1
|
Owliaee I, Khaledian M, Mahmoudvand S, Amini R, Abney SE, Beikpour F, Jalilian FA. Global investigation of the presence of adenovirus in different types of water resources: a systematic review. Virusdisease 2024; 35:55-65. [PMID: 38817402 PMCID: PMC11133282 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Waterborne viruses such as adenoviruses cause major health problems in the world. Human adenoviruses are the second leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. In recent years, the presence of the virus in aquatic resources has been shown in several studies. In this paper, the global presence of adenovirus in different types of water resources are reviewed through studying several surveys conducted in different countries worldwide. We designed one search study to collect the maximum number of related articles to this subject in international databases search engine via relevant keywords. After reviewing the articles, the most relevant ones were selected, and after classification and extracting the required information, they were reported in the tables presented in this study. In general, it was found that the highest rate of the presence of adenoviruses has been reported in sewage water, inlet, and outlet of the treatment plant while the lowest rate of the presence of adenovirus in the dam water. These findings demonstrate that treatment plant system has weakness in removing the adenovirus and are strongly recommended for treatment plants to use new and better protocols to remove this virus. In addition, appropriate diagnostic methods that combines molecular biological technique with infectivity assay should be implemented for detection of adenoviruses in water resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Owliaee
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehran Khaledian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sarah E. Abney
- Garcias Robles Fulbright Postdoctoral Scholar at El Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Farzad Beikpour
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition, and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaheen MNF, Ahmed N, Rady Badr K, Elmahdy EM. Detection and quantification of adenovirus, polyomavirus, and papillomavirus in urban sewage. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:401-413. [PMID: 38421633 PMCID: wh_2024_322 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence and seasonal frequency of human adenovirus (HAdV), human polyomavirus (HPyV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) in urban sewage. The detection of these viruses was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then the viral concentrations in the positive samples were quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Additionally, HAdV and HPyV genotyping was also performed by PCR. A total of 38/60 (63.3%) positive samples were found. HAdV was the most prevalent virus (26/60; 43.3%), followed by HPyV (21/60; 35%) and HPV (21/60; 35%). The viral concentrations ranged from 3.56 × 102 to 7.55 × 107 genome copies/L. The most common dual viral agents was found between HAdV and HPyV, in eight samples (8/38, 21%). HAdV types 40 and 41 as well as HPyV types JC and BK were identified, with HAdV-40 and HPyV JC being the most prevalent types. Furthermore, the detection rates of HAdV, HPyV, and HPV were higher during the winter season than the other seasons. The high prevalence of HAdV and HPyV supports their suitability as viral indicators of sewage contamination. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the advantages of environmental surveillance as a tool to elucidate the community-circulating viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N F Shaheen
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt E-mail: ;
| | - Nehal Ahmed
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kareem Rady Badr
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elmahdy Mohamed Elmahdy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pedrosa de Macena LDG, Castiglia Feitosa R, Couto da Silva J, Ferreira FC, Maranhão AG, Brandão MLL, Caldeira NGS, Couto JS, Coelho de Azevedo MG, Barbosa de Paula B, Miagostovich MP. Environmental assessment of sewage contamination in the surroundings of a marine outfall combining human mastadenovirus and fecal indicator bacteria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115110. [PMID: 37307749 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the microbiological contamination of the marine area of a metropolitan region, where a marine outfall is used as a sanitary solution for domestic sewage. For human mastadenovirus (HAdV) quantification 134 water samples were concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation method and analyzed with qPCR and PMAxx-qPCR, being the latter to assess the capsid integrity viral. HAdV with intact capsids were detected in 10 % (16/102) of samples classified as suitable for bathing using at least one fecal bacterial indicator. Spatial analysis of the results showed that the drainage channels of the basin that flow into the sea are the main sources of microbiological contamination in the foreshore zone, where intact HAdV reached a concentration of up to 3 log genomic copies/L. HAdV serotypes A12, D, F40 and F41 were characterized. Our results suggest the use of intact HAdV as a complementary parameter to assess the quality of recreational waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena da Graça Pedrosa de Macena
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Renato Castiglia Feitosa
- Department of Sanitation and Environmental Health, National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1.480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Jansen Couto da Silva
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fernando César Ferreira
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control, Department of Quality Control, Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals (Bio-Manguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Centro Administrativo Vinicius Fonseca - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Gonçalves Santos Caldeira
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Jessica Soldani Couto
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gonçalves Coelho de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, Department of Microbiology, National Institute Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Paula
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hegarty B, Dai Z, Raskin L, Pinto A, Wigginton K, Duhaime M. A snapshot of the global drinking water virome: Diversity and metabolic potential vary with residual disinfectant use. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118484. [PMID: 35504157 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are important drivers of microbial community ecology and evolution, influencing microbial mortality, metabolism, and horizontal gene transfer. However, the effects of viruses remain largely unknown in many environments, including in drinking water systems. Drinking water metagenomic studies have offered a whole community perspective of bacterial impacts on water quality, but have not yet considered the influences of viruses. In this study, we address this gap by mining viral DNA sequences from publicly available drinking water metagenomes from distribution systems in six countries around the world. These datasets provide a snapshot of the taxonomic diversity and metabolic potential of the global drinking water virome; and provide an opportunity to investigate the effects of geography, climate, and drinking water treatment practices on viral diversity. Both environmental conditions and differences in sample processing were found to influence the viral composition. Using free chlorine as the residual disinfectant was associated with clear differences in viral taxonomic diversity and metabolic potential, with significantly fewer viral populations and less even viral community structures than observed in distribution systems without residual disinfectant. Additionally, drinking water viruses carry antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as genes to survive oxidative stress and nitrogen limitation. Through this study, we have demonstrated that viral communities are diverse across drinking water systems and vary with the use of residual disinfectant. Our findings offer directions for future research to develop a more robust understanding of how virus-bacteria interactions in drinking water distribution systems affect water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Hegarty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Building, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave. 181, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA
| | - Zihan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lutgarde Raskin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Building, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave. 181, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA
| | - Ameet Pinto
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia
| | - Krista Wigginton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Building, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Ave. 181, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125, USA.
| | - Melissa Duhaime
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105N University Ave., 4068 Biological Sciences Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu G, Qu J, Rose J, Medema G. Roadmap for Managing SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in the Water Environment for Public Health. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 12:139-144. [PMID: 33654547 PMCID: PMC7909608 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The water sector needs to address viral-related public health issues, because water is a virus carrier, which not only spreads viruses (e.g., via drinking water), but also provides information about the circulation of viruses in the community (e.g., via sewage). It has been widely reported that waterborne viral pathogens are abundant, diverse, complex, and threatening the public health in both developed and developing countries. Meanwhile, there is great potential for viral monitoring that can indicate biosafety, treatment performance and community health. New developments in technology have been rising to meet the emerging challenges over the past decades. Under the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the world's attention is directed to the urgent need to tackle the most challenging public health issues related to waterborne viruses. Based on critical analysis of the water viral knowledge progresses and gaps, this article offers a roadmap for managing COVID-19 and other viruses in the water environments for ensuring public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Joan Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein 3433 PE, Netherlands
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CN, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hrdy J, Vasickova P. Virus detection methods for different kinds of food and water samples – The importance of molecular techniques. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
7
|
Opere WM, John M, Ombori O. Molecular Detection of Human Enteric Adenoviruses in Water Samples Collected from Lake Victoria Waters Along Homa Bay Town, Homa Bay County, Kenya. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:32-43. [PMID: 33141920 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lake Victoria is the primary source of water for millions of people in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. In recent years, population development around the lake has resulted in compromised sanitation standards resulting in increased faecal pollution of the lake. Consequently, this condition has increased the chances of waterborne enteric viruses, such as adenoviruses' circulation in the community. Adenoviruses can affect health in both humans and animals by causing a myriad of diseases including the gastrointestinal infections. The study aimed to detect contamination of the lake water with pathogenic human adenoviruses along Homa Bay town, Homa Bay County, Kenya. To examine the presence of adenoviral genome, we collected a total of 216 (monthly n = 36) water samples from six different locations marked by high levels of anthropogenic activities along the shoreline. Molecular amplification technique using the nested PCR procedure was used to detect the genomes from the water samples. Human adenoviruses were detected in 11 samples (5.09%). Statistical analyses indicated a significant correlation between adenovirus presence and the approximate distance from pit latrines and sewage treatment works at the area. The findings indicate that faecal contamination of the lake waters originated from the point sources. The findings also suggest a possibility of elevated levels of faecal pollution in different surface waters within the lake basin. The findings indicate that some of the enteric viruses circulating in the local community are human adenovirus type 40, and 41. The data may provide a basis for recognizing the need to prioritize environmental monitoring for enteric virus contamination on an on-going basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wasonga Michael Opere
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Maingi John
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omwoyo Ombori
- Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar M, Thakur AK, Mazumder P, Kuroda K, Mohapatra S, Rinklebe J, Ramanathan A, Cetecioglu Z, Jain S, Tyagi VK, Gikas P, Chakraborty S, Tahmidul Islam M, Ahmad A, Shah AV, Patel AK, Watanabe T, Vithanage M, Bibby K, Kitajima M, Bhattacharya P. Frontier review on the propensity and repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 migration to aquatic environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 1:100001. [PMID: 34977840 PMCID: PMC7456799 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased concern has recently emerged pertaining to the occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aquatic environment during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While infectious SARS-CoV-2 has yet to be identified in the aquatic environment, the virus potentially enters the wastewater stream from patient excretions and a precautionary approach dictates evaluating transmission pathways to ensure public health and safety. Although enveloped viruses have presumed low persistence in water and are generally susceptible to inactivation by environmental stressors, previously identified enveloped viruses persist in the aqueous environment from days to several weeks. Our analysis suggests that not only the surface water, but also groundwater, represent SARS-CoV-2 control points through possible leaching and infiltrations of effluents from health care facilities, sewage, and drainage water. Most fecally transmitted viruses are highly persistent in the aquatic environment, and therefore, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water is essential to inform its fate in water, wastewater and groundwater and subsequent human exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Alok Kumar Thakur
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 9390398, Japan
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42285, Germany
- Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, University of Sejong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Al Ramanathan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Zeynep Cetecioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 42, SE100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharad Jain
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Petros Gikas
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- Department of IngegneriaModellisticaElettronica&Sistemistica,University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 42/a, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - M Tahmidul Islam
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arslan Ahmad
- KWR Water Cycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), The Netherlands
| | - Anil V Shah
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Sector-10A, Gandhinagar 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Arbind Kumar Patel
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gerba CP, Betancourt WQ. Assessing the Occurrence of Waterborne Viruses in Reuse Systems: Analytical Limits and Needs. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030107. [PMID: 31336640 PMCID: PMC6789576 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of waterborne enteric viruses is an essential tool in assessing the risk of waterborne transmission. Cell culture is considered a gold standard for detection of these viruses. However, it is important to recognize the uncertainty and limitations of enteric virus detection in cell culture. Cell culture cannot support replication of all virus types and strains, and numerous factors control the efficacy of specific virus detection assays, including chemical additives, cell culture passage number, and sequential passage of a sample in cell culture. These factors can result in a 2- to 100-fold underestimation of virus infectivity. Molecular methods reduce the time for detection of viruses and are useful for detection of those that do not produce cytopathogenic effects. The usefulness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to access virus infectivity has been demonstrated for only a limited number of enteric viruses and is limited by an understanding of the mechanism of virus inactivation. All of these issues are important to consider when assessing waterborne infectious viruses and expected goals on virus reductions needed for recycled water. The use of safety factors to account for this may be useful to ensure that the risks in drinking water and recycled water for potable reuse are minimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lun JH, Crosbie ND, White PA. Genetic diversity and quantification of human mastadenoviruses in wastewater from Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:305-312. [PMID: 31030137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human mastadenoviruses (HAdVs) are DNA viruses that can cause a wide range of clinical diseases, including gastroenteritis, respiratory illnesses, conjunctivitis, and in more severe cases hepatitis, pancreatitis and disseminated diseases. HAdV infections are generally asymptomatic or self-limiting, but can cause adverse outcomes within vulnerable populations. Since most HAdV serotypes replicate within the human gastrointestinal tract, high levels of HAdV DNA are excreted into wastewater systems. In this study, we identified the genetic diversity of HAdV at a population level using wastewater samples collected from Sydney and Melbourne from 2016 to 2017, with the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. In addition, HAdV DNA levels were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based methods to better understand the health risks involved if wastewater contamination occurs. An average of 1.8 × 107 genome copies of HAdV DNA was detected in one litre of wastewater collected in Sydney and Melbourne, over the two-year study period. A total of six major groups of HAdV were identified in wastewater samples using MiSeq, which included 19 different serotypes. Of those, the most prevalent was F41 (83.5%), followed by F40 (11.0%) and A31 (3.7%). In contrast, five groups of HAdV were identified in clinical samples with F41 as the most dominant serotype, (52.5% of gastroenteritis cases), followed by C1 and C2 (each responsible for 15.0%), and B3 was the fourth most common serotype (7.5%). This study demonstrated the practicability of using amplicon based NGS to identify HAdV diversity and quantify HAdV genome levels in environmental water samples, as well as broadening our current understanding of circulating HAdV in the Australian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Lun
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Nicholas D Crosbie
- Melbourne Water Corporation, Docklands, VIC, Australia; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Peter A White
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hamza IA, Bibby K. Critical issues in application of molecular methods to environmental virology. J Virol Methods 2019; 266:11-24. [PMID: 30659861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases have significant public health and socioeconomic implications worldwide. Many viral pathogens are commonly associated with water-related diseases, namely enteric viruses. Also, novel recently discovered human-associated viruses have been shown to be a causative agent of gastroenteritis or other clinical symptoms. A wide range of analytical methods is available for virus detection in environmental water samples. Viral isolation is historically carried out via propagation on permissive cell lines; however, some enteric viruses are difficult or not able to propagate on existing cell lines. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) screening of viral nucleic acid is routinely used to investigate virus contamination in water due to the high sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the introduction of metagenomic approaches into environmental virology has facilitated the discovery of viruses that cannot be grown in cell culture. This review (i) highlights the applications of molecular techniques in environmental virology such as PCR and its modifications to overcome the critical issues associated with the inability to discriminate between infectious viruses and nonviable viruses, (ii) outlines the strengths and weaknesses of Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification (NASBA) and microarray, (iii) discusses the role of digital PCR as an emerging water quality monitoring assay and its advantages over qPCR, (iv) addresses the viral metagenomics in terms of detecting emerging viral pathogens and diversity in aquatic environment. Indeed, there are many challenges for selecting methods to detect classic and emerging viruses in environmental samples. While the existing techniques have revealed the importance and diversity of viruses in the water environment, further developments are necessary to enable more rapid and accurate methodologies for viral water quality monitoring and regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ahmed Hamza
- Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Curutiu C, Iordache F, Gurban P, Lazar V, Chifiriuc MC. Main Microbiological Pollutants of Bottled Waters and Beverages. BOTTLED AND PACKAGED WATER 2019. [PMCID: PMC7204880 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815272-0.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although consumption of quality drinking water should be available to anyone, without any risk, in reality, for the people living in poor countries, safe water sources are often not an option. In order to eliminate the risk of disease, people prefer to use bottled water, or even bottle beverages, considering them uncontaminated, sterile products. However, the evidence showed that some microbial species belonging to autochthonous water microbiota or even pathogenic species may contaminate and could, in certain conditions, multiply beyond measure in the bottled products. Sometimes, although the bottled water or beverages meet the quality requirements, still, they could be responsible by some water- or food-borne diseases. This chapter presents the main microbial contaminants of these products and the associated risk for waterborne/food-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Curutiu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania,Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology Nicolae Simionescu, Bucharest, Romania,Department of Biochemistry, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petruta Gurban
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Lazar
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania,Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania,Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Souza FGD, Silva FPD, Staggemeier R, Rigotto C, Spilki FR. Low occurrence of Hepatitis A virus in water samples from an urban area of Southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e69. [PMID: 30427404 PMCID: PMC6223251 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a member of Picornaviridae family, is the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis in the world, mainly in developing countries. HAV may be present in contaminated water and food and its presence is often associated to a lesser extent with socioeconomic factors and environmental quality. The main goals in the present study were to standardize a cell culture combined to a polymerase chain reaction protocol for the detection and quantification of viral viability and analyze whether the virus could be found in water samples collected in four urban streams of Sinos River watershed. Virus recovery was assayed from known virus concentrations measured in experimentally contaminated raw and ultrapure water (MilliQ®). Recovery rates ranged from 270% in raw water to 15,000% in ultrapure water. In a second step, a qPCR coupled to a previous passage in cells, demonstrated more analytical sensitivity when compared to samples assayed without a previous passage in cell cultures. HAV genome was detected in only 1 of 84 samples analyzed, pointing to a very low occurrence of HAV in water samples in the studied region. These findings are remarkable, since no more than 5% of the domestic sewage in this area is treated pointing to a low occurrence of HAV in the population living nearby during the study period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gil de Souza
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francini Pereira da Silva
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Staggemeier
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peteffi GP, Fleck JD, Kael IM, Girardi V, Bündchen R, Krajeski DM, Demoliner M, Silva FP, da Rosa DC, Antunes MV, Linden R. Caffeine levels as a predictor of Human mastadenovirus presence in surface waters-a case study in the Sinos River basin-Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15774-15784. [PMID: 29582324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of caffeine in environmental water samples is almost entirely human-related, given that there are virtually no industrial or agricultural releases. Caffeine has already been proposed as an anthropogenic marker for wastewater contamination of surface waters. The aim of this study was to evaluate if caffeine concentrations in water can be a predictor of virological and bacteriological contamination. Water samples were taken at three sampling sites from urban water streams from the hydrographic basin of the Sinos River (Brazil) monthly in the period of May 9th, 2016 to April 11th, 2017 (n = 36). Concentrations of Human mastadenovirus (HAdV-F and HAdV-C), fecal coliforms, and caffeine were measured in all collected samples. Concentrations of caffeine in water were strongly correlated with HAdV-F (rs = 0.704, p = 0.000). This study, for the first time, characterized caffeine concentrations in water as predictors of virus presence, with cut-off values presenting 92.9% specificity and 95.5% sensitivity for HAdV-F and 66.7% specificity and 80% sensitivity for HAdV-C. Considering its marked chemical stability and ease of quantification, caffeine concentrations can be used as a comprehensive marker of human contamination of water resources, also being predictive of bacteriological and virological concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Piva Peteffi
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil.
- , Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Deise Fleck
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Igor Mendes Kael
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Bündchen
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Daiane Metz Krajeski
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Francini Pereira Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Débora Couto da Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Vila Nova, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environmental Quality, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, 2755, Novo Hamburgo, 93352-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gerba CP, Betancourt WQ, Kitajima M, Rock CM. Reducing uncertainty in estimating virus reduction by advanced water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 133:282-288. [PMID: 29407709 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of wastewater for potable reuse requires the reduction of enteric viruses to levels that pose no significant risk to human health. Advanced water treatment trains (e.g., chemical clarification, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, advanced oxidation) have been developed to provide reductions of viruses to differing levels of regulatory control depending upon the levels of human exposure and associated health risks. Importance in any assessment is information on the concentration and types of viruses in the untreated wastewater, as well as the degree of removal by each treatment process. However, it is critical that the uncertainty associated with virus concentration and removal or inactivation by wastewater treatment be understood to improve these estimates and identifying research needs. We reviewed the critically literature to assess to identify uncertainty in these estimates. Biological diversity within families and genera of viruses (e.g. enteroviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, reoviruses, noroviruses) and specific virus types (e.g. serotypes or genotypes) creates the greatest uncertainty. These aspects affect the methods for detection and quantification of viruses and anticipated removal efficiency by treatment processes. Approaches to reduce uncertainty may include; 1) inclusion of a virus indicator for assessing efficiency of virus concentration and detection by molecular methods for each sample, 2) use of viruses most resistant to individual treatment processes (e.g. adenoviruses for UV light disinfection and reoviruses for chlorination), 3) data on ratio of virion or genome copies to infectivity in untreated wastewater, and 4) assessment of virus removal at field scale treatment systems to verify laboratory and pilot plant data for virus removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Gerba
- University of Arizona, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- University of Arizona, Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Channah M Rock
- University of Arizona, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, Maricopa Agricultural Center, 37860, W. Smith-Enke Road, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peng X, Nguyen A, Ghosh D. Quantification of M13 and T7 bacteriophages by TaqMan and SYBR green qPCR. J Virol Methods 2017; 252:100-107. [PMID: 29196210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
TaqMan and SYBR Green quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods were developed as DNA-based approaches to reproducibly enumerate M13 and T7 phages from phage display selection experiments individually and simultaneously. The genome copies of M13 and T7 phages were quantified by TaqMan or SYBR Green qPCR referenced against M13 and T7 DNA standard curves of known concentrations. TaqMan qPCR was capable of quantifying M13 and T7 phage DNA simultaneously with a detection range of 2.75*101-2.75*108genome copies(gc)/μL and 2.66*101-2.66*108 genome copies(gc)/μL respectively. TaqMan qPCR demonstrated an efficient amplification efficiency (Es) of 0.97 and 0.90 for M13 and T7 phage DNA, respectively. SYBR Green qPCR was ten-fold more sensitive than TaqMan qPCR, able to quantify 2.75-2.75*107gc/μL and 2.66*101-2.66*107gc/μL of M13 and T7 phage DNA, with an amplification efficiency Es of 1.06 and 0.78, respectively. Due to its superior sensitivity, SYBR Green qPCR was used to enumerate M13 and T7 phage display clones selected against a cell line, and quantified titers demonstrated accuracy comparable to titers from traditional double-layer plaque assay. Compared to enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, both qPCR methods exhibited increased detection sensitivity and reproducibility. These qPCR methods are reproducible, sensitive, and time-saving to determine their titers and to quantify a large number of phage samples individually or simultaneously, thus avoiding the need for time-intensive double-layer plaque assay. These findings highlight the attractiveness of qPCR for phage enumeration for applications ranging from selection to next-generation sequencing (NGS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Peng
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy
| | - Alex Nguyen
- College of Natural Science, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shih YJ, Tao CW, Tsai HC, Huang WC, Huang TY, Chen JS, Chiu YC, Hsu TK, Hsu BM. First detection of enteric adenoviruses genotype 41 in recreation spring areas of Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28639027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are DNA viruses found in recreational water, such as water parks and swimming pools. Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-41) is the most common serotype detected and is a leading cause of acute diarrheal disease. The focus of this study is to determine the prevalence of HAdVs in hot springs. Of 57 samples collected from four different geological sites, 16 samples have shown evidence of HAdVs (28.1%). HAdV-41 and porcine adenovirus 5 (PAdV-5) were the two types isolated, with a greater frequency of HAdV-41, which in other settings has been associated with acute diarrhea. The highest occurrence was found in private hot tubs/Yuya (37.5%), followed by an outlet of hot springs (30.8%); public pools and foot pools shared the same detection rate of 21.4% (3/14). However, there was no evidence supporting a link between water quality indicators and HAdV detection rate. From a phylogenic analysis and BLAST against the NCBI database, it was concluded that HAdV-41 obtained from hot spring areas are closely related to global environmental genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jia Shih
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Wei Tao
- Section of Respiratory Therapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Chi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Yi Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chou Chiu
- General Surgery, Surgical Department, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsui-Kang Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elahi E, Abid M, Zhang L, Alugongo GM. The use of wastewater in livestock production and its socioeconomic and welfare implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17255-17266. [PMID: 28555394 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies have found a significant amount of toxins in surface water, a complex link between animals' access to wastewater and associated animal and human welfare losses needs to be explored. The scarcity of safe water has put stress on the utilization of wastewater for crops and livestock production. The access of animals to wastewater is related to the emergence of dangerous animal's diseases, hampering productivity, increasing economic losses, and risking human health along the food chain. This review explores use of wastewater for agriculture, epidemiological evidence of microbial contamination in wastewater, and animal and human welfare disruption due to the use of wastewater for crop and livestock production. More specifically, the review delves into animals exposure to wastewater for bathing, drinking, or grazing on a pasture irrigated with contaminated water and related animal and human welfare losses. We included some scientific articles and reviews published from 1970 to 2017 to support our rational discussions. The selected articles dealt exclusively with animals direct access to wastewater via bathing and indirect access via grazing on pasture irrigated with contaminated wastewater and their implication for animal and human welfare losses. The study also identified that some policy options such as wastewater treatments, constructing wastewater stabilization ponds, controlling animal access to wastewater, and dissemination of necessary information to ultimate consumers related to the source of agricultural produce and wastewater use in animal and crop production are required to protect the human and animal health and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Elahi
- Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Centre for Climate Research and Development (CCRD), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Gibson Maswayi Alugongo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Valverde EJ, Borrego JJ, Castro D. Evaluation of an integrated cell culture RT-PCR assay to detect and quantify infectious lymphocystis disease virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:62-65. [PMID: 27756548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV), a member of the Iridoviridae family, infects a wide range of fish species including gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), the most important species cultured in the Mediterranean. LCDV is difficult to propagate in cell culture and does not produce clear and consistent cytopathic effects (CPE), especially in samples collected from subclinically infected fish. An integrated cell culture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ICC-RT-PCR) assay, followed by dot-blot hybridization of the RT-PCR products, was developed to improve the detection of infectious LCDV. The sensitivity of the ICC-RT-PCR assay, which can be performed in 7 d, was at least 100-fold higher than viral diagnosis obtained by CPE development. The developed assay thus allows the determination of infectious titres in samples with low viral loads, including those from asymptomatic carrier fish, in which no CPE was recorded after a 14-d incubation period. The ICC-RT-PCR assay enables rapid, specific and sensitive detection and quantification of infectious LCDV, and may be a valuable tool in the study of aspects of LCDV infection including transmission or epizootiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Dolores Castro
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rames E, Roiko A, Stratton H, Macdonald J. Technical aspects of using human adenovirus as a viral water quality indicator. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:308-26. [PMID: 27065054 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in water treatment technologies in developed countries, waterborne viruses are still associated with many of cases of illness each year. These illnesses include gastroenteritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and respiratory infections. Importantly, outbreaks of viral disease from waters deemed compliant from bacterial indicator testing still occur, which highlights the need to monitor the virological quality of water. Human adenoviruses are often used as a viral indicator of water quality (faecal contamination), as this pathogen has high UV-resistance and is prevalent in untreated domestic wastewater all year round, unlike enteroviruses and noroviruses that are often only detected in certain seasons. Standard methods for recovering and measuring adenovirus numbers in water are lacking, and there are many variations in published methods. Since viral numbers are likely under-estimated when optimal methods are not used, a comprehensive review of these methods is both timely and important. This review critically evaluates how estimates of adenovirus numbers in water are impacted by technical manipulations, such as during adenovirus concentration and detection (including culturing and polymerase-chain reaction). An understanding of the implications of these issues is fundamental to obtaining reliable estimation of adenovirus numbers in water. Reliable estimation of HAdV numbers is critical to enable improved monitoring of the efficacy of water treatment processes, accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment, and to ensure microbiological safety of water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rames
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Anne Roiko
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Helen Stratton
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tao CW, Hsu BM, Kao PM, Huang WC, Hsu TK, Ho YN, Lu YJ, Fan CW. Seasonal difference of human adenoviruses in a subtropical river basin based on 1-year monthly survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2928-36. [PMID: 26490890 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the seasonal difference and the observable presence/absence of human adenovirus (HAdV) in the Puzih River basin in Taiwan was investigated. A total of 288 water samples were collected from 24 sites from March 2014 to February 2015. Human AdV analysis of sample was subjected to viral concentration using a GN-6 Metricel® filter, followed by DNA extraction, nested-PCR, and qPCR. Human AdV was detected in 34.3 % (99/288) of the entire river water sample. A higher percentage of HAdV (76.4 %) was obtained during the winter. The HAdV median concentration was relatively high in fall (1.4 × 10(3) copies/L) and winter (2.8 × 10(3) copies/L). Significant difference and correlation were found between the seasonal variation of HAdV and water quality parameters, including heterotrophic plate count, total coliform, water temperature, and turbidity. The most frequently identified HAdV (subgenus F) serotype was 41. Human AdV-41 is the main cause of gastroenteritis and should be considered for associated human health risk potential in the Puzih River basin.
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang WC, Chou YP, Kao PM, Hsu TK, Su HC, Ho YN, Yang YC, Hsu BM. Nested-PCR and TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR assays for human adenoviruses in environmental waters. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:1832-1841. [PMID: 27120637 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections can occur throughout the year. Cases of HAdV-associated respiratory disease have been more common in the late winter, spring, and early summer. In this study, to provide viral pollution data for further epidemiological studies and governmental actions, the presence of HAdV in the aquatic environment was quantitatively surveyed in the summer. This study was conducted to compare the efficiencies of nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and qPCR (quantitative PCR) for detecting HAdV in environmental waters. A total of 73 water samples were collected from Puzi River in Taiwan and subjected to virus concentration methods. In the results, qPCR had much better efficiency for specifying the pathogen in river sample. HAdV41 was detected most frequently in the river water sample (10.9%). The estimated HAdV concentrations ranged between 6.75 × 10(2) and 2.04 × 10(9) genome copies/L. Significant difference was also found in heterotrophic plate counts, conductivity, water temperature, and water turbidity between presence/absence of HAdV. HAdV in the Puzi River may pose a significant health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Pen Chou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Min Kao
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
| | - Tsui-Kang Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Chang Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Ning Ho
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
| | - Yi-Chun Yang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qiu Y, Lee B, Neumann N, Ashbolt N, Craik S, Maal-Bared R, Pang X. Assessment of human virus removal during municipal wastewater treatment in Edmonton, Canada. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1729-39. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - B.E. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - N. Neumann
- School of Public health; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - N. Ashbolt
- School of Public health; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | | | - X.L. Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health; Edmonton AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Silva HD, Fongaro G, Garcíazapata MTA, Melo ATO, Silveira-Lacerda EP, de Faria KMS, Anunciação CE. High Species C Human Adenovirus Genome Copy Numbers in the Treated Water Supply of a Neotropical Area of the Central-West Region of Brazil. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2015; 7:286-294. [PMID: 25799963 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is little information about the presence of human adenovirus (HAdV) in drinking water in Neotropical regions. Thus, the present study sought to conduct quantification and molecular characterization of HAdVs detected in treated water samples from an area of the Cerrado ecoregion of Brazil. Between August and November 2012, samples were collected from four treated water reservoirs and their respective sites along the water distribution network of the city of Goiânia, for a total of 80 samples. All samples were concentrated and analyzed by qPCR, and selected samples were sequenced. Overall, 76.6 (10(0)-10(9) GC mL(-1)) and 37.5% (10(1)-10(8) GC mL(-1)) of samples drawn from reservoirs and their distribution sites, respectively, were positive for virus by qPCR. All samples selected for sequencing were characterized as species C human adenovirus. Such high HAdV counts have in treated water samples. This finding merits special attention, particularly from the sanitation authorities, because the high number of GC mL(-1) may be an indicative of risk to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo D Silva
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Genético e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Caixa Postal 131, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lim KY, Hamilton AJ, Jiang SC. Assessment of public health risk associated with viral contamination in harvested urban stormwater for domestic applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:95-108. [PMID: 25863500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Capturing stormwater is becoming a new standard for sustainable urban stormwater management, which can be used to supplement water supply portfolios in water-stressed cities. The key advantage of harvesting stormwater is to use low impact development (LID) systems for treatment to meet water quality requirement for non-potable uses. However, the lack of scientific studies to validate the safety of such practice has limited its adoption. Microbial hazards in stormwater, especially human viruses, represent the primary public health threat. Using adenovirus and norovirus as target pathogens, we investigated the viral health risk associated with a generic scenario of urban stormwater harvesting practice and its application for three non-potable uses: 1) toilet flushing, 2) showering, and 3) food-crop irrigation. The Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) results showed that food-crop irrigation has the highest annual viral infection risk (median range: 6.8×10(-4)-9.7×10(-1) per-person-per-year or pppy), followed by showering (3.6×10(-7)-4.3×10(-2)pppy), and toilet flushing (1.1×10(-7)-1.3×10(-4)pppy). Disease burden of each stormwater use was ranked in the same order as its viral infection risk: food-crop irrigation>showering>toilet flushing. The median and 95th percentile risk values of toilet-flushing using treated stormwater are below U.S. EPA annual risk benchmark of ≤10(-4)pppy, whereas the disease burdens of both toilet-flushing and showering are within the WHO recommended disease burdens of ≤10(-6)DALYspppy. However, the acceptability of showering risk interpreted based on the U.S. EPA and WHO benchmarks is in disagreement. These results confirm the safety of stormwater application in toilet flushing, but call for further research to fill the data gaps in risk modeling as well as risk benchmarks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keah-Ying Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-2175, USA
| | - Andrew J Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Dookie Campus, Currawa, VIC 3647, Australia; Federation University Australia, Mt Helen Campus, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Sunny C Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-2175, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang ZM, Hsu BM, Kao PM, Chang TY, Hsu TK, Ho YN, Yang YC, Huang YL. Prevalence, quantification, and typing of human adenoviruses detected in river water in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8359-66. [PMID: 25537289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) in river waters was investigated in this study. Water samples were collected from 13 rivers in Taiwan, concentrated, and assessed for the presence of HAdVs using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Human AdV positive samples were then subjected to real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the viral genomes and further subjected to primer-based genotyping to identify the various serotypes present. For each water sample, several water quality parameters were evaluated, including heterotrophic plate count, total coliform, Escherichia coli, water temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. Among the 13 rivers examined, four rivers (30.8 %) were found to contain HAdVs. The major genotype was F species HAdV serotype 41. The mean HAdVs concentrations ranged from 6.10 × 10(2) to 8.51 × 10(2) copies/L. No significant differences were observed between the presence of HAdVs, and all of the water quality parameters evaluated (heterotrophic plate count, total coliform, E. coli, water temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen). Given the potential health risks posed by the presence of enteric viruses in environmental waters, further assessment is desirable with respect to possible sources, virus transport, and survival of viruses in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhon-Min Huang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nascimento MA, Magri ME, Schissi CD, Barardi CR. Recombinant adenovirus as a model to evaluate the efficiency of free chlorine disinfection in filtered water samples. Virol J 2015; 12:30. [PMID: 25889833 PMCID: PMC4349469 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0259-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, ordinance no. 2,914/2011 of the Ministry of Health requires the absence of total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in treated water. However it is essential that water treatment is effective against all pathogens. Disinfection in Water Treatment Plants (WTP) is commonly performed with chlorine. METHODS The recombinant adenovirus (rAdV), which expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) when cultivated in HEK 293A cells, was chosen as a model to evaluate the efficiency of chlorine for human adenovirus (HAdV) inactivation in filtered water samples from two WTPs: Lagoa do Peri (pH 6.9) and Morro dos Quadros (pH 6.5). Buffered demand free (BDF) water (pH 6.9 and 8.0) was used as control. The samples were previously submitted to physicochemical characterization, and bacteriological analysis. Two free chlorine concentrations and two temperatures were assayed for all samples (0.2 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, and 15°C, and 20°C). Fluorescence microscopy (FM) was used to check viral infectivity in vitro and qPCR as a molecular method to determine viral genome copies. Real treated water samples from the WTP (at the output of WTP and the distribution network) were also evaluated for total coliforms, E. coli and HAdV. RESULTS The time required to inactivate 4log₁₀ of rAdV was less than 1 min, when analyzed by FM, except for BDF pH 8.0 (up to 2.5 min for 4log₁₀). The pH had a significant influence on the efficiency of disinfection. The qPCR assay was not able to provide information regarding rAdV inactivation. The data were modeled (Chick-Watson), and the observed Ct values were comparable with the values reported in the literature and smaller than the values recommended by the EPA. In the treated water samples, HAdV was detected in the distribution network of the WTP Morro dos Quadros (2.75 × 10(3) PFU/L). CONCLUSION The Chick-Watson model proved to have adjusted well to the experimental conditions used, and it was possible to prove that the adenoviruses were rapidly inactivated in the surface water treated with chlorine and that the recombinant adenovirus expressing GFP is a good model for this evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Nascimento
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Maria E Magri
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Camila D Schissi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Célia Rm Barardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Field evaluation of an improved cell line for the detection of human adenoviruses in environmental samples. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Miagostovich MP, Guimarães FR, Vieira CB, Fumian TM, da Gama NP, Victoria M, de Oliveira JM, Mendes ACDO, Gaspar AMC, Leite JPG. Assessment of water quality in a border region between the Atlantic forest and an urbanised area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:110-115. [PMID: 24818567 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The preservation of water resources is one of the goals of the designation of parks that act as natural reservoirs. In order to assess the impact of the presence of humans in an environmental preservation area bordering urban areas, the presence of four pathogenic enteric viruses [group A rotavirus (RV-A), norovirus (NoV), human adenoviruses (HAdV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV)], as well as the physico-chemical parameters, and Escherichia coli levels were assessed in riverine water samples. From June 2008 to May 2009, monthly monitoring was performed along the Engenho Novo River. RV-A, NoV, and HAdV were observed in 29% (31/108) of the water samples, with concentrations of up to 10(3) genome copies/liter. The natural occurrence of infectious HAdV was demonstrated by Integrated Cell Culture-PCR (ICC-PCR). This study confirms the suitability of using the detection of fecal-oral transmitted viruses as a marker of human fecal contamination in water matrices and indicates the spread of pathogenic viruses occurring in an alleged area of environmental protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 4365, Brazil,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Concentration of enteric virus indicator from seawater using granular activated carbon. J Virol Methods 2014; 196:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Gibson KE. Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 4:50-7. [PMID: 24440908 PMCID: PMC7185559 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of viruses in water has a significant impact on public health. Contaminated groundwater and recreational water cause majority of virus-related WBDOs. Noroviruses are the dominant cause of WBDOs in high-income countries. Application of a true viral indicator would allow for better protection of public health.
The public health impact of the transmission of viruses in water is significant worldwide. Waterborne viruses can be introduced into our recreational and finished drinking water sources through a variety of pathways ultimately resulting in the onset of illness in a portion of the exposed population. Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. By highlighting the prevalence of viral pathogens in water as well as (1) the dominant viruses of concern, (2) WBDOs due to viruses, and (3) available water treatment technologies, the goal of this review is to provide insight into the public health impact of viruses in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Gibson
- University of Arkansas, Department of Food Science, 2650 North Young Avenue, Fayetteville, AR 72704, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ganesh A, Lin J. Waterborne human pathogenic viruses of public health concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:544-64. [PMID: 23432800 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the impending impact of waterborne pathogens on human health has become a growing concern. Drinking water and recreational exposure to polluted water have shown to be linked to viral infections, since viruses are shed in extremely high numbers in the faeces and vomit of infected individuals and are routinely introduced into the water environment. All of the identified pathogenic viruses that pose a significant public health threat in the water environment are transmitted via the faecal-oral route. This group, are collectively known as enteric viruses, and their possible health effects include gastroenteritis, paralysis, meningitis, hepatitis, respiratory illness and diarrhoea. This review addresses both past and recent investigations into viral contamination of surface waters, with emphasis on six types of potential waterborne human pathogenic viruses. In addition, the viral associated illnesses are outlined with reference to their pathogenesis and routes of transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atheesha Ganesh
- a Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) , Durban , South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brinkman NE, Haffler TD, Cashdollar JL, Rhodes ER. Evaluation of methods using celite to concentrate norovirus, adenovirus and enterovirus from wastewater. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Rodríguez RA, Polston PM, Wu MJ, Wu J, Sobsey MD. An improved infectivity assay combining cell culture with real-time PCR for rapid quantification of human adenoviruses 41 and semi-quantification of human adenovirus in sewage. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3183-91. [PMID: 23579085 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A protocol for the rapid detection and semi-quantification of human enteric adenovirus based on the quantification of viral mRNA during cell culture infectivity assay was developed. Infectivity assays for adenovirus incorporated cell culture and reverse transcription real-time PCR, where viral mRNA detection was used to monitor the progress of adenovirus infection (CC/mRNA qPCR). The cell line used was G293. This specific infectivity assay was calibrated against different initial concentrations of human adenovirus 41. In addition, the expression of the host's housekeeping (HK) gene, GAPDH, served as internal control for the mRNA assays for quality assurance of the mRNA extraction and reverse transcription steps. The concentrations of infectious human adenoviruses in different sewage samples were estimated semi-quantitatively using the CC/mRNA qPCR assay and calibration obtained for adenovirus 41. A linear relationship between concentrations of viral mRNA (hexon gene) and infectious units was observed between 10(7) to 10(1) infectious units per assay (R(2) = 0.97) in samples analyzed 3-5 days post infection. The expressions of host cell GAPDH gene were not significantly affected by infections with different concentrations of human adenovirus 41, and between virus positive and negative cell cultures (p > 0.1). The estimated concentrations of human adenoviruses in sewage samples ranged between 10(2) to 10(3) mRNA-IU/L. Most of the viruses detected in sewage samples were from human adenovirus species F. The CC/mRNA qPCR assay can be used for quantifying infectious human adenovirus 41, estimating the levels of human adenoviruses in sewage samples, and applied to other sample settings. The CC/mRNA qPCR protocol described here represents an improvement in the detection of human enteric adenoviruses by reducing incubation time (5 days); whereas the conventional cell culture method requires longer incubation periods (10-20 days). More importantly, this protocol can be used to more rapidly and semi-quantitatively estimate the levels of infectious human adenoviruses in environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Rodríguez
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Quantification of human and animal viruses to differentiate the origin of the fecal contamination present in environmental samples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:192089. [PMID: 23762826 PMCID: PMC3671278 DOI: 10.1155/2013/192089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many different viruses are excreted by humans and animals and are frequently detected in fecal contaminated waters causing public health concerns. Classical bacterial indicator such as E. coli and enterococci could fail to predict the risk for waterborne pathogens such as viruses. Moreover, the presence and levels of bacterial indicators do not always correlate with the presence and concentration of viruses, especially when these indicators are present in low concentrations. Our research group has proposed new viral indicators and methodologies for determining the presence of fecal pollution in environmental samples as well as for tracing the origin of this fecal contamination (microbial source tracking). In this paper, we examine to what extent have these indicators been applied by the scientific community. Recently, quantitative assays for quantification of poultry and ovine viruses have also been described. Overall, quantification by qPCR of human adenoviruses and human polyomavirus JC, porcine adenoviruses, bovine polyomaviruses, chicken/turkey parvoviruses, and ovine polyomaviruses is suggested as a toolbox for the identification of human, porcine, bovine, poultry, and ovine fecal pollution in environmental samples.
Collapse
|
36
|
Two-day detection of infectious enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses by improved ICC-qPCR. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Gensberger ET, Kostić T. Novel tools for environmental virology. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 3:61-8. [PMID: 23246441 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Routine monitoring of relevant environmental viruses is of great importance for public health and quality assessment. Even though cell culture (i.e., viral infectivity assay) is still regarded as the golden standard, use of new strategies based on the molecular techniques significantly increased in the past years. Specific and rapid detection are main advantages of this alternative approach. Furthermore, integration of cell culture or propidium monoazide treatment with nucleic acid amplification allows for the differentiation of infectious particles. Additional recently reported approaches for the detection of viruses include, among others, whole transcriptome amplification and cell culture combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Noteworthy is also the fact, that regardless of the selected detection method, sample preparation still remains the major bottleneck.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Theres Gensberger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kovač K, Bouwknegt M, Diez-Valcarce M, Raspor P, Hernández M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Evaluation of high hydrostatic pressure effect on human adenovirus using molecular methods and cell culture. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:368-74. [PMID: 22732528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are shed in human faeces and can consequently contaminate environmental waters and possibly be transferred to foods by irrigation. Therefore, efficient inactivation technologies for water and foods are needed. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is a non-thermal, energy-efficient and rapid emergent inactivation technology, which has been widely studied to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in foods. We have applied HHP to HAdV-2 in water and cell culture medium (CCM) and measured the effect on virus infectivity and genome and capsid integrity, by using infectivity assay, real-time PCR (qPCR) and qPCR with prior enzymatic treatment (ET-qPCR) with Proteinase K and DNase I. While lower pressures did not provide satisfactory inactivation levels, 400 and 600 MPa treatments were estimated to reduce virus infectivity by approximately 6 log₁₀ units when effectively applied for 93s and 4s, respectively (i.e., excluding come up times of the pressure unit). However, virus genome remained intact even when higher pressures were applied. While acidic pH protected HAdV-2 from inactivation with HHP, no baroprotective effect was observed when 1% sucrose was added to the CCM. On the other hand, 10 mM CaCl₂ added to the CCM was estimated to protect HAdV-2 from HHP with longer treatment times (>10 min). When virus was treated in bottled mineral water, significantly higher infectivity reduction was observed compared to the same treatment in CCM. In conclusion, HHP was shown to effectively reduce HAdV-2 infectivity up to 6.5 log₁₀ units within 4s and can thus contribute to public health protection for food- and water-borne virus transmission. However, its precise effect is matrix dependent and therefore matrix-specific evaluations need to be considered for assuring reliable inactivation in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kovač
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León-ITACyL, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Julian TR, Schwab KJ. Challenges in environmental detection of human viral pathogens. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 2:78-83. [PMID: 22440969 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial potential for human exposure to viruses in environmental matrixes. Identification of virally contaminated environmental reservoirs requires assays with sufficient sensitivity to detect low copy numbers of viral targets. However, low detection sensitivity frequently requires sample concentration during which inhibitors to downstream assays co-isolate with desired target. Conventional detection assays (e.g., cell culture, polymerase chain reaction) require a priori selection of appropriate cell lines or primers and probes based on the viruses anticipated to be present in the sample. This can underestimate exposure risks by excluding unidentified or unknown virus. Emerging methods including nonspecific adsorption/elution, filtration, and total nucleic acid sequencing, that are capable of concentrating, purifying, and detecting total virus and/or total virus nucleic acid will aid in estimates of exposure risk, source tracking, intervention efficacy, and evaluation of virus fate and transport. Development and implementation of novel virus detection techniques must integrate quality assurance guidelines to validate results and provide opportunities for interstudy comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Julian
- The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health Engineering and the JHU Global Water Program and JHU Center for Water and Health, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hewitt J, Leonard M, Greening GE, Lewis GD. Influence of wastewater treatment process and the population size on human virus profiles in wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6267-76. [PMID: 21962483 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (AdV and AdV species F), enterovirus (EV) and norovirus (NoV) concentrations entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) serving different-sized communities, and effectiveness of different treatment processes in reducing concentrations were established. Data was combined to create a characteristic and unique descriptor of the individual viral composition and termed as the sample virus profile. Virus profiles were generally independent of population size and treatment process (moving bed biofilm reactors, activated sludge, waste stabilisation ponds). AdV and EV concentrations in wastewater were more variable in small (<4000) and medium-sized (10,000-64,000) WWTP than in large-sized (>130,000 inhabitants) plants. AdV and EV concentrations were detected in influent of most WWTP (AdV range 1.00-4.08 log(10) infectious units (IU)/L, 3.25-8.62 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-3.52 log(10) plaque forming units (PFU)/L; 2.84-6.67 log(10) genome copies/L) with a reduced median concentration in effluent (AdV range 0.70-3.26 log(10) IU/L, 2.97-6.95 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-2.15 log(10)PFU/L, 1.54-5.28 log(10) genome copies/L). Highest culturable AdV and EV concentrations in effluent were from a medium-sized WWTP. NoV was sporadic in all WWTP with GI and GII concentrations being similar in influent (range 2.11-4.64 and 2.19-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L) as in effluent (range 2.18-5.06 and 2.88-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L). Effective management of WWTP requires recognition that virus concentration in influent will vary - particularly in small and medium plants. Irrespective of treatment type, culturable viruses and NoV are likely to be present in non-disinfected effluent, with associated human health risks dependent on concentration and receiving water usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Hewitt
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd, Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50-348, Porirua, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Effects of ionic strength on bacteriophage MS2 behavior and their implications for the assessment of virus retention by ultrafiltration membranes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:229-36. [PMID: 21075898 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01075-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage MS2 is widely used as a surrogate to estimate pathogenic virus elimination by membrane filtration processes used in water treatment. Given that this water technology may be conducted with different types of waters, we focused on investigating the effects of ionic strength on MS2 behavior. For this, MS2 was analyzed while suspended in solutions of various ionic strengths, first in a batch experiment and second during membrane ultrafiltration, and quantified using (i) quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), which detects the total number of viral genomes, (ii) qRT-PCR without the RNA extraction step, which reflects only particles with a broken capsid (free RNA), and (iii) the PFU method, which detects only infectious viruses. At the beginning of the batch experiments using solutions containing small amounts of salts, losses of MS2 infectivity (90%) and broken particles (20%) were observed; these proportions did not change during filtration. In contrast, in high-ionic-strength solutions, bacteriophage kept its biological activity under static conditions, but it quickly lost its infectivity during the filtration process. Increasing the ionic strength decreased both the inactivation and the capsid breakup in the feed suspension and increased the loss of infectivity in the filtration retentate, while the numbers of MS2 genomes were identical in both experiments. In conclusion, the effects of ionic strength on MS2 behavior may significantly distort the results of membrane filtration processes, and therefore, the combination of classical and molecular methods used here is useful for an effective validation of the retention efficiency of ultrafiltration membranes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Calgua B, Barardi CRM, Bofill-Mas S, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Girones R. Detection and quantitation of infectious human adenoviruses and JC polyomaviruses in water by immunofluorescence assay. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:1-7. [PMID: 20863853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) have been proposed as markers of fecal/urine contamination of human origin. An indirect immunofluorescence assay has been developed to quantify infectious human adenoviruses types 2 and 41 and JC polyomaviruses strain Mad-4 in water samples. The immunofluorescence assay was compared with other quantitative techniques used commonly such as plaque assay, tissue culture infectious dose-50 and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The immunofluorescence assays showed to be specific for the detection of infectious viruses, obtaining negative results when UV or heat-inactivated viruses were analyzed. The assays required less time and showed higher sensitivity for the detection of infectious viral particles than other cell culture techniques (1 log(10) more) evaluated. River water samples spiked previously with human adenoviruses and raw sewage samples were also analyzed using the proposed immunofluorescence assay as well as by qPCR. The results show quantitations with 2 log(10) reduction in the numbers of infectious viruses compared with the number of genome copies detected by qPCR. The immunofluorescence assay developed is fast, sensitive, specific, and a standardizable technique for the quantitation and detection of infectious viruses in water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byron Calgua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|