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Toll-like Receptor Response to Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Recent Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105475. [PMID: 35628287 PMCID: PMC9141274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major global health burden, causing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate downstream signaling to induce proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. An increasing number of studies have suggested the importance of TLR responses in the outcome of HCV infection. However, the exact role of innate immune responses, including TLR response, in controlling chronic HCV infection remains to be established. A proper understanding of the TLR response in HCV infection is essential for devising new therapeutic approaches against HCV infection. In this review, we discuss the progress made in our understanding of the host innate immune response to HCV infection, with a particular focus on the TLR response. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms adopted by HCV to avoid immune surveillance mediated by TLRs.
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Brochado Ó, Martínez I, Berenguer J, Medrano L, González-García J, Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, Carrero A, Hontañón V, Navarro J, Guardiola JM, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Resino S. HCV eradication with IFN-based therapy does not completely restore gene expression in PBMCs from HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:23. [PMID: 33785040 PMCID: PMC8010945 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination via interferon (IFN)-based therapy on gene expression profiles related to the immune system in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Methods We conducted a prospective study in 28 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients receiving IFN-based therapy at baseline (HIV/HCV-b) and week 24 after sustained virological response (HIV/HCV-f). Twenty-seven HIV-monoinfected patients (HIV-mono) were included as a control. RNA-seq analysis was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Genes with a fold-change (FC) ≥ 1.5 (in either direction) and false discovery rate (FDR) ≤ 0.05 were identified as significantly differentially expressed (SDE). Results HIV/HCV-b showed six SDE genes compared to HIV-mono group, but no significantly enriched pathways were observed. For HIV/HCV-f vs. HIV/HCV-b, we found 58 SDE genes, 34 upregulated and 24 downregulated in the HIV/HCV-f group. Of these, the most overexpressed were CXCL2, PDCD6IP, ATP5B, IGSF9, RAB26, and CSRNP1, and the most downregulated were IFI44 and IFI44L. These 58 SDE genes revealed two significantly enriched pathways (FDR < 0.05), one linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection and another related to p53 signaling. For HIV/HCV-f vs. HIV-mono group, we found 44 SDE genes that revealed 31 enriched pathways (FDR < 0.05) related to inflammation, cancer/cell cycle alteration, viral and bacterial infection, and comorbidities associated with HIV/HCV-coinfection. Five genes were overrepresented in most pathways (JUN, NFKBIA, PIK3R2, CDC42, and STAT3). Conclusion HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who eradicated hepatitis C with IFN-based therapy showed profound gene expression changes after achieving sustained virological response. The altered pathways were related to inflammation and liver-related complications, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, underscoring the need for active surveillance for these patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00718-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Brochado
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, MajadahondaMadrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Berenguer
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luz Medrano
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan González-García
- Unidad de VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "La Paz", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana Carrero
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas/VIH, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Hontañón
- Unidad de VIH, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario "La Paz", Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitari Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Vall D'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, MajadahondaMadrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral E Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Campus Majadahonda), Carretera Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2.2, 28220, MajadahondaMadrid, Spain.
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Dash S, Aydin Y, Widmer KE, Nayak L. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mechanisms Associated with Chronic HCV Infection and the Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:45-76. [PMID: 32346535 PMCID: PMC7167284 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s221187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of HCC initiation, growth, and metastasis appear to be highly complex due to the decade-long interactions between the virus, immune system, and overlapping bystander effects of host metabolic liver disease. The lack of a readily accessible animal model system for HCV is a significant obstacle to understand the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis. Traditionally, the primary prevention strategy of HCC has been to eliminate infection by antiviral therapy. The success of virus elimination by antiviral treatment is determined by the SVR when the HCV is no longer detectable in serum. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and its analogs, pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) alone with ribavirin (RBV), have been the primary antiviral treatment of HCV for many years with a low cure rate. The cloning and sequencing of HCV have allowed the development of cell culture models, which accelerated antiviral drug discovery. It resulted in the selection of highly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based combination therapy that now offers incredible success in curing HCV infection in more than 95% of all patients, including those with cirrhosis. However, several emerging recent publications claim that patients who have liver cirrhosis at the time of DAAs treatment face the risk of HCC occurrence and recurrence after viral cure. This remains a substantial challenge while addressing the long-term benefit of antiviral medicine. The host-related mechanisms that drive the risk of HCC in the absence of the virus are unknown. This review describes the multifaceted mechanisms that create a tumorigenic environment during chronic HCV infection. In addition to the potential oncogenic programming that drives HCC after viral clearance by DAAs, the current status of a biomarker development for early prediction of cirrhosis regression and HCC detection post viral treatment is discussed. Since DAAs treatment does not provide full protection against reinfection or viral transmission to other individuals, the recent studies for a vaccine development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kyle E Widmer
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Leela Nayak
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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4
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Yamao K, Takenaka M, Yoshikawa T, Ishikawa R, Okamoto A, Yamazaki T, Nakai A, Omoto S, Kamata K, Minaga K, Hagiwara S, Sakurai T, Nishida N, Chiba Y, Watanabe T, Kudo M. Clinical Safety and Efficacy of Secondary Prophylactic Pegylated G-CSF in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Patients Treated with mFOLFIRINOX: A Single-center Retrospective Study. Intern Med 2019; 58:1993-2002. [PMID: 30996164 PMCID: PMC6702006 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2234-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although modified FOLFIRINOX (mFOLFIRINOX, mFFX) is widely used for patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), maintenance of the standard dose intensity is often difficult due to the high incidence of neutropenic events. Pegylated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (Peg G) is a long-lasting G-CSF agent that is applicable for prophylaxis against neutropenic complications. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical safety and efficacy of mFFX combined with secondary prophylaxis using Peg G in advanced PDAC patients. Methods Advanced PDAC patients who had received more than two cycles of mFFX were analyzed. The clinical safety and efficacy were compared between patients in the Peg G group and those in the non-Peg G group in a retrospective manner. Results Among 45 patients treated with mFFX, 28 exhibited grade 3-4 neutropenia or febrile neutropenia. Among these 28 patients, 4 who received only 1 or 2 mFFX cycles were excluded from this study. Finally, 11 patients in the Peg G group and 13 in the non-Peg G group were enrolled. The combination therapy with Peg G and mFFX markedly prolonged the progression-free survival compared with the non-Peg G group, and its effects were associated with a reduced incidence of neutropenic events as well as lower rates of dosage reduction, delayed chemotherapy due to neutropenic events and altered blood cell counts after chemotherapy. Conclusion The scheduled administration of secondary prophylactic Peg G prolonged the progression-free survival in patients treated with mFFX. The combination therapy of Peg G and mFFX may be recommended in patients who exhibit grade 3-4 neutropenic events after prior mFFX cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yamao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takenaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomoe Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Rei Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ayana Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Omoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoru Hagiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naoshi Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Chiba
- Clinical Research Center, Kindai University Hospital, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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5
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Yang Y, Tu ZK, Liu XK, Zhang P. Mononuclear phagocyte system in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4962-4973. [PMID: 30510371 PMCID: PMC6262249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which consists of monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages, plays a vital role in the innate immune defense against pathogens. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is efficient in evading the host immunity, thereby facilitating its development into chronic infection. Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of end-stage liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acquired immune response was regarded as the key factor to eradicate HCV. However, innate immunity can regulate the acquired immune response. Innate immunity-derived cytokines shape the adaptive immunity by regulating T-cell differentiation, which determines the outcome of acute HCV infection. Inhibition of HCV-specific T-cell responses is one of the most important strategies for immune system evasion. It is meaningful to illustrate the role of innate immune response in HCV infection. With the MPS being the important factor in innate immunity, therefore, understanding the role of the MPS in HCV infection will shed light on the pathophysiology of chronic HCV infection. In this review, we outline the impact of HCV infection on the MPS and cytokine production. We discuss how HCV is detected by the MPS and describe the function and impairment of MPS components in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Hamdy S, Osman AM, Zakaria ZA, Galal I, Sobhy M, Hashem M, Allam WR, Abdel-Samiee M, Rewisha E, Waked I, Abdelwahab SF. Association of Toll-like receptor 3 and Toll-like receptor 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with hepatitis C virus persistence among Egyptians. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2433-2442. [PMID: 29860675 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) give the innate immune system a considerable specificity for a large range of pathogens. TLR3 detects dsRNA of viruses while TLR9 recognizes bacterial and viral unmethylated CpG motifs. This study examined whether there is a potential association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLR3.rs3775290 (c.1377C/T), TLR9.rs5743836 (-1237T→C) and TLR9.rs352140 (G2848A) genes and HCV infection among Egyptian patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). We enrolled 546 subjects (409 HCWs and 137 patients) divided into four groups: group 1 included 265 seronegative, aviremic subjects; group 2 included 25 seronegative, viremic subjects; group 3 included 87 subjects with spontaneously resolved HCV infection; and group 4 included 169 chronic HCV patients. All subjects were genotyped for TLR3.rs3775290, TLR9.rs5743836 and TLR9.rs352140 SNPs by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. TLR3.rs3775290 "CC" genotype was associated with chronic HCV infection, where there was a significantly greater frequency of this genotype among chronic patients when compared to subjects with spontaneously resolved infection (63.9% vs. 51.9%; p = 0.033; OR = 1.639 and 95% CI = 0.94-2.84). However, this SNP did not correlate with the HCV RNA load among the chronic subjects (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in TLR9.rs5743836 and TLR9.rs352140 genotype distribution between groups (p > 0.05). Lack of association between the three SNPs was found, as the three SNPs are located on two different chromosomes. In conclusion, the TLR3.rs3775290 "CC" genotype was associated with HCV chronicity, while the TLR9 gene may not play a major role in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Hamdy
- The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), 51 Wizaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, 22311, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Osman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Zainab A Zakaria
- The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), 51 Wizaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, 22311, Egypt
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Galal
- The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), 51 Wizaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, 22311, Egypt
| | - Maha Sobhy
- The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), 51 Wizaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, 22311, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), 51 Wizaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, 22311, Egypt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walaa R Allam
- The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), 51 Wizaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, 22311, Egypt
- Centre for Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Samiee
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Eman Rewisha
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Imam Waked
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- The Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), 51 Wizaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, 22311, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology, Taif Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Haweiah, PO Box 888, Taif, 21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Fakhir FZ, Lkhider M, Badre W, Alaoui R, Meurs EF, Pineau P, Ezzikouri S, Benjelloun S. Genetic variations in toll-like receptors 7 and 8 modulate natural hepatitis C outcomes and liver disease progression. Liver Int 2018; 38:432-442. [PMID: 28752959 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The natural outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) as well as the progression of the liver disease are highly variable and depend primarily on an efficient immune response. As toll-like receptors seven (TLR7) and eight (TLR8) are important effectors of the innate immunity, this study aims to evaluate the association between TLR7 and TLR8 polymorphisms and the HCV infection outcomes in Moroccan subjects. METHODS In this case-control study, 643 subjects including 293 mild chronic hepatitis patients, 119 with advanced liver disease (AdLD), 93 with HCV spontaneous clearance and 138 healthy controls were genotyped using TaqMan SNPs assays. RESULTS Patients carrying TLR7 rs179008-A allele were more likely to clear the virus spontaneously (P = .0001 for women, and P < .001 for men). Besides, carriage of TLR7 rs179009-A allele was associated with a twofold increase in spontaneous viral clearance in female patients (P = .0002), but not in men. In addition, we observed that TLR7 rs179008-T and rs179009-G alleles increased the risk of disease progression in both sexes (P < .05). TLR8 rs3764880-G allele was associated with spontaneous HCV clearance in both sexes (P < .0001) albeit with an apparently stronger association in males (OR = 6.02 for men vs 2.2 for women). In males, TLR8 rs3764879-C and TLR8 rs3764880-A alleles were significantly associated with AdLD status (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that variations in TLR7 and TLR8 genes modulate the clearance and progression of HCV infection with different magnitudes between sexes. Our results refine, therefore, our understanding of the sex-specific differences observed regarding the susceptibility to chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zohra Fakhir
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.,Faculté des Sciences d'El Jadida, Université Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Lkhider
- Laboratoire des Biosciences, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Wafaa Badre
- Service de Medicine B, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Rhimou Alaoui
- Service de Medicine B, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Eliane F Meurs
- Unit Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity, Department Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U993, Paris, France
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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8
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Schaut RG, Ridpath JF, Sacco RE. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2 Impairs Macrophage Responsiveness to Toll-Like Receptor Ligation with the Exception of Toll-Like Receptor 7. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159491. [PMID: 27420479 PMCID: PMC4946783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family. BVDV isolates are classified into two biotypes based on the development of cytopathic (cp) or non-cytopathic (ncp) effects in epithelial cell culture. BVDV isolates are further separated into species, BVDV1 and 2, based on genetic differences. Symptoms of BVDV infection range from subclinical to severe, depending on strain virulence, and may involve multiple organ systems and induction of a generalized immunosuppression. During BVDV-induced immune suppression, macrophages, critical to innate immunity, may have altered pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling, including signaling through toll-like receptors (TLRs). Comparison of BVDV 2 strains with different biotypes and virulence levels is valuable to determining if there are differences in host macrophage cellular responses between viral phenotypes. The current study demonstrates that cytopathic (cp), noncytopathic (ncp), high (hv) or low virulence (lv) BVDV2 infection of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMΦ) result in differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to uninfected MDMΦ. A hallmark of cp BVDV2 infection is IL-6 production. In response to TLR2 or 4 ligation, as might be observed during secondary bacterial infection, cytokine secretion was markedly decreased in BVDV2-infected MDMΦ, compared to non-infected MDMΦ. Macrophages were hyporesponsive to viral TLR3 or TLR8 ligation. However, TLR7 stimulation of BVDV2-infected MDMΦ induced cytokine secretion, unlike results observed for other TLRs. Together, these data suggest that BVDV2 infection modulated mRNA responses and induced a suppression of proinflammatory cytokine protein responses to TLR ligation in MDMΦ with the exception of TLR7 ligation. It is likely that there are distinct differences in TLR pathways modulated following BVDV2 infection, which have implications for macrophage responses to secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Schaut
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Julia F. Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Martínez-Esparza M, Tristán-Manzano M, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, García-Peñarrubia P. Inflammatory status in human hepatic cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11522-11541. [PMID: 26556984 PMCID: PMC4631958 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on new findings about the inflammatory status involved in the development of human liver cirrhosis induced by the two main causes, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and chronic alcohol abuse, avoiding results obtained from animal models. When liver is faced to a persistent and/or intense local damage the maintained inflammatory response gives rise to a progressive replacement of normal hepatic tissue by non-functional fibrotic scar. The imbalance between tissue regeneration and fibrosis will determine the outcome toward health recovery or hepatic cirrhosis. In all cases progression toward liver cirrhosis is caused by a dysregulation of mechanisms that govern the balance between activation/homeostasis of the immune system. Detecting differences between the inflammatory status in HCV-induced vs alcohol-induced cirrhosis could be useful to identify specific targets for preventive and therapeutic intervention in each case. Thus, although survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis seems to be similar to that of patients with HCV-related cirrhosis (HCV-C), there are important differences in the altered cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the progression toward human liver cirrhosis. The predominant features of HCV-C are more related with those that allow viral evasion of the immune defenses, especially although not exclusively, inhibition of interferons secretion, natural killer cells activation and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. On the contrary, the inflammatory status of alcohol-induced cirrhosis is determined by the combined effect of direct hepatotoxicity of ethanol metabolites and increases of the intestinal permeability, allowing bacteria and bacterial products translocation, into the portal circulation, mesenteric lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity. This phenomenon generates a stronger pro-inflammatory response compared with HCV-related cirrhosis. Hence, therapeutic intervention in HCV-related cirrhosis must be mainly focused to counteract HCV-immune system evasion, while in the case of alcohol-induced cirrhosis it must try to break the inflammatory loop established at the gut-mesenteric lymph nodes-peritoneal-systemic axis.
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10
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Schaut RG, McGill JL, Neill JD, Ridpath JF, Sacco RE. Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in vivo infection modulates TLR4 responsiveness in differentiated myeloid cells which is associated with decreased MyD88 expression. Virus Res 2015; 208:44-55. [PMID: 26043978 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection range from subclinical to severe, depending on strain virulence. Several in vitro studies showed BVDV infection impaired leukocyte function. Fewer studies have examined the effects of in vivo BVDV infection on monocyte/macrophage function, especially with strains of differing virulence. We characterized cytokine production by bovine myeloid cells isolated early or late in high (HV) or low virulence (LV) BVDV2 infection. Given BVDV infection may enhance susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection, LPS responses were examined as well. Monocytes from HV and LV infected calves produced higher levels of cytokines compared to cells from controls. In contrast, monocyte-derived macrophage cytokine levels were generally reduced. Modulated cytokine expression in HV BVDV2 macrophages was associated with decreased MyD88 expression, likely due to its interaction with viral NS5A. These data and those of others, suggest that certain Flaviviridae may have evolved strategies for subverting receptor signaling pathways involving MyD88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Schaut
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, 2018 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, 2018 Molecular Biology Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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11
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Wang CH, Eng HL, Lin KH, Liu HC, Chang CH, Lin TM. Functional polymorphisms of TLR8 are associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Immunology 2014; 141:540-8. [PMID: 24205871 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide threat to public health. Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) is critical for eliminating RNA viruses, and variation within the TLR8 gene may alter the function of TLR8 in response to HCV infection. Our previous study demonstrated that the TLR8-129G>C (rs3764879) and TLR8+1G>A (rs3764880) variants were in complete linkage disequilibrium, and that the frequency of TLR8-129C/+1A was significantly higher in male patients with HCV infection compared with the healthy controls. In the present study, we found that the promoter activity of TLR8-129G was higher than that of TLR8-129C in THP-1 cells. Moreover, TLR8-129G mRNA stability and competitive DNA-binding ability were significantly lower than that of TLR8-129C. To investigate the functional effects of TLR8 polymorphisms, we compared the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-driven luciferase activity in HEK293 cells transfected with the TLR8 variants. TLR8+1A plasmids induced less NF-κB signalling than did those transfected with TLR8+1G after 20 μm CL075 (P = 0.011) stimulation. We also analysed the mRNA expression and cytokine production in whole blood and monocytes from people of various genotypes stimulated ex vivo by the interferon-γ and TLR7/8 agonist CL075, R848. TLR8 expression in CD14⁺ cells derived from volunteers with TLR8-129G/+1G was significantly higher than that derived from TLR8-129C/+1A, and interleukin-12p40 production was higher in volunteers with TLR8-129G/+1G after stimulation. The data indicate that variations in TLR8 genes may modulate immune responses during HCV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Binding Sites
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytokines/blood
- DNA/metabolism
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/blood
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Luciferases/biosynthesis
- Luciferases/genetics
- Male
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- Odds Ratio
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 8/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 8/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 8/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 8/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Huey Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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12
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Lương KVQ, Nguyễn LTH. Theoretical basis of a beneficial role for vitamin D in viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5338-50. [PMID: 23082050 PMCID: PMC3471102 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i38.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal bone metabolism and dysfunction of the calcium-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis have been reported in patients with viral hepatitis. Some studies suggested a relationship between vitamin D and viral hepatitis. Genetic studies have provided an opportunity to identify the proteins that link vitamin D to the pathology of viral hepatitis (i.e., the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, the vitamin D receptor, cytochrome P450, the renin-angiotensin system, apolipoprotein E, liver X receptor, toll-like receptor, and the proteins regulated by the Sp1 promoter gene). Vitamin D also exerts its effects on viral hepatitis via non-genomic factors, i.e., matrix metalloproteinase, endothelial vascular growth factor, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase-2, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, vitamin D could have a beneficial role in viral hepatitis. Calcitriol is best used for viral hepatitis because it is the active form of the vitamin D3 metabolite.
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13
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Imran M, Waheed Y, Manzoor S, Bilal M, Ashraf W, Ali M, Ashraf M. Interaction of Hepatitis C virus proteins with pattern recognition receptors. Virol J 2012; 9:126. [PMID: 22726246 PMCID: PMC3538621 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that causes acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. This positive stranded RNA virus is extremely efficient in establishing persistent infection by escaping immune detection or hindering the host immune responses. Recent studies have discovered two important signaling pathways that activate the host innate immunity against viral infection. One of these pathways utilizes members of Toll-like receptor (TLR) family and the other uses the RNA helicase retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) as the receptors for intracellular viral double stranded RNA (dsRNA), and activation of transcription factors. In this review article, we summarize the interaction of HCV proteins with various host receptors/sensors through one of these two pathways or both, and how they exploit these interactions to escape from host defense mechanisms. For this purpose, we searched data from Pubmed and Google Scholar. We found that three HCV proteins; Core (C), non structural 3/4 A (NS3/4A) and non structural 5A (NS5A) have direct interactions with these two pathways. Core protein only in the monomeric form stimulates TLR2 pathway assisting the virus to evade from the innate immune system. NS3/4A disrupts TLR3 and RIG-1 signaling pathways by cleaving Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-beta (TRIF) and Cardif, the two important adapter proteins of these signaling cascades respectively, thus halting the defense against HCV. NS5A downmodulates the expressions of NKG2D on natural killer cells (NK cells) via TLR4 pathway and impairs the functional ability of these cells. TLRs and RIG-1 pathways have a central role in innate immunity and despite their opposing natures to HCV proteins, when exploited together, HCV as an ever developing virus against host immunity is able to accumulate these mechanisms for near unbeatable survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Atta Ur Rahman school of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Atta Ur Rahman school of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta Ur Rahman school of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Atta Ur Rahman school of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Atta Ur Rahman school of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Atta Ur Rahman school of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Atta Ur Rahman school of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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14
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Rasmussen AL, Wang IM, Shuhart MC, Proll SC, He Y, Cristescu R, Roberts C, Carter VS, Williams CM, Diamond DL, Bryan JT, Ulrich R, Korth MJ, Thomassen LV, Katze MG. Chronic immune activation is a distinguishing feature of liver and PBMC gene signatures from HCV/HIV coinfected patients and may contribute to hepatic fibrogenesis. Virology 2012; 430:43-52. [PMID: 22608059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus (HCV/HIV) coinfected patients demonstrate accelerated progression to severe liver injury in comparison to HCV monoinfected patients, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear owing to infection of separate tissue compartments with two distinct viral pathogens. Microarray analysis of paired liver biopsy and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) specimens from HCV/HIV coinfected and HCV monoinfected patients identified a gene expression signature associated with increased inflammation and immune activation that was present only in liver and PBMC samples from coinfected patients. We also identified in these samples liver- and PBMC-specific signatures enriched with fibrogenic/hepatic stellate activation and proinflammatory genes, respectively. Finally, Bayesian networks were constructed by assimilating these data with existing data from liver and PBMC samples from other cohorts, augmenting enrichment of biologically important pathways and further indicating that chronic immune activation in HCV/HIV coinfection may exacerbate liver disease progression in coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Rasmussen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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15
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Oliveira-Nascimento L, Massari P, Wetzler LM. The Role of TLR2 in Infection and Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:79. [PMID: 22566960 PMCID: PMC3342043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which is the initial step in a cascade of events leading to significant innate immune responses, development of adaptive immunity to pathogens and protection from immune sequelae related to infection with these pathogens. This review will discuss the current status of TLR2 mediated immune responses by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on these organisms. We will emphasize both canonical and non-canonical responses to TLR2 ligands with emphasis on whether the inflammation induced by these responses contributes to the disease state or to protection from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira-Nascimento
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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