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He Y, Li J, Chen Y, Ren B, Zhou Z, Liu J, Gao H, Li F, Li B, Liu L, Shen H. Expression and Function of Long Non-coding RNA in Endemic Cretinism. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04358-3. [PMID: 39031326 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Endemic cretinism (EC) is one of the most severe iodine deficiency disorders, leading to typical symptoms such as neurodevelopmental impairments or mental deficits. In addition to environmental factors, the pathogenesis of its genetic contribution remains unclear. The study revealed the differential expression profiles of long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) and messenger RNA(mRNA) based on high-throughput RNA-seq. GO and KEGG analyses were used to annotate the function and pathway of differentially expressed (DE) mRNA and co-expressed mRNA. The protein-protein interaction(PPI) network was established. The expression levels of three lncRNAs and six mRNAs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR) and subjected to correlation analysis. Compared to controls, a total of 864 lncRNAs and 393 mRNAs were differentially expressed. The PPI network had 149 nodes and 238 edges, and three key protein-coding genes were observed. Levels of LINC01220 and target mRNA IDO1 were statistically elevated in EC patients. Differentially expressed lncRNA may be a new potential player in EC. LINC01220 and IDO1 might interact with each other to participate in EC. The biological process of regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential and the Rap1 signaling pathway might exert a regulating role in the pathophysiological process of EC. Our findings could provide more theoretical and experimental evidence for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong He
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Heilongjiang Province 163319, Daqing City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Chen
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingxuan Ren
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxiang Li
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Liu
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Shen
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China.
- Commission & Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, National Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province 150081, Harbin City, People's Republic of China.
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Hosny EN, El-Gizawy MM, Sawie HG, Abdel-Wahhab KG, Khadrawy YA. Neuroprotective Effect of Ashwagandha Extract against the Neurochemical Changes Induced in Rat Model of Hypothyroidism. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:72-91. [PMID: 31958022 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1713959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current aim is to evaluate the effect of ashwagandha root extract (AE) on the neurochemical changes induced in the cortex and hippocampus as a consequence of thyroid dysfunction induced by propylthiouracil (PTU). Male Wistar rats were divided into; control, AE treated rats, rat model of hypothyroidism and rat model of hypothyroidism treated with either AE or L-thyroxine (T4) for 1 month. Rat model of hypothyroidism showed a significant decrease in serum levels of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and T4 and a significant increase in cortical and hippocampal lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). However, reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased significantly. This was associated with a significant increase in hippocampal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cortical dopamine levels. Both L-thyroxine and AE restored T3 and T4 levels. In the hippocampus L-Thyroxine prevented the increase in MDA and restored GSH but failed to restore the increased NO and TNF-α. In the cortex L-thyroxine didn't change the increased MDA and NO and the decreased GSH induced by PTU. L-thyroxine increased cortical and hippocampal SOD and CAT. AE prevented the increased hippocampal MDA, NO and TNF-α and the decreased GSH level induced by PTU. In the cortex AE failed to restore MDA and NO but prevented the decrease in GSH. The increase in cortical dopamine level induced by PTU was ameliorated by L-thyroxine and improved by AE. The present data indicate that AE could prevent thyroid dysfunction and reduce its complications on the nervous system including oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman N Hosny
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mayada M El-Gizawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein G Sawie
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled G Abdel-Wahhab
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Lebsir D, Guemri J, Kereselidze D, Grison S, Benderitter M, Pech A, Cohen D, Benadjaoud MA, Lestaevel P, Souidi M. Repeated potassium iodide exposure during pregnancy impairs progeny's brain development. Neuroscience 2019; 406:606-616. [PMID: 30797025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protracted radioiodine release may require repeated intake of potassium iodide (KI) to protect thyroid gland. It is well established that iodine excess inhibits transiently the thyroid function. As developing fetus depends on maternal thyroid hormones (TH) supply, more knowledge is needed about the plausible effects that repeated KI intake can cause in this sensitive population, especially that even subtle variation of maternal thyroid function may have persistent consequences on progeny brain processing. The aim of this study is to assess the consequences of repeated intake of KI during pregnancy on the progeny's thyroid function and brain development. To do so pregnant Wistar rats received KI over eight days, and then thirty days after the weaning, male progeny was subjected to behavior test. Pituitary and thyroid hormones level, anti-thyroid antibodies level, organs morphology, gene expression and global DNA methylation were assessed. Thirty days after the weaning, KI-exposed male progeny showed an uncommon hormonal status, characterized by a decrease of both thyroid-stimulating hormone (-28%) and free thyroxine (-7%) levels. Motor coordination was altered in KI-exposed male progeny. At the cerebellar level, we observed a decrease of mRNA expression of DCX (-42%) and RC3 (-85%); on the other hand, at the cortical level, mRNA expression of MBP (+71%), MOBP (+90%) and Kcna1 (+42%) was increased. To conclude, repeated KI prophylaxis is not adequate during pregnancy since it led to long-term irreversible neurotoxicity in the male progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Lebsir
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julien Guemri
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dimitri Kereselidze
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stephane Grison
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Annick Pech
- Pharmacie centrale des armées, Direction des Approvisionnement en produits de Santé des Armées, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - David Cohen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SERAMED, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Baghcheghi Y, Salmani H, Beheshti F, Hosseini M. Contribution of Brain Tissue Oxidative Damage in Hypothyroidism-associated Learning and Memory Impairments. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:59. [PMID: 28584813 PMCID: PMC5450450 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.206699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a critical target organ for thyroid hormones, and modifications in memory and cognition happen with thyroid dysfunction. The exact mechanisms underlying learning and memory impairments due to hypothyroidism have not been understood yet. Therefore, this review was aimed to compress the results of previous studies which have examined the contribution of brain tissues oxidative damage in hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognitive Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Leach PT, Gould TJ. Thyroid hormone signaling: Contribution to neural function, cognition, and relationship to nicotine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:252-63. [PMID: 26344666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is common despite its adverse effects on health, such as cardiovascular disease and stroke. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the addictive properties of nicotine makes it possible to target them to prevent the initiation of smoking behavior and/or increase the chance of successful quit attempts. While highly addictive, nicotine is not generally considered to be as reinforcing as other drugs of abuse. There are likely other mechanisms at work that contribute to the addictive liability of nicotine. Nicotine modulates aspects of the endocrine system, including the thyroid, which is critical for normal cognitive functioning. It is possible that nicotine's effects on thyroid function may alter learning and memory, and this may underlie some of its addictive potential. Here, we review the literature on thyroid function and cognition, with a focus on how nicotine alters thyroid hormone signaling and the potential impact on cognition. Changes in cognition are a major symptom of nicotine addiction. Current anti-smoking therapies have modest success at best. If some of the cognitive effects of nicotine are mediated through the thyroid hormone system, then thyroid hormone agonists may be novel treatments for smoking cessation therapies. The content of this review is important because it clarifies the relationship between smoking and thyroid function, which has been ill-defined in the past. This review is timely because the reduction in smoking rates we have seen in recent decades, due to public awareness campaigns and public smoking bans, has leveled off in recent years. Therefore, novel treatment approaches are needed to help reduce smoking rates further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescott T Leach
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
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López-Espíndola D, Morales-Bastos C, Grijota-Martínez C, Liao XH, Lev D, Sugo E, Verge CF, Refetoff S, Bernal J, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Mutations of the thyroid hormone transporter MCT8 cause prenatal brain damage and persistent hypomyelination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2799-804. [PMID: 25222753 PMCID: PMC4255116 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in the MCT8 (SLC16A2) gene, encoding a specific thyroid hormone transporter, cause an X-linked disease with profound psychomotor retardation, neurological impairment, and abnormal serum thyroid hormone levels. The nature of the central nervous system damage is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to define the neuropathology of the syndrome by analyzing brain tissue sections from MCT8-deficient subjects. DESIGN We analyzed brain sections from a 30th gestational week male fetus and an 11-year-old boy and as controls, brain tissue from a 30th and 28th gestational week male and female fetuses, respectively, and a 10-year-old girl and a 12-year-old boy. METHODS Staining with hematoxylin-eosin and immunostaining for myelin basic protein, 70-kDa neurofilament, parvalbumin, calbindin-D28k, and synaptophysin were performed. Thyroid hormone determinations and quantitative PCR for deiodinases were also performed. RESULTS The MCT8-deficient fetus showed a delay in cortical and cerebellar development and myelination, loss of parvalbumin expression, abnormal calbindin-D28k content, impaired axonal maturation, and diminished biochemical differentiation of Purkinje cells. The 11-year-old boy showed altered cerebellar structure, deficient myelination, deficient synaptophysin and parvalbumin expression, and abnormal calbindin-D28k expression. The MCT8-deficient fetal cerebral cortex showed 50% reduction of thyroid hormones and increased type 2 deiodinase and decreased type 3 deiodinase mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions were reached: 1) brain damage in MCT8 deficiency is diffuse, without evidence of focal lesions, and present from fetal stages despite apparent normality at birth; 2) deficient hypomyelination persists up to 11 years of age; and 3) the findings are compatible with the deficient action of thyroid hormones in the developing brain caused by impaired transport to the target neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela López-Espíndola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (D.L.-E., C.G.-M., J.B., A.G.-F.), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Carrera de Tecnología Médica (D.L.-E.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Alcalde Sergio Prieto Nieto 452, 2581907 Viña del Mar, Chile; Department of Pathology (C.M.-B.), La Paz University Hospital, E-28046 Madrid, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (C.G-M., J.B.), Unit 708, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Departments of Medicine (X.-H.L., S.R.), Pediatrics (S.R.), and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Institute of Medical Genetics (D.L.), Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel; South Eastern Area Laboratory Services (E.S.), Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick 2031, Australia; Sydney Children's Hospital (C.F.V.), Randwick, and School of Women's and Children's Health (C.F.V.), University of New South Wales, Sydney 2010, Australia
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Lu M, Yang CB, Gao L, Zhao JJ. Mechanism of subclinical hypothyroidism accelerating endothelial dysfunction (Review). Exp Ther Med 2014; 9:3-10. [PMID: 25452768 PMCID: PMC4247316 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) and cardiovascular disease has received increasing attention in recent years. The predisposition of patients with SH to endothelial dysfunction, an early sign of atherosclerosis, has been observed. This predisposition may be partially explained by the factors also found in patients with SH, including changes in lipid profile, low grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The proportional risks of endothelial dysfunction to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) also indicate that the action of TSH on extra thyroidal-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a possible mechanism underlying the correlation, which has later been supported by the associated basic studies. L-thyroxine replacement therapy appears to improve the aforementioned aspects, whereas there remain certain controversies, particularly for the elderly. Thus, more study data are required to confirm the benefit of L-thyroxine treatment for patients with SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chong-Bo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China ; Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Wei W, Song B, Wang Y, Dong J, Min H, Chen J. Developmental hypothyroxinemia caused by mild iodine deficiency leads to HFS-induced LTD in rat hippocampal CA1 region: involvement of AMPA receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:348-57. [PMID: 24532248 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8656-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism induced by severe iodine deficiency (ID) during developmental period seriously damages the central nervous system function. In addition to developmental hypothyroidism induced by severe ID, developmental hypothyroxinemia induced by mild ID is potentially damaging for neurodevelopment and learning and memory in children. Wistar rats were treated with iodine-deficient diet or methimazole (MMZ) during pregnancy and lactation to induce developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism in the present study. Pups were weaned on postnatal day (PN) 21 and used for electrophysiological recordings on PN80. It is generally accepted that long-term depression (LTD) is induced at low-frequency stimulation (LFS) in hippocampal CA1 region. Surprisingly, we observed developmental hypothyroxinemia as well as developmental hypothyroidism led to high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced LTD in hippocampal CA1 region. The abnormal HFS-induced LTD suggests not only developmental hypothyroidism but also developmental hypothyroxinemia impairs learning and memory. To explore the mechanisms responsible for the HFS-induced LTD, the phosphorylation status of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) was investigated. The results showed that developmental hypothyroxinemia as well as developmental hypothyroidism decreased the phosphorylation of AMPAR subunit glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) at serine 831 and serine 845 in hippocampal CA1 region. Neither developmental hypothyroxinemia nor developmental hypothyroidism altered the phosphorylation of AMPAR subunit glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) at serine 880. Increased levels of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) were also observed in hippocampal CA1 regions of pups subjected to developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism. Taken together, our results suggest that the increased levels of PP1 caused by developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism may account for the dephosphorylation of GluR1 at serine 831 and serine 845, which may contribute to HFS-induced LTD in hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Dong J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wei W, Min H, Song B, Xi Q, Teng W, Chen J. Iodine deficiency increases apoptosis and decreases synaptotagmin-1 and PSD-95 in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 16:135-41. [DOI: 10.1179/1476830512y.0000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abedelhaffez A, Hassan A. Brain derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress index in pups with developmental hypothyroidism: Neuroprotective effects of selenium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 100:197-210. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.100.2013.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Wei W, Wang Y, Dong J, Song B, Min H, Teng W, Chen J. Neurotoxicity of developmental hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism in rats: Impairments of long-term potentiation are mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:257-65. [PMID: 23707767 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity of iodine deficiency-induced hypothyroidism during developmental period results in serious impairments of brain function, such as learning and memory. These impairments are largely irreversible, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In addition to hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency may cause hypothyroxinemia, a relatively subtle form of thyroid hormone deficiency. Neurotoxicity of developmental hypothyroxinemia also potentially impairs learning and memory. However, more direct evidence of the associations between developmental hypothyroxinemia and impairments of learning and memory should be provided, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of developmental hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism on long-term potentiation (LTP), a widely accepted cellular model of learning and memory, in the hippocampal CA1 region. The activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway - a pathway closely associated with synaptic plasticity and learning and memory - was also investigated. Wistar rats were treated with iodine deficient diet or methimazole (MMZ) to induce developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism. The results showed that developmental hypothyroxinemia caused by mild iodine deficiency and developmental hypothyroidism caused by severe iodine deficiency or MMZ significantly reduced the field-excitatory postsynaptic potential (f-EPSP) slope and the population spike (PS) amplitude. Decreased activation of the PI3K signaling pathway was also observed in rats subjected to developmental hypothyroxinemia or hypothyroidism. Our results may support the hypothesis that neurotoxicity of both developmental hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism causes damages to learning and memory. Our results also suggest that decreased activation of the PI3K signaling pathway may contribute to impairments of LTP caused by neurotoxicity of both developmental hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
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Nyaradi A, Li J, Hickling S, Foster J, Oddy WH. The role of nutrition in children's neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:97. [PMID: 23532379 PMCID: PMC3607807 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current evidence for a possible connection between nutritional intake (including micronutrients and whole diet) and neurocognitive development in childhood. Earlier studies which have investigated the association between nutrition and cognitive development have focused on individual micronutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, folic acid, choline, iron, iodine, and zinc, and single aspects of diet. The research evidence from observational studies suggests that micronutrients may play an important role in the cognitive development of children. However, the results of intervention trials utilizing single micronutrients are inconclusive. More generally, there is evidence that malnutrition can impair cognitive development, whilst breastfeeding appears to be beneficial for cognition. Eating breakfast is also beneficial for cognition. In contrast, there is currently inconclusive evidence regarding the association between obesity and cognition. Since individuals consume combinations of foods, more recently researchers have become interested in the cognitive impact of diet as a composite measure. Only a few studies to date have investigated the associations between dietary patterns and cognitive development. In future research, more well designed intervention trials are needed, with special consideration given to the interactive effects of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Nyaradi
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Jianghong Li
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
- Social Science Research CenterBerlin, Germany
| | - Siobhan Hickling
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Foster
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
- Neurosciences Unit, Health Department of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy H. Oddy
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
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Gilbert ME, Hedge JM, Valentín-Blasini L, Blount BC, Kannan K, Tietge J, Zoeller RT, Crofton KM, Jarrett JM, Fisher JW. An Animal Model of Marginal Iodine Deficiency During Development: The Thyroid Axis and Neurodevelopmental Outcome*. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:177-95. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ge JF, Peng L, Hu CM, Wu TN. Impaired learning and memory performance in a subclinical hypothyroidism rat model induced by hemi-thyroid electrocauterisation. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:953-61. [PMID: 22324892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that clinical hypothyroidism (CH) can induce cognitive deficits, and the decision to start treatment for CH with thyroxine is usually straightforward. However, the relationship of cognition dysfunction with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is inconsistent, and the decision concerning the need to treat SCH is controversial. In the present study, we induced a SCH rat model by hemi-thyroid electrocauterisation; then employed a serial of behavioural tests, including a beam balance, open field task and Morris water maze (MWM), to investigate the behaviour performance of SCH rats; and finally explored the protein expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in the hippocampus by western blotting. The results demonstrated that hemi-thyroid electrocauterised rats had an elevated plasma thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, with normal free thyroxine (fT4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, which defines SCH in humans. If rat SCH is diagnosed according to measurements of both plasma TSH higher than 97.5 percentile for the sham group and fT4 in the range 2.5-97.5 percentile for the sham group, the success rate of SCH modelling was 66.6%. SCH decreased exploratory behaviour but did not affect motor function in rats, showing a negative correlation of exploratory behaviour with plasma TSH concentration. Moreover, SCH rats displayed an impairment of learning and memory ability in the MWM task, with a longer escape latency in the acquisition phase and a shorter duration in the target quadrant in the test phase compared to that of sham rats. The mechanism for this might be related to the increased plasma TSH concentration, the decreased hippocampal T3 level and the enhanced expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 in the hippocampus. The results of the present study, together with the results obtained in other studies, suggest that treatment is necessary for SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Wang Y, Zhong J, Xu H, Wei W, Dong J, Yu F, Wang Y, Gong J, Shan Z, Teng W, Chen J. Perinatal iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism increase cell apoptosis and alter doublecortin and reelin protein expressions in rat cerebellum. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:255-64. [PMID: 22595232 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adequate thyroid hormone is critical for cerebellar development. Developmental hypothyroidism induced by iodine deficiency during the perinatal period results in permanent impairments of cerebellar development with an unclear mechanism. In the present study we investigated effects of perinatal iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism on cerebellar cell apoptosis, doublecortin (Dcx) and reelin. Apoptosis is an essential part of neural development. Dcx and reelin are two important molecules involved in neuronal migration, structure, and development in cerebellum. METHODS Two developmental rat models were created by administering dam rats with either iodine-deficient diet or propylthiouracil (PTU, 5 ppm or 15 ppm)-added drinking water from gestational day (GD) 6 until postnatal day (PND) 28. TUNEL assay and protein levels of Dcx and reelin in cerebella were assessed on PND14, 21 and 28. RESULTS Apoptotic cells were increased in the iodine-deficient and PTU-treated rats. Dcx protein levels in the cerebella of iodine-deficient and PTU-treated rats were significantly downregulated on PND14. Interestingly, iodine deficiency and PTU treatment upregulated the levels of Dcx protein on PND21 and 28. Reelin expressions in iodine-deficient and PTU-treated rats were significantly decreased on PND14 and 21. On PND28, reelin expressions of three treated groups were still lower than control group, although without significant difference. CONCLUSIONS These findings may implicate alterations in cell apoptosis and levels of Dcx and reelin in the impairments of cerebellar development induced by developmental iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
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Chakraborty G, Magagna-Poveda A, Parratt C, Umans JG, MacLusky NJ, Scharfman HE. Reduced hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neonatal rats after prenatal exposure to propylthiouracil (PTU). Endocrinology 2012; 153:1311-6. [PMID: 22253429 PMCID: PMC3384077 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is critical for central nervous system development. Fetal hypothyroidism leads to reduced cognitive performance in offspring as well as other effects on neural development in both humans and experimental animals. The nature of these impairments suggests that thyroid hormone may exert its effects via dysregulation of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is critical to normal development of the central nervous system and has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. The only evidence of BDNF dysregulation in early development, however, comes from experimental models in which severe prenatal hypothyroidism occurred. By contrast, milder prenatal hypothyroidism has been shown to alter BDNF levels and BDNF-dependent functions only much later in life. We hypothesized that mild experimental prenatal hypothyroidism might lead to dysregulation of BDNF in the early postnatal period. BDNF levels were measured by ELISA at 3 or 7 d after birth in different regions of the brains of rats exposed to propylthiouracil (PTU) in the drinking water. The dose of PTU that was used induced mild maternal thyroid hormone insufficiency. Pups, but not the parents, exhibited alterations in tissue BDNF levels. Hippocampal BDNF levels were reduced at both d 3 and 7, but no significant reductions were observed in either the cerebellum or brain stem. Unexpectedly, more males than females were born to PTU-treated dams, suggesting an effect of PTU on sex determination. These results support the hypothesis that reduced hippocampal BDNF levels during early development may contribute to the adverse neurodevelopmental effects of mild thyroid hormone insufficiency during pregnancy.
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Wang Y, Zhong J, Wei W, Gong J, Dong J, Yu F, Wang Y, Chen J. Developmental iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism impair neural development, upregulate caveolin-1, and downregulate synaptotagmin-1 in the rat cerebellum. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:1039-49. [PMID: 21611807 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adequate thyroid hormone is critical for cerebellar development. Developmental hypothyroidism induced by iodine deficiency during gestation and postnatal period results in permanent impairments of cerebellar development with an unclear mechanism. In the present study, we implicate cerebellar caveolin-1 and synaptotagmin-1, the two important molecules involved in neuronal development, in developmental iodine deficiency, and in developmental hypothyroidism. Two developmental rat models were created by administrating dam rats with either iodine-deficient diet or propylthiouracil (PTU, 5 or 15 ppm)-added drinking water from gestational day 6 till postnatal day (PN) 28. Nissl staining and the levels of caveolin-1 and synaptotagmin-1 in cerebella were assessed on PN28 and PN42. The results show that the numbers of Purkinje cells were reduced in the iodine-deficient and PTU-treated rats. The upregulation of caveolin-1 and the downregulation of synaptotagmin-1 were observed in both iodine-deficient and PTU-treated rats. These findings may implicate decreases in the number of Purkinje cells and the alterations in the levels of caveolin-1 and synaptotagmin-1 in the impairments of cerebellar development induced by developmental iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, 92 North 2nd Road, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Gilbert ME. Impact of Low-Level Thyroid Hormone Disruption Induced by Propylthiouracil on Brain Development and Function. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:432-45. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Zimmermann MB. The role of iodine in human growth and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:645-52. [PMID: 21802524 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones, and therefore iodine, are essential for mammalian life. Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem; globally, it is estimated that two billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake. Although goiter is the most visible sequelae of iodine deficiency, the major impact of hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency is impaired neurodevelopment, particularly early in life. In the fetal brain, inadequate thyroid hormone impairs myelination, cell migration, differentiation and maturation. Moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy increases rates of spontaneous abortion, reduces birth weight, and increases infant mortality. Offspring of deficient mothers are at high risk for cognitive disability, with cretinism being the most severe manifestation. It remains unclear if development of the offspring is affected by mild maternal iodine deficiency. Moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth. Correction of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in primary school aged children improves cognitive and motor function. Iodine prophylaxis of deficient populations with periodic monitoring is an extremely cost effective approach to reduce the substantial adverse effects of iodine deficiency throughout the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zhang HM, Lin N, Dong Y, Su Q, Luo M. Effect of perinatal thyroid hormone deficiency on expression of rat hippocampal conventional protein kinase C isozymes. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 353:65-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parent AS, Naveau E, Gerard A, Bourguignon JP, Westbrook GL. Early developmental actions of endocrine disruptors on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2011; 14:328-45. [PMID: 21790315 PMCID: PMC3165012 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroids and thyroid hormones play a key role in the development of the central nervous system. The critical role of these hormonal systems may explain the sensitivity of the hypothalamus, the cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review examines the evidence for endocrine disruption of glial-neuronal functions in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. Focus was placed on two well-studied EDC, the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). DDT is involved in neuroendocrine disruption of the reproductive axis, whereas polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) interact with both the thyroid hormone- and sex steroid-dependent systems and disturb the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and development of hippocampus and cortex. These results highlight the impact of EDC on the developing nervous system and the need for more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Simone Parent
- Developmental Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Dong J, Liu W, Wang Y, Xi Q, Chen J. Hypothyroidism following developmental iodine deficiency reduces hippocampal neurogranin, CaMK II and calmodulin and elevates calcineurin in lactational rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:589-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.07.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
| | - Wanyang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
| | - Qi Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of Tennessee Health Science CenterRoom 305, Nash Building 894 Union AvenueMemphisTN38163United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthSchool of Public HealthChina Medical UniversityShenyangPR China
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Gong J, Liu W, Dong J, Wang Y, Xu H, Wei W, Zhong J, Xi Q, Chen J. Developmental iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism impair neural development in rat hippocampus: involvement of doublecortin and NCAM-180. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:50. [PMID: 20412599 PMCID: PMC2876162 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental iodine deficiency results in inadequate thyroid hormone (TH), which damages the hippocampus. Here, we explored the roles of hippocampal doublecortin and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-180 in developmental iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism. METHODS Two developmental rat models were established with either an iodine-deficient diet, or propylthiouracil (PTU)-adulterated water (5 ppm or 15 ppm) to impair thyroid function, in pregnant rats from gestational day 6 until postnatal day (PN) 28. Silver-stained neurons and protein levels of doublecortin and NCAM-180 in several hippocampal subregions were assessed on PN14, PN21, PN28, and PN42. RESULTS The results show that nerve fibers in iodine-deficient and 15 ppm PTU-treated rats were injured on PN28 and PN42. Downregulation of doublecortin and upregulation of NCAM-180 were observed in iodine-deficient and 15 ppm PTU-treated rats from PN14 on. These alterations were irreversible by the restoration of serum TH concentrations on PN42. CONCLUSION Developmental iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism impair the expression of doublecortin and NCAM-180, leading to nerve fiber malfunction and thus impairments in hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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