1
|
Urban-Sosa VA, Ávila-Mendoza J, Carranza M, Martínez-Moreno CG, Luna M, Arámburo C. Differential peptide-dependent regulation of growth hormone (GH): A comparative analysis in pituitary cultures of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33060. [PMID: 38994081 PMCID: PMC11238054 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a pituitary protein that exerts pleiotropic roles in vertebrates. The mechanisms regulating GH synthesis and secretion are finely controlled by hypothalamic neuropeptides and other factors. These processes have been considerably studied in mammals but are still poorly understood in other groups. To better understand the pituitary GH regulation during vertebrate phylogeny, we compared the effects of incubating several peptides on cultures of ex-vivo pituitary fragments obtained from representative specimens of reptiles (iguana), birds (chicken) and mammals (rat). The peptides used were: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), ghrelin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and somatostatin (SST). In rat pituitary cultures, GH secretion was stimulated by GHRH and TRH, while gh mRNA expression was increased by GHRH and PACAP. In the case of chicken pituitaries, GH release was promoted by GHRH, ghrelin, PACAP, and GnRH, although the latter two had a dual effect since at a shorter incubation time they decreased GH secretion; in turn, gh mRNA expression was significantly stimulated by TRH, PACAP, and GnRH. The most intense effects were observed in iguana pituitary cultures, where GH secretion was significantly augmented by GHRH, PACAP, TRH, ghrelin, and GnRH; while gh mRNA expression was stimulated by GHRH, TRH, and PACAP, but inhibited by ghrelin and SST. Also, in the three species, SST was able to block the GHRH-stimulated GH release. Furthermore, it was found that the expression of Pou1f1 mRNA was increased with greater potency by GHRH and PACAP in the iguana, than in chicken or rat pituitary cultures. Additionally, in-silico analysis of the gh gene promoter structures in the three species showed that the reptilian promoter has more Pit-1 consensus binding sites than their avian and mammalian counterparts. Taken together, results demonstrate that pituitary peptide-mediated GH regulatory mechanisms are differentially controlled along vertebrate evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Urban-Sosa
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - José Ávila-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos G Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sampedro-Nuñez M, Herrera-Martínez AD, Ibáñez-Costa A, Rivero-Cortés E, Venegas E, Robledo M, Martínez-Hernández R, García-Martínez A, Gil J, Jordà M, López-Fernández J, Gavilán I, Maraver S, Marqués-Pamies M, Cámara R, Fajardo-Montañana C, Valassi E, Dios E, Aulinas A, Biagetti B, Álvarez Escola C, Araujo-Castro M, Blanco C, Paz DM, Villar-Taibo R, Álvarez CV, Gaztambide S, Webb SM, Castaño L, Bernabéu I, Picó A, Gálvez MÁ, Soto-Moreno A, Puig-Domingo M, Castaño JP, Marazuela M, Luque RM. Integrative clinical, hormonal, and molecular data associate with invasiveness in acromegaly: REMAH study. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:421-433. [PMID: 38701338 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary tumors (GHomas) are the most common acromegaly cause. At diagnosis, most of them are macroadenomas, and up to 56% display cavernous sinus invasion. Biomarker assessment associated with tumor growth and invasion is important to optimize their management. OBJECTIVES The study aims to identify clinical/hormonal/molecular biomarkers associated with tumor size and invasiveness in GHomas and to analyze the influence of pre-treatment with somatostatin analogs (SSAs) or dopamine agonists (DAs) in key molecular biomarker expression. METHODS Clinical/analytical/radiological variables were evaluated in 192 patients from the REMAH study (ambispective multicenter post-surgery study of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition). The expression of somatostatin/ghrelin/dopamine system components and key pituitary/proliferation markers was evaluated in GHomas after the first surgery. Univariate/multivariate regression studies were performed to identify association between variables. RESULTS Eighty percent of patients harbor macroadenomas (63.8% with extrasellar growth). Associations between larger and more invasive GHomas with younger age, visual abnormalities, higher IGF1 levels, extrasellar/suprasellar growth, and/or cavernous sinus invasion were found. Higher GH1 and lower PRL/POMC/CGA/AVPR1B/DRD2T/DRD2L expression levels (P < .05) were associated with tumor invasiveness. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator's penalized regression identified combinations of clinical and molecular features with areas under the curve between 0.67 and 0.82. Pre-operative therapy with DA or SSAs did not alter the expression of any of the markers analyzed except for DRD1/AVPR1B (up-regulated with DA) and FSHB/CRHR1 (down-regulated with SSAs). CONCLUSIONS A specific combination of clinical/analytical/molecular variables was found to be associated with tumor invasiveness and growth capacity in GHomas. Pre-treatment with first-line drugs for acromegaly did not significantly modify the expression of the most relevant biomarkers in our association model. These findings provide valuable insights for risk stratification and personalized management of GHomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sampedro-Nuñez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14/ER/12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aura Dulcinea Herrera-Martínez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córboba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córboba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córboba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córboba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Martínez-Hernández
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14/ER/12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli García-Martínez
- Alicante General University Hospital-Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith López-Fernández
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gavilán
- Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar de Cádiz, Department of Endocrinology, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Maraver
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Cámara
- Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Department of Endocrinology, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Elena Valassi
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Dios
- Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Aulinas
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Betina Biagetti
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Department of Endocrinology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Concepción Blanco
- Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Department of Endocrinology, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - de Miguel Paz
- Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Department of Endocrinology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Villar-Taibo
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Endocrinology, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Clara V Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonia Gaztambide
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERDEM, CIBERER, EndoERN, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Susan M Webb
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, CIBERER, Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Castaño
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), CIBERDEM, CIBERER, EndoERN, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bernabéu
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Endocrinology, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Picó
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- University Miguel Hernandez, CIBERER, Alicante, Spain
| | - María-Ángeles Gálvez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córboba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córboba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Unidad de Gestión de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córboba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14/ER/12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córboba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castillo-González J, Ruiz JL, Serrano-Martínez I, Forte-Lago I, Ubago-Rodriguez A, Caro M, Pérez-Gómez JM, Benítez-Troncoso A, Andrés-León E, Sánchez-Navarro M, Luque RM, González-Rey E. Cortistatin deficiency reveals a dysfunctional brain endothelium with impaired gene pathways, exacerbated immune activation, and disrupted barrier integrity. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:226. [PMID: 37794493 PMCID: PMC10548650 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain activity governing cognition and behaviour depends on the fine-tuned microenvironment provided by a tightly controlled blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain endothelium dysfunction is a hallmark of BBB breakdown in most neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory disorders. Therefore, the identification of new endogenous molecules involved in endothelial cell disruption is essential to better understand BBB dynamics. Cortistatin is a neuroimmune mediator with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties that exerts beneficial effects on the peripheral endothelium. However, its role in the healthy and injured brain endothelium remains to be evaluated. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the potential function of endogenous and therapeutic cortistatin in regulating brain endothelium dysfunction in a neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative environment. METHODS Wild-type and cortistatin-deficient murine brain endothelium and human cells were used for an in vitro barrier model, where a simulated ischemia-like environment was mimicked. Endothelial permeability, junction integrity, and immune response in the presence and absence of cortistatin were evaluated using different size tracers, immunofluorescence labelling, qPCR, and ELISA. Cortistatin molecular mechanisms underlying brain endothelium dynamics were assessed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Cortistatin role in BBB leakage was evaluated in adult mice injected with LPS. RESULTS The endogenous lack of cortistatin predisposes endothelium weakening with increased permeability, tight-junctions breakdown, and dysregulated immune activity. We demonstrated that both damaged and uninjured brain endothelial cells isolated from cortistatin-deficient mice, present a dysregulated and/or deactivated genetic programming. These pathways, related to basic physiology but also crucial for the repair after damage (e.g., extracellular matrix remodelling, angiogenesis, response to oxygen, signalling, and metabolites transport), are dysfunctional and make brain endothelial barrier lacking cortistatin non-responsive to any further injury. Treatment with cortistatin reversed in vitro hyperpermeability, tight-junctions disruption, inflammatory response, and reduced in vivo BBB leakage. CONCLUSIONS The neuropeptide cortistatin has a key role in the physiology of the cerebral microvasculature and its presence is crucial to develop a canonical balanced response to damage. The reparative effects of cortistatin in the brain endothelium were accompanied by the modulation of the immune function and the rescue of barrier integrity. Cortistatin-based therapies could emerge as a novel pleiotropic strategy to ameliorate neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders with disrupted BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Castillo-González
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - José Luis Ruiz
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Serrano-Martínez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Ubago-Rodriguez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Miguel Pérez-Gómez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Andrés-León
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Sánchez-Navarro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wójcik M, Krawczyńska A, Zieba DA, Antushevich H, Herman AP. Influence of Leptin on the Secretion of Growth Hormone in Ewes under Different Photoperiodic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098036. [PMID: 37175738 PMCID: PMC10178528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine with a pleiotropic impact on many physiological processes, including hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic (HPS) axis activity, which plays a key role in regulating mammalian metabolism. Leptin insensitivity/resistance is a pathological condition in humans, but in seasonal animals, it is a physiological adaptation. Therefore, these animals represent a promising model for studying this phenomenon. This study aimed to determine the influence of leptin on the activity of the HPS axis. Two in vivo experiments performed during short- and long-day photoperiods were conducted on 12 ewes per experiment, and the ewes were divided randomly into 2 groups. The arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, anterior pituitary (AP) tissues, and blood were collected. The concentration of growth hormone (GH) was measured in the blood, and the relative expression of GHRH, SST, GHRHR, SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR5, LEPR, and GH was measured in the collected brain structures. The study showed that the photoperiod, and therefore leptin sensitivity, plays an important role in regulating HPS axis activity in the seasonal ewe. However, leptin influences the release of GH in a season-dependent manner, and its effect seems to be targeted at the posttranscriptional stages of GH secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Dorota Anna Zieba
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular basis for the selective G protein signaling of somatostatin receptors. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:133-140. [PMID: 36138141 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate every aspect of physiological functions mainly through activating heterotrimeric G proteins. A majority of GPCRs promiscuously couple to multiple G protein subtypes. Here we validate that in addition to the well-known Gi/o pathway, somatostatin receptor 2 and 5 (SSTR2 and SSTR5) couple to the Gq/11 pathway and show that smaller ligands preferentially activate the Gi/o pathway. We further determined cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SSTR2‒Go and SSTR2‒Gq complexes bound to octreotide and SST-14. Structural and functional analysis revealed that G protein selectivity of SSTRs is not only determined by structural elements in the receptor-G protein interface, but also by the conformation of the agonist-binding pocket. Accordingly, smaller ligands fail to stabilize a broader agonist-binding pocket of SSTRs that is required for efficient Gq/11 coupling but not Gi/o coupling. Our studies facilitate the design of drugs with selective G protein signaling to improve therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo X, Zu Z, Riaz H, Dan X, Yu X, Liu S, Guo A, Wen Y, Liang A, Yang L. Evaluation of a Novel DNA Vaccine Double Encoding Somatostatin and Cortistatin for Promoting the Growth of Mice. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121490. [PMID: 35739827 PMCID: PMC9219454 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal growth traits are directly linked with the economics of livestock species. A somatostatin DNA vaccine has been developed to improve the growth of animals. However, the growth-promoting effect is still unsatisfying. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of a novel eukaryotic dual expression vaccine known as pIRES-S/CST14-S/2SS, which encodes the genes obtained by fusing somatostatin (SS) and cortistatin (CST) into hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). After transfection into GH3 cells with pIRES-S/CST14-S/2SS, green fluorescence signals were observed by fluorescence microscopy, suggesting the effective expression of CST and SS in GH3 cells using the IRES elements. Subsequently, both GH and PRL levels were found to be significantly lower in pIRES-S/CST14-S/2SS-treated cells as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the antibody level, hormone secretion, and weight gain in the mice injected with novel recombinant plasmids were also evaluated. The anti-SS antibodies were detectable in all vaccine treated groups, resulting in significantly higher levels of GH secretion (p < 0.05). It is worth mentioning that pIRES-S/CST14-S/2SS (10 μg/100 μL) vaccinated mice exhibited a higher body weight gain in the second immunization period. This study increases the understanding of the relationship between somatostatin and cortistatin, and may help to develop an effective growth-promoting DNA vaccine in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (S.L.)
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha 410131, China
| | - Zhuoxin Zu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Hasan Riaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Sahiwal Campus, Islamabad 57000, Pakistan;
| | - Xingang Dan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Xue Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China;
| | - Shuanghang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (S.L.)
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yilin Wen
- Yongzhou Vocational Technical College, Yongzhou 425100, China;
| | - Aixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (S.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.D.); (S.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (L.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu X, Yan H, Li W. Recent advances in neuropeptide-related omics and gene editing: Spotlight on NPY and somatostatin and their roles in growth and food intake of fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1023842. [PMID: 36267563 PMCID: PMC9576932 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1023842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding and growth are two closely related and important physiological processes in living organisms. Studies in mammals have provided us with a series of characterizations of neuropeptides and their receptors as well as their roles in appetite control and growth. The central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus, plays an important role in the regulation of appetite. Based on their role in the regulation of feeding, neuropeptides can be classified as orexigenic peptide and anorexigenic peptide. To date, the regulation mechanism of neuropeptide on feeding and growth has been explored mainly from mammalian models, however, as a lower and diverse vertebrate, little is known in fish regarding the knowledge of regulatory roles of neuropeptides and their receptors. In recent years, the development of omics and gene editing technology has accelerated the speed and depth of research on neuropeptides and their receptors. These powerful techniques and tools allow a more precise and comprehensive perspective to explore the functional mechanisms of neuropeptides. This paper reviews the recent advance of omics and gene editing technologies in neuropeptides and receptors and their progresses in the regulation of feeding and growth of fish. The purpose of this review is to contribute to a comparative understanding of the functional mechanisms of neuropeptides in non-mammalians, especially fish.
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin X, Liu X, Yan X, Long M, Wang Z, Dong Y, Chen Y, Cao J. Melatonin mediates monochromatic light-induced expression of somatostatin in the hypothalamus and pituitary of chicks. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101285. [PMID: 34229215 PMCID: PMC8261012 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MEL) plays an important role in regulating growth and development of organisms and the cellular metabolism. This study was conducted to explore the role of MEL in mediating monochromatic light-induced secretion of somatostatin (SST) in the hypothalamus and pituitary in chicks. Pinealectomy models of newly hatched broilers were exposed to white (WL), red (RL), green (GL), and blue (BL) lights. The results showed that SST immunoreactive neurons and fibers were distributed in the hypothalamus. SST and SST receptor 2 (SSTR2) mRNA and protein levels in the hypothalamus and pituitary were higher in chicks exposed to RL than in chicks exposed to GL and BL. However, after pinealectomy, the mRNA and protein levels of SST and SSTR2 in the hypothalamus and pituitary in the different light groups were increased, and the differences between the groups disapeared. The expression trend of SSTR5 mRNA in the pituitary was the idential to that of SSTR2 mRNA in the pituitary. In vitro, exogenous SST inhibited growth hormone (GH) secretion, and selective antogonists of SSTR2 and SSTR5 promoted GH secretion. Selective antogonists of the melatonin receptor 1b (Mel1b) and Mel1c increased the relative concentrations of SST in the adenohypophysis cells. These results indicated that monochromatic light affects the expression of SST in chick hypothalamus and pituitary. MEL, via Mel1b and Mel1c, decreased SST secretion under GL, which was associated with the inhibition of SST, SSTR2, and SSTR5 in adenohypophysis cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Qin
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingyue Yan
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meizhen Long
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animal, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Circulating levels of growth hormone in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8575. [PMID: 33883597 PMCID: PMC8060383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a cardiovascular autonomic disorder with poorly understood etiology and underlying pathophysiology. Since cardiovascular morbidity has been linked to growth hormone (GH), we studied GH levels in patients with POTS. We conducted an age-sex-matched case-control study in patients with POTS (age 31 ± 9 years; n = 42) and healthy controls (32 ± 9 years; n = 46). Plasma GH levels were measured using high-sensitivity chemiluminescence sandwich immunoassay. The burden of orthostatic intolerance symptoms was assessed by the Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire (OHQ), consisting of a symptom assessment scale (OHSA) and a daily activity scale (OHDAS). POTS patients had significantly higher composite OHQ score than controls, more symptoms and less activity. Supine heart rate and diastolic blood pressure (BP), but not systolic BP, were significantly higher in POTS. Median plasma GH levels were significantly lower in POTS (0.53 ng/mL) than controls (2.33 ng/mL, p = 0.04). GH levels were inversely related to OHDAS in POTS and supine systolic BP in POTS and controls, but not heart rate neither group. POTS is associated with lower GH levels. Impairment of daily life activities is inversely related with GH in POTS. A higher supine diastolic BP is inversely associated with GH levels in POTS and healthy individuals.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ozeri O, Cohen ZR, Hadani M, Nass D, Shimon I, Rubinfeld H. Antibody array strategy for human growth factor secretome profiling of GH-secreting adenomas. Pituitary 2019; 22:344-352. [PMID: 30895501 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-019-00955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES To test if the antibody array strategy could be utilized to simultaneously detect the secretion of multiple growth factors by human pituitary GH-adenomas and to measure octreotide-induced alterations. METHODS Specimens of human pituitary adenomas were cultured and incubated with or without octreotide for 24 h. Conditional media were analyzed by human growth factor antibody array and VEGF concentrations were measured by ELISA. Media were also analyzed for GH concentrations. p21 expression levels were examined by Western blot of the specimens lysates. RESULTS The antibody arrays successfully identified growth factors secreted by GH-adenomas in vitro. Octreotide treatment induced both elevations and reductions in growth factors secretion. GH response to octreotide was measured, and in this small-sized study resistant and sensitive GH-adenomas presented with no unique secretome pattern of each of the groups. Octreotide-induced VEGF alterations analyzed by the antibody array and by ELISA were not fully matched. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the broad proteomic strategy of antibody arrays may be utilized to study the growth factors secretion pattern of GH-adenomas and its regulation by somatostatin analogs or other compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orly Ozeri
- Institute of Endocrinology and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, 49100, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Zvi R Cohen
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Moshe Hadani
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Dvora Nass
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Israel
| | - Ilan Shimon
- Institute of Endocrinology and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, 49100, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Hadara Rubinfeld
- Institute of Endocrinology and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.
- Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, 49100, Israel.
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fuentes-Fayos AC, García-Martínez A, Herrera-Martínez AD, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Castaño JP, Picó A, Gahete MD, Luque RM. Molecular determinants of the response to medical treatment of growth hormone secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2019; 44:109-128. [PMID: 30650942 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.19.02970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly is a chronic systemic disease mainly caused by a growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNETs), which is associated with many health complications and increased mortality when not adequately treated. Transsphenoidal surgery is considered the treatment of choice in GH-secreting PitNETs, but patients in whom surgery cannot be considered or with persistent disease after surgery require medical therapy. Treatment with available synthetic somatostatin analogues (SSAs) is considered the mainstay in the medical management of acromegaly which exert their beneficial effects through the binding to a family of G-protein coupled receptors encoded by 5 genes (SSTR1-5). However, although it has been demonstrated that the SST1-5 receptors are physically present in tumor cells, SSAs are in many cases ineffective (i.e. approximately 10-30% of patients with GH-secreting PitNET are unresponsive to SSAs), suggesting that other cellular/molecular determinants could be essential for the response to the pharmacological treatment in patients with GH-secreting PitNETs. Therefore, the scrutiny of these determinants might be used for the identification of subgroups of patients in whom an appropriate pharmacological treatment can be successfully employed (responders vs. non-responders). In this review, we will describe some of the existing, classical and novel, genetic and molecular determinants involved in the response of patients with GH-secreting PitNETs to the available therapeutic treatments, as well as new molecular/therapeutic approaches that could be potentially useful for the treatment of GH-secreting PitNETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Araceli García-Martínez
- Research Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante-Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Picó
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante-ISABIAL, Miguel Hernández University, CIBERER, Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain - .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Günther T, Tulipano G, Dournaud P, Bousquet C, Csaba Z, Kreienkamp HJ, Lupp A, Korbonits M, Castaño JP, Wester HJ, Culler M, Melmed S, Schulz S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CV. Somatostatin Receptors: Structure, Function, Ligands, and New Nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:763-835. [PMID: 30232095 PMCID: PMC6148080 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin, also known as somatotropin-release inhibitory factor, is a cyclopeptide that exerts potent inhibitory actions on hormone secretion and neuronal excitability. Its physiologic functions are mediated by five G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) called somatostatin receptor (SST)1-5. These five receptors share common structural features and signaling mechanisms but differ in their cellular and subcellular localization and mode of regulation. SST2 and SST5 receptors have evolved as primary targets for pharmacological treatment of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. In addition, SST2 is a prototypical GPCR for the development of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 25 years on the physiology, pharmacology, and clinical applications related to SSTs. We also discuss potential future developments and propose a new nomenclature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Günther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Giovanni Tulipano
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Kreienkamp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Michael Culler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany (T.G., A.L., S.S.); Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy (G.T.); PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (P.D., Z.C.); Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037-University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (C.B.); Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.-J.K.); Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (M.K.); Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain (J.P.C.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (H.-J.W.); Culler Consulting LLC, Hopkinton, Massachusetts (M.C.); and Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luque RM, Kineman RD. Neuronostatin exerts actions on pituitary that are unique from its sibling peptide somatostatin. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:217-227. [PMID: 29615476 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronostatin, a somatostatin gene-encoded peptide, exerts important physiological and metabolic actions in diverse tissues. However, the direct biological effects of neuronostatin on pituitary function of humans and primates are still unknown. This study used baboon (Papio anubis) primary pituitary cell cultures, a species that closely models human physiology, to demonstrate that neuronostatin inhibits basal, but not ghrelin-/GnRH-stimulated, growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, without affecting the secretion of other pituitary hormones (prolactin, ACTH, FSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) or changing mRNA levels. Actions of neuronostatin differs from somatostatin which in this study reduced GH/PRL/ACTH/LH/TSH secretion and GH/PRL/POMC/LH gene expression. Remarkably, we found that inhibitory actions of neuronostatin are likely mediated through: (1) the orphan receptor GPCR107 (found to be highly expressed in pituitary compared to somatostatin-receptors), (2) common (i.e. adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A/MAPK/extra-/intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, but not phospholipase C/protein kinase C/mTOR) and distinct (i.e. PI3K) signaling pathways than somatostatin and; (3) dissimilar molecular mechanisms than somatostatin (i.e. upregulation of GPCR107 and downregulation of GHS-R/Kiss1-R expression by neuronostatin and, upregulation of sst1-5 expression by somatostatin). Altogether, the results of this study provide the first evidence that there is a functional neuronostatin signaling circuit, unique from somatostatin, which may work in concert with somatostatin to fine-tune hormone release from somatostropes and gonadotropes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, Luque RM. Multiple signaling pathways convey central and peripheral signals to regulate pituitary function: Lessons from human and non-human primate models. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:4-22. [PMID: 29253530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is a key organ involved in the control of multiple physiological functions including growth, reproduction, metabolism and stress. These functions are controlled by five distinct hormone-producing pituitary cell types that produce growth hormone (somatotropes), prolactin (lactotropes), adrenocorticotropin (corticotropes), thyrotropin (thyrotropes) and follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (gonadotropes). Classically, the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones was thought to be primarily regulated by central (neuroendocrine) signals. However, it is now becoming apparent that factors produced by pituitary hormone targets (endocrine and non-endocrine organs) can feedback directly to the pituitary to adjust pituitary hormone synthesis and release. Therefore, pituitary cells serve as sensors to integrate central and peripheral signals in order to fine-tune whole-body homeostasis, although it is clear that pituitary cell regulation is species-, age- and sex-dependent. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive, general overview of our current knowledge of both central and peripheral regulators of pituitary cell function and associated intracellular mechanisms, focusing on human and non-human primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - J P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - R D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Ortega-Salas R, Serrano-Blanch R, Luque RM, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP. Clinical and functional implication of the components of somatostatin system in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine 2018; 59:426-437. [PMID: 29196939 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies often presenting with metastasis at diagnosis and whose clinical outcome is difficult to predict. Somatostatin (SST) analogs (SSAs) provide a valuable pharmacological tool to palliate hormonal symptoms, and control progression in some NETs. However, many patients do not respond to SSAs or develop resistance, and there are many uncertainties regarding pathophysiology of SST and its receptors (sst1-sst5) in GEP-NETs. METHODS The expression of SST system components in GEP-NETs was determined, compared with that of non-tumor adjacent and normal tissues and correlated with clinical and histological characteristics. Specifically, 58 patients with GEP-NETs and 14 normal samples were included. Cell viability in NET cell lines was determined in response to specific SSAs. RESULTS Normal samples and non-tumor adjacent tissues presented a similar expression profile, with appreciable expression of sst2 and sst3, and a lower expression of the other receptors. In contrast, cortistatin, sst1, sst4, and sst5 were overexpressed in tumors, while sst3 and sst4 seemed overexpressed in less differentiated tumors. Some SST system components were related to vascular/nerve invasion and metastasis. In vitro, sst1 and sst3 agonists reduced viability in BON-1 cells, while they, similar to octreotide and pasireotide, increased viability in QGP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel information on SST system pathophysiology in GEP-NETs, including relevant associations with clinical-histological parameters, which might help to better understand the intrinsic heterogeneity of NETs and to identify novel biomarkers and/or targets with potential prognostic and/or therapeutic value for GEP-NETs patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Ortega-Salas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ibáñez-Costa A, Korbonits M. AIP and the somatostatin system in pituitary tumours. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R101-R116. [PMID: 28835453 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classic somatostatin analogues aimed at somatostatin receptor type 2, such as octreotide and lanreotide, represent the mainstay of medical treatment for acromegaly. These agents have the potential to decrease hormone secretion and reduce tumour size. Patients with a germline mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene, AIP, develop young-onset acromegaly, poorly responsive to pharmacological therapy. In this review, we summarise the most recent studies on AIP-related pituitary adenomas, paying special attention to the causes of somatostatin resistance; the somatostatin receptor profile including type 2, type 5 and truncated variants; the role of G proteins in this pathology; the use of first and second generation somatostatin analogues; and the role of ZAC1, a zinc-finger protein with expression linked to AIP in somatotrophinoma models and acting as a key mediator of octreotide response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ibáñez-Costa A, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Cortistatin: A new link between the growth hormone/prolactin axis, stress, and metabolism. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 33:23-27. [PMID: 28157571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortistatin is a neuropeptide originally identified in cortical brain regions, which displays a high structural and functional homology with somatostatin. However, cortistatin possesses distinct, unique functions, in the immune and central nervous systems, and it also shows specific endocrine effects, particularly on pituitary growth hormone, prolactin and adrenocorticotropin axes. Somatostatin and cortistatin bind similarly to the five native somatostatin receptors, sst1-sst5, whereas both compounds bind differentially to the recently discovered truncated variants of the sst subtype 5 (sst5TMD4, sst5TMD5); moreover, only cortistatin is able to bind other non-sst receptors (GHS-R and MrgX2). The non-overlapping tissue-specific distribution of each neuropeptide, together with the differential receptor binding profile, may be the cause of the singular effects of cortistatin. In this review we have provided and overview of the role of cortistatin on pituitary function by summarizing: 1) Its direct effect on pituitary cells using in vitro primary cultures derived from different species (from chicken to human); 2) Its putative physiological role revealed by in vivo assays, enabling to explore cortistatin effects on growth hormone, prolactin and adrenocorticotropin axes; and 3) The information provided by studying cortistatin knock-out mice. Altogether, these studies provide compelling evidence that cortistatin is a singular regulator of endocrine function, distinct from somatostatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sarmento-Cabral A, Peinado JR, Halliday LC, Malagon MM, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, Luque RM. Adipokines (Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin) Differentially Regulate All Hormonal Cell Types in Primary Anterior Pituitary Cell Cultures from Two Primate Species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43537. [PMID: 28349931 PMCID: PMC5640086 DOI: 10.1038/srep43537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ that dynamically secretes multiple hormones, the adipokines, which regulate key physiological processes. However, adipokines and their receptors are also expressed and regulated in other tissues, including the pituitary, suggesting that locally- and AT-produced adipokines might comprise a regulatory circuit that relevantly modulate pituitary cell-function. Here, we used primary pituitary cell-cultures from two normal nonhuman-primate species [Papio-anubis/Macaca-fascicularis] to determine the impact of different adipokines on the functioning of all anterior-pituitary cell-types. Leptin and resistin stimulated GH-release, a response that was blocked by somatostatin. Conversely, adiponectin decreased GH-release, and inhibited GHRH-, but not ghrelin-stimulated GH-secretion. Furthermore: 1) Leptin stimulated PRL/ACTH/FSH- but not LH/TSH-release; 2) adiponectin stimulated PRL-, inhibited ACTH- and did not alter LH/FSH/TSH-release; and 3) resistin increased ACTH-release and did not alter PRL/LH/FSH/TSH-secretion. These effects were mediated through the activation of common (AC/PKA) and distinct (PLC/PKC, intra-/extra-cellular calcium, PI3K/MAPK/mTOR) signaling-pathways, and by the gene-expression regulation of key receptors/transcriptional-factors involved in the functioning of these pituitary cell-types (e.g. GHRH/ghrelin/somatostatin/insulin/IGF-I-receptors/Pit-1). Finally, we found that primate pituitaries expressed leptin/adiponectin/resistin. Altogether, these and previous data suggest that local-production of adipokines/receptors, in conjunction with circulating adipokine-levels, might comprise a relevant regulatory circuit that contribute to the fine-regulation of pituitary functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Sarmento-Cabral
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan R Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Lisa C Halliday
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - María M Malagon
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
BIM-23A760 influences key functional endpoints in pituitary adenomas and normal pituitaries: molecular mechanisms underlying the differential response in adenomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42002. [PMID: 28181484 PMCID: PMC5299479 DOI: 10.1038/srep42002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric somatostatin/dopamine compounds such as BIM-23A760, an sst2/sst5/D2 receptors-agonist, have emerged as promising new approaches to treat pituitary adenomas. However, information on direct in vitro effects of BIM-23A760 in normal and tumoral pituitaries remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to analyze BIM-23A760 effects on functional parameters (Ca2+ signaling, hormone expression/secretion, cell viability and apoptosis) in pituitary adenomas (n = 74), and to compare with the responses of normal primate and human pituitaries (n = 3–5). Primate and human normal pituitaries exhibited similar sst2/sst5/D2 expression patterns, wherein BIM-23A760 inhibited the expression/secretion of several pituitary hormones (specially GH/PRL), which was accompanied by increased sst2/sst5/D2 expression in primates and decreased Ca2+ concentration in human cells. In tumoral pituitaries, BIM-23A760 also inhibited Ca2+ concentration, hormone secretion/expression and proliferation. However, BIM-23A760 elicited stimulatory effects in a subset of GHomas, ACTHomas and NFPAs in terms of Ca2+ signaling and/or hormone secretion, which was associated with the relative somatostatin/dopamine-receptors levels, especially sst5 and sst5TMD4. The chimeric sst2/sst5/D2 compound BIM-23A760 affects multiple, clinically relevant parameters on pituitary adenomas and may represent a valuable therapeutic tool. The relative ssts/D2 expression profile, particularly sst5 and/or sst5TMD4 levels, might represent useful molecular markers to predict the ultimate response of pituitary adenomas to BIM-23A760.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kellici TF, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Lee MS, Sayyad N, Geromichalou EG, Vrettos EI, Tsiailanis AD, Chi SW, Geromichalos GD, Mavromoustakos T, Tzakos AG. Rational design and structure–activity relationship studies of quercetin–amino acid hybrids targeting the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7956-7976. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic proteins, like the Bcl-2 family proteins, present an important therapeutic cancer drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin F. Kellici
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina 45110
- Greece
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | - Min-Sung Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center
- KRIBB
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina 45110
- Greece
| | - Elena G. Geromichalou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology
- Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Athens 11527
- Greece
| | | | | | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Disease Target Structure Research Center
- KRIBB
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - George D. Geromichalos
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Obesity- and gender-dependent role of endogenous somatostatin and cortistatin in the regulation of endocrine and metabolic homeostasis in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37992. [PMID: 27901064 PMCID: PMC5128804 DOI: 10.1038/srep37992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) and cortistatin (CORT) regulate numerous endocrine secretions and their absence [knockout (KO)-models] causes important endocrine-metabolic alterations, including pituitary dysregulations. We have demonstrated that the metabolic phenotype of single or combined SST/CORT KO-models is not drastically altered under normal conditions. However, the biological actions of SST/CORT are conditioned by the metabolic-status (e.g. obesity). Therefore, we used male/female SST- and CORT-KO mice fed low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet to explore the interplay between SST/CORT and obesity in the control of relevant pituitary-axes and whole-body metabolism. Our results showed that the SST/CORT role in the control of GH/prolactin secretions is maintained under LF- and HF-diet conditions as SST-KOs presented higher GH/prolactin-levels, while CORT-KOs displayed higher GH- and lower prolactin-levels than controls under both diets. Moreover, the impact of lack of SST/CORT on the metabolic-function was gender- and diet-dependent. Particularly, SST-KOs were more sensitive to HF-diet, exhibiting altered growth and body-composition (fat/lean percentage) and impaired glucose/insulin-metabolism, especially in males. Conversely, only males CORT-KO under LF-diet conditions exhibited significant alterations, displaying higher glucose-levels and insulin-resistance. Altogether, these data demonstrate a tight interplay between SST/CORT-axis and the metabolic status in the control of endocrine/metabolic functions and unveil a clear dissociation of SST/CORT roles.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang B, Jia J, Yang G, Qin J, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Sun C, Li W. In vitro effects of somatostatin on the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 237:1-9. [PMID: 26526981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth in vertebrates is mainly mediated by the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, and somatostatin (SRIF) inhibits growth by decreasing GH release at the pituitary level and antagonizing the release and action of GHRH in the hypothalamus. However, the effects of SRIF on the regulation of growth at levels other than GH release from the pituitary gland are less well known. In the present study, we comprehensively examined the pituitary and peripheral actions of SRIF on the GH-IGF axis in grouper using a primary pituitary and hepatocyte cell culture system. Our results showed that SRIF inhibited GH release at the pituitary level, but had no influence on GH mRNA expression. Basal hepatic GH receptor 1 (GHR1), IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA levels declined over time, whereas GHR2 mRNA levels remained stable throughout the culture period. GH stimulated the hepatic expression of GHR and IGF mRNAs in a dose-dependent manner, while SRIF suppressed both basal and GH-stimulated expression of GHR and IGF mRNAs in primary cultured hepatocytes. The inhibition of GHR and IGF mRNA levels by SRIF was not attributed to the rate of mRNA degradation. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrated the effects of SRIF on basal and GH-stimulated IGF-II mRNA levels in teleosts for the first time. These results indicate that SRIF regulates growth at the level of the pituitary and peripheral liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jirong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guokun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingkai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Caiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Deng QQ, Sheng WL, Zhang G, Weng SJ, Yang XL, Zhong YM. Signalling mechanism for somatostatin receptor 5-mediated suppression of AMPA responses in rat retinal ganglion cells. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:215-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
24
|
Tremblay M, Brisson D, Gaudet D. Association between a polymorphic poly-T repeat sequence in the promoter of the somatostatin gene and hypertension. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:467-74. [PMID: 26818653 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the numerous common pathways connecting blood pressure regulation to somatostatin (SST) metabolism, the SST gene has never been seen as a significant blood pressure modulator. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between a poly-T repeat sequence (rs34872250) in the promoter of the SST gene and blood pressure, according to the obesity status. We genotyped 1918 French-Canadian subjects from a founder population. Analyses were performed according to the length of the poly-T repeat sequence on both alleles and divided into two groups, the 13/13-13/14 group and the 13/15-13/16 group. The effect of age, gender, body mass index, antihypertensive drugs and diabetic status were considered. Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures are significantly higher among the 13/15-13/16 group in the whole sample (P<0.05). Whereas the differences remain significant in women, they turn to be non-significant when men are considered alone. The risk of hypertension is increased in the 13/15-13/16 group, particularly among overweight/obese subjects. Systolic blood pressure is significantly higher among overweight/obese carriers of the 13/15-13/16 alleles in the whole sample (P<0.001), in men (P=0.006) and in women (P=0.002), even after correction for age and antihypertensive drugs. These results suggest that the poly-T repeat sequence polymorphism in the promoter of the SST gene is associated with significant variations of blood pressure and could modulate the risk of hypertension, particularly among women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Tremblay
- Lipidology Unit, Community Genomic Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.,ECOGENE-21, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Diane Brisson
- Lipidology Unit, Community Genomic Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.,ECOGENE-21, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- Lipidology Unit, Community Genomic Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.,ECOGENE-21, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Molecular Characterization of Growth Hormone-producing Tumors in the GC Rat Model of Acromegaly. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16298. [PMID: 26549306 PMCID: PMC4637865 DOI: 10.1038/srep16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a disorder resulting from excessive production of growth hormone (GH) and consequent increase of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), most frequently caused by pituitary adenomas. Elevated GH and IGF-I levels results in wide range of somatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic, and gastrointestinal morbidities. Subcutaneous implantation of the GH-secreting GC cell line in rats leads to the formation of tumors. GC tumor-bearing rats develop characteristics that resemble human acromegaly including gigantism and visceromegaly. However, GC tumors remain poorly characterized at a molecular level. In the present work, we report a detailed histological and molecular characterization of GC tumors using immunohistochemistry, molecular biology and imaging techniques. GC tumors display histopathological and molecular features of human GH-producing tumors, including hormone production, cell architecture, senescence activation and alterations in cell cycle gene expression. Furthermore, GC tumors cells displayed sensitivity to somatostatin analogues, drugs that are currently used in the treatment of human GH-producing adenomas, thus supporting the GC tumor model as a translational tool to evaluate therapeutic agents. The information obtained would help to maximize the usefulness of the GC rat model for research and preclinical studies in GH-secreting tumors.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pedraza-Arévalo S, Córdoba-Chacón J, Pozo-Salas AI, L-López F, de Lecea L, Gahete MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Not So Giants: Mice Lacking Both Somatostatin and Cortistatin Have High GH Levels but Show No Changes in Growth Rate or IGF-1 Levels. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1958-64. [PMID: 25830706 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) and cortistatin (CORT) are two highly related neuropeptides involved in the regulation of various endocrine secretions. In particular, SST and CORT are two primary negative regulators of GH secretion. Consequently, single SST or CORT knockout mice exhibit elevated GH levels; however, this does not lead to increased IGF-1 levels or somatic growth. This apparent lack of correspondence has been suggested to result from compensatory mechanisms between both peptides. To test this hypothesis, in this study we explored, for the first time, the consequences of simultaneously deleting endogenous SST and CORT by generating a double SST/CORT knockout mouse model and exploring its endocrine and metabolic phenotype. Our results demonstrate that simultaneous deletion of SST and CORT induced a drastic elevation of endogenous GH levels, which, surprisingly, did not lead to changes in growth rate or IGF-1 levels, suggesting the existence of additional factors/systems that, in the absence of endogenous SST and CORT, could counteract GH actions. Notably, elevation in circulating GH levels were not accompanied by changes in pituitary GH expression or by alterations in the expression of its main regulators (GHRH and ghrelin) or their receptors (GHRH receptor, GHS receptor, or SST/CORT receptors) at the hypothalamic or pituitary level. However, although double-SST/CORT knockout male mice exhibited normal glucose and insulin levels, they had improved insulin sensitivity compared with the control mice. Therefore, these results suggest the existence of an intricate interplay among the known (SST/CORT), and likely unknown, inhibitory components of the GH/IGF-1 axis to regulate somatic growth and glucose/insulin homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pedraza-Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (S.P.-A., J.C.-C., A.I.P.-S., F.L.L., M.D.G., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.C.-C.), Department of Medicine (J.C.-C.), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Department of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (L.d.L.), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ibáñez-Costa A, Córdoba-Chacón J, Gahete MD, Kineman RD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Melatonin regulates somatotrope and lactotrope function through common and distinct signaling pathways in cultured primary pituitary cells from female primates. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1100-10. [PMID: 25545385 PMCID: PMC4330310 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is secreted by the pineal gland and exhibits a striking circadian rhythm in its release. Depending on the species studied, some pituitary hormones also display marked circadian/seasonal patterns and rhythms of secretion. However, the precise relationship between MT and pituitary function remains controversial, and studies focusing on the direct role of MT in normal pituitary cells are limited to nonprimate species. Here, adult normal primate (baboons) primary pituitary cell cultures were used to determine the direct impact of MT on the functioning of all pituitary cell types from the pars distalis. MT increased GH and prolactin (PRL) expression/release in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, a response that was blocked by somatostatin. However, MT did not significantly affect ACTH, FSH, LH, or TSH expression/release. MT did not alter GHRH- or ghrelin-induced GH and/or PRL secretions, suggesting that MT may activate similar signaling pathways as ghrelin/GHRH. The effects of MT on GH/PRL release, which are likely mediated through MT1 receptor, involve both common (adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A/extracellular calcium-channels) and distinct (phospholipase C/intracellular calcium-channels) signaling pathways. Actions of MT on pituitary cells also included regulation of the expression of other key components for the control of somatotrope/lactotrope function (GHRH, ghrelin, and somatostatin receptors). These results show, for the first time in a primate model, that MT directly regulates somatotrope/lactotrope function, thereby lending support to the notion that the actions of MT on these cells might substantially contribute to the define daily patterns of GH and PRL observed in primates and perhaps in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (A.I.-C., J.C.-C., M.D.G., J.P.C., R.M.L.), University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; and Department of Medicine (J.C.-C., R.D.K.), Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The somatostatin (SRIF) system, which includes the SRIF ligand and receptors, regulates anterior pituitary gland function, mainly inhibiting hormone secretion and to some extent pituitary tumor cell growth. SRIF-14 via its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors (subtypes 1-5) activates multiple cellular signaling pathways including adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK, ion channel-dependent pathways, and others. In addition, recent data have suggested SRIF-independent constitutive SRIF receptor activity responsible for GH and ACTH inhibition in vitro. This review summarizes current knowledge on ligand-dependent and independent SRIF receptor molecular and functional effects on hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Eigler
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Davis Building, Room 3066, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Anat Ben-Shlomo
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Davis Building, Room 3066, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cuevas-Ramos D, Fleseriu M. Somatostatin receptor ligands and resistance to treatment in pituitary adenomas. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R223-40. [PMID: 24647046 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST), an inhibitory polypeptide with two biologically active forms SST14 and SST28, inhibits GH, prolactin (PRL), TSH, and ACTH secretion in the anterior pituitary gland. SST also has an antiproliferative effect inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Such actions are mediated through five G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors (SSTR): SSTR1-SSTR5. In GH-secreting adenomas, SSTR2 expression predominates, and somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs; octreotide and lanreotide) directed to SSTR2 are presently the mainstays of medical therapy. However, about half of patients show incomplete biochemical remission, but the definition of resistance per se remains controversial. We summarize here the determinants of SRL resistance in acromegaly patients, including clinical, imaging features as well as molecular (mutations, SSTR variants, and polymorphisms), and histopathological (granulation pattern, and proteins and receptor expression) predictors. The role of SSTR5 may explain the partial responsiveness to SRLs in patients with adequate SSTR2 density in the cell membrane. In patients with ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, i.e. Cushing's disease (CD), SSTR5 is the most abundant receptor expressed and tumors show low SSTR2 density due to hypercortisolism-induced SSTR2 down-regulation. Clinical studies with pasireotide, a multireceptor-targeted SRL with increased SSTR5 activity, lead to approval of pasireotide for treatment of patients with CD. Other SRL delivery modes (oral octreotide), multireceptor-targeted SRL (somatoprim) or chimeric compounds targeting dopamine D2 receptors and SSTR2 (dopastatin), are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cuevas-Ramos
- Department of MedicinePituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USANorthwest Pituitary Center and Departments of Medicine and Neurological SurgeryOregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road (BTE 472), Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Department of MedicinePituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USANorthwest Pituitary Center and Departments of Medicine and Neurological SurgeryOregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road (BTE 472), Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gahete MD, Durán-Prado M, Delgado-Niebla E, Garrido JJ, Rhodes SJ, García-Navarro S, Gracia-Navarro F, Malagón MM, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Porcine sst1 can physically interact with other somatostatin receptors, and its expression is regulated by metabolic/inflammatory sensors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E483-93. [PMID: 24368669 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00587.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the biological actions attributed to somatostatin (SST) are thought to be mediated by SST receptor 2 (sst2), the most ubiquitous sst, and, to a lesser extent, by sst5. However, a growing body of evidence suggests a relevant role of sst1 in mediating SST actions in (patho)physiological situations (i.e., endometriosis, type 2 diabetes). Moreover, sst1 together with sst2 and sst5 is involved in the well-known actions of SST on pituitary somatotropes in pig and primates. Here, we cloned the porcine sst1 (psst1) and performed a structural and functional characterization using both primary and heterologous models. The psst1 sequence presents the majority of signature motifs shared among G protein-coupled receptors and, specifically, among ssts and exhibits a high homology with other mammalian sst1, with only minor differences in the amino-terminal domain, reinforcing the idea of an early evolutive divergence between mammalian and nonmammalian sst1s. psst1 is functional in terms of decreasing cAMP levels in response to SST when transfected in heterologous models. The psst1 receptor is expressed in several tissues, and analyses of gene cis elements predict regulation by multiple transcription factors and metabolic stimuli. Finally, psst1 is coexpressed with other sst subtypes in various tissues, and in vitro data demonstrate that psst1 can interact with itself forming homodimers and with other ssts forming heterodimers. These data highlight the functional importance of sst1 on the SST-mediated effects and its functional interaction with different ssts, which point out the necessity of exploring the consequences of such interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang B, Qin C, Zhang C, Jia J, Sun C, Li W. Differential involvement of signaling pathways in the regulation of growth hormone release by somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:851-9. [PMID: 24183819 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin is the most effective inhibitor of GH release, and GHRH was recently identified as one of the primary GH-releasing factors in teleosts. In this study, we analyzed the possible intracellular transduction pathways that are involved in the mechanisms induced by SRIF and GHRH to regulate GH release. Using a pharmacological approach, the blockade of the PLC/IP/PKC pathway reversed the SRIF-induced inhibition of GH release but did not affect the GHRH-induced stimulation of GH release. Furthermore, SRIF reduced the GH release induced by two PKC activators. Inhibitors of the AC/cAMP/PKA pathway reversed both the SRIF- and GHRH-induced effects on GH release. Moreover, the GH release evoked by forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP were completely abolished by SRIF. The blockade of the NOS/NO pathway attenuated the GHRH-induced GH release but had minimal effects on the inhibitory actions of SRIF. In addition, inhibitors of the sGC/cGMP pathway did not modify the SRIF- or GHRH-induced regulation of GH release. Taken together, these findings indicate that the SRIF-induced inhibition of GH release is mediated by both the PLC/IP/PKC and the AC/cAMP/PKA pathways and not by the NOS/NO/sGC/cGMP pathway. In contrast, the GHRH-induced stimulation of GH secretion is mediated by both the AC/cAMP/PKA and the NOS/NO pathways and is independent of the sGC/cGMP pathway and the PLC/IP/PKC system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chaobin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jirong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Caiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Theodoropoulou M, Stalla GK. Somatostatin receptors: from signaling to clinical practice. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:228-52. [PMID: 23872332 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a peptide with a potent and broad antisecretory action, which makes it an invaluable drug target for the pharmacological management of pituitary adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. Somatostatin receptors (SSTR1, 2A and B, 3, 4 and 5) belong to the G protein coupled receptor family and have a wide expression pattern in both normal tissues and solid tumors. Investigating the function of each SSTR in several tumor types has provided a wealth of information about the common but also distinct signaling cascades that suppress tumor cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. This provided the rationale for developing multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analogs and combination therapies with signaling-targeted agents such as inhibitors of the mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR). The ability of SSTR to internalize and the development of rabiolabeled somatostatin analogs have improved the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marily Theodoropoulou
- Department of Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Córdoba-Chacón J, Gahete MD, Pozo-Salas AI, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, Luque RM. Endogenous somatostatin is critical in regulating the acute effects of L-arginine on growth hormone and insulin release in mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2393-8. [PMID: 23696563 PMCID: PMC3689276 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
l-arginine (l-Arg) rapidly stimulates GH and insulin release in vivo. It has been hypothesized that l-Arg stimulates GH release by lowering hypothalamic somatostatin (SST) tone. l-Arg may also act directly at the pituitary to stimulate GH release. Moreover, l-Arg has a direct stimulatory effect on β-cells, which is thought to be blunted by the release of SST from pancreatic δ-cells. To confirm the role of endogenous SST on l-Arg-induced GH and insulin release, wild-type (WT) and SST-knockout (SST-KO) mice were injected with l-Arg (ip; 0.8 g/kg), and pre-/post-injection GH, insulin, and glucose levels were measured. In WT mice, l-Arg evoked a 6-fold increase in circulating GH. However, there was only a modest increase in GH levels in WT pituitary cell cultures treated with l-Arg. In contrast, l-Arg failed to increase GH in SST-KO beyond their already elevated levels. These results further support the hypothesis that the primary mechanism by which l-Arg acutely increases GH in vivo is by lowering hypothalamic SST input to the pituitary and not via direct pituitary effects. Additionally, l-Arg induced a clear first-phase insulin secretion in WT mice, but not in SST-KO. However, SST-KO, but not WT mice, displayed a robust and sustained second-phase insulin release. These results further support a role for endogenous SST in regulating l-Arg-mediated insulin release.
Collapse
|
34
|
Durán-Prado M, Gahete MD, Delgado-Niebla E, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Vázquez-Martínez R, García-Navarro S, Gracia-Navarro F, Malagon MM, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Truncated variants of pig somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (sst5) act as dominant-negative modulators for sst2-mediated signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1325-34. [PMID: 23032684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00445.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) and its related peptide cortistatin (CORT) exert their multiple actions through binding to the SST receptor (sst) family, generally considered to comprise five G protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains (TMD), named sst1-sst5, plus a splice sst2B variant. However, we recently discovered that human and rodent sst5 gene expression also generates, through noncanonical alternative splicing, novel truncated albeit functional sst5 variants with less than seven TMD. Here, we cloned and characterized for the first time the porcine wild-type sst5 (psst5, full-length) and identified two novel truncated psst5 variants with six and three TMD, thus termed psst5TMD6 and psst5TMD3, respectively. In line with that observed in human and rodent truncated sst5 variants, psst5TMD6 and psst5TMD3 are functional (e.g., activate calcium signaling), selectively respond to SST and CORT, respectively, and exhibit specific tissue expression profiles that differ from full-length psst5 and often overlaps with psst2 expression. Moreover, fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis shows that psst5 truncated variants physically interact with psst2, thereby altering their localization at the plasma membrane and specifically disrupting the cellular response to SST and/or CORT. These results represent the first characterization of a key porcine SST receptor, psst5, and, together with our previous results, provide strong evidence that alternative splicing-derived, truncated sst5 variants with distinct functional capacities exist in the mammalian lineage, where they can act as dominant-negative receptors, by interacting directly with long, seven TMD variants, potentially contributing to modulate normal and pathological SST and CORT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Iranmanesh A, Lawson D, Veldhuis JD. Distinct metabolic surrogates predict basal and rebound GH secretion after glucose ingestion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:2172-9. [PMID: 22472562 PMCID: PMC3387415 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT GH secretion declines rapidly after glucose ingestion and then recovers to higher-than-baseline levels (rebound GH release). HYPOTHESIS Selective metabolic markers predict the magnitude of glucose-suppressed GH release and postglucose rebound-like GH secretion. DESIGN Prospectively randomized crossover study of GH secretion after glucose vs. water ingestion. SETTING The study was conducted at a clinical translational research center. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-nine healthy men aged 19-78 yr with a body mass index of 18-39 kg/m(2) participated in the study. OUTCOMES OUTCOMES included nadir vs. peak GH concentrations and basal vs. pulsatile GH secretion. RESULTS Mean nadir GH concentrations were determined positively by sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) after glucose administration (R(2) = 0.088, P = 0.0077). Peak rebound GH concentrations were related positively to adiponectin and negatively to computed tomography-estimated abdominal visceral fat (AVF) (R(2) = 0.182, P = 0.00049) after glucose ingestion. Deconvolution analysis showed that SHBG specifically predicted basal (nonpulsatile) GH secretion after glucose exposure (R(2) = 0.153, P = 0.00052). In contrast, together exercise history and adiponectin (both positively) and AVF (negatively) predicted pulsatile GH escape after glucose suppression (R(2) = 0.206, P = 0.00043). Moreover, adiponectin uniquely determined the size (mass), and AVF the mode (duration), of GH secretory bursts after glucose exposure (both P < 0.006). CONCLUSION Glucose ingestion provides a clinical model for investigating complementary metabolic surrogates that determine suppression and recovery of basal and pulsatile GH secretion in healthy men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Iranmanesh
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stengel A, Taché Y. Activation of somatostatin 2 receptors in the brain and the periphery induces opposite changes in circulating ghrelin levels: functional implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:178. [PMID: 23335913 PMCID: PMC3542632 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is an important modulator of neurotransmission in the central nervous system and acts as a potent inhibitor of hormone and exocrine secretion and regulator of cell proliferation in the periphery. These pleiotropic actions occur through interaction with five G protein-coupled somatostatin receptor subtypes (sst(1) (-) (5)) that are widely expressed in the brain and peripheral organs. The characterization of somatostatin's effects can be investigated by pharmacological or genetic approaches using newly developed selective sst agonists and antagonists and mice lacking specific sst subtypes. Recent evidence points toward a divergent action of somatostatin in the brain and in the periphery to regulate circulating levels of ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone produced by the endocrine X/A-like cells in the rat gastric mucosa. Somatostatin interacts with the sst(2) in the brain to induce an increase in basal ghrelin plasma levels and counteracts the visceral stress-related decrease in circulating ghrelin. By contrast, stimulation of peripheral somatostatin-sst(2) signaling results in the inhibition of basal ghrelin release and mediates the postoperative decrease in circulating ghrelin. The peripheral sst(2)-mediated reduction of plasma ghrelin is likely to involve a paracrine action of D cell-derived somatostatin acting on sst(2) bearing X/A-like ghrelin cells in the gastric mucosa. The other member of the somatostatin family, named cortistatin, in addition to binding to sst(1) (-) (5) also directly interacts with the ghrelin receptor and therefore may simultaneously modulate ghrelin release and actions at target sites bearing ghrelin receptors representing a link between the ghrelin and somatostatin systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Obesity Center Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stengel, Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Obesity Center Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 13a, 10117 Berlin, Germany. e-mail: ; Yvette Taché, Digestive Diseases Division, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, University of California at Los Angeles, CURE Building 115, Room 117, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. e-mail:
| | - Yvette Taché
- Digestive Diseases Division, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stengel, Division Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Department of Medicine, Obesity Center Berlin, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Luisenstr. 13a, 10117 Berlin, Germany. e-mail: ; Yvette Taché, Digestive Diseases Division, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, University of California at Los Angeles, CURE Building 115, Room 117, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|