the present work includes fungal EPS production, their compositions and applications. An emphasis is also given to listing out different fungal strains that can produce EPSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Mahapatra
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Debdulal Banerjee
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mykchaylova OB. SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF Cordyceps militaris (L.: Fr.) Fr. (Ascomycota) MUSHROOM AS PRODUCER OF MEDICINAL SUBSTANCES. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech6.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
46
|
Zhao W, Li HM, Tang YL, Liang XH, Wan DJ, Tang YJ. Optimization of a biotransformation process to produce 4-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine-1)-4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
47
|
Cui JD, Zhang YN. Evaluation of Metal Ions and Surfactants Effect on Cell Growth and Exopolysaccharide Production in Two-Stage Submerged Culture of Cordyceps militaris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1394-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Dahech I, Belghith KS, Hamden K, Feki A, Belghith H, Mejdoub H. Oral administration of levan polysaccharide reduces the alloxan-induced oxidative stress in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:942-7. [PMID: 21925206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a polysaccharide named levan, which was produced by new isolated bacteria, on oxidative stress and hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Levan polysaccharide was given in drinking water for 60 days at a daily dose equivalent to 2%. The oral administration of levan in diabetic rats caused a decrease in glucose level in plasma and an increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in both pancreas and liver. Furthermore, a protective action against hepatic and pancreatic toxicity in diabetic rats was clearly observed. Furthermore, a significant decrease in hepatic and pancreatic indices toxicity was observed, i.e., alkalines phosphatases (ALP), aspartate and lactate transaminases (AST and ALT), lactate deshydrogenases (LDH) activities and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs). These beneficial effects of levan were confirmed by histological findings in hepatic and pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats. This study demonstrates for the first time that levan is efficient in inhibiting hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced by diabetes and suggests that administration of levan may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Dahech
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, PB 802, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cellulase and xylanase activity in relation to biofilm formation by two intertidal filamentous fungi in a novel polymethylmethacrylate conico-cylindrical flask. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:1087-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|