1
|
Yu S, Zhao S, Tang J, Zhao Y, Xu C, Li M, Xu Y, Zhang Y. Fat-free mass may play a dominant role in the association between systolic blood pressure and body composition in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:622-629. [PMID: 37772623 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is significantly associated with body composition in children and adolescents. However, which one of the components of body composition is the dominant contributor to SBP in children and adolescents remains unclear. We, therefore, aimed to determine the dominant contributor to SBP among components of body composition in a large cohort of American children and adolescents derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with cross-sectional analysis. In total, 13 618 children and adolescents (median age 13 years; 6107 girls) with available data on whole-body dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry measurements were included. Multiple linear regression showed that SBP was associated with higher total fat-free mass in boys (β = 0·49, P < 0·001) and girls (β = 0·47, P < 0·001) and with higher total fat mass only in boys (β = 0·12, P < 0·001) after adjustment for covariates. When taking fat distribution into consideration, SBP was associated with higher trunk fat mass (boys: β = 0·28, P < 0·001; girls: β = 0·15, P < 0·001) but negatively associated with leg fat mass (Boys: β = -0·14, P < 0·001; Girls: β = -0·11, P < 0·001), in both boys and girls. Dominance analysis showed that total fat-free mass was the dominant contributor to SBP (boys: 49 %; girls: 55·3 %), followed by trunk fat mass (boys: 32·1 %; girls: 26·9 %); leg fat mass contributed the least to SBP in boys (18·9 %) and girls (17·8 %). Our findings indicated that total fat-free mass was not only associated with SBP but also the most dominant contributor to SBP variation in American children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Moran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Żegleń M, Kryst Ł, Kowal M, Woronkowicz A. Associations of anthropometric cardiometabolic risk factors and leg fat accumulation in children and adolescents from Poland. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23795. [PMID: 36066007 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the correlation between anthropometric cardiometabolic risk factors with calf adiposity in 4-16-year-olds from Poland. METHODS Three thousand seventy-six persons (1568 girls and 1508 boys) were examined. Analyzed characteristics included body height, waist, hips and neck circumferences, body weight, six skinfolds. The following were calculated: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hips ratio (WHR), the sum of all skinfolds, and the sum of skinfolds on the waist area. RESULTS The relationship between the calf skinfold and the rest of the characteristics was estimated using multiple regression. There was a negative relationship between calf adiposity and fat tissue accumulated around the waist and the BMI (in some groups). This suggests that participants with greater calf adiposity had lower waist adiposity and BMI than those with less fat tissue on the lower limb. CONCLUSION Persons with higher calf adiposity may have a lower cardiometabolic risk. This observation is significant because cardiovascular risk factors can persist from childhood into adulthood. Additionally, cardiovascular issues have numerous medical consequences but also socio-economic ones, thus they can affect individuals and be a burden on public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Żegleń
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kryst
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowal
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Woronkowicz
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao S, Tang J, Zhao Y, Xu C, Xu Y, Yu S, Zhang Y. The impact of body composition and fat distribution on blood pressure in young and middle-aged adults. Front Nutr 2022; 9:979042. [PMID: 36118739 PMCID: PMC9478411 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.979042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relative contributions of each component of body composition to blood pressure (BP) remain unclear. Objective We aimed to comprehensively investigate the impact of body composition and fat distribution on BP and quantify their relative contributions to BP in a large cohort with young and middle-aged adults. Methods 14,412 participants with available data on whole-body DXA measurement from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Multiple stepwise linear regressions of BP on components of body composition and fat distribution were built. Then, relative importance analysis was performed to quantify the contributions of each component to BP. Results The median age of participants was 36 years and there were 50.7% women. Linear regression with mutual adjustment showed that total fat mass, total muscle mass, and trunk fat mass significantly and positively associated with BP; however, arm and leg fat mass significantly and negatively associated with BP. In men, after further adjusted for potential covariates, SBP were significantly determined by trunk fat mass (β = 0.33, P < 0.001), leg fat mass (β = − 0.12, P < 0.001), and total muscle mass (β = 0.10, P < 0.001); and DBP were significantly determined by trunk fat mass (β = 0.52, P < 0.001), leg fat mass (β = −0.15, P < 0.001), arm fat mass (β = −0.23, P < 0.001), and total muscle mass (β = 0.06, P < 0.001). Similar results were observed in women. Relative importance analysis showed that trunk fat mass was the major contributor (38–61%) to both SBP and DBP; meanwhile, total muscle mass also made relatively great contribution (35–43%) to SBP. Conclusion Both fat mass and muscle mass independently associated with and substantially contributed to SBP in both men and women. After full adjustment, trunk fat mass positively associated with both SBP and DBP, and was the most dominant contributor to BP; however, leg fat mass negatively associated with both SBP and DBP.
Collapse
|
4
|
Visaria A, Lo D, Maniar P, Dave B, Joshi P. Leg and arm adiposity is inversely associated with diastolic hypertension in young and middle-aged United States adults. Clin Hypertens 2022; 28:3. [PMID: 35031064 PMCID: PMC8760692 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-021-00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine the association between appendicular adiposity and hypertension, with the purpose of better understanding the role of body fat distribution on blood pressure (BP). METHODS We included 7411 adults aged 20 to 59 who were not taking antihypertensives and without cardiovascular disease from the 2011 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Leg & arm adiposity, determined via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, was defined as percent of total body fat present in legs/arms (leg/total%, arm/total%). Measures were categorized into sex-specific tertiles. We estimated change in BP and odds ratios (ORs) of hypertension (BP ≥ 130/80) and hypertension subtypes using multivariable, survey design-adjusted linear & logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS Of the participants, 49% were female, the average (standard deviation) age was 37.4 (0.3) years, and 24% had hypertension. Those in the highest tertile (T3) of leg/total% had 30% decreased adjusted ORs (aOR) of hypertension compared to the lowest tertile (T1; aOR, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.55-0.89). This association was not significant for arm/total% (0.89, 0.68-1.17). T3 of leg/total% was associated with 49% lower, 41% lower, and unchanged relative odds of isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH), and isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) compared to T1 (IDH: 0.51, 0.37-0.70; SDH: 0.59, 0.43-0.80; ISH: 1.06, 0.70-1.59). For every 10% increase in leg/total%, diastolic BP decreased by an adjusted mean 3.5 mmHg (95% CI, - 4.8 to - 2.2) in males and 1.8 mmHg (95% CI, - 2.8 to - 0.8) in females (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS A greater proportional distribution of fat around the legs is inversely, independently associated with hypertension, and more specifically, diastolic hypertension (IDH and SDH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Visaria
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. .,North American Disease Intervention, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - David Lo
- North American Disease Intervention, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pranay Maniar
- North American Disease Intervention, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Bhoomi Dave
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Parag Joshi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliveira BBRD, Coelho CG, Barreto SM, Giatti L, Araújo LF. Body fat distribution and its risk for cardiovascular events in 10 years: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00346520. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00346520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fat distribution seems to have different effects in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We aimed to estimate the associations between lower limbs and trunk fat ratio and the 10-year CVD risk, and isolated risk factors in men and women. A total of 10,917 participants from ELSA-Brasil were eligible for this cross-sectional study. Associations between lower limb/trunk fat ratio with the percentage of 10-year CVD risk - according to the Framingham Risk Score - and its risk factors (systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, and use of antihypertensive medication) were performed using generalized linear models, linear and logistic regressions. All analyses were stratified by gender and adjustments were made by age, self-reported skin color, educational attainment, alcohol consumption, leisure physical activity, hypolipidemic drug use and, for women, menopausal status. In this study, 55.91% were women, with a mean age of 52.68 (SD = 6.57) years. A higher lower limb/trunk fat ratio was related to lower 10-year CVD risk, as well as a reduction in systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and antihypertensive drug use, also an increasing HDL-cholesterol in both genders, but this relationship was stronger in women. Besides, a protective relationship to diabetes was observed in women. Higher fat accumulation in the lower body, when compared to the trunk, seems to have a lower risk of CVD and associated risk factors - even in the presence of fat in the abdominal region - with women presenting lower risks than men.
Collapse
|
6
|
Subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution and serum lipid/lipoprotein in unmedicated postmenopausal women: A B-mode ultrasound study. IMAGING 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1647.2021.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
It has been observed that gluteal-femoral adipose tissue has a protective effect against risk factors for cardiovascular disease but has not yet been concluded how different evaluation methods of fat distribution affect the results.
Methods
To test the hypothesis that B-mode ultrasound-measured subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, 326 Japanese unmedicated postmenopausal women aged 50–70 years were analyzed. Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness at 6 sites (anterior and posterior aspects of trunk, upper-arm, and thigh) and serum total (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) was measured, and a ratio of HDLC to TC (HDLC/TC) was calculated. We used Bayesian linear regression with 4 separate models with each model predicting HDLC/TC.
Results
Our first model provided evidence for an inverse correlation (r = –0.23) between ultrasound measured body fat (6 site measurement) and HDLC/TC. The second model noted evidence for an inverse correlation between trunk fat and HDLC/TC and found evidence for the null with respect to the correlation between thigh fat and HDLC/TC. Therefore, we added thigh fat to the null model to produce Distribution Model 2. Within this model, we noted an inverse correlation (r = –0.353) between trunk fat and HDLC/TC. Our last model determined that within the trunk fatness, the abdominal area (anterior trunk) was a larger predictor than the subscapular site (posterior trunk).
Conclusion
These results support the evidence that ultrasound-measured abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness is a non-invasive predictor for monitoring the risk for dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lim K, Haider A, Adams C, Sleigh A, Savage DB. Lipodistrophy: a paradigm for understanding the consequences of "overloading" adipose tissue. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:907-993. [PMID: 33356916 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophies have been recognized since at least the nineteenth century and, despite their rarity, tended to attract considerable medical attention because of the severity and somewhat paradoxical nature of the associated metabolic disease that so closely mimics that of obesity. Within the last 20 yr most of the monogenic subtypes have been characterized, facilitating family genetic screening and earlier disease detection as well as providing important insights into adipocyte biology and the systemic consequences of impaired adipocyte function. Even more recently, compelling genetic studies have suggested that subtle partial lipodystrophy is likely to be a major factor in prevalent insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), justifying the longstanding interest in these disorders. This progress has also underpinned novel approaches to treatment that, in at least some patients, can be of considerable therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koini Lim
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Afreen Haider
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Adams
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David B Savage
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsiloulis T, Raajendiran A, Keenan SN, Ooi G, Taylor RA, Burton P, Watt MJ. Impact of human visceral and glutealfemoral adipose tissue transplant on glycemic control in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E519-E528. [PMID: 32603261 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00373.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regional distribution of adipose tissue is an important factor in conferring cardiometabolic risk and obesity-related morbidity. We tested the hypothesis that human visceral adipose tissue (VAT) impairs glucose homeostasis, whereas subcutaneous glutealfemoral adipose tissue (GFAT) protects against the development of impaired glucose homeostasis in mice. VAT and GFAT were collected from patients undergoing bariatric surgery and grafted onto the epididymal adipose tissue of weight- and age-matched severe, combined immunodeficient mice. SHAM mice underwent surgery without transplant of tissue. Mice were fed a high-fat diet after xenograft. Energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity were assessed 6 wk later. Xenograft of human adipose tissues was successful, as determined by histology, immunohistochemical evaluation of collagen deposition and angiogenesis, and maintenance of lipolytic function. Adipose tissue transplant did not affect energy expenditure, food intake, whole body substrate partitioning, or plasma free fatty acid, triglyceride, and insulin levels. Fasting blood glucose was significantly reduced in GFAT and VAT compared with SHAM, whereas glucose tolerance was improved only in mice transplanted with VAT compared with SHAM mice. This improvement was not associated with differences in whole body insulin sensitivity or plasma insulin between groups. Together, these data suggest that VAT improves glycemic control and GFAT does not protect against the development of high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Hence, the intrinsic properties of VAT and GFAT do not necessarily explain the postulated negative and positive effects of these adipose tissue depots on metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tsiloulis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity and Cancer Programs. Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthe Raajendiran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stacey N Keenan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geraldine Ooi
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity and Cancer Programs. Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul Burton
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M, Castro-Astudillo K, Medrano-Mena C, Monroy-Díaz AL, Castellanos-Vega RDP, Triana-Reina HR, Correa-Rodríguez M. Weight Loss after 12 Weeks of Exercise and/or Nutritional Guidance Is Not Obligatory for Induced Changes in Local Fat/Lean Mass Indexes in Adults with Excess of Adiposity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082231. [PMID: 32722652 PMCID: PMC7468717 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this secondary analysis are (1) to investigate the differential effects of exercise training modalities-high-intensity interval training (HIIT), resistance training (RT), combined training (CT = HIIT + RT), and/or nutritional guidance (NG) alone-on local fat/lean mass indexes in adults with excess of adiposity; (2) to identify the individual patterns of response based on either a clinical criterion of weight loss (≥5%) and/or technical error (TE) of measurement of local fat/lean mass indexes; and (3) to assess the individual change for body composition parameters assigned either to HIIT, RT, CT, and/or NG groups utilizing a TE. A 12-week trial was conducted in 55 participants randomized to one of the four interventions. The primary outcome was clinical change in body weight (i.e., weight loss of ≥5%). Secondary outcomes included change in ratio of android and gynoid fat mass, as well as local fat and lean mass indexes (arms, trunk, and legs), before and after intervention. The main findings from the current analysis revealed that (i) after 12 weeks of follow-up, significant decreases in several body composition indexes were found including body weight, arm, trunk, and legs fat mass, and android and gynecoid fat mass were observed in HIIT, RT, and CT groups (p < 0.05); (ii) a significant proportion of individuals showed a positive response following 12 weeks of training, led by the HIIT group with 44% and followed by RT with 39% in 9 indexes; (iii) the HIIT group showed lowest rates of adverse responders with (6%); and (iv) the individual patterns of response utilizing clinically meaningful weight loss were not necessarily associated with the corresponding individual training-induced changes in body composition indexes in adults with excess of adiposity. Overall, the study suggests that HIIT has an important ability to reduce the prevalence of non-response to improve body composition indexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-695-526-321
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karem Castro-Astudillo
- Centro de Acondicionamiento Físico y Nutrición, KCFIT, Santiago de Cali, Valle 760011, Colombia;
| | - Carolina Medrano-Mena
- Facultad de Organización Deportiva, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico;
| | - Angela Liliana Monroy-Díaz
- Programa de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud-Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja 150003, Boyacá, Colombia;
| | | | - Héctor Reynaldo Triana-Reina
- Grupo GICAEDS, Programa de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sobhiyeh S, Dechenaud M, Dunkel A, LaBorde M, Kennedy S, Shepherd J, Heymsfield S, Wolenski P. Hole Filling in 3D Scans for Digital Anthropometric Applications. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:2752-2757. [PMID: 31946464 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometric measurements have been used to assess an individual's body composition, disease risk, and nutritional status. Three-dimensional (3D) optical devices can rapidly acquire body surface scans in the form of a triangular mesh which can then be used to obtain anthropometric measurements such as body volume, limb lengths, and circumferences; however, the meshes provided by some scanners may include missing data patches known as holes. These need to be repaired in order to obtain correct landmark detection and automatic calculation of anthropometric measurements-especially body volume. In this study, we present ScReAM (Scan Reconstruction for Anthropometric Measurements) which is a fully automated geometrical 3D reconstruction approach to find and fill these holes. We compare ScReAM with Alias and MeshFix which are well-known software used for triangular meshing. Evaluations are derived from a sample size of 47 subjects that were scanned by two different 3D optical scanners. Our results validate the accuracy of ScReAM for reconstructing a mesh for volume calculation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim YM, Kim S, Won YJ, Kim SH. Clinical Manifestations and Factors Associated with Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Koreans with Obesity. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:77-88. [PMID: 30997575 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00551-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Demonstrating the clinical consequences of osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) is complex. This study evaluated clinical manifestations and factors associated with bone and muscle loss in Koreans with obesity. This cross-sectional observational study enrolled Koreans with obesity aged ≥ 50 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clinical manifestations were compared among four groups: obesity (O), sarcopenic obesity (SO), osteopenic obesity (OO), and OSO. Factors associated with appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) or bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated. OSO increases with age in both sexes. Men with SO and OSO had increased cardiometabolic diseases and markers, percentages of body fat (BF %), and trunk fat (TF %), and decreased limb fat percentage (LF %). Women with SO and OSO had increased metabolic markers, BF %, and TF % but those with OSO had increased cardiometabolic diseases and lower LF %. Both sexes with OSO had decreased ASM and vitamin D, and higher vitamin D deficiency. BF % was negatively associated with ASM and femur BMD in both sexes. TF % was negatively and LF % was positively associated with ASM in both sexes and with femur BMD in women. Vitamin D was positively associated with femur BMD in men and with ASM and BMD at all sites in women. ASM and BMD were positively associated with each other. Appendicular muscle loss is metabolically significant regardless of bone loss in men; however, appendicular muscle loss with bone loss is metabolically more significant in women. Regional body composition, fat distribution, and vitamin D deficiency were associated with OSO phenotype in both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Mee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Simgokro 100Gil 25, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Jun Won
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Simgokro 100Gil 25, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Se Hwa Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Simgokro 100Gil 25, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22711, South Korea.
- Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Change in visceral adiposity is an independent predictor of future arterial pulse pressure. J Hypertens 2019; 36:299-305. [PMID: 28857792 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pulse pressure (PP), a marker of arterial stiffness, and body composition are both risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Little is known about whether changes in body composition may be linked to future PP. We sought to determine whether change in amount of abdominal and thigh fat over 5 years predicted PP at 10 years. METHODS Visceral fat as well as abdominal and thigh subcutaneous fat areas were measured by computed tomography at baseline and 5 years later in 284 Japanese Americans (mean age 49.3 years; 50.4% men) without hypertension, heart disease, and glucose-lowering medication use at baseline. PP at 10 years was calculated as the difference between SBP and DBP measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer. The association between change in fat at 5 years and arterial PP at 10 years, adjusted for baseline PP, was examined using linear regression analysis. MAIN RESULTS Change in abdominal visceral fat area at 5 years was positively associated with 10-year PP independent of sex, 5-year change in BMI, and baseline age, BMI, PP, abdominal visceral fat, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, and fasting plasma glucose. There were no significant associations between baseline amounts or change in abdominal or thigh subcutaneous fat areas and future PP. CONCLUSION The accumulation of abdominal visceral fat over time independently predicted future PP in Japanese Americans.
Collapse
|
13
|
Piché ME, Vasan SK, Hodson L, Karpe F. Relevance of human fat distribution on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk. Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:285-292. [PMID: 29994839 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Upper body abdominal and lower body gluteofemoral fat depot masses display opposing associations with plasma lipid and lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles. We review developments on adipose tissue fatty acid metabolism in the context of body fat distribution and how that might be related to adverse lipid and lipoprotein profiles and CVD risk. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have confirmed the paradoxical relationship of upper abdominal and lower body gluteofemoral adiposity and CVD risk. Mechanistically, this is likely to reflect the different ways fat depots handle lipid storage and release, which impacts directly and indirectly on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The upper body enhances immediate fat storage pathway with rapid uptake of dietary-derived fatty acids, whereas the lower body fat depot has a reduced lipid turnover accommodating a slower fat redistribution. Body fat distribution and the fat depots' ability to undergo appropriate expansion when fat storage is required, rather than overall body fatness, appear as the important determinant of metabolic health. SUMMARY A focus on fat distribution in overweight people, preferably using precise imaging methods, rather than quantifying total body fatness, is likely to provide the medical community with better tools to stratify and treat patients with obesity-related complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Piché
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Canada
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
| | - Senthil K Vasan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim YM, Kim S, Kim SH, Won YJ. Clinical and Body Compositional Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Koreans: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:290-298. [PMID: 29717940 DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are increasing rapidly worldwide, but metabolically healthy population exists. Thus, this study evaluated the proportion of obesity and MetS and investigated clinical and body compositional factors associated with MetS in obese Koreans. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study enrolled subjects from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 15,408). Obesity was defined by body mass index (BMI) cutoff points of 25 and 27.5 kg/m2. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared by MetS presence and factors associated with insulin resistance or MetS in obese subjects were evaluated by multivariate or logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The proportion of obesity was 29.7% at a BMI cutoff point of 25 kg/m2 and 10.4% at 27.5 kg/m2. The proportion of MetS was greater in obese population and increased with higher obesity cutoff point, where men were more prevalent than women. The subjects with MetS showed higher age, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance, liver enzymes, and ferritin compared with metabolically healthy population in both obese genders. Factors associated with insulin level or presence of MetS were high trunk fat percentage, trunk-to-limb fat ratio, and trunk-to-leg fat ratio, but low limb fat percentage and leg fat percentage. Among body composition indices, trunk-to-limb fat ratio and trunk-to-leg fat ratio showed significantly high odds ratios for MetS in both obese genders regardless of BMI cutoff points. CONCLUSIONS MetS in obese population concurrently increased with higher obesity cutoff point. Higher age, insulin resistance, liver enzymes, ferritin, and higher proportion of truncal fat mass-to-limb or leg fat mass significantly contribute to MetS, where trunk-to-limb fat ratio and trunk-to-leg fat ratio could be helpful in identifying and preventing MetS in the obese Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Mee Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine , International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.,2 Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine , International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hwa Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine , International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.,2 Institute for Translational and Clinical Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine , International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Jun Won
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine , International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.,4 Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine , International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tatsukawa Y, Misumi M, Kim YM, Yamada M, Ohishi W, Fujiwara S, Nakanishi S, Yoneda M. Body composition and development of diabetes: a 15-year follow-up study in a Japanese population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:374-380. [PMID: 29362458 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Few longitudinal studies have examined the association between diabetes risk and body composition in Asians. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to determine the role of body composition, estimated by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in the development of diabetes and to examine the impact of body composition on diabetes risk in normal weight (body mass index (BMI) <23 kg/m2) and overweight/obese groups (≥23 kg/m2). SUBJECTS/METHODS We measured the body composition for 1532 diabetes-free subjects (463 men and 1069 women), aged 48-79 years, at the baseline examination period from 1994-96 and followed-up to detect new cases of diabetes over the next 15 years (median 13.4 years). RESULTS After being adjusted for BMI and other potential confounding factors, body fat distribution was associated with diabetes risk. Percentage of trunk fat was positively associated with the development of diabetes (hazards ratio (HR) per 1 SD (95% confidential interval (CI)), 1.58 (1.10-2.28) in men, and 1.34 (0.99-1.83) in women), and percentage of leg fat was negatively associated with the development of diabetes (HR per 1 SD (95% CI), 0.68 (0.50-0.91) in men and 0.68 (0.55-0.85) in women). The estimated HRs of % trunk and leg fat on the development of diabetes differed little between normal weight and overweight/obese subjects. Appendicular lean mass was also negatively associated with diabetes risk only in normal weight men. CONCLUSIONS Opposite associations of trunk fat and leg fat with diabetes risk were observed. Assessment of body composition might help in the evaluation of diabetes risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Tatsukawa
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Munechika Misumi
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Statistics, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Michiko Yamada
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Saeko Fujiwara
- Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Council, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakanishi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vasan SK, Osmond C, Canoy D, Christodoulides C, Neville MJ, Di Gravio C, Fall CHD, Karpe F. Comparison of regional fat measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional anthropometry and their association with markers of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:850-857. [PMID: 29151596 PMCID: PMC5965665 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Fat distribution is a strong and independent predictor of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is usually determined using conventional anthropometry in epidemiological studies. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can measure total and regional adiposity more accurately. Nonetheless, whether DXA provides more precise estimates of cardiovascular risk in relation to total and regional adiposity is not known. We determined the strength of the associations between DXA- and conventional anthropometry determined fat distribution and T2D and CVD risk markers. Subjects/Methods: Waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC) and DXA was used to measure total and regional adiposity in 4950 (2119 men) participants aged 29–55 years from the Oxford Biobank without pre-existing T2D or CVD. Cross-sectional associations were compared between WC and HC vs. DXA-determined regional adiposity (all z-score normalised) with impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and insulin resistance (IR). Results: Following adjustment for total adiposity, upper body adiposity measurements showed consistently increased risk of T2D and CVD risk markers except for abdominal subcutaneous fat in both sexes, and arm fat in men, which showed protective associations. Among upper adiposity depots, visceral fat mass showed stronger odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.69 to 3.64 compared with WC 1.07–1.83. Among lower adiposity depots, HC showed modest protection for IR in both sexes (men: OR 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.67, 0.96); women: 0.69 (0.56, 0.86)), whereas gynoid fat and in particular leg fat showed consistent and strong protective effects for all outcomes in both men and women. The differential effect of body fat distribution on CVD and T2D were more pronounced at higher levels of total adiposity. Conclusions: Compared with DXA, conventional anthropometry underestimates the associations of regional adiposity with T2D and CVD risk markers. After correcting for overall adiposity, greater subcutaneous fat mass in particular in the lower body is protective relative to greater android or visceral adipose tissue mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Vasan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - C Osmond
- MRC Life-course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - D Canoy
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Christodoulides
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - M J Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Di Gravio
- MRC Life-course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C H D Fall
- MRC Life-course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - F Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hinton BJ, Fan B, Ng BK, Shepherd JA. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition reference values of limbs and trunk from NHANES 1999-2004 with additional visualization methods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174180. [PMID: 28346492 PMCID: PMC5367711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Body Mass Index has traditionally been used as a measure of health, but Fat Mass Index (FMI) and Lean Mass Index (LMI) have been shown to be more predictive of mortality and health risk. Total body FMI and LMI reference curves have particularly been useful in quantifying sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Research has shown regional composition has significant associations to health outcomes. We derived FMI and LMI reference curves of the regions of the body (leg, arm, and trunk) for 15,908 individuals in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for each sex and ethnicity using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method and developed software to visualize this regional composition. These reference curves displayed differentiation between males and females during puberty and sharper limb LMI declines during late adulthood for males. For adults ages 30-50, females had 39%, 83%, and 47% larger arm, leg, and trunk FMI values than males, respectively. Males had 49%, 20%, and 15% higher regional LMI values than females for the arms, legs, and trunk respectively. The leg FMI and LMI of black females were 14% and 15% higher respectively than those of Hispanic and white females. White and Hispanic males had 37% higher trunk FMI values than black males. Hispanic females had 20% higher trunk FMI than white and black females. These data underscore the importance of accounting for sex and ethnicity in studies of regional composition. This study is the first to produce regional LMI and FMI reference tables and curves from the NHANES dataset. These reference curves provide a framework useful in studies and research involving sarcopenia, obesity, sarcopenic obesity, and other studies of compositional phenotypes. Further, the software tool we provide for visualizing regional composition will prove useful in monitoring progress in physical therapy, diets, or other attempts to attain healthier compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Hinton
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bennett K. Ng
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John A. Shepherd
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tsiloulis T, Pike J, Powell D, Rossello FJ, Canny BJ, Meex RCR, Watt MJ. Impact of endurance exercise training on adipocyte microRNA expression in overweight men. FASEB J 2016; 31:161-171. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600678r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tsiloulis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Joshua Pike
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - David Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological SciencesMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Fernando J. Rossello
- Australian Regenerative Medicine InstituteMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Benedict J. Canny
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of HealthUniversity of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ruth C. R. Meex
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew J. Watt
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kommuri NVA, Zalawadiya SK, Veeranna V, Kollepara SLS, Ramesh K, Briasoulis A, Afonso L. Association between various anthropometric measures of obesity and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 14:127-35. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2016.1118346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
20
|
Qi Q, Strizich G, Hanna DB, Giacinto RE, Castañeda SF, Sotres-Alvarez D, Pirzada A, Llabre MM, Schneiderman N, Aviles-Santa L, Kaplan RC. Comparing measures of overall and central obesity in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among US Hispanic/Latino adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1920-8. [PMID: 26260150 PMCID: PMC4551609 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE US Hispanics/Latinos have high prevalence of obesity and related comorbidities. We compared overall and central obesity measures in associations with cardiometabolic outcomes among US Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS Multivariable regression assessed cross-sectional relationships of six obesity measures with cardiometabolic outcomes among 16,415 Hispanics/Latinos aged 18-74 years. RESULTS BMI was moderately correlated with waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; women, r = 0.37; men, r = 0.58) and highly correlated with other obesity measures (r ≥ 0.87) (P < 0.0001). All measures of obesity were correlated with unfavorable levels of glycemic traits, blood pressure, and lipids, with similar r-estimates for each obesity measure (P < 0.05). Multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for diabetes (women, 6.7 [3.9, 11.5]; men, 3.9 [2.2, 6.9]), hypertension (women, 2.4 [1.9, 3.1]; men, 2.5 [1.9, 3.4]), and dyslipidemia (women, 2.1 [1.8, 2.4]; men, 2.2 [1.9, 2.6]) were highest for individuals characterized as overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) and with abnormal WHR (women ≥0.85; men, ≥0.90), compared with those with normal BMI and WHR (P < 0.0001). Among normal-weight individuals, abnormal WHR was associated with increased cardiometabolic condition prevalence (P < 0.05), particularly diabetes (women, PR = 4.0 [2.2, 7.1]; men, PR = 3.0 [1.6, 5.7]). CONCLUSIONS Obesity measures were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors to a similar degree in US Hispanics/Latinos. WHR is useful to identify individuals with normal BMI at increased cardiometabolic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Garrett Strizich
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - David B. Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Rebeca E. Giacinto
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Amber Pirzada
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Larissa Aviles-Santa
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sullivan CA, Kahn SE, Fujimoto WY, Hayashi T, Leonetti DL, Boyko EJ. Change in Intra-Abdominal Fat Predicts the Risk of Hypertension in Japanese Americans. Hypertension 2015; 66:134-40. [PMID: 26063668 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In Japanese Americans, intra-abdominal fat area measured by computed tomography is positively associated with the prevalence and incidence of hypertension. Evidence in other populations suggests that other fat areas may be protective. We sought to determine whether a change in specific fat depots predicts the development of hypertension. We prospectively followed up 286 subjects (mean age, 49.5 years; 50.4% men) from the Japanese American Community Diabetes Study for 10 years. At baseline, subjects did not have hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg) and were not taking blood pressure or glucose-lowering medications. Mid-thigh subcutaneous fat area, abdominal subcutaneous fat area, and intra-abdominal fat area were directly measured by computed tomography at baseline and 5 years. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of incident hypertension over 10 years in relation to a 5-year change in fat area. The relative odds of developing hypertension for a 5-year increase in intra-abdominal fat was 1.74 (95% confidence interval, 1.28-2.37), after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, baseline intra-abdominal fat, alcohol use, smoking status, and weekly exercise energy expenditure. This relationship remained significant when adjusted for baseline fasting insulin and 2-hour glucose levels or for diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes mellitus classification. There were no significant associations between baseline and change in thigh or abdominal subcutaneous fat areas and incident hypertension. In conclusion, in this cohort of Japanese Americans, the risk of developing hypertension is related to the accumulation of intra-abdominal fat rather than the accrual of subcutaneous fat in either the thigh or the abdominal areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Sullivan
- From the General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (S.E.K., E.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (C.A.S., S.E.K.) and Department of Anthropology (D.L.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (T.H.); and the Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (E.J.B.)
| | - Steven E Kahn
- From the General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (S.E.K., E.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (C.A.S., S.E.K.) and Department of Anthropology (D.L.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (T.H.); and the Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (E.J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Y Fujimoto
- From the General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (S.E.K., E.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (C.A.S., S.E.K.) and Department of Anthropology (D.L.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (T.H.); and the Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (E.J.B.)
| | - Tomoshige Hayashi
- From the General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (S.E.K., E.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (C.A.S., S.E.K.) and Department of Anthropology (D.L.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (T.H.); and the Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (E.J.B.)
| | - Donna L Leonetti
- From the General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (S.E.K., E.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (C.A.S., S.E.K.) and Department of Anthropology (D.L.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (T.H.); and the Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (E.J.B.)
| | - Edward J Boyko
- From the General Medicine and Hospital and Specialty Medicine Services, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (S.E.K., E.J.B.); Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine (C.A.S., S.E.K.) and Department of Anthropology (D.L.L.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan (T.H.); and the Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (E.J.B.).
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang XC, Liu H, Huang YY, Sun H, Bu L, Qu S. Head fat is a novel method of measuring metabolic disorder in Chinese obese patients. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:113. [PMID: 25015267 PMCID: PMC4107932 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body adiposity, especially ectopic fat accumulation, has a range of metabolic and cardiovascular effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between head fat and metabolic values in Chinese obese patients. METHODS Data of this cross-sectional study from 66 obese patients were collected. Fat distribution was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and data of body weight, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), visceral index, basal metabolism (BM), glucose metabolism, lipid levels, uric acid (UA) had been collected. RESULTS 1) Head fat was significantly associated with BMI, WC, HC, visceral index, BM, total fat and total fat excluding head fat in both males and females (p<0.05). Head fat was positively correlated with upper limb fat, trunk fat, weight, fasting plasma C peptide, fasting plasma insulin and UA in women(p<0.05), and the association was not statistically significant in male (p>0.05). Head fat was positively corrected with NC in males (p<0.05) but not females (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation between head fat and fasting plasma glucose, total choleslerolemia, triglyceridemia, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and free fat acid in either gender (p>0.05). 2) Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a head fat of 1925.6 g and a head fat of 1567.85 g were the best cut-off values to determine subjects with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hyperuricemia respectively. CONCLUSIONS Head fat accumulation was closely associated with increased body fat, hyperinsulinemia, hyperuricemia, and impared lipid profile, suggesting it might be used as an indicator for dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lanfer A, Mehlig K, Heitmann BL, Lissner L. Does change in hip circumference predict cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in Danish and Swedish women? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:957-63. [PMID: 23963732 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence consistently shows that small hip circumference (HC) is related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease, diabetes, and premature death in women. This study aims to clarify whether this inverse association can be found in both normal- and overweight individuals and if change in HC over time relates to morbidity and mortality risk. METHODS HC and 6-year change in HC in relation to the risk for all-cause mortality and CVD morbidity and mortality was investigated in a pooled sample of 2,867 women from the DANISH MONICA study and the Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg with a total of 66,627 person-years of follow-up. RESULTS Baseline HC was significantly and inversely associated with all-cause and CVD-specific mortality after adjustment for BMI, waist circumference (WC), and other covariates. In stratified analyses, the inverse association was weaker in women with a BMI of more than 25 kg/m2. Six-year change in hip size was not associated with mortality or morbidity endpoints. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply the existence of a basal risk associated with small hip size, which is, however, independent from changes in gluteofemoral body mass and therefore unlikely to be modifiable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lanfer
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fujita M, Hata A. Sex and age differences in the effect of obesity on incidence of hypertension in the Japanese population: A large historical cohort study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8:64-70. [PMID: 24113321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevated risk of death from any cause and stroke associated with high body mass index (BMI) values decline with aging. However, it is not clear whether the effect of obesity on the incidence of hypertension varies by sex or age. Cox regression analyses were performed using a large historical cohort composed of 6803 men and 22,800 women. In the final model, which included the main effect (sex, age, and BMI), all two-way interactions (sex*age, sex*BMI, and age*BMI), a three-way interaction (sex*age*BMI), and adjusted variables determined by backward elimination, the three-way interaction and two of the two-way interactions (age*sex and age*BMI) were not significant; the remaining two-way interaction between sex and BMI was significant (P = .016). In the next step, the effect of BMI on the incidence of hypertension stratified by sex was evaluated. Hazard ratios (HRs) were significantly higher for BMI 27.0 to <29.0 and ≥29.0 kg/m(2) than for the HR for BMI 21.0 to <23.0 kg/m(2) in women (HR, 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-1.59 and HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.29-1.65, respectively), but not in men (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.98-1.33 and HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77-1.32, respectively). The effect of obesity on the incidence of hypertension is stronger in women than in men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misuzu Fujita
- Department of Public Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Akira Hata
- Department of Public Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Combined use of waist and hip circumference to identify abdominally obese HIV-infected patients at increased health risk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62538. [PMID: 23700409 PMCID: PMC3659108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether for a given waist circumference (WC), a larger hip circumference (HC) was associated with a reduced risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV-infected patients. A second objective was to determine whether, for a given WC, the addition of HC improved upon estimates of abdominal adiposity, in particular visceral adipose tissue (VAT), compared to those obtained by WC alone. METHODS HIV-infected men (N = 1481) and women (N = 841) were recruited between 2005 and 2009. WC and HC were obtained using standard techniques and abdominal adiposity was measured using computed tomography. RESULTS After control for WC and covariates, HC was negatively associated with risk of insulin resistance (p<0.05) and T2D [Men: OR = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86-0.96); Women: OR = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.84-0.98)]. For a given WC, HC was also negatively associated with a lower risk of hypertension (p<0.05) and CVD [OR = 0.94 (95% CI: 0.88-0.99)] in men, but not women. Although HC was negatively associated with VAT in men and women after control for WC (p<0.05), the addition of HC did not substantially improve upon the prediction of VAT compared to WC alone. CONCLUSIONS The identification of HIV-infected individuals at increased health risk by WC alone is substantially improved by the addition of HC. Estimates of visceral adipose tissue by WC are not substantially improved by the addition of HC and thus variation in visceral adiposity may not be the conduit by which HC identifies increased health risk.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang X, Hu EA, Wu H, Malik V, Sun Q. Associations of leg fat accumulation with adiposity-related biological factors and risk of metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:824-30. [PMID: 23404933 PMCID: PMC3661709 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between regional fat mass (FM) distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors among ethnic minority groups, such as non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. DESIGN AND METHODS The associations among 8,802 US residents who participated in the 1999-2004 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leg fat indices included leg FM, leg FM percent (FM%), leg to whole body FM ratio (leg/whole), and leg to trunk FM ratio (leg/trunk). The correlation between leg fat indices and adiposity-related risk factors, as well as the association of these indices with metabolic syndrome (MetS) was evaluated. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates including age, gender, and trunk FM or trunk FM%, higher leg FM and leg FM% were, in general, correlated favorably with adiposity-related risk factors and associated with lower odds of MetS in all ethnicities, including non-Hispanic whites and blacks and Hispanic groups. In addition, in all multivariate-adjusted models, leg/whole and leg/trunk ratios were strongly associated with lower levels of most risk factors and decreased odds of MetS in these ethnicities (all odds ratios comparing extreme quintiles < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Results show that leg fat accumulation is inversely associated with adiposity-related biological factors and risk of MetS in both whites and ethnic groups, suggesting that regional fat distribution plays an important role in the etiology of adiposity-related diseases in these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Emily A. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasanti Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Scafoglieri A, Tresignie J, Provyn S, Marfell-Jones M, George K, Clarys JP, Bautmans I. Accuracy and concordance of anthropometry for measuring regional fat distribution in adults aged 20-55 years. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 25:63-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
28
|
Hu G, Bouchard C, Bray GA, Greenway FL, Johnson WD, Newton RL, Ravussin E, Ryan DH, Katzmarzyk PT. Trunk versus extremity adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors in white and African American adults. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:1415-8. [PMID: 21505210 PMCID: PMC3114357 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine contributions of trunk and extremity adiposity to cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) among white and African American adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The sample consisted of 1,129 white women, 779 African American women, 1,012 white men, and 300 African American men. RESULTS Higher trunk adiposity was significantly associated with an increased risk of having two or more cardiometabolic risk factors among African American and white men and women. After adjustment for trunk and arm adiposity, higher leg adiposity was significantly associated with a decreased risk of having two or more cardiometabolic risk factors among white men and women and African American women. CONCLUSIONS In contrast with adverse risk with high trunk adiposity, high leg adiposity is associated with a decreased risk of having two or more cardiometabolic risk factors in both African American and white adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Hu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Katz EG, Stevens J, Truesdale KP, Cai J, Adair LS, North KE. Hip circumference and incident metabolic risk factors in Chinese men and women: the People's Republic of China study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 9:55-62. [PMID: 21091063 DOI: 10.1089/met.2010.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between adiposity and metabolic risk factors have been suggested to vary across ethnicities. Studies in Caucasians have shown that after adjusting for waist circumference and body mass index (BMI), a larger hip circumference may be protective for metabolic risk factors. To our knowledge, these associations have never been examined in a Chinese population. METHODS Baseline (1987-1988) and follow-up (1993-1994) data were from the People's Republic of China Study (n = 1,144 men, n = 1,776 women). Logistic models were stratified by sex and adjusted for age, smoking, center, and education. Incidence differences (ID) comparing the sex specific 85(th) percentile to the 15(th) percentile of hip circumference were computed for elevated blood pressure, blood glucose and triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and multiple metabolic abnormalities (three or more of the aforementioned). RESULTS In models adjusted for waist circumference and BMI, the ID [95% confidence interval (CI)] per 1,000 persons associated with a 12-cm larger hip were -132 (-237, -26) for low HDL-C; -85 (-138, -31) for elevated triglycerides; and -49 (-83, -4) for multiple metabolic abnormalities. In males, a larger hip circumference was not associated with a reduction of incident risk factors, although the ID tended to be negative. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese women, greater mass in the lower trunk region was inversely associated with incident high triglycerides, low HDL-C, and multiple metabolic abnormalities when adjusted for general and central adiposity. This association was not detected in men. Additional research is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which fat at different depots results in differential risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva G Katz
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7461, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shay CM, Secrest AM, Goodpaster BH, Kelsey SF, Strotmeyer ES, Orchard TJ. Regional adiposity and risk for coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes: does having greater amounts of gluteal-femoral adiposity lower the risk? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 89:288-95. [PMID: 20413171 PMCID: PMC2919619 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence suggests that the degree of gluteal-femoral adiposity may be inversely associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk; however, this association has not been evaluated in type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS The relationship between regional adiposity, cardiovascular risk factors, and presence of CAD was examined in participants from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study using data collected from the 18-year exam (n=163). Total and regional adiposity was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS Participants with CAD exhibited lower % leg fat mass (FM) (33.42 vs. 36.96, p=0.006) and higher % trunk FM (48.33 vs. 45.18, p=0.02), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, height, and total adiposity compared to those without CAD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that in females, every 1 SD increase in % leg FM was associated with an approximate 60% reduction in CAD risk (OR=0.40, 95% CI 0.16-0.99). Higher % trunk FM was also associated with greater risk of CAD prevalence in females (OR=2.79, 95% CI 1.08-7.20 per SD change). These associations were not observed in males. CONCLUSIONS This is novel evidence that DEXA-assessed lower body adiposity is inversely associated with CAD in T1D, however, this association seems to only exist in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Shay
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aasen G, Fagertun H, Tonstad S, Halse J. Leg fat mass as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) impacts insulin resistance differently in obese women versus men. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:181-9. [PMID: 18937100 DOI: 10.1080/00365510802464641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between regional fat mass (FM) and insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in obese women and men. MATERIAL AND METHODS Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 109 obese women and 113 obese men. Insulin resistance was measured by (HOMA-IR); insulin sensitivity was estimated by metabolic clearance rate (MCRestOGTT) and insulin secretion by HOMAsecr. Serum lipids were assessed. RESULTS In women, leg FM was negatively (favourably) associated with HOMA-IR and cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (p<0.05). Trunk FM was positively (unfavourably) associated with HOMA-IR. Leg/trunk FM ratio was negatively associated with HOMA-IR (p<0.001), cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (p<0.001) and triglycerides (p<0.01); positively (favourably) with MCRestOGTT (p<0.01) and HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05). No associations were found in men. In women, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that leg/trunk FM ratio was the only explanatory FM for HOMA-IR and MCRestOGTT (R(2) = 0.23 and R(2) = 0.13, respectively; p<0.001), but postmenopausal status was also of importance (R(2) = 0.23, p = 0.019 and R(2) = 0.29, p = 0.015, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Leg FM has a favourable influence on insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia in obese women, but not demonstrated in this cohort of obese men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Aasen
- Spesialistsenteret Pilestredet Park, Pilestredet Park, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Parker ED, Pereira MA, Stevens J, Folsom AR. Association of hip circumference with incident diabetes and coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:837-47. [PMID: 19224980 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When waist circumference is taken into account, larger hip circumference is associated with reduced risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The authors investigated the prospective association of hip circumference with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence in a biracial cohort of men and women in 4 US communities. A total of 10,767 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study were followed from 1987 to 1998. Hip and waist circumferences and body mass index (BMI) were modeled separately and mutually in association with incident diabetes and CHD by using proportional hazards regression. After adjustment for age, race, sex, and clinical center, hip circumference was positively associated with incident diabetes. However, after further controlling for waist circumference, BMI, and confounding variables, successive quintiles of hip circumference were associated with a statistically significant reduced hazard of incident diabetes (hazard ratios = 1.00, 0.79, 0.60, 0.44, 0.41). Similarly, successive quintiles of hip circumference were associated with a statistically significant reduced hazard of CHD after controlling for waist circumference, BMI, and confounding variables (hazard ratios = 1.00, 0.92, 0.75, 0.63, 0.50). Although excess adiposity is a general risk factor for diabetes and CHD, for a given BMI and waist circumference, greater hip circumference appears to lessen the risk of diabetes and CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Parker
- HealthPartners Research Foundation, 8170 33rd Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55406-1524, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kahn HS, Graff M, Stein AD, Lumey LH. A fingerprint marker from early gestation associated with diabetes in middle age: the Dutch Hunger Winter Families Study. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:101-9. [PMID: 18684786 PMCID: PMC2639363 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyn158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal programming of diabetes might originate in early pregnancy when fingerprints are permanently established. The mean dermatoglyphic ridge count difference between fingertips 1 and 5 ('Md15') varies with the early prenatal environment. We hypothesized that Md15 would be associated with adult-onset diabetes. METHODS We obtained Md15 from 577 Dutch adults (aged 58.9 years, SD 1.1) whose births in 1943-47 were documented in maternity records and from 260 of their same-sex siblings for whom birth weights were not available. Of these 837 participants, complete anthropometry and diabetes status (from history or glucose tolerance test) were obtained for 819. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, parental diabetes and adult anthropometry, fingerprint Md15 was associated with prevalent diabetes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.37 per 1 SD (95% confidence interval 1.02-1.84)]. This relationship held [OR = 1.40 (1.03-1.92)] for diabetic cases restricted to those recently diagnosed (within 7 years). In the birth series restricted to recently diagnosed cases, the mutually adjusted ORs were 1.34 (1.00-1.79) per SD of Md15 and 0.83 (0.62-1.10) per SD of birth weight. Further adjustments for maternal smoking, conception season or prenatal famine exposure in 1944-45 did not alter these estimates. Among 42 sibling pairs discordant for diabetes, the diabetic sibling had higher Md15 by 3.5 (0.6-6.3) after multivariable adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes diagnosed at age 50+ years was associated with a fingerprint marker established in early gestation, irrespective of birth weight. Fingerprints may provide a useful tool to investigate prenatal developmental plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry S Kahn
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA. (Research at Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.)
| | - Aryeh D Stein
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L H Lumey
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yagura C, Kihara I, Hashimot M, Iwamoto M, Yamasaki M, Hanaoka H, Nogi A, Shiwaku K. Relationship between Large and Small Arterial Compliance and Regional Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.21.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yagura
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Isao Kihara
- Health and Sports Sciences, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Michio Hashimot
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mamiko Iwamoto
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Masayuki Yamasaki
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Hideaki Hanaoka
- Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Akiko Nogi
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Yamaguchi Prefectural University
| | - Kuninori Shiwaku
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Faloia E, Tirabassi G, Canibus P, Boscaro M. Protective effect of leg fat against cardiovascular risk factors in obese premenopausal women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:39-44. [PMID: 18456482 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While the relationship between abdominal fat and cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors is well established, the possible protective role of peripheral fat against these factors has received less attention, particularly in severely obese individuals. The principal aim of this study was to analyse the relationship, if any, among amount of leg fat, CVR factors and body mass index (BMI) in obese premenopausal women. METHODS AND RESULTS Subjects were 80 obese premenopausal women. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); CVR factors (blood pressure, plasma lipids, glucose) were determined and anthropometric measurements (waist and hip circumferences) taken. In severely obese women (BMI>40 kg/m(2)) leg fat correlated negatively with CVR factors, whereas metabolic parameters were not significantly different from those of subjects with BMI<40 kg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS Leg fat seems to play a protective role against CVR factors in severely obese premenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Faloia
- Division of Endocrinology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Boorsma W, Snijder MB, Nijpels G, Guidone C, Favuzzi AMR, Mingrone G, Kostense PJ, Heine RJ, Dekker JM. Body composition, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular disease profile in healthy Europeans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2696-701. [PMID: 18927552 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether insulin sensitivity can explain the associations of leg-fat mass (LFM) and trunk-fat mass (TFM) with the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile in healthy European men and women. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We studied 142 healthy men and women of a multicenter European study on insulin sensitivity, aged 30-60 years, from the centres in Hoorn, the Netherlands and Rome, Italy. Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine fat and lean soft tissue mass in the trunk and legs. Fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid levels were measured. Insulin sensitivity (M/I-ratio) was measured during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Associations between fat distribution and CVD risk factors were studied with linear regression analyses with adjustment for other body compartments, and subsequent adjustment for insulin sensitivity. RESULTS In men, larger LFM was significantly and independently associated with lower triglyceride levels (TGs) and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P < 0.10) and tended to be associated also with lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and lower fasting insulin levels. In women, larger LFM was associated with favorable values of all CVD risk factors, although the associations were not statistically significant. In both sexes, larger TFM was independently and significantly associated with unfavorable values of most CVD risk factors, and most associations did not markedly change after adjustment for insulin sensitivity. DISCUSSION In a relatively young and healthy European population, larger LFM is associated with a lower and TFM with a higher cardiovascular and metabolic risk, which can not be explained by insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebe Boorsma
- EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rocha PM, Barata JT, Teixeira PJ, Ross R, Sardinha LB. Independent and opposite associations of hip and waist circumference with metabolic syndrome components and with inflammatory and atherothrombotic risk factors in overweight and obese women. Metabolism 2008; 57:1315-22. [PMID: 18803932 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown independent and opposite associations of hip circumference (HC) and waist circumference (WC) with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, no studies have simultaneously considered the independent contributions of both markers to metabolic proinflammatory and atherosclerotic risk factors. In this study, we examine the independent associations of WC and HC with metabolic syndrome and with proinflammatory and atherothrombotic features. Independent associations of thigh muscle and adipose tissue (AT) compartments with metabolic features were also studied. Abdominal and thigh muscle and AT distributions were assessed by computed tomography in 140 overweight and obese women (mean +/- SD: age, 38.3 +/- 0.5 years; body mass index, 30.4 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2)). Blood lipids and inflammatory and atherothrombotic markers were measured. For a given WC, a larger HC was inversely associated with fasting insulin (beta = -0.288, P = .008), hemoglobin A(1c) (beta = -0.246, P = .041), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentrations (beta = -0.241, P = .023). Contrarily, WC was related with an unfavorable metabolic profile. For a given WC, higher total thigh AT and total thigh subcutaneous AT masses were associated with lower hemoglobin A(1c) (beta = -0.244, P = .049; beta = -0.233, P = .049) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (beta = -0.252, P = .040; beta = -0.245, P = .037). In addition, total thigh AT was related with leptin (beta = 0.310, P = .012), whereas total thigh subcutaneous AT revealed opposite associations with fasting insulin concentrations (beta = -0.239, P = .034). Total thigh muscular tissue mass was related with lower plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (beta = -0.164, P = .049) and fibrinogen concentrations (beta = -0.222, P = .018). In conclusion, HC revealed independent and opposite associations with insulin resistance and atherothrombotic disturbances. Contrarily, a larger WC predicted an increased metabolic risk. These contrasting effects in diabetogenic and atherothrombotic disturbances were, respectively, mediated by gluteofemoral AT and thigh muscle tissue. Besides body mass index and WC screening relevance, HC can contribute to additionally predict health risk in overweight and obese women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M Rocha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Human Movement, Technical University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1495-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Miljkovic-Gacic I, Wang X, Kammerer CM, Bunker CH, Patrick AL, Wheeler VW, Kuller LH, Evans RW, Zmuda JM. Sex and genetic effects on upper and lower body fat and associations with diabetes in multigenerational families of African heritage. Metabolism 2008; 57:819-23. [PMID: 18502265 PMCID: PMC2474724 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have comprehensively defined the genetic and environmental influences on body fat storage in the arms and legs and their association with diabetes, especially in families of African heritage. We analyzed body fat distribution by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (percentage total fat, percentage trunk fat, percentage arm fat, and percentage leg fat) and fasting serum glucose in 471 individuals (mean age, 43 years) from 8 multigenerational Afro-Caribbean families (mean family size = 51; 3535 relative pairs). Diabetes was inversely associated with percentage leg fat (P = .009) and, to some extent, positively associated with percentage arm fat independent of age, sex, and body size (P = .08), but not with anthropometric or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric measures of total and central adiposity. Furthermore, percentage leg fat was inversely, whereas percentage arm fat was positively, associated with body mass index, waist circumference, and serum glucose (P < .01). Residual heritability (h2r) for arm and leg fat was significant (P < .01) and high: 62% (for percentage arm fat) and 40% (for percentage leg fat). Moreover, sex-specific h2r for leg fat was considerably higher (P = .02) in women than in men (h2r values, 58% vs 17%, respectively). Genetic correlation (rho(G)) between arm and leg fat was -0.61 (P < .01), suggesting that only 37% of the covariation between these 2 adipose tissue depots may be due to shared genetic influences. This study provides new evidence for a strong genetic and sex contribution to upper and lower body fat, with relatively little covariation between these traits due to shared genes. Our findings also suggest that, in this population, leg fat is associated with diabetes independent of overall adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Miljkovic-Gacic
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rapeseed protein inhibits the initiation of insulin resistance by a high-saturated fat, high-sucrose diet in rats. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:984-91. [PMID: 18394216 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450896092x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the quality of carbohydrates and lipids, little is known on the influence of the type of dietary protein on the development of the metabolic or insulin resistance syndrome. Cysteine intake has been recently documented to impact insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine whether rapeseed protein, an emergent cysteine-rich protein, could inhibit the onset of the metabolic syndrome. For 9 weeks, rats were fed a diet rich in saturated fats and sucrose, which also included 20 % protein either as milk protein ('Induction' diet I) or rapeseed protein (diet R). A third, control group received an isoenergetic diet containing milk protein but polyunsaturated fats and starch ('Prudent' diet P). Plasma glucose, insulin, TAG and cholesterol, and blood pressure were monitored during the study, glucose tolerance was tested at week 7 and body composition determined at week 9. Plasma glucose, insulin and TAG increased during the experiment and, at week 9, plasma insulin was significantly 34 % lower in the R group and 56 % lower in P group as compared with the I group. The insulin peak after the glucose load was significantly 28-30 % lower in R and P than in I and the insulin sensitivity index was significantly higher in R than in I. Unexpectedly, peripheral fat deposition was slightly higher in R than in I. In this model, substituting rapeseed protein for milk protein had preventive effects on the early onset of insulin resistance, similar to those achieved by manipulating the types of dietary fat and carbohydrates.
Collapse
|
40
|
Dixon JB, Strauss BJG, Laurie C, O'Brien PE. Smaller hip circumference is associated with dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome in obese women. Obes Surg 2007; 17:770-7. [PMID: 17879577 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is great need for simple anthropometric measures that predict risk. The authors explored the relationship between body composition measures and features of the metabolic syndrome (MtS) in women aged between 20 and 50 years with class I obesity. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 49 obese (BMI 30-35) women recruited into a weight management randomized trial. An analysis was conducted of the baseline weight, anthropometric measures, skin-fold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and their relationships with the features of the MtS. RESULTS All women but one (n=48) had a population risk waist circumference of >88 cm. 16 of the 49 (33%) fulfilled the criteria of the metabolic syndrome. Simple anthropometric measures provided the strongest correlations with the presence of the MtS. Cut-off values were selected using receiver operator characteristics. Waist circumference of >100 cm and hip circumference <115cm was associated with odds ratios of 5.2 (95% CI, 1.4-20) and 12.3 (95% CI, 3.0-51) respectively for the MtS. Regional DEXA analysis showed that lower leg fat mass rather than fat-free mass was associated with the MtS. The dyslipidemia of the MtS was associated with a lower leg fat mass, while higher HbAlc levels and HOMA, an indirect measure of insulin resistance, were seen with increased trunk fat. Percentage fat as measured by skin-fold thickness and bioelectrical impedance were not related to any features. Women with the metabolic syndrome were found to have lower bone mineral content as measured by DEXA. CONCLUSION Weight distribution is highly predictive of metabolic risk. Smaller hip and larger waist circumference provided independent effect. BMI adjusted anthropometric measures may be of value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John B Dixon
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education (CORE), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kahn HS, Cheng YJ. Longitudinal changes in BMI and in an index estimating excess lipids among white and black adults in the United States. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007; 32:136-43. [PMID: 17684512 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult obesity prevalence is influenced by rates of weight gain or loss among individual persons, but few studies have measured individual weight change in large populations. Changes in weight may not coincide with changes in the lipid accumulation product (LAP), a continuous index derived from waist circumference and triglycerides concentration for estimating excess lipids. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS Descriptive report of longitudinal changes from US studies that included body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) and LAP. SUBJECTS A total of 16 763 white and black adults studied between 1989 and 1996 in three observational cohorts (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and Cardiovascular Health Study). RESULTS The means of individual annual changes in BMI were positive for young adults, but the mean changes were reduced at older ages (P for linear trend <0.001), becoming negative after 73-83 years old. These mean, individual changes in BMI, specific to sex and age, were approximately 0.1 U/year greater than those reported from previous, representative, longitudinal measurements collected in the United States between 1971 and 1984. Mean, individual annual changes in LAP were strongly positive before middle age. For men, the annual LAP changes were reduced at older ages (P linear trend <0.05). For women, they were greater at older ages (white women, P<0.001) or remained unchanged (black women, P>0.3). With increasing age, there was a greater proportion of persons whose positive LAP change was accompanied by simultaneous BMI change that was negative or zero. CONCLUSIONS These longitudinal observations made during 1989-1996 suggest greater annual changes in BMI compared to an adult cohort studied during 1971-1984. As estimated by LAP, adults of all ages tended to accumulate excess lipids, including circumstances in which they lost weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Kahn
- Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sakai Y, Ito H, Meno T, Numata M, Jingu S. Comparison of body composition measurements obtained by two fan-beam DXA instruments. J Clin Densitom 2006; 9:191-7. [PMID: 16785080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 02/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been widely used for measuring body composition, discrepancies have been reported to exist among results obtained from different instruments. In the course of longitudinal studies lasting for many years, old instruments may be required to be replaced with new ones, necessitating comparison and validation between the values obtained by the old and new instruments. We compared the data obtained by the two fan-beam DXA instruments, QDR-2000 (Hologic, Waltham, MA) and Delphi (Hologic). Body composition was first measured by the Hologic QDR-2000 and next by the Delphi W within 30 days in 99 healthy subjects. Whole-body fat mass (FM), percentage of FM, arm FM, and leg FM measured by the Hologic QDR-2000 were significantly larger than those measured by the Delphi W. Lean tissue mass (LTM), bone mineral content, and bone mineral density of the whole body, trunk FM, arm LTM, and leg LTM measured by the QDR-2000 were significantly smaller than those measured by the Delphi W. After converting the QDR-2000 values by equations developed by multiple regression analysis, they were not significantly different from the corresponding Delphi values. Measurements by the QDR-2000 and the Delphi W were not interchangeable and the conversion equations reduced the discrepancy to a level that enabled direct comparison of the data obtained by the two instruments. However, cautious interpretation is necessary when the conversion equations are applied to other instruments even of the same type or when evaluating data of individual subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Sakai
- Fukuoka Health Promotion Foundation, Fukuoko, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Benetou V, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A. Associations of anthropometric characteristics with blood cholesterol fractions among adults. The Greek EPIC study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:942-8. [PMID: 16465197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the independent associations of body height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and hip circumference with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-cholesterol), in a large general population sample. DESIGN Cross sectional. SETTING Urban and rural areas throughout Greece. SUBJECTS In total,10 837 volunteers, 2034 men and 8803 women, aged 25-82 years, participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC), who have never smoked and never been treated for dyslipidemia. INTERVENTIONS None. RESULTS The effect of height on non-HDL-cholesterol was opposite but in absolute terms almost as important as that of BMI with no gender interaction. Among women, hip circumference was inversely associated with non-HDL-cholesterol (standardized coefficient bst = -1.11, with standard error (s.e.)=0.42) and positively with HDL-cholesterol (bst = 0.85, s.e.= 0.12) whereas, waist circumference was inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol (bst = -1.16, s.e.=0.13) and strongly positively with non-HDL-cholesterol (bst = 8.83, s.e.= 0.45). Among men, associations were generally weaker (in absolute terms by about 50%) and for hip circumference the association with non-HDL-cholesterol was actually non significantly positive. CONCLUSIONS Height was inversely associated with HDL and non-HDL-cholesterol implicating early life phenomena in the regulation of these variables. Larger hip circumference among women had beneficial effects on blood cholesterol fractions by increasing HDL-cholesterol and reducing non-HDL-cholesterol, whereas among men the relevant effects were less clear cut. The detrimental consequences of large waist circumference on both HDL (reduction) and non-HDL-cholesterol (increase) were also particularly marked among women. SPONSORSHIP The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (World Health Organization) and supported by the Europe Against Cancer Program of the European Commission. The Greek segment of the EPIC study is also supported by the Greek Ministry of Health and the Greek Ministry of Education. This study was additionally supported by the fellowship 'Vassilios and Nafsika Tricha'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Benetou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|