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Armario A, Belda X, Gagliano H, Fuentes S, Molina P, Serrano S, Nadal R. Differential Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Response to Stress among Rat Strains: Methodological Considerations and Relevance for Neuropsychiatric Research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1906-1923. [PMID: 36453492 PMCID: PMC10514526 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221129102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, particularly glucocorticoids (GCs), play a critical role in the behavioral and physiological consequences of exposure to stress. For this reason, numerous studies have described differences in HPA function between different rodent strains/lines obtained by genetic selection of certain characteristics not directly related to the HPA axis. These studies have demonstrated a complex and poorly understood relationship between HPA function and certain relevant behavioral characteristics. The present review first remarks important methodological considerations regarding the evaluation and interpretation of resting and stress levels of HPA hormones. Then, it presents works in which differences in HPA function between Lewis and Fischer rats were explored as a model for how to approach other strain comparisons. After that, differences in the HPA axis between classical strain pairs (e.g. High and Low anxiety rats, Roman high- and low-avoidance, Wistar Kyoto versus Spontaneously Hypertensive or other strains, Flinder Sensitive and Flinder Resistant lines) are described. Finally, after discussing the relationship between HPA differences and relevant behavioral traits (anxiety-like and depression-like behavior and coping style), an example for main methodological and interpretative concerns and how to test strain differences is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Traslational Neuroscience Unit, UAB-Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Fuentes
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Molina
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Serrano
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Traslational Neuroscience Unit, UAB-Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
- CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Psychobiology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Elesawy BH, Raafat BM, Muqbali AA, Abbas AM, Sakr HF. The Impact of Intermittent Fasting on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurotrophin 3, and Rat Behavior in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020242. [PMID: 33671898 PMCID: PMC7918995 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to be associated with an increased risk of dementia, specifically Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Intermittent fasting (IF) has been proposed to produce neuroprotective effects through the activation of several signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the effect of IF on rat behavior in type 2 diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar Kyoto rats were divided into four groups (n = 10 for each): the ad libitum (Ad) group, the intermittent fasting group (IF), the streptozotocin-induced diabetic 2 group (T2DM) fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 25 mg kg−1, and the diabetic group with intermittent fasting (T2DM+IF). We evaluated the impact of 3 months of IF (16 h of food deprivation daily) on the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate in the hippocampus, and rat behavior was assessed by the forced swim test and elevated plus maze. IF for 12 weeks significantly increased (p < 0.05) the levels of NT3 and BDNF in both control and T2DM rats. Additionally, it increased serotonin, dopamine, and glutamic acid in diabetic rats. Moreover, IF modulated glucose homeostasis parameters, with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in insulin resistance and downregulation of serum corticosterone level. Interestingly, T2DM rats showed a significant increase in anxiety and depression behaviors, which were ameliorated by IF. These findings suggest that IF could produce a potentially protective effect by increasing the levels of BDNF and NT3 in both control and T2DM rats. IF could be considered as an additional therapy for depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem H. Elesawy
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bassem M. Raafat
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aya Al Muqbali
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Koudh, Muscat PC 123, Oman;
| | - Amr M. Abbas
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hussein F. Sakr
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al Koudh, Muscat PC 123, Oman;
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Scharner S, Stengel A. Animal Models for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:596381. [PMID: 33551774 PMCID: PMC7854692 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.596381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image which usually leads to low caloric intake and hyperactivity. The underlying mechanism and pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa is still poorly understood. In order to learn more about the underlying pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and to find further possible treatment options, several animal models mimicking anorexia nervosa have been developed. The aim of this review is to systematically search different databases and provide an overview of existing animal models and to discuss the current knowledge gained from animal models of anorexia nervosa. For the systematic data search, the Pubmed—Medline database, Embase database, and Web of Science database were searched. After removal of duplicates and the systematic process of selection, 108 original research papers were included in this systematic review. One hundred and six studies were performed with rodents and 2 on monkeys. Eighteen different animal models for anorexia nervosa were used in these studies. Parameters assessed in many studies were body weight, food intake, physical activity, cessation of the estrous cycle in female animals, behavioral changes, metabolic and hormonal alterations. The most commonly used animal model (75 of the studies) is the activity-based anorexia model in which typically young rodents are exposed to time-reduced access to food (a certain number of hours a day) with unrestricted access to a running wheel. Of the genetic animal models, one that is of particular interest is the anx/anx mice model. Animal models have so far contributed many findings to the understanding of mechanisms of hunger and satiety, physical activity and cognition in an underweight state and other mechanisms relevant for anorexia nervosa in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scharner
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Farinetti A, Aspesi D, Marraudino M, Marzola E, Abbate-Daga G, Gotti S. Maternal Separation in ABA Rats Promotes Cell Proliferation in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2020; 446:238-248. [PMID: 32795557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. Several studies support the idea that life stressors during the postnatal period could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AN, underlying the multifactorial etiology of this disease. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) animal model mimics core features of the mental disorder, including severe food restriction, weight loss, and hyperactivity. Previous results obtained in our lab showed that maternal separation (MS) induces behavioral changes in anorexic-like ABA rats in a sexually dimorphic way: in females, the MS promoted hyperactivity and a less anxious-like phenotype in ABA animals; in males, instead, the MS attenuated the anxiolytic effect of the ABA protocol. These results led us to investigate the effect of the MS on brain areas involved in the control of the anxiety-like behavior. We focused our attention on the adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process involved in the response to environmental stimuli and stressful condition. We analyzed the volume of the whole hippocampus and the proliferation rate in the dentate gyrus (DG) by quantifying Ki67-cells density and characterizing neuronal phenotype (DCX) and glial cells (GFAP) with double-fluorescence technique. The results obtained showed that only in maternally separated anorexic rats there is an increase of proliferation in DG, underlying the presence of a synergic effect of MS and ABA that boost the proliferation of new neurons and glia progenitors in a more evident way in females in comparison to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Farinetti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Aspesi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marilena Marraudino
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Marzola
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Unit of AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Abbate-Daga
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Eating Disorders Unit of AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; NICO-Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy.
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Duriez P, Eddarkaoui S, Blum D, Dickson SL, Gorwood P, Tolle V, Viltart O. Does physical activity associated with chronic food restriction alleviate anxiety like behaviour, in female mice? Horm Behav 2020; 124:104807. [PMID: 32544401 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, persistent food restriction and inappropriate physical activity relative to declining energy balance. The comorbidity with depression and/or anxiety disorders might contribute to the "chronicization" of the disease. We aimed here to question first the link between physical activity and anxiety from a clinical investigation of AN patients (n = 206). Then, using a rodent model mimicking numerous physiological and metabolic alterations commonly seen in AN patients, we examined whether 1) chronic food restriction increased anxiety-like behaviour and 2) physical activity plays a role in regulating anxiety levels. To this end, we exposed young female mice to a chronic food restriction (FR, n = 8) paradigm combined or not with access to a running wheel (FRW, n = 8) for two weeks. The mice were compared to a group of mice fed ad libitum without (AL, n = 6) or with running wheel access (ALW, n = 8). We explored anxiety-like behaviour of all mice in the following tests: hyponeophagia, marble burying, elevated plus maze, open field, and the light and dark box. On the last day, we used a restraint test of 30 min duration and measured their stress reactivity by assaying plasma corticosterone. In the open field and the elevated plus-maze, we found that FRW mice behaved similarly to AL and ALW mice whereas FR mice did not express anxiety-like behaviour. The FRW mice displayed the lowest latency to reach the food in the hyponeophagia test. Regarding stress reactivity, FRW mice exhibited corticosterone reactivity after acute stress that was similar to the control mice, while FR mice did not fully return to basal corticosterone at one hour after the restraint stress. Taken together, these data demonstrate a differential reactivity to acute stress in FR conditions and a beneficial effect of running wheel activity in ALW and FRW conditions. Moreover, we report the absence of a typical anxiety-like behaviour associated with the food restriction (FR and FRW groups). We conclude that this model (FR and FRW mice) did not express typical anxiety-like behaviour, but that physical activity linked to food restriction improved coping strategies in an anxiogenic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France; Alzheimer & Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP) INSERM U1266, "Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders", F-75014 Paris, France; Université de Lille, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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6
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Al Saedi A, Chen L, Phu S, Vogrin S, Miao D, Ferland G, Gaudreau P, Duque G. Age-Related Increases in Marrow Fat Volumes have Regional Impacts on Bone Cell Numbers and Structure. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:126-134. [PMID: 32356017 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing levels of bone marrow fat evident in aging and osteoporosis are associated with low bone mass and attributed to reduced osteoblastogenesis. Local lipotoxicity has been proposed as the primary mechanism driving this reduction in bone formation. However, no studies have examined the correlation between high levels of marrow fat volumes and changes in local cellularity. In this study, we hypothesize that areas of bone marrow with high fat volumes are associated with significant changes in cell number within a similar region of interest (ROI). Inbred albino Louvain (LOU) rats, originating from the Wistar strain, have been described as a model of healthy aging with the absence of obesity but expressing the typical features of age-related bone loss. We compared local changes in distal femur cellularity and structure in specific ROI of undecalcified bone sections from 4- and 20-month-old male and female LOU rats and Wistar controls. Our results confirmed that older LOU rats exhibited significantly higher fat volumes than Wistar rats (p < 0.001). These higher fat volume/total volume were associated with lower trabecular number (p < 0.05) and thickness (p < 0.05) and higher trabecular separation (p < 0.05). In addition, osteoblast and osteocyte numbers were reduced in the similar ROI containing high levels of adiposity, while osteoclast number was higher compared to control (p < 0.03). In summary, marrow ROIs with a high level of adiposity were associated with a lower bone mass and changes in cellularity explaining associated bone loss. Further studies assessing the levels of lipotoxicity in areas of high local marrow adiposity and identifying molecular actors involved in this phenomenon are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Lulu Chen
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven Phu
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Vogrin
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- Département de Nutrition, Faculté de médecine de l'université de Montréal (UdeM) and Centre de Recherche de L'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierrette Gaudreau
- Département de médecine, UdeM and Laboratoire de Neuroendocrinologie du Vieillissement, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'université de Montreal (UdeM), 900 rue Saint-Denis, Pavillon R, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, 176 Furlong Road, St. Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia.
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Schalla MA, Stengel A. Activity Based Anorexia as an Animal Model for Anorexia Nervosa-A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 31165073 PMCID: PMC6536653 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder affecting around 1 per 100 persons. However, the knowledge about its underlying pathophysiology is limited. To address the need for a better understanding of AN, an animal model was established early on in the late 1960's: the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model in which rats have access to a running wheel combined with restricted food access leading to self-starving/body weight loss and hyperactivity. Both symptoms, separately or combined, can also be found in patients with AN. The aim of this systematic review was to compile the current knowledge about this animal model as well as to address gaps in knowledge. Using the data bases of PubMed, Embase and Web of science 102 publications were identified meeting the search criteria. Here, we show that the ABA model mimics core features of human AN and has been characterized with regards to brain alterations, hormonal changes as well as adaptations of the immune system. Moreover, pharmacological interventions in ABA animals and new developments, such as a chronic adaptation of the ABA model, will be highlighted. The chronic model might be well suited to display AN characteristics but should be further characterized. Lastly, limitations of the model will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Castrejón-Téllez V, Villegas-Romero M, Pérez-Torres I, Zarco G, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Carreón-Torres E, Díaz-Díaz E, Grimaldo OE, Guarner-Lans V. Effect of Sucrose Ingestion at the End of a Critical Window that Increases Hypertension Susceptibility on Peripheral Mechanisms Regulating Blood Pressure in Rats. Role of Sirtuins 1 and 3. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020309. [PMID: 30717220 PMCID: PMC6412652 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to develop hypertension may be established during early stages of life that include the intrauterine period, infancy and childhood. We recently showed that blood pressure increased when rats reached adulthood when sucrose was ingested for a short-term critical window from postnatal day 12 to 28 in the rat, which corresponds to days around weaning. Here, we studied several factors that might participate in the increased susceptibility to hypertension when adulthood is reached by analyzing the changes produced at the end of the sucrose ingestion during this critical period. Body weight of the rats at the end of the sucrose period was decreased even if there was an increased ingestion in Kcal. We found an increase in blood pressure accompanied by a decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in the aorta. When insulin was administered to rats receiving sucrose, glucose in plasma diminished later than in controls and this slight insulin resistance may reduce nitric oxide synthase action. Oleic acid that modulates eNOS expression was increased, lipoperoxidation was elevated and total non-enzymatic anti-oxidant capacity was decreased. There was also a decrease in SOD2 expression. We also studied the expression of Sirt1, which regulates eNOS expression and Sirt3, which regulates SOD2 expression as possible epigenetic targets of enzyme expression involved in the long- term programming of hypertension. Sirt3 was decreased but we did not find an alteration in Sirt1 expression. We conclude that these changes may underpin the epigenetic programming of increased susceptibility to develop hypertension in the adults when there was exposure to high sucrose levels near weaning in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Castrejón-Téllez
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Mariana Villegas-Romero
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Zarco
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - María Esther Rubio-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Eulises Díaz-Díaz
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14000, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Emanuel Grimaldo
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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9
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Scherma M, Satta V, Collu R, Boi MF, Usai P, Fratta W, Fadda P. Cannabinoid CB 1 /CB 2 receptor agonists attenuate hyperactivity and body weight loss in a rat model of activity-based anorexia. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2682-2695. [PMID: 28561272 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric condition characterized by excessive body weight loss and disturbed perceptions of body shape and size, often associated with excessive physical activity. There is currently no effective drug-related therapy of this disease and this leads to high relapse rate. Clinical data suggest that a promising therapy to treat and reduce reoccurrence of AN may be based on the use of drugs that target the endocannabinoid (EC) system, which appears dysregulated in AN patients. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The activity-based anorexia (ABA) rodent model mimics the severe body weight loss and increased physical activity, as well as the neuroendocrine disturbances (i.e. hypoleptinaemia and hypercortisolaemia) in AN. This study investigated whether cannabinoid agonists can effectively modify anorexic-like behaviours and neuroendocrine changes in rats subjected to a repeated ABA regime that mimics the human condition in which patients repeatedly undergo a recovery and illness cycle. KEY RESULTS Our data show that subchronic treatment with both the natural CB1 /CB2 receptor agonist Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and the synthetic CB1 /CB2 receptor agonist CP-55,940 significantly reduced body weight loss and running wheel activity in ABA rats. These behavioural effects were accompanied by an increase in leptin signalling and a decrease in plasma levels of corticosterone. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our results further demonstrate the involvement of the EC system in AN pathophysiology and that strategies which modulate EC signalling are useful to treat this disorder, specifically in patients where physical hyperactivity plays a central role in its progression and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valentina Satta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Collu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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10
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Namvar S, Gyte A, Denn M, Leighton B, Piggins HD. Dietary fat and corticosterone levels are contributing factors to meal anticipation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R711-23. [PMID: 26818054 PMCID: PMC4867411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00308.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Daily restricted access to food leads to the development of food anticipatory activity and metabolism, which depends upon an as yet unidentified food-entrainable oscillator(s). A premeal anticipatory peak in circulating hormones, including corticosterone is also elicited by daily restricted feeding. High-fat feeding is associated with elevated levels of corticosterone with disrupted circadian rhythms and a failure to develop robust meal anticipation. It is not clear whether the disrupted corticosterone rhythm, resulting from high-fat feeding contributes to attenuated meal anticipation in high-fat fed rats. Our aim was to better characterize meal anticipation in rats fed a low- or high-fat diet, and to better understand the role of corticosterone in this process. To this end, we utilized behavioral observations, hypothalamic c-Fos expression, and indirect calorimetry to assess meal entrainment. We also used the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU486, to dissect out the role of corticosterone in meal anticipation in rats given daily access to a meal with different fat content. Restricted access to a low-fat diet led to robust meal anticipation, as well as entrainment of hypothalamic c-Fos expression, metabolism, and circulating corticosterone. These measures were significantly attenuated in response to a high-fat diet, and animals on this diet exhibited a postanticipatory rise in corticosterone. Interestingly, antagonism of glucocorticoid activity using RU486 attenuated meal anticipation in low-fat fed rats, but promoted meal anticipation in high-fat-fed rats. These findings suggest an important role for corticosterone in the regulation of meal anticipation in a manner dependent upon dietary fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Namvar
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Amy Gyte
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Denn
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Leighton
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
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Wable GS, Chen YW, Rashid S, Aoki C. Exogenous progesterone exacerbates running response of adolescent female mice to repeated food restriction stress by changing α4-GABAA receptor activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells. Neuroscience 2015; 310:322-41. [PMID: 26383252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent females are particularly vulnerable to mental illnesses with co-morbidity of anxiety, such as anorexia nervosa (AN). We used an animal model of AN, called activity-based anorexia (ABA), to investigate the neurobiological basis of vulnerability to repeated, food restriction (FR) stress-evoked anxiety. Twenty-one of 23 adolescent female mice responded to the 1st FR with increased wheel-running activity (WRA), even during the limited period of food access, thereby capturing AN's symptoms of voluntary FR and over-exercise. Baseline WRA was an excellent predictor of FR-elicited WRA (severity of ABA, SOA), with high baseline runners responding to FR with minimal SOA (i.e., negative correlation). Nine gained resistance to ABA following the 1st FR. Even though allopregnanolone (3α-OH-5α-pregnan-20-one, THP), the metabolite of progesterone (P4), is a well-recognized anxiolytic agent, subcutaneous P4 to these ABA-resistant animals during the 2nd FR was exacerbative, evoking greater WRA than the counterpart resistant group that received oil vehicle, only. Moreover, P4 had no WRA-reducing effect on animals that remained ABA-vulnerable. To explain the sensitizing effect of P4 upon the resistant mice, we examined the relationship between P4 treatment and levels of the α4 subunit of GABAARs at spines of pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1, a parameter previously shown to correlate with resistance to ABA. α4 levels at spine membrane correlated strongly and negatively with SOA during the 1st ABA (prior to P4 injection), confirming previous findings. α4 levels were greater among P4-treated animals that had gained resistance than of vehicle-treated resistant animals or of the vulnerable animals with or without P4. We propose that α4-GABAARs play a protective role by counterbalancing the ABA-induced increase in excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons, and although exogenous P4's metabolite, THP, enhances α4 expression, especially among those that can gain resistance, it also interferes with α4-GABAARs' protective role by desensitizing α4-GABAARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wable
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room 809, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - Y-W Chen
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room 809, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - S Rashid
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room 809, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - C Aoki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room 809, New York, NY 10003, United States.
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Wable GS, Min JY, Chen YW, Aoki C. Anxiety is correlated with running in adolescent female mice undergoing activity-based anorexia. Behav Neurosci 2015; 129:170-82. [PMID: 25730124 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a widely used animal model for identifying the biological basis of excessive exercise and starvation, 2 hallmarks of anorexia nervosa (AN). Anxiety is correlated with exercise in AN. Yet the anxiety level of animals in ABA has not been reported. We asked: Does food restriction as part of ABA induction change the anxiety level of animals? If so, is the degree of anxiety correlated with degree of hyperactivity? We used the open field test before food restriction and the elevated plus maze test (EPM) during food restriction to quantify anxiety among singly housed adolescent female mice and determined whether food restriction alone or combined with exercise (i.e., ABA induction) abates or increases anxiety. We show that food restriction, with or without exercise, reduced anxiety significantly, as measured by the proportion of entries into the open arms of EPM (35.73%, p = .04). Moreover, ABA-induced individuals varied in their open arm time measure of anxiety and this value was highly and negatively correlated to the individual's food restriction-evoked wheel activity during the 24 hr following the anxiety test (R = -.75, p = .004, N = 12). This correlation was absent among the exercise-only controls. In addition, mice with higher increase in anxiety ran more following food restriction. Our data suggest that food restriction-evoked wheel running hyperactivity can be used as a reliable and continuous measure of anxiety in ABA. The parallel relationship between anxiety level and activity in AN and ABA-induced female mice strengthens the animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Chiye Aoki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Li B, Cui R. The Effects of Calorie Restriction in Depression and Potential Mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:536-42. [PMID: 26412073 PMCID: PMC4790398 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150326003852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression, also called major depressive disorder, is a neuropsychiatric disorder jeopardizing an increasing number of the population worldwide. To date, a large number of studies have devoted great attention to this problematic condition and raised several hypotheses of depression. Based on these theories, many antidepressant drugs were developed for the treatment of depression. Yet, the depressed patients are often refractory to the antidepressant therapies. Recently, increasing experimental evidences demonstrated the effects of calorie restriction in neuroendocrine system and in depression. Both basic and clinical investigations indicated that short-term calorie restriction might induce an antidepressant efficacy in depression, providing a novel avenue for treatment. Molecular basis underlying the antidepressant actions of calorie restriction might involve multiple physiological processes, primarily including orexin signaling activation, increased CREB phosphorylation and neurotrophic effects, release of endorphin and ketone production. However, the effects of chronic calorie restriction were quite controversial, in the cases that it often resulted in the long-term detrimental effects via inhibiting the function of 5-HT system and decreasing leptin levels. Here we review such dual effects of calorie restriction in depression and potential molecular basis behind these effects, especially focusing on antidepressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, the Second Hospital of Jilin
University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, the Second Hospital of Jilin
University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, PR China
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Duclos M, Ouerdani A, Mormède P, Konsman JP. Food restriction-induced hyperactivity: addiction or adaptation to famine? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:884-97. [PMID: 23059205 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased physical activity is present in 30-80% of anorexia nervosa patients. To explain the paradox of low food intake and excessive exercise in humans and other animals, it has been proposed that increased physical activity along with food restriction activates brain reward circuits and is addictive. Alternatively, the fleeing-famine hypothesis postulates that refusal of known scarce energy-low food sources and hyperactivity facilitate migration towards new habitats that potentially contain new energy-rich foodstuffs. The use of rewarding compounds that differ in energy density, such as the energy-free sweetener saccharin and the energy rich sucrose makes it possible to critically test the reward-addiction and fleeing-famine hypotheses. The aims of the present work were to study if sucrose and/or saccharin could attenuate food restriction-induced hyperactivity, weight loss, increased plasma corticosterone, and activation of brain structures involved in neuroendocrine control, energy balance, physical activity, and reward signaling in rats. Its major findings are that access to sucrose, but not to saccharin, attenuated food restriction-induced running wheel activity, weight loss, rises in plasma corticosterone, and expression of the cellular activation marker c-Fos in the paraventricular and arcuate hypothalamus and in the nucleus accumbens. These findings suggest that the energy-richness and easy availability of sucrose interrupted a fleeing-famine-like hyperactivity response. Since corticosterone mediates food restriction-induced wheel running (Duclos et al., 2009), we propose that the attenuating effect of sucrose consumption on plasma corticosterone plays a role in reduced wheel running and weight loss by lowering activation of the nucleus accumbens and arcuate hypothalamus in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Duclos
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Westenbroek C, Perry AN, Becker JB. Pair housing differentially affects motivation to self-administer cocaine in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:68-71. [PMID: 23727175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Female rats exhibit greater intake and motivation to self-administer cocaine. In females but not males, isolation by itself is a stressor, which could lead to increased drug intake. Therefore, we hypothesized that social housing would buffer against stress and reduce the motivation to self-administer cocaine primarily in females. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were housed individually or in same-sex pairs. The individually housed rats and one of each pair were allowed to self-administer (SA) a low dose of cocaine (0.2 mg/kg/inf) on a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule for one week. Motivation for cocaine SA was measured for an additional 2 weeks on a progressive ratio schedule. Isolated females had greater cocaine-intake on the FR1 schedule and greater motivation to take cocaine than males. Pair-housing in females, but not males, attenuated the motivation to take cocaine. Isolated females, but not males, showed escalation of their motivation to take cocaine, which was attenuated by pair housing of females. Concluding, the motivation to take cocaine escalates in females but not males, and pair-housing of females attenuates this escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Westenbroek
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Diane A, Vine DF, Heth CD, Russell JC, Proctor SD, Pierce WD. Prior caloric restriction increases survival of prepubertal obese- and PCOS-prone rats exposed to a challenge of time-limited feeding and physical activity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1158-64. [PMID: 23449943 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01127.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) background associated with obese-prone genotype, coupled with preconditioning by caloric restriction, would confer a survival benefit in genetically prepubertal obese/PCOS (O/PCOS)-prone rats faced with an unpredictable challenge of food shortage. Female, juvenile JCR:LA-cp rats, O/PCOS- and lean-prone, were exposed to 1.5 h of daily meals and 22.5 h of voluntary wheel-running, a procedure that leads to activity anorexia (AA). One week before the AA challenge (AAC), O/PCOS-prone rats were freely fed (O/PCOS-FF) or pair fed (O/PCOS-FR) to lean-prone, free-feeding animals (Lean-FF). O/PCOS-FR and lean-prone, food-restricted (Lean-FR) groups were matched on relative average caloric intake. Animals were removed from protocol at 75% of initial body weight (starvation criterion) or after 14 days (survival criterion). The AAC induced weight loss in all rats, but there were significant effects of both genotype and feeding history on weight loss (lean-prone rats exhibited a higher rate of weight loss than O/PCOS-prone; P < 0.001), and rats with prior caloric restriction retained more weight than those free fed previously (90.68 ± 0.59% vs. 85.47 ± 0.46%; P < 0.001). The daily rate of running was higher in lean-prone rats compared with O/PCOS-prone. This difference in running rate correlated with differences in mean days of survival. All O/PCOS-FR rats survived at day 14. O/PCOS-FF rats survived longer (10.00 ± 0.97 days) than Lean-FR (6.17 ± 1.58 days) and Lean-FF (4.33 ± 0.42 days) rats (P < 0.05). Thus preconditioning by caloric restriction induces a substantial survival advantage, beyond genotype alone, in prepubertal O/PCOS-prone rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Diane
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Institute of Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Diane A, Pierce WD, Heth CD, Russell JC, Richard D, Proctor SD. Feeding history and obese-prone genotype increase survival of rats exposed to a challenge of food restriction and wheel running. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1787-95. [PMID: 22016097 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that obese-prone genotype and history of food restriction confer a survival advantage to genetically obese animals under environmental challenge. Male juvenile JCR:LA-cp rats, obese-prone and lean-prone, were exposed to 1.5 h daily meals and 22.5-h voluntary wheel running, a procedure inducing activity anorexia (AA). One week before the AA challenge, obese-prone rats were freely fed (obese-FF), or pair fed (obese-PF) to lean-prone, free-feeding rats (lean-FF). Animals were removed from protocol at 75% of initial body weight (starvation criterion) or after 14 days (survival criterion). AA challenge induced weight loss in all rats, but percent weight loss was more rapid and sustained in lean-FF rats than in obese-FF or obese-PF animals (P < 0.04). Weight loss was significantly higher in obese-FF rats than obese-PF rats, 62% of which achieved survival criterion and stabilized with zero weight loss. Obese-PF rats survived longer, on average (12.0 ± 1.1 day) than obese-FF (8.2 ± 1.1 day) and lean-FF rats (3.5 ± 0.2 day) (P < 0.02). Wheel running increased linearly in all groups; lean-FF increased more rapidly than obese-FF (P < 0.05); obese-PF increased at an intermediate rate (P < 0.02), and those rats that survived stabilized daily rates of wheel running. Prior food restriction of juvenile obese-prone rats induces a survival benefit beyond genotype, that is related to achievement of homeostasis. This metabolic adaptive process may help explain the development of human obesity in the presence of an unstable food environment which subsequently transitions to an abundant food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Diane
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Alberta Diabetes Institute University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Jassim G, Skrede S, Vázquez MJ, Wergedal H, Vik-Mo AO, Lunder N, Diéguez C, Vidal-Puig A, Berge RK, López M, Steen VM, Fernø J. Acute effects of orexigenic antipsychotic drugs on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:783-94. [PMID: 21748251 PMCID: PMC3259403 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate whether orexigenic antipsychotic drugs may induce dyslipidemia and glucose disturbances in female rats through direct perturbation of metabolically active peripheral tissues, independent of prior weight gain. METHODS In the current study, we examined whether a single intraperitoneal injection of clozapine or olanzapine induced metabolic disturbances in adult female outbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Serum glucose and lipid parameters were measured during time-course experiments up to 48 h. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure specific transcriptional alterations in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue depots or in the liver. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that acute administration of clozapine or olanzapine induced a rapid, robust elevation of free fatty acids and glucose in serum, followed by hepatic accumulation of lipids evident after 12-24 h. These metabolic disturbances were associated with biphasic patterns of gluconeogenic and lipid-related gene expression in the liver and in white adipose tissue depots. CONCLUSION Our results support that clozapine and olanzapine are associated with primary effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism associated with transcriptional changes in metabolically active peripheral tissues prior to the development of drug-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Jassim
- Dr. Einar Martens’ Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- Dr. Einar Martens’ Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hege Wergedal
- The Lipid Research Group, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Audun O. Vik-Mo
- Dr. Einar Martens’ Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Niclas Lunder
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Box 289, Level 4, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- The Lipid Research Group, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- Dr. Einar Martens’ Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johan Fernø
- Dr. Einar Martens’ Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Hypothalamic expression of urocortin 3 and the type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor is regulated according to feeding state in lean but not obese Zucker rats. Neuropharmacology 2011; 63:147-53. [PMID: 22227020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin 3 (Ucn3) is an anorexigenic neuropeptide with high affinity for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF₂-R). How the expression of hypothalamic Ucn3 is regulated by fasting and refeeding in genetically obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats is not known. Obese Zucker rats develop early hyperphagia associated with low expression of CRF₂-R in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) in this phenotype. Although lean (Fa/?) Zucker rats have strong basal expression of CRF₂-R in the VMH, and normally consume less food compared to their obese littermates, at the beginning of refeeding, the lean rats ingested almost the same amount of food as the obese animals. The present study was designed to investigate the dynamics of the expression of CRF₂-R and Ucn3 in the brain of lean and obese Zucker rats fed ad libitum, food-deprived for 48 h, or refed for 1 and 24 h. The levels of expression of Ucn3 mRNA were analyzed in the rostral perifornical hypothalamus (rPFH) and dorsal medial amygdala (MeD), and CRF₂-R mRNA in the VMH and lateral septum (LS) using in situ hybridization. The results showed that in the ad libitum-fed state, both phenotypes had comparable levels of expression of rPFH Ucn3, but the obese rats had lower levels of expression of VMH CRF₂-R. Food deprivation decreased hypothalamic expression of Ucn3 and CRF₂-R in lean but not obese rats. One hour of refeeding triggered expression of rPFH Ucn3 but not VMH CRF₂-R in lean rats, and at 24 h of refeeding the levels of hypothalamic expression of Ucn3 and CRF₂-R returned to those seen in the ad libitum-fed state in both phenotypes. In the LS, the levels of expression of CRF₂-R were not affected by feeding and phenotype. In the MeD, the Ucn3 transcript increased by food deprivation in obese but not lean rats. Therefore, the increase of Ucn3 expression in the MeD in obese food-deprived rats may reflect stronger behavioral effects of food deprivation in this phenotype. The hypothalamic expression of Ucn3 and CRF₂)-R was modulated by the feeding states in lean but not obese rats. The low levels of VMH CRF₂-R may limit anorexigenic Ucn3 effects in the obese phenotype. The low VMH CRF₂-R levels at the beginning of refeeding in lean rats may allow them to ingest a considerable amount of food regardless of the rapidly increased expression of rPFH Ucn3 by refeeding in this phenotype. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Central Control of Food Intake'.
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Hancock SD, Olmstead MC. Animal Models of Eating Disorders. ANIMAL MODELS OF DRUG ADDICTION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-934-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Martin J, Timofeeva E. Intermittent access to sucrose increases sucrose-licking activity and attenuates restraint stress-induced activation of the lateral septum. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1383-98. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent access to palatable food can attenuate anorectic and hormonal responses to stress in rats. The neuronal mechanisms of modulation of stress response by diets are not fully understood. The present study was conducted to create rat models with intermittent access to sucrose that demonstrate resistance to stress-induced hypophagia, to study the pattern of sucrose consumption by these rat models, and to investigate in which brain structures intermittent sucrose regimens modify stress-induced neuronal activation. The obtained results demonstrate that 6-wk intermittent access to sucrose without food restriction (4 day/wk ad libitum access to sucrose in addition to chow, and following 3 day/wk exclusive feeding of chow; SIA rats) and combined with food restriction (4 day/wk access to chow and sucrose restricted to 2 h/day, and following 3 days/wk on unrestricted chow; SIR rats) increased sucrose-licking activity. The alterations in the rats' feeding behavior were accompanied by a resistance of their body weight gain and food intake to 1-h restraint stress applied once per week. The chronic intermittent sucrose consumption significantly lowered, in the SIA and SIR rats, the levels of expression of corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor and restraint stress-induced expression of c- fos mRNA in the medioventral part of the lateral septum. Conversely, the levels of the corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor transcript in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus were decreased only in the food-restricted SIR rats. The lower stress-induced neuronal activation in the medioventral part of the lateral septum may contribute to the attenuated anorectic stress response in the rats maintained on intermittent sucrose regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Timofeeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Perez SD, Silva D, Millar AB, Molinaro CA, Carter J, Bassett K, Lorton D, Garcia P, Tan L, Gross J, Lubahn C, Thyagarajan S, Bellinger DL. Sympathetic innervation of the spleen in male Brown Norway rats: a longitudinal aging study. Brain Res 2009; 1302:106-17. [PMID: 19748498 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging leads to reduced cellular immunity with consequent increased rates of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity in the elderly. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) modulates innate and adaptive immunity via innervation of lymphoid organs. In aged Fischer 344 (F344) rats, noradrenergic (NA) nerve density in secondary lymphoid organs declines, which may contribute to immunosenescence with aging. These studies suggest there is SNS involvement in age-induced immune dysregulation. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally characterize age-related change in sympathetic innervation of the spleen and sympathetic activity/tone in male Brown Norway (BN) rats, which live longer and have a strikingly different immune profile than F344 rats, the traditional animal model for aging research. Splenic sympathetic neurotransmission was evaluated between 8 and 32 months of age by assessing (1) NA nerve fiber density, (2) splenic norepinephrine (NE) concentration, and (3) circulating catecholamine levels after decapitation. We report a decline in NA nerve density in splenic white pulp (45%) at 15 months of age compared with 8-month-old (M) rats, which is followed by a much slower rate of decline between 24 and 32 months. Lower splenic NE concentrations between 15 and 32 months of age compared with 8M rats were consistent with morphometric findings. Circulating catecholamine levels after decapitation stress generally dropped with increasing age. These findings suggest there is a sympathetic-to-immune system dysregulation beginning at middle age. Given the unique T-helper-2 bias in BN rats, altered sympathetic-immune communication may be important for understanding the age-related rise in asthma and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam D Perez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rat: effect of food restriction and wheel running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:243-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Duclos M, Gatti C, Bessière B, Mormède P. Tonic and phasic effects of corticosterone on food restriction-induced hyperactivity in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:436-45. [PMID: 19028018 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the experimental rat model of anorexia nervosa the interactions between the hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and increased physical activity associated with food restriction remain unidentified. In addition to their role in energy homeostasis, glucocorticoids have complex effects in the central nervous system, increasing the salience of activities such as wheel running. The objective of the present study was to analyze the role of corticosterone (cort) on wheel activity in food-restricted rats. Lewis rats were adrenalectomized and replaced with pellets containing increasing amounts of cort that caused different steady-state plasma concentrations from low to high HPA activity. They were given free access to a running wheel and were fed ad libitum or food-restricted. We also investigated the acute effect of cort injection mimicking the prefeeding cort peak on prefeeding wheel activity. Wheel running induced by food restriction was nearly non-existent in adrenalectomized food-restricted rats and increased in a dose-related manner with cort replacement. An acute stimulation of activity was also expressed during the preprandial peak of cort, suppressed by adrenalectomy and experimentally restored by acute cort injection. No such effects of cort were found in ad libitum fed rats. Our data demonstrate that food restriction-induced hyperactivity is critically and quantitatively dependent upon cort, not only on the mean basal levels of the hormone but also on the secretory peak that accompanies the burst of preprandial activity. The present results have special relevance for the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and other compulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Duclos
- PsyNuGen, INRA, UMR 1286, Université Bordeaux 2, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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Govic A, Levay EA, Kent S, Paolini AG. The social behavior of male rats administered an adult-onset calorie restriction regimen. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:581-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vendruscolo LF, Vendruscolo JCM, Terenina E, Ramos A, Takahashi RN, Mormède P. Marker-assisted dissection of genetic influences on motor and neuroendocrine sensitization to cocaine in rats. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 8:267-74. [PMID: 19077120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated genetic influences on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to cocaine sensitization. We used male and female rats of the inbred strains Lewis (LEW) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which display genetic differences in stress-related responses. The influence of two quantitative trait loci (QTL; Ofil1 and Ofil2 on chromosomes 4 and 7), which modulate stress reactivity in rats, on the effects of cocaine was also investigated through the use of recombinant lines (derived from a LEW x SHR intercross) selected by their genotype at Ofil1 and Ofil2. Animals were given repeated cocaine or saline injections and tested for locomotion (induction of sensitization). Two weeks later, all animals were challenged with cocaine, and locomotion and corticosterone levels were measured (expression of sensitization). Results indicated that male SHR rats showed more behavioral sensitization than LEW rats, whereas no strain differences in sensitization were seen among females. When challenged with cocaine, LEW and SHR rats of both sexes pretreated with cocaine showed behavioral sensitization compared with saline pretreated animals; however, only LEW rats displayed an increase in the corticosterone levels. Ofil1 was found to influence the induction of sensitization in males and Ofil2 modulated the locomotor effect of cocaine in females. This study provides evidence of a genotype-dependent relationship between the induction and expression of cocaine sensitization, and between the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses induced by cocaine. Moreover, the Ofil1 and Ofil2 loci may contain one or more genes that control the behavioral effects of cocaine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Vendruscolo
- PsyNuGen, INRA, UMR1286, CNRS UMR5226, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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Dalm S, Brinks V, van der Mark MH, de Kloet ER, Oitzl MS. Non-invasive stress-free application of glucocorticoid ligands in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 170:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Active hexose correlated compound activates immune function to decrease bacterial load in a murine model of intramuscular infection. Am J Surg 2008; 195:537-45. [PMID: 18304499 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is a serious, costly, and common complication of surgery and constitutes the principal cause of late death in patients undergoing surgery. The objective of this study was to clarify the mechanisms by which active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) increases survival in a murine model of intramuscular infection. METHODS Food-deprived mice receiving either AHCC or excipient were infected with bacteria. Kinetics of bacterial load, white blood cell counts, cytokine levels, and antibody levels were compared between groups. RESULTS AHCC-treated mice had reduced bacterial load at day 5 and cleared bacteria entirely at day 6. Levels of interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6 peaked earlier in this group (day 3) compared with controls (day 5). Increased percentages of peripheral lymphocytes and monocytes and decreased numbers of polymorphonuclear cells were detected in the AHCC group. CONCLUSIONS AHCC appears to induce an early activation of the immune response, leading to an effective clearance of bacteria and rapid recovery.
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Ladenheim EE, Hamilton NL, Behles RR, Bi S, Hampton LL, Battey JF, Moran TH. Factors contributing to obesity in bombesin receptor subtype-3-deficient mice. Endocrinology 2008; 149:971-8. [PMID: 18039774 PMCID: PMC2275361 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mice with a targeted disruption of bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3 KO) develop hyperphagia, obesity, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism. However, the factors contributing to their phenotype have not been clearly established. To determine whether their obesity is a result of increased food intake or a defect in energy regulation, we matched the caloric intake of BRS-3 KO mice to wild-type (WT) ad libitum (ad lib)-fed controls over 21 wk. Although BRS-3 KO ad lib-fed mice were 29% heavier, the body weights of BRS-3 KO pair-fed mice did not differ from WT ad lib-fed mice. Pair-feeding BRS-3 KO mice normalized plasma insulin but failed to completely reverse increased adiposity and leptin levels. Hyperphagia in ad lib-fed KO mice was due to an increase in meal size without a compensatory decrease in meal frequency resulting in an increase in total daily food intake. An examination of neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and agouti-related peptide gene expression in the arcuate nucleus revealed that BRS-3 KO mice have some deficits in their response to energy regulatory signals. An evaluation of the satiety effects of cholecystokinin, bombesin, and gastrin-releasing peptide found no differences in feeding suppression by these peptides. We conclude that hyperphagia is a major factor leading to increased body weight and hyperinsulinemia in BRS-3 KO mice. However, our finding that pair-feeding did not completely normalize fat distribution and plasma leptin levels suggests there is also a metabolic dysregulation that may contribute to, or sustain, their obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Ladenheim
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Pajer KA. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents: do negative emotions and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function play a role? Curr Opin Pediatr 2007; 19:559-64. [PMID: 17885475 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3282ef443a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Negative emotions such as depression and hostility/anger are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adults, but are often neglected in treatment or prevention programs. Adolescence is a stage of life when negative emotions often first become problematic and is also a time when the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease appears to accelerate. The literature on negative emotions and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents is reviewed here. RECENT FINDINGS Research indicates that negative emotions are associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescence. Negative emotions are also associated with several types of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. Such dysregulation appears to have a facilitatory effect on cardiovascular disease development and progression in adults. Thus, it is possible that negative emotions in adolescents may be risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease via dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Although this hypothesis has not been directly tested, some studies indirectly support the hypothesis. SUMMARY Negative emotions are associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents; it is possible that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation is an important mechanism. This hypothesis merits further research. If the hypothesis is valid, it has significant implications for early prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Pajer
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Abstract
Exercise dependence (ED) is characterised by an obsessive and unhealthy preoccupation with exercise. Previous research has focused largely on identifying behavioural aspects of ED, although the biological mechanisms remain unknown and are under researched. We review various ED hypotheses including affect regulation, anorexia analogue, sympathetic arousal and beta-endorphin. We also present a novel hypothesis pertaining to ED and interleukin (IL)-6, which combines previous hypotheses with literature from the field of psycho-neuroimmunology. We explore the notion that IL-6 provides a link from the periphery to the brain, which may mediate the underlying features of ED. We propose a conceptual model indicating that, in individuals prone to ED, exercise results in a transient reduction in negative affect, but concurrently results in excessive production of IL-6 and the activation of neuroendocrine pathways, which are associated with behavioural and psychological disturbances of exercise withdrawal. Our intention is for this model to serve as a basis for further research in the area of ED, which may eventually lead to the development of successful treatment strategies. Recent developments in methods to reliably assess these biological markers from blood and saliva samples should encourage such research to be undertaken in exercise settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hamer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Psychobiology Group, University College London, London, UK.
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Klein DA, Mayer LES, Schebendach JE, Walsh BT. Physical activity and cortisol in anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:539-47. [PMID: 17462830 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated physical activity is commonly observed among patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and can manifest in several forms. While elevated physical activity may play a key role in the pathophysiology of this disorder, much remains unknown about it, including the relationship among its various manifestations, and their underlying mechanism(s). The purposes of the current study were to (1) quantify locomotor activity in inpatients with AN using an accelerometer, (2) determine the association between locomotor activity and exercise history and (3) determine the association between urinary cortisol and physical activity. Thirty-six women hospitalized with AN wore activity armbands for 48 h during the first 2 weeks of hospitalization, collected 24-h urine to measure cortisol, and completed rating forms. Activity counts varied more than four-fold among individuals but were consistent within individuals over the 2 monitoring days (p<0.001). Averaged 24-h activity counts were positively correlated with pre-hospitalization attitude towards exercise as measured by the Commitment to Exercise Scale (CES; p=0.032). Forty-two percent of women reported "high" exercise in the 3 months before hospitalization; compared to non-high-exercising patients, these women demonstrated a higher CES score (p<0.001) and a trend toward greater activity counts (p=0.059). Urinary cortisol was positively associated with activity counts (p=0.044) and CES score (p=0.018). These data suggest that some women with AN have a higher "drive" for physical activity that persists into early hospitalization. HPA axis abnormalities may be associated with this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Alix Klein
- The New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, Unit 98, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Aviles H, O'Donnell P, Sun B, Sonnenfeld G. Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) enhances resistance to infection in a mouse model of surgical wound infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2007; 7:527-35. [PMID: 17233570 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2006.7.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is the most common postoperative complication within the surgical wound and during severe trauma. In spite of the use of modern sterile techniques and prophylaxis, infection continues to be a leading cause of death in these patients. Therefore, it has become crucial to develop new alternatives to prevent the effects of trauma and other complications on the immune system and improve resistance to infection. The objective of this study was to test the prophylactic effects of oral administration of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), a natural immunoenhancer, on survival in a mouse model of surgical soft tissue infection. METHODS The model involves the intramuscular administration of a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of K. pneumoniae to mice that have restricted food intake for 24 hours prior to and six hours after infection and simulates local infection and food deprivation that often occur during trauma or surgical procedures. In the present study, AHCC was administrated orally to Swiss Webster mice for eight days prior to and during the infection period. Survival, time of death, LD50, and clearance of bacteria of this group were compared with those control mice receiving the excipient alone. RESULTS Survival and mean time to death were increased significantly in the AHCC-treated group; the LD50 was greater in mice receiving AHCC than in mice receiving the excipient. Mice receiving AHCC were better able to clear bacteria from their systems than were control animals. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that AHCC protects mice in this model by restoring the immune and other systems negatively affected by trauma, infection, and food deprivation. More studies are necessary to determine the intrinsic mechanisms involved in this model and whether AHCC can prevent infection or improve survival in human beings with severe trauma or undergoing surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Aviles
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, USA.
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Jahng JW, Kim JG, Kim HJ, Kim BT, Kang DW, Lee JH. Chronic food restriction in young rats results in depression- and anxiety-like behaviors with decreased expression of serotonin reuptake transporter. Brain Res 2007; 1150:100-7. [PMID: 17383614 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of semi-starvation is commonly found in patients with eating disorders. This study was conducted to examine the adverse effects of chronic caloric restriction in young rats, since there have been increasing incidence of eating disorders especially among young populations. Food restriction group was supplied daily with 50% of chow consumed by its ad libitum fed control group from postnatal day 28. After 5 weeks of food restriction, brain contents of serotonin (5-hydroxy-tryptamine; 5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mRNA expression of 5-HT reuptake transporter (5-HTT) by in situ hybridization. Plasma corticosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Behavioral assessments were performed with Porsolt swim test for depressive behavior and with elevated plus maze test for anxiety. Five weeks of food restriction markedly increased plasma level of corticosterone, and significantly decreased 5-HT turnover rates in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. 5-HTT mRNA expression decreased in the raphe nucleus of food restricted rats compared with free fed controls. Immobility time during the swim test increased in the food restricted group, compared to the control group. Food restricted rats spent more time in the closed arms, less time in the open arms, of elevated plus maze compared with control rats. These results suggest that chronic caloric restriction in young rats may lead to the development of depressive and/or anxiety disorders, likely, in relation with dysfunction of brain 5-HT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Jahng
- Dental Research Institute, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 110-744, South Korea.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007; 14:74-89. [PMID: 17940424 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32802e6d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Deiana S, Fattore L, Spano MS, Cossu G, Porcu E, Fadda P, Fratta W. Strain and schedule-dependent differences in the acquisition, maintenance and extinction of intravenous cannabinoid self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2006; 52:646-54. [PMID: 17098261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been reported to sustain self-administration in laboratory animals; however, genetic differences and environmental factors critical in the initiation and retention of such behaviour are yet to be defined. This study investigated the acquisition, maintenance and extinction of self-administration of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (6.25-25 microg/kg/inf) in Long Evans, Lister Hooded and Sprague-Dawley rats under a continuous schedule of reinforcement and two different response-like operanda, nose-poking and lever-pressing. Results showed that Long Evans and Lister Hooded, but not Sprague Dawley, rats acquired and retained stable cannabinoid self-administration behaviour under both modus operandi, as defined by significant differences between responding in the active versus the inactive hole/lever. In rats developing firm self-administration, substitution of saline for WIN 55,212-2 extinguished the responding, supporting the notion that cannabinoids may serve as a positive reinforcer in laboratory animals. Nevertheless, significant differences among strains and responding modalities were observed in the percentage of acquisition, amount of drug intake during maintenance and timing of extinction. In addition, no significant strain differences were found in motor response to WIN 55,212-2 (0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg), thus excluding that strain differences observed during cannabinoid self-administration could be related to different cannabinoid-induced locomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Deiana
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Sardinia, Italy
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Pecoraro N, Dallman MF, Warne JP, Ginsberg AB, Laugero KD, la Fleur SE, Houshyar H, Gomez F, Bhargava A, Akana SF. From Malthus to motive: how the HPA axis engineers the phenotype, yoking needs to wants. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 79:247-340. [PMID: 16982128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the critical mediator of the vertebrate stress response system, responding to environmental stressors by maintaining internal homeostasis and coupling the needs of the body to the wants of the mind. The HPA axis has numerous complex drivers and highly flexible operating characterisitics. Major drivers include two circadian drivers, two extra-hypothalamic networks controlling top-down (psychogenic) and bottom-up (systemic) threats, and two intra-hypothalamic networks coordinating behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine outflows. These various networks jointly and flexibly control HPA axis output of periodic (oscillatory) functions and a range of adventitious systemic or psychological threats, including predictable daily cycles of energy flow, actual metabolic deficits over many time scales, predicted metabolic deficits, and the state-dependent management of post-prandial responses to feeding. Evidence is provided that reparation of metabolic derangement by either food or glucocorticoids results in a metabolic signal that inhibits HPA activity. In short, the HPA axis is intimately involved in managing and remodeling peripheral energy fluxes, which appear to provide an unidentified metabolic inhibitory feedback signal to the HPA axis via glucocorticoids. In a complementary and perhaps a less appreciated role, adrenocortical hormones also act on brain to provide not only feedback, but feedforward control over the HPA axis itself and its various drivers, as well as coordinating behavioral and autonomic outflows, and mounting central incentive and memorial networks that are adaptive in both appetitive and aversive motivational modes. By centrally remodeling the phenotype, the HPA axis provides ballistic and predictive control over motor outflows relevant to the type of stressor. Evidence is examined concerning the global hypothesis that the HPA axis comprehensively induces integrative phenotypic plasticity, thus remodeling the body and its governor, the brain, to yoke the needs of the body to the wants of the mind. Adverse side effects of this yoking under conditions of glucocorticoid excess are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Pecoraro
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, United States.
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