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Belcher T, Dubois V, Rivera-Millot A, Locht C, Jacob-Dubuisson F. Pathogenicity and virulence of Bordetella pertussis and its adaptation to its strictly human host. Virulence 2021; 12:2608-2632. [PMID: 34590541 PMCID: PMC8489951 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1980987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly contagious whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. While the latter colonizes a broad range of mammals and is able to survive in the environment, B. pertussis has lost its ability to survive outside its host through massive genome decay. Instead, it has become a highly successful human pathogen by the acquisition of tightly regulated virulence factors and evolutionary adaptation of its metabolism to its particular niche. By the deployment of an arsenal of highly sophisticated virulence factors it overcomes many of the innate immune defenses. It also interferes with vaccine-induced adaptive immunity by various mechanisms. Here, we review data from invitro, human and animal models to illustrate the mechanisms of adaptation to the human respiratory tract and provide evidence of ongoing evolutionary adaptation as a highly successful human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Belcher
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Violaine Dubois
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alex Rivera-Millot
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Françoise Jacob-Dubuisson
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Ma L, Dewan KK, Taylor-Mulneix DL, Wagner SM, Linz B, Rivera I, Su Y, Caulfield AD, Blas-Machado U, Harvill ET. Pertactin contributes to shedding and transmission of Bordetella bronchiseptica. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009735. [PMID: 34347835 PMCID: PMC8336816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough is resurging in the United States despite high vaccine coverage. The rapid rise of Bordetella pertussis isolates lacking pertactin (PRN), a key vaccine antigen, has led to concerns about vaccine-driven evolution. Previous studies showed that pertactin can mediate binding to mammalian cells in vitro and act as an immunomodulatory factor in resisting neutrophil-mediated clearance. To further investigate the role of PRN in vivo, we examined the functions of pertactin in the context of a more naturally low dose inoculation experimental system using C3H/HeJ mice that is more sensitive to effects on colonization, growth and spread within the respiratory tract, as well as an experimental approach to measure shedding and transmission between hosts. A B. bronchiseptica pertactin deletion mutant was found to behave similarly to its wild-type (WT) parental strain in colonization of the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs of mice. However, the pertactin-deficient strain was shed from the nares of mice in much lower numbers, resulting in a significantly lower rate of transmission between hosts. Histological examination of respiratory epithelia revealed that pertactin-deficient bacteria induced substantially less inflammation and mucus accumulation than the WT strain and in vitro assays verified the effect of PRN on the induction of TNF-α by murine macrophages. Interestingly, only WT B. bronchiseptica could be recovered from the spleen of infected mice and were further observed to be intracellular among isolated splenocytes, indicating that pertactin contributes to systemic dissemination involving intracellular survival. These results suggest that pertactin can mediate interactions with immune cells and augments inflammation that contributes to bacterial shedding and transmission between hosts. Understanding the relative contributions of various factors to inflammation, mucus production, shedding and transmission will guide novel strategies to interfere with the reemergence of pertussis. B. pertussis strains lacking pertactin have been rising in prevalence especially in countries using acellular vaccines containing pertactin as a key, membrane-associated surface antigen. Previous in vivo studies revealed immunomodulatory properties of pertactin in conventional B. pertussis infection models in which roughly one million bacteria are delivered into lungs, leading to severe pneumonic disease and a strong immune response. However, natural infections begin in the nasopharyngeal region, progress slowly during a prolonged catarrhal stage, only later reaching the trachea and rarely involve the lungs. In this study, a more natural experimental system takes advantage of the ability of B. bronchiseptica, a closely related species, to naturally colonize mice with inocula as low as 5 colony forming units (CFU). In this system B. bronchiseptica can be observed to efficiently colonize, grow, spread within the respiratory tract, is shed from the nares, and transmits between hosts, allowing each of these steps to be measured and studied. Under these conditions, an isogenic pertactin deletion strain was indistinguishable from its parental strain in its abilities to colonize, grow in numbers and spread within the respiratory tract. However, the pertactin-deficient mutant was shed from these mice in lower numbers than wild type, and was defective in transmission between mice. These assays reveal novel roles of pertactin in the induction of inflammation, mucus production, shedding and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kalyan K. Dewan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Taylor-Mulneix
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Wagner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Israel Rivera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amanda D. Caulfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Department of Pathology, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Transcriptional Downregulation of a Type III Secretion System under Reducing Conditions in Bordetella pertussis. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00400-20. [PMID: 32817088 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00400-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject virulence proteins into host cells. Although the B. pertussis T3SS was presumed to be involved in host colonization, efficient secretion of type III secreted proteins from B. pertussis has not been observed. To investigate the roles of type III secreted proteins during infection, we attempted to optimize culture conditions for the production and secretion of a type III secreted protein, BteA, in B. pertussis We observed that B. pertussis efficiently secretes BteA in ascorbic acid-depleted (AsA-) medium. When L2 cells, a rat lung epithelial cell line, were infected with B. pertussis cultured in the AsA- medium, BteA-dependent cytotoxicity was observed. We also performed an immunofluorescence assay of L2 cells infected with B. pertussis Clear fluorescence signals of Bsp22, a needle structure of T3SS, were detected on the bacterial surface of B. pertussis cultured in the AsA- medium. Since ascorbic acid is known as a reducing agent, we cultured B. pertussis in liquid medium containing other reducing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol and dithioerythritol. Under these reducing conditions, the production of type III secreted proteins was repressed. These results suggest that in B. pertussis, the production and secretion of type III secreted proteins are downregulated under reducing conditions.IMPORTANCE The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Bordetella pertussis forms a needlelike structure that protrudes from the bacterial cell surface. B. pertussis uses a T3SS to translocate virulence proteins called effectors into host cells. The culture conditions for effector production in B. pertussis have not been investigated. We attempted to optimize culture medium compositions for producing and secreting type III secreted proteins. We found that B. pertussis secretes type III secreted proteins in reducing agent-deprived liquid medium and that BteA-secreting B. pertussis provokes cytotoxicity against cultured mammalian cells. These results suggest that redox signaling is involved in the regulation of B. pertussis T3SS.
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Xiao C, Huang Y, Wei Q, Liu Y, Ji Q, Li K, Bao G. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Complex Responses to Bordetella bronchiseptica Infections in the Spleen of Rabbits. Proteomics 2020; 20:e2000117. [PMID: 32820866 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica) causes a respiratory disease in rabbits. To determine the proteins of B. bronchiseptica in rabbits related to the disease, differentially accumulated proteins in B. bronchiseptica-infected cells are identified by comparative proteomic analysis. Comparative proteomic analysis detects 5814 proteins and quantifies 4854 of these. Fifty eight upregulated and 38 downregulated proteins are identified in spleen tissue after B. bronchiseptica infection of rabbits (both p < 0.05). The significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways are ribosome, biosynthesis of amino acids, biosynthesis of amino acids, protein export, and carbon metabolism etc. (all p < 0.01). Significantly enriched KEGG pathways include 'ocu03010 ribosome' (a); 'ocu00260 glycine, serine threonine metabolism'. Analyses of control and infected spleen cells detect responses to B. bronchiseptica infection. Many differentially affected proteins are evident, and reflect different biological changes and diverse subcellular localizations between control and infected spleen cells. Infection markedly alters the expressions of proteins linked to the serine protease system, with the 'phagosome,' 'biosynthesis of amino acids,' 'glycine, serine threonine metabolism,' 'intestinal immune network for IgA production', and 'amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism' associated with B. bronchiseptica infection. The result will inform studies of responses to B. bronchiseptica infections in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 145#, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 145#, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 145#, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 145#, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Quanan Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 145#, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 145#, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 145#, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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Zurita ME, Wilk MM, Carriquiriborde F, Bartel E, Moreno G, Misiak A, Mills KHG, Hozbor D. A Pertussis Outer Membrane Vesicle-Based Vaccine Induces Lung-Resident Memory CD4 T Cells and Protection Against Bordetella pertussis, Including Pertactin Deficient Strains. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:125. [PMID: 31106160 PMCID: PMC6498398 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis is a respiratory infectious disease that has been resurged during the last decades. The change from the traditional multi-antigen whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines to acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines that consist of a few antigens formulated with alum, appears to be a key factor in the resurgence of pertussis in many countries. Though current aP vaccines have helped to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with pertussis, they do not provide durable immunity or adequate protection against the disease caused by the current circulating strains of Bordetella pertussis, which have evolved in the face of the selection pressure induced by the vaccines. Based on the hypothesis that a new vaccine containing multiple antigens could overcome deficiencies in the current aP vaccines, we have designed and characterized a vaccine candidate based on outer membrane vesicle (OMVs). Here we show that the OMVs vaccine, but not an aP vaccine, protected mice against lung infection with a circulating pertactin (PRN)-deficient isolate. Using isogenic bacteria that in principle only differ in PRN expression, we found that deficiency in PRN appears to be largely responsible for the failure of the aP vaccine to protect against this circulating clinical isolates. Regarding the durability of induced immunity, we have already reported that the OMV vaccine is able to induce long-lasting immune responses that effectively prevent infection with B. pertussis. Consistent with this, here we found that CD4 T cells with a tissue-resident memory (TRM) cell phenotype (CD44+CD62LlowCD69+ and/or CD103+) accumulated in the lungs of mice 14 days after immunization with 2 doses of the OMVs vaccine. CD4 TRM cells, which have previously been shown to play a critical role sustained protective immunity against B. pertussis, were also detected in mice immunized with wP vaccine, but not in the animals immunized with a commercial aP vaccine. The CD4 TRM cells secreted IFN-γ and IL-17 and were significantly expanded through local proliferation following respiratory challenge of mice with B. pertussis. Our findings that the OMVs vaccine induce respiratory CD4 TRM cells may explain the ability of this vaccine to induce long-term protection and is therefore an ideal candidate for a third generation vaccine against B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Zurita
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mieszko M Wilk
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francisco Carriquiriborde
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Erika Bartel
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Griselda Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicja Misiak
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Functional Programming of Innate Immune Cells in Response to Bordetella pertussis Infection and Vaccination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:53-80. [PMID: 31432398 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread vaccination, B. pertussis remains one of the least controlled vaccine-preventable diseases. Although it is well known that acellular and whole cell pertussis vaccines induce distinct immune functionalities in memory cells, much less is known about the role of innate immunity in this process. In this review, we provide an overview of the known differences and similarities in innate receptors, innate immune cells and inflammatory signalling pathways induced by the pertussis vaccines either licensed or in development and compare this to primary infection with B. pertussis. Despite the crucial role of innate immunity in driving memory responses to B. pertussis, it is clear that a significant knowledge gap remains in our understanding of the early innate immune response to vaccination and infection. Such knowledge is essential to develop the next generation of pertussis vaccines with improved host defense against B. pertussis.
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Xiao C, Bao G, Liu Y, Wei Q, Ji Q, Liu Y, Pan L. Greater efficacy of the ECMS-oil adjuvant over other formulations on immune responses against Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits and the underlying mechanism. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:194-203. [PMID: 27288753 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the adjuvant effects of the extract of Cochinchina momordica seed ECMS+oil, oil alone, ECMS alone, conventional alum adjuvant on inactivated Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) vaccine or control using antigen alone without adjuvant were evaluated along with the underlying mechanism. The results in experiment A demonstrated that antibody levels in Bb whole cell protein in the ECMS800μg+oil group were significantly higher than in the other adjuvant groups (p<0.05) on day 21. The agglutination antibody titer was also higher than the other groups (p<0.05) on day 37. The ECMS800μg+oil group improved cellular immune responses compared to other adjuvant groups, including control using antigen alone without adjuvant and the PBS group (p<0.05). After Bb challenge, the ECMS800μg+oil group showed the highest protection rate, which was significantly higher than ECMS alone or control using antigen alone without adjuvant and the PBS group (p<0.05 and p<0.01). IgA cells in the ECMS800μg+oil group differed significantly from the IgA cells of other groups in the lungs (p<0.01). The results of cell recruitment showed that the number of lymphocytes in the ECMS400μg+oil were higher than the number of cells for other groups except the ECMS(100μg/800μg)+oil groups (p<0.05). Intermediate cells in the ECMS(100μg/400μg)+oil groups were higher than the number of cells for other groups, including the control using antigen alone group (p<0.05). Neutrophils in the ECMS(100μg/400μg/800μg)+oil groups were significantly higher than the ECMS 800μg and control using antigen alone groups (p<0.05). White blood cells in the ECMS100μg+oil group were significantly higher than the oil, ECMS800μg and control using antigen alone groups (p<0.05). IL-2 expression in the ECMS800μg+oil group was significantly higher than other groups, except for the ECMS400μg+oil group (p<0.05). IL-4 expression in the ECMS800μg+oil group was significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). GATA3 in the ECMS800μg+oil groups was significantly higher than the oil, ECMS800μg and control using antigen alone group (p<0.05). ECMS-oil adjuvant mixture could most effectively protect B. bronchiseptica immunized rabbits and, therefore, could be an alternative way of improving B. bronchiseptica vaccination in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Quanan Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
| | - Lijun Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, PR China
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Martín C, Etxaniz A, Uribe KB, Etxebarria A, González-Bullón D, Arlucea J, Goñi FM, Aréchaga J, Ostolaza H. Adenylate Cyclase Toxin promotes bacterial internalisation into non phagocytic cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13774. [PMID: 26346097 PMCID: PMC4642564 DOI: 10.1038/srep13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a respiratory infectious disease that is the fifth largest cause of vaccine-preventable death in infants. Though historically considered an extracellular pathogen, this bacterium has been detected both in vitro and in vivo inside phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. However the precise mechanism used by B. pertussis for cell entry, or the putative bacterial factors involved, are not fully elucidated. Here we find that adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), one of the important toxins of B. pertussis, is sufficient to promote bacterial internalisation into non-phagocytic cells. After characterization of the entry route we show that uptake of "toxin-coated bacteria" proceeds via a clathrin-independent, caveolae-dependent entry pathway, allowing the internalised bacteria to survive within the cells. Intracellular bacteria were found inside non-acidic endosomes with high sphingomyelin and cholesterol content, or "free" in the cytosol of the invaded cells, suggesting that the ACT-induced bacterial uptake may not proceed through formation of late endolysosomes. Activation of Tyr kinases and toxin-induced Ca(2+)-influx are essential for the entry process. We hypothesize that B. pertussis might use ACT to activate the endocytic machinery of non-phagocytic cells and gain entry into these cells, in this way evading the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Asier Etxaniz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Kepa B. Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Aitor Etxebarria
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - David González-Bullón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jon Arlucea
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Félix M. Goñi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Juan Aréchaga
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Characterization of the key antigenic components of pertussis vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles. Vaccine 2014; 32:6084-90. [PMID: 25240753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis has resurged during the last two decades in different countries. In particular in the 2010-2013 period large outbreaks were detected in US, Australia, UK and The Netherlands with significant mortality in infants. The epidemiological situation of pertussis points out the need to develop new vaccines and in this regard we previously developed a new vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which have been shown to be safe and to induce protection in mice. Here we have further investigated the properties of OMVs vaccines; in particular we studied the contribution of pertussis toxin (PTx) and pertactin (Prn) in OMVs-mediated protection against pertussis. PTx-deficient OMVs and Prn-deficient OMVs were obtained from defective Bordetella pertussis mutants. The absence of PTx or Prn did compromise the protective capacity of the OMVs formulated as Tdap vaccine. Whereas the protective efficacy of the PTx-deficient OMVs in mice was comparable to Prn-deficient OMVs, the protective capacity of both of them was significantly impaired when it was compared with the wild type OMVs. Interestingly, using OMVs obtained from a B. pertussis strain which does not express any of the virulence factors but expresses the avirulent phenotype; we observed that the protective ability of such OMVs was lower than that of OMVs obtained from virulent B. pertussis phase. However, it was surprising that although the protective capacity of avirulent OMVs was lower, they were still protective in the used mice model. These results allow us to hypothesize that OMVs from avirulent phase shares protective components with all OMVs assayed. Using an immune proteomic strategy we identified some common components that could play an important role in protection against pertussis.
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Prajapat MK, Saini S. Role of feedback and network architecture in controlling virulence gene expression in Bordetella. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:2635-44. [PMID: 24056999 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70213h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for causing whooping cough in a broad range of host organisms. For successful infection, Bordetella controls expression of four distinct classes of genes (referred to as class 1, 2, 3, and 4 genes) at distinct times in the infection cycle. This control is executed by a single two-component system, BvgAS. Interestingly, the transmembrane component of the two-component system, BvgS, consists of three phospho-transfer domains leading to phosphorylation of the response regulator, BvgA. Phosphorylated BvgA then controls expression of virulence genes and also controls bvgAS transcription. In this work, we perform simulations to characterize the role of the network architecture in governing gene expression in Bordetella. Our results show that the wild-type network is locally optimal for controlling the timing of expression of the different classes of genes involved in infection. In addition, the interplay between environmental signals and positive feedback aids the bacterium identify precise conditions for and control expression of virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar Prajapat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400076, Maharashtra, India.
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Higgs R, Higgins SC, Ross PJ, Mills KHG. Immunity to the respiratory pathogen Bordetella pertussis. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:485-500. [PMID: 22718262 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a severe respiratory tract infection in infants and children, and also infects adults. Studies in murine models have shown that innate immune mechanisms involving dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and antimicrobial peptides help to control the infection, while complete bacterial clearance requires cellular immunity mediated by T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. Whole cell pertussis vaccines (wP) are effective, but reactogenic, and have been replaced in most developed countries by acellular pertussis vaccines (aP). However, the incidence of pertussis is still high in many vaccinated populations; this may reflect sub-optimal, waning, or escape from immunity induced by current aP. Protective immunity generated by wP appears to be mediated largely by Th1 cells, whereas less efficacious alum-adjuvanted aP induce strong antibody Th2 and Th17 responses. New generation aP that induce Th1 rather than Th2 responses are required to improve vaccine efficacy and prevent further spread of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Higgs
- Immunology Research Centre, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Dublin, Ireland
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Prevalence and genetic characterization of pertactin-deficient Bordetella pertussis in Japan. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31985. [PMID: 22348138 PMCID: PMC3279416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesin pertactin (Prn) is one of the major virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agent of whooping cough. However, a significant prevalence of Prn-deficient (Prn−) B. pertussis was observed in Japan. The Prn− isolate was first discovered in 1997, and 33 (27%) Prn− isolates were identified among 121 B. pertussis isolates collected from 1990 to 2009. Sequence analysis revealed that all the Prn− isolates harbor exclusively the vaccine-type prn1 allele and that loss of Prn expression is caused by 2 different mutations: an 84-bp deletion of the prn signal sequence (prn1ΔSS, n = 24) and an IS481 insertion in prn1 (prn1::IS481, n = 9). The frequency of Prn− isolates, notably those harboring prn1ΔSS, significantly increased since the early 2000s, and Prn− isolates were subsequently found nationwide. Multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) revealed that 24 (73%) of 33 Prn− isolates belong to MLVA-186, and 6 and 3 Prn− isolates belong to MLVA-194 and MLVA-226, respectively. The 3 MLVA types are phylogenetically closely related, suggesting that the 2 Prn− clinical strains (harboring prn1ΔSS and prn1::IS481) have clonally expanded in Japan. Growth competition assays in vitro also demonstrated that Prn− isolates have a higher growth potential than the Prn+ back-mutants from which they were derived. Our observations suggested that human host factors (genetic factors and immune status) that select for Prn− strains have arisen and that Prn expression is not essential for fitness under these conditions.
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Bokhari H, Bilal I, Zafar S. BapC autotransporter protein of Bordetella pertussis is an adhesion factor. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:390-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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de Gouw D, Diavatopoulos DA, Bootsma HJ, Hermans PW, Mooi FR. Pertussis: a matter of immune modulation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:441-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Studies on Prn variation in the mouse model and comparison with epidemiological data. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18014. [PMID: 21464955 PMCID: PMC3064647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence factor pertactin (Prn) is a component of pertussis vaccines and one
of the most polymorphic Bordetella pertussis antigens. After
the introduction of vaccination shifts in predominant Prn types were observed
and strains with the Prn vaccine type (Prn1) were replaced by strains carrying
non-vaccine types (Prn2 and Prn3), suggesting vaccine-driven selection. The aim
of this study was to elucidate the shifts observed in Prn variants. We show
that, although Prn2 and Prn3 circulated in similar frequencies in the 1970s and
1980s, in the 1990s Prn2 strains expanded and Prn3 strains disappeared,
suggesting that in vaccinated populations Prn2 strains are fitter than Prn3
strains. We established a role for Prn in the mouse model by showing that a Prn
knock-out (Prn-ko) mutation reduced colonization in trachea and lungs.
Restoration of the mutation resulted in a significant increase in colonization
compared to the knock-out mutant. The ability of clinical isolates with
different Prn variants to colonize the mouse lung was compared. Although these
isolates were also polymorphic at other loci, only variation in the promoter for
pertussis toxin (ptxP) and Prn were found to contribute
significantly to differences in colonization. Analysis of a subset of strains
with the same ptxP allele revealed that the ability to colonize
mice decreased in the order Prn1>Prn2 and Prn3. Our results are consistent
with the predominance of Prn1 strains in unvaccinated populations. Our results
show that ability to colonize mice is practically the same for Prn2 and Prn3.
Therefore other factors may have contributed to the predominance of Prn2 in
vaccinated populations. The mouse model may be useful to assess and predict
changes in the B. pertussis population due to vaccination.
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Pertactin is required for Bordetella species to resist neutrophil-mediated clearance. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2901-9. [PMID: 20421378 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00188-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertactin (PRN) is an autotransporter protein produced by all members of the Bordetella bronchiseptica cluster, which includes B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. It is a primary component of acellular pertussis vaccines, and anti-PRN antibody titers correlate with protection. In vitro studies have suggested that PRN functions as an adhesin and that an RGD motif located in the center of the passenger domain is important for this function. Two regions of PRN that contain sequence repeats (region 1 [R1] and R2) show polymorphisms among strains and have been implicated in vaccine-driven evolution. We investigated the role of PRN in pathogenesis using B. bronchiseptica and natural-host animal models. A Deltaprn mutant did not differ from wild-type B. bronchiseptica in its ability to adhere to epithelial and macrophage-like cells in vitro or to establish respiratory infection in rats but was cleared much faster than wild-type bacteria in a mouse lung inflammation model. Unlike wild-type B. bronchiseptica, the Deltaprn mutant was unable to cause a lethal infection in SCID-Bg mice, but, like wild-type bacteria, it was lethal for neutropenic mice. These results suggest that PRN plays a critical role in allowing Bordetella to resist neutrophil-mediated clearance. Mutants producing PRN proteins in which the RGD motif was replaced with RGE or in which R1 and R2 were deleted were indistinguishable from wild-type bacteria in all assays, suggesting that these sequences do not contribute to PRN function.
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Tan Y, Zhang H, Wu L, Wang L, Hou Q, Zhang S. Production and characterization of recombinant pertactin, fimbriae 2 and fimbriae 3 from Bordetella pertussis. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:274. [PMID: 20040101 PMCID: PMC2807877 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella pertussis is a causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough in humans. Pertactin (Prn), fimbriae 2 (Fim2) and fimbriae 3 (Fim3) of B. pertussis are important virulence factors and immunogens which have been included in some acellular pertussis vaccines. In this present study, we cloned, expressed and purified Prn, Fim2 and Fim3, respectively. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the three recombinant proteins (rPrn, rFim2 and rFim3) were investigated in mouse model. RESULTS Three recombinant proteins with amount of 12 to 25 mg/L were produced. Compared to the control mice only immunized with adjuvant, serum IgG antibody responses were significantly induced in the mice immunized with rPrn, rFim2 or rFim3 (P < 0.001 for all three proteins). Furthermore, T cell responses characteristic of increased production of IL-2 and TNF-alpha (only for rPrn) were elicited in the mice immunized with the three proteins (P < 0.05 for all three proteins). Immunization with rPrn, but not with rFim2 or rFim3, significantly enhanced clearance of bacteria in the lungs of mice after intranasal challenge with B. pertussis (P < 0.05). When tested in a lethal intracerebral infection model, certain protection was observed in mice immunized with rPrn. CONCLUSIONS We have developed an efficient method to produce large amounts of rPrn, rFim2, and rFim3 from B. pertussis. The three recombinant proteins induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Immunization with rPrn also conferred protection against pertussis in mouse infection models. Our results indicated that the recombinant proteins still retain their immunological properties and highlighted the potential of the recombinant proteins for the future development of the B. pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Xu
- Department of serum, National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Temple of Heaven, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Kuwae A. [Functional analysis of proteins secreted via type III secretion system in Bordetella]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2007; 62:241-6. [PMID: 17575790 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.62.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asaomi Kuwae
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641
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Abstract
The virulence factor pertactin is expressed by the closely related pathogens Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Pertactin is an autotransporter involved in adherence of Bordetella species to the lung epithelium of mammalian hosts, and it is an important component of most current acellular pertussis vaccines. These three species produce immunologically distinct pertactin molecules, resulting in a lack of cross-protection against B. parapertussis and probably also against B. bronchiseptica. Variation in pertactin is not only inter-specific, but also occurs between isolates from the same species. Knowledge about codons that are under positive selection could facilitate the development of more broadly protective vaccines. Using different nucleotide substitution models, pertactin genes from B. bronchiseptica, B. parapertussis and B. pertussis were compared, and positively selected codons were identified using an empirical Bayesian approach. This approach yielded 15 codons predicted to be under diversifying selection pressure. These results were interpreted in an immunological context and may help in improving future pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Middendorf B, Stubs D, Guiso N, Deppisch H, Gross R, Fuchs TM. Phg, a novel member of the autotransporter family present in Bordetella species. Microbiol Res 2005; 160:329-36. [PMID: 16035245 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several proteins encoded in the genomes of Bordetella species show significant sequence similarity to the autotransporter domains of surface exposed or secreted virulence factors of bordetellae such as pertactin, tracheal colonization factor or Vag8. One of these putative autotransporters, provisionally termed Phg, is encoded by the pertactin homologous gene (phg), which is highly conserved in Bordetella pertussis, B. bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis, but absent in B. avium and B. petrii. In contrast to homologues with documented functions in host interaction and virulence, several key amino acids probably involved in proteolytic processing of the autotransporter domain are not conserved in Phg. The transcription start site of phg was identified by primer extension analysis, but differential transcription of phg could not be detected in B. bronchiseptica strains under conditions that lead to enhanced expression of other known Bordetella autotransporter proteins. A mutant of B. pertussis was constructed in which major parts of phg are substituted by a kanamycin resistance cassette. Virulence testing of this mutant in a mouse respiratory infection model showed the same colonization properties as the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Middendorf
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Edwards JA, Groathouse NA, Boitano S. Bordetella bronchiseptica adherence to cilia is mediated by multiple adhesin factors and blocked by surfactant protein A. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3618-26. [PMID: 15908391 PMCID: PMC1111863 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3618-3626.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the virulent state (Bvg+), Bordetella bronchiseptica expresses adhesins and toxins that mediate adherence to the upper airway epithelium, an essential early step in pathogenesis. In this study, we used a rabbit tracheal epithelial cell binding assay to test how specific host or pathogen factors contribute to ciliary binding. The host antimicrobial agent surfactant protein A (SP-A) effectively reduced ciliary binding by Bvg+ B. bronchiseptica. To evaluate the relative contributions of bacterial adhesins and toxins to ciliary binding, we used mutant strains of B. bronchiseptica in the binding assay. When compared to Bvg+ or Bvg- phase-locked B. bronchiseptica strains, single-knockout strains lacking one of the known adhesins (filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, or fimbriae) displayed an intermediate ciliary binding capacity throughout the coincubation. A B. bronchiseptica strain deficient in adenylate cyclase-hemolysin toxin also displayed an intermediate level of adherence between Bvg+ and Bvg- strains and had the lowest ciliary affinity of any of the Bvg+ phase strains tested. A B. bronchiseptica strain that was missing dermonecrotic toxin also displayed intermediate binding; however, this strain displayed ciliary binding significantly higher than most of the adhesin knockouts tested. Taken together, these findings suggest that virulent-state B. bronchiseptica expresses multiple adhesins with overlapping contributions to ciliary adhesion and that host production of SP-A can provide innate immunity by blocking bacterial adherence to the ciliated epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Edwards
- Arizona Respiratory Center, Room 2338, AHSC Arizona Health Sciences Center, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724-5030, USA
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23
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Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:326-82. [PMID: 15831828 PMCID: PMC1082800 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.2.326-382.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella respiratory infections are common in people (B. pertussis) and in animals (B. bronchiseptica). During the last two decades, much has been learned about the virulence determinants, pathogenesis, and immunity of Bordetella. Clinically, the full spectrum of disease due to B. pertussis infection is now understood, and infections in adolescents and adults are recognized as the reservoir for cyclic outbreaks of disease. DTaP vaccines, which are less reactogenic than DTP vaccines, are now in general use in many developed countries, and it is expected that the expansion of their use to adolescents and adults will have a significant impact on reducing pertussis and perhaps decrease the circulation of B. pertussis. Future studies should seek to determine the cause of the unique cough which is associated with Bordetella respiratory infections. It is also hoped that data gathered from molecular Bordetella research will lead to a new generation of DTaP vaccines which provide greater efficacy than is provided by today's vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mattoo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA
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24
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Abstract
The BvgAS two-component system positively regulates the expression of the virulence genes of Bordetella pertussis and negatively regulates a second set of genes whose function is unknown. The BvgAS-mediated regulation of the bvg-repressed genes is accomplished through the activation of expression of the negative regulator, BvgR. A second two-component regulatory system, RisAS, is required for expression of the bvg-repressed surface antigens VraA and VraB. We examined the roles of BvgR and RisA in the regulation of four bvg-repressed genes in B. pertussis. Our analyses demonstrated that all four genes are repressed by the product of the bvgR locus and are activated by the product of the risA locus. Deletion analysis of the vrg6 promoter identified the upstream and downstream boundaries of the promoter and, in contrast to previously published results, demonstrated that sequences downstream of the start of transcription are not required for the regulation of expression of vrg6. Gel mobility-shift experiments demonstrated sequence-specific binding of RisA to the vrg6 and vrg18 promoters, and led to the identification of two putative RisA binding sites. Finally, transcriptional analysis and Western blot analysis demonstrated that BvgR regulates neither the expression nor the stability of RisA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg O Cróinín
- Laboratory of Respiratory and Special Pathogens, DBPAP/CBER/FDA, Building 29, Rm. 418, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gueirard P, Bassinet L, Bonne I, Prevost MC, Guiso N. Ultrastructural analysis of the interactions between Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica and human tracheal epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2005; 38:41-6. [PMID: 15652294 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica are respiratory pathogens that colonize the respiratory tract of their host after adhesion to the respiratory epithelium. Presently, the intracellular fate of these bacteria in human tracheal epithelial cells was compared by use of transmission electron microscopy. The three species, even when cytotoxic, were taken-up by epithelial cells. Although, some intracellular bacteria appeared morphologically intact and survived a few days inside epithelial cells, most of them appeared quickly degraded, phenomenon which was associated with an intense cell metabolic activity. Even cytotoxic Bordetella species is ultimately killed by human epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gueirard
- Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Henderson IR, Navarro-Garcia F, Desvaux M, Fernandez RC, Ala'Aldeen D. Type V protein secretion pathway: the autotransporter story. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2004; 68:692-744. [PMID: 15590781 PMCID: PMC539010 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.68.4.692-744.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 595] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane layer which constrains uptake and secretion of solutes and polypeptides. To overcome this barrier, bacteria have developed several systems for protein secretion. The type V secretion pathway encompasses the autotransporter proteins, the two-partner secretion system, and the recently described type Vc or AT-2 family of proteins. Since its discovery in the late 1980s, this family of secreted proteins has expanded continuously, due largely to the advent of the genomic age, to become the largest group of secreted proteins in gram-negative bacteria. Several of these proteins play essential roles in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections and have been characterized in detail, demonstrating a diverse array of function including the ability to condense host cell actin and to modulate apoptosis. However, most of the autotransporter proteins remain to be characterized. In light of new discoveries and controversies in this research field, this review considers the autotransporter secretion process in the context of the more general field of bacterial protein translocation and exoprotein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Henderson
- Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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27
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Bassinet L, Fitting C, Housset B, Cavaillon JM, Guiso N. Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase-hemolysin induces interleukin-6 secretion by human tracheal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5530-3. [PMID: 15322060 PMCID: PMC517437 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5530-5533.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After interaction with tracheal epithelial cells, Bordetella pertussis induces the secretion of interleukin-6. This secretion is dependent on the expression of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin by the bacterium but not on the expression of other characterized bacterial toxins or adhesins. This finding confirms the important role of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin in the pathogenicity of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bassinet
- Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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28
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Nogawa H, Kuwae A, Matsuzawa T, Abe A. The type III secreted protein BopD in Bordetella bronchiseptica is complexed with BopB for pore formation on the host plasma membrane. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:3806-13. [PMID: 15175294 PMCID: PMC419950 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.12.3806-3813.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica to infected cells is known to be dependent on a B. bronchiseptica type III secretion system. Although BopB, BopN, BopD, and Bsp22 have been identified as type III secreted proteins, these proteins remain to be characterized. In this study, in order to clarify the function of BopD during Bordetella infection, a BopD mutant was generated. Although secretion of BopD into the culture supernatant was completely abolished by the bopD mutation, the secretion of other type III secreted proteins was not affected by this mutation. It has been reported that severe cytotoxicity, including cell detachment from the substrata, and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the supernatant are induced in L2 cells by wild-type B. bronchiseptica infection, and these phenotypes are dependent on the type III secretion system. In contrast, neither cell detachment nor LDH release was induced in L2 cells infected with the BopD mutant. Furthermore, the hemolytic activity of the BopD mutant was greatly impaired compared with that of the wild-type strain. On the basis of the results of coimmunoprecipitation assays with anti-BopB antibodies, we conclude that BopD has the ability to associate with BopB. Finally, we show that the BopD-BopB complex is responsible for the pore formation in the host plasma membrane that functions as the conduit for the transition of effector proteins into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Nogawa
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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29
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Kuwae A, Ohishi M, Watanabe M, Nagai M, Abe A. BopB is a type III secreted protein in Bordetella bronchiseptica and is required for cytotoxicity against cultured mammalian cells. Cell Microbiol 2004; 5:973-83. [PMID: 14641181 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica to infected cells is known to be dependent on a B. bronchiseptica type III secretion system. Although the precise mechanism of the type III secretion system is unknown, BopN, BopD and Bsp22 have been identified as type III secreted proteins. In order to identify other proteins secreted via the type III secretion machinery in Bordetella, a type III mutant was generated, and its secretion profile was compared with that of the wild-type strain. The results showed that the wild-type strain, but not the type III mutant, secreted a 40-kDa protein into the culture supernatant. This protein was identified as BopB by the analysis of its N-terminal amino acid sequence. Severe cytotoxicity such as necrosis was induced in L2 cells by infection with the wild-type B. bronchiseptica. In contrast, this effect was not observed by the BopB mutant infection. The haemolytic activity of the BopB mutant was greatly impaired compared with that of the wild-type strain. The results of a digitonin assay strongly suggested that BopB was translocated into HeLa cells infected with the wild-type strain. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Bordetella secretes BopB via a type III secretion system during infection. BopB may play a role in the formation of pores in the host plasma membrane which serve as a conduit for the translocation of effector proteins into host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaomi Kuwae
- Laboratory of Bacterial Infection, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Merkel TJ, Boucher PE, Stibitz S, Grippe VK. Analysis of bvgR expression in Bordetella pertussis. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:6902-12. [PMID: 14617654 PMCID: PMC262712 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.23.6902-6912.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, produces a wide array of factors that are associated with its ability to cause disease. The expression and regulation of these virulence factors are dependent upon the bvg locus, which encodes three proteins: BvgA, a 23-kDa cytoplasmic protein; BvgS, a 135-kDa transmembrane protein; and BvgR, a 32-kDa protein. It is hypothesized that BvgS responds to environmental signals and interacts with BvgA, a transcriptional regulator, which upon modification by BvgS binds to specific promoters and activates transcription. An additional class of genes is repressed by the products of the bvg locus. The repression of these genes is dependent upon the third gene, bvgR. Expression of bvgR is dependent upon the function of BvgA and BvgS. This led to the hypothesis that the binding of phosphorylated BvgA to the bvgR promoter activates the expression of bvgR. We undertook an analysis of the transcriptional activation of bvgR expression. We identified the bvgR transcript by Northern blot analysis and identified the start site of transcription by primer extension. We determined that transcriptional activation of the bvgR promoter in an in vitro transcription system requires the addition of phosphorylated BvgA. Additionally, we have identified cis-acting regions that are required for BvgA activation of the bvgR promoter by in vitro footprinting and in vivo deletion and linker scanning analyses. A model of BvgA binding to the bvgR promoter is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tod J Merkel
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The Bordetella BvgAS signal transduction system controls the expression of at least three phenotypic phases, the Bvg(+) or virulent phase, the Bvg(-) or avirulent phase, and the Bvg(i) or Bvg intermediate phase, which has been hypothesized to be important for transmission. bipA, the first identified Bvg(i)-phase gene, encodes a protein with similarity to the well-characterized bacterial adhesins intimin and invasin. Proteins encoded by the bipA genes present in Bordetella pertussis Tohama I and Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50 differ in the number of 90-amino-acid repeats which they possess and in the sequence of the C-terminal domain. To investigate the possibility that bipA alleles segregate according to host specificity and to gain insight into the role of BipA and the Bvg(i) phase in the Bordetella infectious cycle, we compared bipA alleles across members of the B. bronchiseptica cluster, which includes both human-infective (B. pertussis and B. parapertussis(hu)) and non-human-infective (B. bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis(ov)) strains. bipA genes were present in most, but not all, strains. All bipA genes present in B. bronchiseptica strains were identical to bipA of RB50 (at least with regard to the DNA sequence of the 3' C-terminal-domain-encoding region, the number of 90-amino-acid repeats encoded, and expression patterns). Although all bipA genes present in the other Bordetella strains were identical in the 3' C-terminal-domain-encoding region to bipA of B. pertussis Tohama I, they varied in the number of 90-amino-acid repeats that they encoded and in expression level. Notably, the genes present in B. parapertussis(hu) strains were pseudogenes, and the genes present in B. parapertussis(ov) strains were expressed at significantly reduced levels compared with the levels in B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica strains. Our results indicate that there is a correlation between specific bipA alleles and specific hosts. They also support the hypothesis that both horizontal gene transfer and fine-tuning of gene expression patterns contribute to the evolution of host adaptation in lineages of the B. bronchiseptica cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryna Fuchslocher
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa 93106-9610, USA
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32
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King AJ, Berbers G, van Oirschot HF, Hoogerhout P, Knipping K, Mooi FR. Role of the polymorphic region 1 of the Bordetella pertussis protein pertactin in immunity. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:2885-95. [PMID: 11700340 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-11-2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In several countries pertussis is re-emerging, despite a high vaccination coverage. It is suggested that antigenic divergence between Bordetella pertussis vaccine strains and circulating strains, in particular with respect to pertactin, has contributed to pertussis re-emergence. Polymorphism in pertactin is essentially limited to region 1, which is composed of repeats and is located adjacent to an Arg-Gly-Asp motif implicated in adherence. Evidence is provided for the immunological relevance of polymorphism in region 1. Region 1 was found to contain a B-cell epitope recognized in both humans and mice. Furthermore, variation in region 1 affected antibody binding and, in a mouse respiratory infection model, the efficacy of a whole-cell vaccine. Moreover, passive and active immunization indicated that region 1 confers protective immunity. An mAb directed against a linear conserved epitope conferred cross-immunity against isolates with distinct pertactin variants. The results indicate an important role of region 1 of pertactin in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J King
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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33
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Abstract
The success of a bacterial pathogen may depend on its ability to sense and respond to different environments. This is particularly true of those pathogens whose survival depends on adaptation to different niches both within and outside the host. Members of the genus Bordetella cause infections in humans, other animals and birds. Two closely related species, B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica, cause respiratory disease and express a similar range of virulence factors during infection, but exhibit different host ranges and responses to environmental change. B. pertussis has no known reservoir other than humans and is assumed to be transmitted directly via aerosol droplets between hosts. B. bronchiseptica, on the other hand, has the potential to survive and grow in the natural environment. Comparison of the manner in which these two organisms respond to external signals has provided important insights into the co-ordinate regulation of gene expression as a response to a changing environment. During infection, both species produce a range of virulence factors whose expression is co-ordinated by two members of the two-component family of signal transduction proteins, the bvg (bordetella virulence gene) and ris (regulator of intracellular stress response) loci. When active, the bvg locus directs the activity of a number of virulence determinants in both species whose products, such as adhesins and toxins, establish colonization of the host by the bacteria, although each organism has evolved a slightly different strategy during pathogenesis. B. pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, promotes an acute disease and tends to be more virulent than B. bronchiseptica which generally causes chronic and persistent asymptomatic colonization of the respiratory tract. The recently identified ris locus appears to control the expression of factors important for intracellular survival of B. bronchiseptica, but a role for this regulatory locus in B. pertussis infection has not been established. Expression of the virulence determinants controlled by the bvg and ris loci is subject to modulation by different environmental signals, such as low temperature, which act through these two-component systems. Evidence indicates that, for B. bronchiseptica, bvg-controlled determinants expressed under modulating conditions, such as motility, facilitate adaptation and survival in environments outside the host. With B. pertussis, however, there is no apparent requirement for prolonged survival outside the host and this difference is reflected in the expression of different, as yet uncharacterized, determinants as a response to modulating signals. The nature of the gene products involved and their assumed role in the life cycle of B. pertussis remains to be determined. Thus, comparative analysis of these species provides an excellent model for understanding the genetic requirements for pathogenesis of respiratory infection and adaptation to changing environments, both within and outside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Coote
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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34
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Abstract
Bordetella pertussis exploits extracellular and intracellular niches in the respiratory tract and a variety of immune evasion strategies to prolong its survival in the host. This article reviews evidence of complementary roles for cellular and humoral immunity in protection. It discusses the effector mechanisms of bacterial elimination, the strategies employed by the bacteria to subvert protective immune responses and the immunological basis for systemic and neurological responses to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mills
- Infection and Immunity Group, Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co., Kildare, Ireland.
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35
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Ishibashi Y, Relman DA, Nishikawa A. Invasion of human respiratory epithelial cells by Bordetella pertussis: Possible role for a filamentous hemagglutinin Arg-Gly-Asp sequence and α5β1 integrin. Microb Pathog 2001; 30:279-88. [PMID: 11373122 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2001.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the agent of whooping cough, is capable of invading human respiratory epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which B. pertussis invades the human lung epithelial cell line A549 and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. In vitro adhesion and invasion assays using both cell types with a virulent B. pertussis strain and its isogenic mutants revealed profound defects in a mutant deficient in filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) expression. In addition, a mutant in which an FHA Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) site had been changed to Arg-Ala-Asp had significantly diminished invasiveness, although its adhesiveness was comparable to that of the parental strain. Furthermore, a synthetic RGD-containing hexapeptide inhibited invasion of both cell types by the virulent strain. These results demonstrate that an RGD sequence of FHA is involved in B. pertussis invasion of epithelial cells in vitro. Monoclonal antibodies directed against human alpha5beta1 integrin, but not other integrins, blocked invasion, indicating that this integrin is involved in B. pertussis invasion. Taken together, these findings suggest that B. pertussis FHA may promote invasion of human respiratory epithelial cells through the interaction of its RGD sequence with host cell alpha5beta1 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishibashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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36
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Kinnear SM, Marques RR, Carbonetti NH. Differential regulation of Bvg-activated virulence factors plays a role in Bordetella pertussis pathogenicity. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1983-93. [PMID: 11254549 PMCID: PMC98121 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.1983-1993.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, regulates expression of many virulence factors via a two-component signal transduction system encoded by the bvgAS regulatory locus. It has been shown by transcription activation kinetics that several of the virulence factors are differentially regulated. fha is transcribed within 10 min following a bvgAS-inducing signal, while prn is transcribed after 1 h and ptx is not transcribed until 2 to 4 h after induction. These genes therefore represent early, intermediate, and late classes of bvg-activated promoters, respectively. Although there have been many insightful studies into the mechanisms of BvgAS-mediated regulation, the role that differential regulation of virulence genes plays in B. pertussis pathogenicity has not been characterized. We provide evidence that alterations to the promoter regions of bvg-activated genes can alter the kinetic pattern of expression of these genes without changing steady-state transcription levels. In addition, B. pertussis strains containing these promoter alterations that express either ptx at an early time or fha at a late time demonstrate a significant reduction in their ability to colonize respiratory tracts in an intranasal mouse model of infection. These data suggest a role for differential regulation of bvg-activated genes, and therefore for the BvgAS regulatory system, in the pathogenicity of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kinnear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Register KB, Ducey TF, Brockmeier SL, Dyer DW. Reduced virulence of a Bordetella bronchiseptica siderophore mutant in neonatal swine. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2137-43. [PMID: 11254568 PMCID: PMC98140 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2137-2143.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2000] [Accepted: 01/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One means by which Bordetella bronchiseptica scavenges iron is through production of the siderophore alcaligin. A nonrevertible alcaligin mutant derived from the virulent strain 4609, designated DBB25, was constructed by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene into alcA, one of the genes essential for alcaligin biosynthesis. The virulence of the alcA mutant in colostrum-deprived, caesarean-delivered piglets was compared with that of the parent strain in two experiments. At 1 week of age, piglets were inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline, 4609, or DBB25. Two piglets in each group were euthanatized on day 10 postinfection. The remainder were euthanatized at 21 days postinfection. Clinical signs, including fever, coughing, and sneezing, were present in both groups. Nasal washes performed 7, 14, and 21 days postinoculation demonstrated that strain DBB25 colonized the nasal cavity but did so at levels that were significantly less than those achieved by strain 4609. Analysis of colonization based on the number of CFU per gram of tissue recovered from the turbinate, trachea, and lung also demonstrated significant differences between DBB25 and 4609, at both day 10 and day 21 postinfection. Mild to moderate turbinate atrophy was apparent in pigs inoculated with strain 4609, while turbinates of those infected with strain DBB25 developed no or mild atrophy. We conclude from these results that siderophore production by B. bronchiseptica is not essential for colonization of swine but is required for maximal virulence. B. bronchiseptica mutants with nonrevertible defects in genes required for alcaligin synthesis may be candidates for evaluation as attenuated, live vaccine strains in conventionally reared pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Register
- Respiratory Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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38
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Stockbauer KE, Fuchslocher B, Miller JF, Cotter PA. Identification and characterization of BipA, a Bordetella Bvg-intermediate phase protein. Mol Microbiol 2001; 39:65-78. [PMID: 11123689 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Bordetella BvgAS sensory transduction system has traditionally been viewed as controlling a transition between two distinct phenotypic phases: the Bvg(+) or virulent phase and the Bvg(-) or avirulent phase. Recently, we identified a phenotypic phase of Bordetella bronchiseptica that displays reduced virulence in a rat model of respiratory infection concomitant with increased ability to survive nutrient deprivation. Characterization of this phase, designated Bvg-intermediate (Bvg(i)), indicated the presence of antigens that are maximally, if not exclusively, expressed in this phase and therefore suggested the existence of a previously unidentified class of Bvg-regulated genes. We now report the identification and characterization of a Bvg(i) phase protein, BipA (Bvg-intermediate phase protein A), and its structural gene, bipA. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicates that bipA is expressed maximally under Bvgi phase conditions and thus represents the first identified Bvgi phase gene. bipA encodes a 1578-amino-acid protein that shares amino acid sequence similarity at its N-terminus with the proposed outer membrane localization domains of intimin (Int) of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and invasin (Inv) of Yersinia spp. Although not apparent at the amino acid level, BipA is also similar to Int and Inv in that the proposed membrane-spanning domain is followed by several 90-amino-acid repeats and a distinct C-terminal domain. Localization studies using an antibody directed against the C-terminus of BipA indicated that its C-terminus is exposed on the bacterial cell surface. Western blot analysis with this same antibody indicated that BipA homologues are expressed in Bvg(i) phase Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Comparison of a Delta bipA strain with wild-type B. bronchiseptica indicated that BipA is not required for Bvg(i) phase-specific aggregative adherence to rat lung epithelial cells in vitro or for persistent colonization of the rabbit respiratory tract in vivo. However, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that BipA, and the Bvg(i) phase in general, play an important role in the Bordetella infectious cycle, perhaps by contributing to aerosol transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Stockbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1747, USA
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39
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Bassinet L, Gueirard P, Maitre B, Housset B, Gounon P, Guiso N. Role of adhesins and toxins in invasion of human tracheal epithelial cells by Bordetella pertussis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1934-41. [PMID: 10722585 PMCID: PMC97369 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.1934-1941.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the agent of whooping cough, can invade and survive in several types of eukaryotic cell, including CHO, HeLa 229, and HEp-2 cells and macrophages. In this study, we analyzed bacterial invasiveness in nonrespiratory human HeLa epithelial cells and human HTE and HAE0 tracheal epithelial cells. Invasion assays and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that B. pertussis strains invaded and survived, without multiplying, in HTE or HAE0 cells. This phenomenon was bvg regulated, but invasive properties differed between B. pertussis strains and isolates and the B. pertussis reference strain. Studies with B. pertussis mutant strains demonstrated that filamentous hemagglutinin, the major adhesin, was involved in the invasion of human tracheal epithelial cells by bacteria but not in that of HeLa cells. Fimbriae and pertussis toxin were not found to be involved. However, we found that the production of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin prevents the invasion of HeLa and HTE cells by B. pertussis because an adenylate cyclase-hemolysin-deficient mutant was found to be more invasive than the parental strain. The effect of adenylate cyclase-hemolysin was mediated by an increase in the cyclic AMP concentration in the cells. Pertactin (PRN), an adhesin, significantly inhibited the invasion of HTE cells by bacteria, probably via its interaction with adenylate cyclase-hemolysin. Isolates producing different PRNs were taken up similarly, indicating that the differences in the sequences of the PRNs produced by these isolates do not affect invasion. We concluded that filamentous hemagglutinin production favored invasion of human tracheal cells but that adenylate cyclase-hemolysin and PRN production significantly inhibited this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bassinet
- Laboratoire des Bordetella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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40
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Yuk MH, Harvill ET, Cotter PA, Miller JF. Modulation of host immune responses, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by the Bordetella type III secretion system. Mol Microbiol 2000; 35:991-1004. [PMID: 10712682 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica establishes respiratory tract infections in laboratory animals with high efficiency. Colonization persists for the life of the animal and infection is usually asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts. We hypothesize that this reflects a balance between immunostimulatory events associated with infection and immunomodulatory events mediated by the bacteria. We have identified 15 loci that are part of a type III secretion apparatus in B. bronchiseptica and three secreted proteins. The functions of the type III secretion system were investigated by comparing the phenotypes of wild-type bacteria with two strains that are defective in type III secretion using in vivo and in vitro infection models. Type III secretion mutants were defective in long-term colonization of the trachea in immunocompetent mice. The mutants also elicited higher titres of anti-Bordetella antibodies upon infection compared with wild-type bacteria. Type III secretion mutants also showed increased lethal virulence in immunodeficient SCID-beige mice. These observations suggest that type III-secreted products of B. bronchiseptica interact with components of both innate and adaptive immune systems of the host. B. bronchiseptica induced apoptosis in macrophages in vitro and inflammatory cells in vivo and type III secretion was required for this process. Infection of an epithelial cell line with high numbers of wild type, but not type III deficient B. bronchiseptica resulted in rapid aggregation of NF-kappaB into large complexes in the cytoplasm. NF-kappaB aggregation was dependent on type III secretion and aggregated NF-kappaB did not respond to TNFalpha activation, suggesting B. bronchiseptica may modulate host immunity by inactivating NF-kappaB. Based on these in vivo and in vitro results, we hypothesize that the Bordetella type III secretion system functions to modulate host immune responses during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Yuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1747, USA
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41
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Kerr JR, Rigg GP, Matthews RC, Burnie JP. The Bpel locus encodes type III secretion machinery in Bordetella pertussis. Microb Pathog 1999; 27:349-67. [PMID: 10588908 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1999.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type III secretory genes(Bscl, J, K, L, N and O) have recently been identified in Bordetella bronchiseptica and shown to be under the control of the BvgAS locus. We examined a 35 616 byte DNA sequence amplified from Bordetella pertussis Tohama I for homology with known type III secretory genes in Yersinia spp. and Pseudomonas sppand a total of 20 homologous open reading frames were detected. Putative type III secretion proteins in B. pertussis were designated according to their homology with type III secretion proteins in B. bronchiseptica, Yersinia and Pseudomonas. These ORFs were arranged in two putative operons, which together we have designated as the BpeI locus. The first spans nucleotides 23385-7888 and encodes the putative proteins LcrH1, BopD, BopB, LcfH2, BscI, BscJ, BscK, BscL, BscN, BscO, BscQ, BscR, BscS, BscT, BscU, and BscC, in this order. The second spans nucleotides 23580-29863 and encodes the putative proteins LcrE, LcrD, BscD and BscF, in this order. The homology of these proteins to type III secretory proteins was B. bronchiseptica (73-99%), Yersinia spp. (17-65%), Pseudomonas spp. (18-64%). The B. pertussis proteins were similar to their homologues in B. bronchiseptica, Yersinia and Pseudomonas in terms of length, molecular weight and isoelectric point. Coiled-coil domains were detected in putative translocation proteins, BopB and BopD. BopB and BopD were similar to each other, to the RTX toxin family and to cyaA, cyaB, cyaD and cyaE. The percentage G+C content of the sequence analysed was 66.16%, which is similar to the published percentage G+C (67-70%) for the B. pertussis chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kerr
- Pertussis Reference Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Research Group, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, U.K
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42
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Forde CB, Shi X, Li J, Roberts M. Bordetella bronchiseptica-mediated cytotoxicity to macrophages is dependent on bvg-regulated factors, including pertactin. Infect Immun 1999; 67:5972-8. [PMID: 10531256 PMCID: PMC96982 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.11.5972-5978.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection on the viability of murine macrophage-like cells and on primary porcine alveolar macrophages was investigated. The bacterium was shown to be cytotoxic for both cell types, particularly where tight cell-to-cell contacts were established. In addition, bvg mutants were poorly cytotoxic for the eukaryotic cells, while a prn mutant was significantly less toxic than wild-type bacteria. B. bronchiseptica-mediated cytotoxicity was inhibited in the presence of cytochalasin D or cycloheximide, an inhibitor of microfilament-dependent phagocytosis or de novo eukaryotic protein synthesis, respectively. The mechanism of eukaryotic cell death was examined, and cell death was found to occur primarily through a necrotic pathway, although a small proportion of the population underwent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Forde
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
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43
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Henderson IR, Owen P. The major phase-variable outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli structurally resembles the immunoglobulin A1 protease class of exported protein and is regulated by a novel mechanism involving Dam and oxyR. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:2132-41. [PMID: 10094691 PMCID: PMC93626 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.7.2132-2141.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the characterization of an Escherichia coli gene (agn43) which encodes the principal phase-variable outer membrane protein termed antigen 43 (Ag43). The agn43 gene encodes a precursor protein of 107 kDa containing a 52-amino-acid signal sequence. Posttranslational processing generates an alpha43 subunit (predicted Mr of 49,789) and a C-terminal domain (beta43) with features typical of a bacterial integral outer membrane protein (predicted Mr of 51, 642). Secondary structure analysis predicts that beta43 exists as an 18-stranded beta barrel and that Ag43 shows structural organization closely resembling that of immunoglobulin A1 protease type of exoprotein produced by pathogenic Neisseria and Haemophilus spp. The correct processing of the polyprotein to alpha43 and beta43 in OmpT, OmpP, and DegP protease-deficient E. coli strains points to an autocatalytic cleavage mechanism, a hypothesis supported by the occurrence of an aspartyl protease active site within alpha43. Ag43, a species-specific antigen, possesses two RGD motifs of the type implicated in binding to human integrins. The mechanism of reversible phase variation was studied by immunochemical analysis of a panel of well-defined regulatory mutants and by analysis of DNA sequences upstream of agn43. Evidence strongly suggests that phase variation is regulated by both deoxyadenosine methylase (Dam) and by OxyR. Thus, oxyR mutants are locked on for Ag43 expression, whereas dam mutants are locked off for Ag43 expression. We propose a novel mechanism for the regulation of phase switching in which OxyR competes with Dam for unmethylated GATC sites in the regulatory region of the agn43 gene.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Bacterial
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Enterobacteriaceae/genetics
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Immunoglobulin A/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin A/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific)/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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44
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van den Berg BM, Beekhuizen H, Willems RJ, Mooi FR, van Furth R. Role of Bordetella pertussis virulence factors in adherence to epithelial cell lines derived from the human respiratory tract. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1056-62. [PMID: 10024543 PMCID: PMC96429 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.3.1056-1062.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During colonization of the respiratory tract by Bordetella pertussis, virulence factors contribute to adherence of the bacterium to the respiratory tract epithelium. In the present study, we examined the roles of the virulence factors filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae, pertactin (Prn), and pertussis toxin (PT) in the adherence of B. pertussis to cells of the human bronchial epithelial cell line NCI-H292 and of the laryngeal epithelial cell line HEp-2. Using B. pertussis mutant strains and purified FHA, fimbriae, Prn, and PT, we demonstrated that both fimbriae and FHA are involved in the adhesion of B. pertussis to laryngeal epithelial cells, whereas only FHA is involved in the adherence to bronchial epithelial cells. For PT and Prn, no role as adhesion factor was found. However, purified PT bound to both bronchial and laryngeal cells and as such reduced the adherence of B. pertussis to these cells. These data may imply that fimbriae play a role in infection of only the laryngeal mucosa, while FHA is the major factor in colonization of the entire respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M van den Berg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Cotter PA, Yuk MH, Mattoo S, Akerley BJ, Boschwitz J, Relman DA, Miller JF. Filamentous hemagglutinin of Bordetella bronchiseptica is required for efficient establishment of tracheal colonization. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5921-9. [PMID: 9826374 PMCID: PMC108750 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.12.5921-5929.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence to ciliated respiratory epithelial cells is considered a critical early step in Bordetella pathogenesis. For Bordetella pertussis, the etiologic agent of whooping cough, several factors have been shown to mediate adherence to cells and cell lines in vitro. These putative adhesins include filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae, pertactin, and pertussis toxin. Determining the precise roles of each of these factors in vivo, however, has been difficult, due in part to the lack of natural-host animal models for use with B. pertussis. Using the closely related species Bordetella bronchiseptica, and by constructing both deletion mutation and ectopic expression mutants, we have shown that FHA is both necessary and sufficient for mediating adherence to a rat lung epithelial (L2) cell line. Using a rat model of respiratory infection, we have shown that FHA is absolutely required, but not sufficient, for tracheal colonization in healthy, unanesthetized animals. FHA was not required for initial tracheal colonization in anesthetized animals, however, suggesting that its role in establishment may be dedicated to overcoming the clearance action of the mucociliary escalator.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cotter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Abstract
Bordetella pertussis expresses a bvg-regulated 95-kDa protein, Vag8, encoded by vag-8. Southern blot analysis indicates that strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis have DNA homologous to vag-8. Antiserum raised to a fusion of maltose binding protein to an N-terminal 60-kDa fragment of Vag8 recognizes the native 95-kDa protein in immunoblots of B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica but not B. parapertussis. A 95-kDa protein-negative derivative of B. pertussis 18323 containing a deletion of vag-8 colonized mice as efficiently as the parent B. pertussis strain in a mouse aerosol model of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Finn
- Laboratory of Pertussis, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Forde CB, Parton R, Coote JG. Bioluminescence as a reporter of intracellular survival of Bordetella bronchiseptica in murine phagocytes. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3198-207. [PMID: 9632586 PMCID: PMC108333 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.7.3198-3207.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The uptake and persistence of Bordetella bronchiseptica was characterized in murine phagocytes by using a novel bioluminescence-based reporter system. A mini-Tn5 promoter probe carrying the intact lux operon from the terrestrial bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens which allowed measurement of light output without the addition of exogenous substrate was constructed. It was used to create a pool of bioluminescent fusion strains of B. bronchiseptica. The internalization and persistence in murine macrophages of a constitutive bioluminescent strain of B. bronchiseptica was monitored by luminometry and by fluorescence and electron microscopy. The number of bacteria internalized, in a microfilament-dependent process, by a mouse macrophage-like cell line after 2 h was approximately 1% of the inoculum for several different multiplicities of infection (MOI). At an MOI of <500:1 (bacteria to macrophages), viable numbers of intracellular bacteria declined over a 4-day period. However, at an MOI of >/=500:1, long-term survival was enhanced, with viable bacteria recovered up to 4 days postinfection with little decline in numbers, indicating that a critical population size may have been essential for intracellular persistence. No evidence of macrophage killing by intracellular bacteria was detected over the 4-day period. Intracellular bioluminescent B. bronchiseptica organisms in mouse peritoneal cells were detected at 24 and 48 h after intraperitoneal injection of mice. Bioluminescence is shown to act as a convenient real-time technique for monitoring of intracellular survival of B. bronchiseptica in vitro and may provide a suitable means for examining the role of long-term intracellular survival of the bacterium in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Forde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, IBLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
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Yuk MH, Harvill ET, Miller JF. The BvgAS virulence control system regulates type III secretion in Bordetella bronchiseptica. Mol Microbiol 1998; 28:945-59. [PMID: 9663681 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The BvgAS signal transduction system in Bordetella spp. mediates a transition between infectious (Bvg+) and non-infectious (Bvg-) phases by sensing environmental conditions and regulating gene expression. Using differential display, arbitrary-primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we identified a gene expressed in the Bvg+ phase of Bordetella bronchiseptica that shows a high degree of sequence similarity to a locus involved in providing energy for type III secretion in pathogenic gram-negative bacteria (yscN in Yersinia spp.). We determined that the expression of this homologue in B. bronchiseptica (designated bscN) is regulated by bvg. Several open reading frames surrounding the bscN locus also show sequence similarity to loci encoding type III secretion apparatus components in other bacteria. An in-frame deletion of bscN in B. bronchiseptica leads to decreased secretion of several proteins, decreased cytotoxicity towards cultured cell lines and a defect in causing tyrosine dephosphorylation of specific proteins in infected cells in vitro. The deletion strain also revealed that bscN-mediated secretion is required for persistent colonization of the trachea in a rat infection model. Loci encoding type III secretion homologues were identified in four strains of B. pertussis and two strains of B. parapertussis. B. pertussis strain 18323 and an ovine isolate of B. parapertussis show significant transcription of the genes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Yuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1747, USA
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Abstract
Vaccines represent the most cost-effective means to prevent infectious diseases. Most of the vaccines which are currently available were developed long before the era of molecular biology and biotechnology. They were obtained following empirical approaches leading to the inactivation or to the attenuation of microorganisms, without any knowledge neither of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the disease they were expected to protect from, nor of the immune responses elicited by the infectious agents or by the vaccine itself. The past two decades have seen an impressive progress in the field of immunology and molecular biology, which have allowed a better understanding of the interactions occurring between microbes and their hosts. This basic knowledge has represented an impetus towards the generation of better vaccines and the development of new vaccines. In this monograph we briefly summarize some of the most important biotechnological approaches that are currently followed in the development of new vaccines, and provide details on an approach to vaccine development: the genetic detoxification of bacterial toxins. Such an approach has been particularly successful in the rational design of a new vaccine against pertussis, which has been shown to be extremely efficacious and safe. It has been applied to the construction of powerful mucosal adjuvants, for administration of vaccines at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cotter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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