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Messant M, Hani U, Lai TL, Wilson A, Shimakawa G, Krieger-Liszkay A. Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) protects photosystem I and not photosystem II against photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:669-678. [PMID: 37921075 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase PTOX controls the oxidation level of the plastoquinone pool in the thylakoid membrane and acts as a safety valve upon abiotic stress, but detailed characterization of its role in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus is limited. Here we used PTOX mutants in two model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. In Arabidopsis, lack of PTOX leads to a severe defect in pigmentation, a so-called variegated phenotype, when plants are grown at standard light intensities. We created a green Arabidopsis PTOX mutant expressing the bacterial carotenoid desaturase CRTI and a double mutant in Marchantia lacking both PTOX isoforms, the plant-type and the alga-type PTOX. In both species, lack of PTOX affected the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Exposure of plants to high light intensity showed in the absence of PTOX higher susceptibility of photosystem I to light-induced damage while photosystem II was more stable compared with the wild type demonstrating that PTOX plays both, a pro-oxidant and an anti-oxidant role in vivo. Our results shed new light on the function of PTOX in the protection of photosystem I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Messant
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Umama Hani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thanh-Lan Lai
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Adjélé Wilson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Department of Bioscience, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Zhang M, Li H, Zhang L, Liu J. Heat stress, especially when coupled with high light, accelerates the decline of tropical seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) meadows. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115043. [PMID: 37201350 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress threatens the survival of seagrass, but its damage mechanisms are unclear. In this study, the results reveal that heat stress exceeding 36 °C in the dark caused inactivation of the PSII reaction center, damaging both the PSII donor and acceptor sides in Enhalus acoroides. High light further increased the damage to the photosynthetic apparatus under heat stress. The stronger the heat stress under high light, the harder the recovery of photosynthetic activity. Therefore, during ebb tide at noon in nature, heat stress combined with strong light would induce a significant, even irreversible decrease in photosynthetic activity. Moreover, the heat stress hindered the transcription of psbA and RuBisCO, enhanced respiratory O2, and induced severe peroxidation even if the SOD, APX, and GPX activities significantly improved. The results clearly suggest that heat stress, especially when coupled with high light, may be an important cause for the decline of E. acoroides meadows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hu Li
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China.
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3
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Miao Y, Chen H, Xu W, Yang Q, Liu C, Huang L. Structural mutations of small single copy (SSC) region in the plastid genomes of five Cistanche species and inter-species identification. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:412. [PMID: 36008757 PMCID: PMC9404617 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cistanche is an important genus of Orobanchaceae, with critical medicinal, economic, and desertification control values. However, the phylogenetic relationships of Cistanche genus remained obscure. To date, no effective molecular markers have been reported to discriminate effectively the Cistanche closely related species reported here. In this study, we obtained and characterized the plastomes of four Cistanche species from China, to clarify the phylogenetic relationship within the genus, and to develop molecular markers for species discrimination. RESULTS: Four Cistanche species (Cistanche deserticola, Cistanche salsa, Cistanche tubulosa and Cistanche sinensis), were deep-sequenced with Illumina. Their plastomes were assembled using SPAdes and annotated using CPGAVAS2. The plastic genomes were analyzed in detail, finding that all showed the conserved quadripartite structure (LSC-IR-SSC-IR) and with full sizes ranging from 75 to 111 Kbp. We observed a significant contraction of small single copy region (SSC, ranging from 0.4-29 Kbp) and expansion of inverted repeat region (IR, ranging from 6-30 Kbp), with C. deserticola and C. salsa showing the smallest SSCs with only one gene (rpl32). Compared with other Orobanchaceae species, Cistanche species showed extremely high rates of gene loss and pseudogenization, as reported for other parasitic Orobanchaceae species. Furthermore, analysis of sequence divergence on protein-coding genes showed the three genes (rpl22, clpP and ycf2) had undergone positive selection in the Cistanche species under study. In addition, by comparison of all available Cistanche plastomes we found 25 highly divergent intergenic spacer (IGS) regions that were used to predict two DNA barcode markers (Cis-mk01 and Cis-mk02 based on IGS region trnR-ACG-trnN-GUU) and eleven specific DNA barcode markers using Ecoprimer software. Experimental validation showed 100% species discrimination success rate with both type of markers. CONCLUSION Our findings have shown that Cistanche species are an ideal model to investigate the structure variation, gene loss and pseudogenization during the process of plastome evolution in parasitic species, providing new insights into the evolutionary relationships among the Cistanche species. In addition, the developed DNA barcodes markers allow the proper species identification, ensuring the effective and safe use of Cistanche species as medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Miao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haimei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wanqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Sarraf M, Deamici KM, Taimourya H, Islam M, Kataria S, Raipuria RK, Abdi G, Brestic M. Effect of Magnetopriming on Photosynthetic Performance of Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179353. [PMID: 34502258 PMCID: PMC8431099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetopriming has emerged as a promising seed-priming method, improving seed vigor, plant performance and productivity under both normal and stressed conditions. Various recent reports have demonstrated that improved photosynthesis can lead to higher biomass accumulation and overall crop yield. The major focus of the present review is magnetopriming-based, improved growth parameters, which ultimately favor increased photosynthetic performance. The plants originating from magnetoprimed seeds showed increased plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, thick midrib and minor veins. Similarly, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, efficiency of PSII, quantum yield of electron transport, stomatal conductance, and activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), Rubisco and PEP-carboxylase enzymes are enhanced with magnetopriming of the seeds. In addition, a higher fluorescence yield at the J-I-P phase in polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transient curves was observed in plants originating from magnetoprimed seeds. Here, we have presented an overview of available studies supporting the magnetopriming-based improvement of various parameters determining the photosynthetic performance of crop plants, which consequently increases crop yield. Additionally, we suggest the need for more in-depth molecular analysis in the future to shed light upon hidden regulatory mechanisms involved in magnetopriming-based, improved photosynthetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sarraf
- Department of Horticulture Science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz 71987-74731, Iran;
| | | | - Houda Taimourya
- Department of Horticulture, Horticol Complex of Agadir (CHA), Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Agadir 80000, Morocco;
| | - Monirul Islam
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Sunita Kataria
- School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913817, Iran;
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.B.)
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5
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Sagun JV, Badger MR, Chow WS, Ghannoum O. Mehler reaction plays a role in C 3 and C 4 photosynthesis under shade and low CO 2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:171-185. [PMID: 33534052 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternative electron fluxes such as the cyclic electron flux (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) and Mehler reaction (Me) are essential for efficient photosynthesis because they generate additional ATP and protect both photosystems against photoinhibition. The capacity for Me can be estimated by measuring O2 exchange rate under varying irradiance and CO2 concentration. In this study, mass spectrometric measurements of O2 exchange were made using leaves of representative species of C3 and C4 grasses grown under natural light (control; PAR ~ 800 µmol quanta m-2 s-1) and shade (~ 300 µmol quanta m-2 s-1), and in representative species of gymnosperm, liverwort and fern grown under natural light. For all control grown plants measured at high CO2, O2 uptake rates were similar between the light and dark, and the ratio of Rubisco oxygenation to carboxylation (Vo/Vc) was low, which suggests little potential for Me, and that O2 uptake was mainly due to photorespiration or mitochondrial respiration under these conditions. Low CO2 stimulated O2 uptake in the light, Vo/Vc and Me in all species. The C3 species had similar Vo/Vc, but Me was highest in the grass and lowest in the fern. Among the C4 grasses, shade increased O2 uptake in the light, Vo/Vc and the assimilation quotient (AQ), particularly at low CO2, whilst Me was only substantial at low CO2 where it may contribute 20-50% of maximum electron flow under high light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ver Sagun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Murray R Badger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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Ma M, Liu Y, Bai C, Yong JWH. The Significance of Chloroplast NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Complex and Its Dependent Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661863. [PMID: 33968117 PMCID: PMC8102782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, a multiple-subunit complex in the thylakoid membranes mediating cyclic electron transport, is one of the most important alternative electron transport pathways. It was identified to be essential for plant growth and development during stress periods in recent years. The NDH-mediated cyclic electron transport can restore the over-reduction in stroma, maintaining the balance of the redox system in the electron transfer chain and providing the extra ATP needed for the other biochemical reactions. In this review, we discuss the research history and the subunit composition of NDH. Specifically, the formation and significance of NDH-mediated cyclic electron transport are discussed from the perspective of plant evolution and physiological functionality of NDH facilitating plants' adaptation to environmental stress. A better understanding of the NDH-mediated cyclic electron transport during photosynthesis may offer new approaches to improving crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Ma
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Key Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chunming Bai
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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7
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Bolte S, Marcon E, Jaunario M, Moyet L, Paternostre M, Kuntz M, Krieger-Liszkay A. Dynamics of the localization of the plastid terminal oxidase inside the chloroplast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2661-2669. [PMID: 32060533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a plastohydroquinone:oxygen oxidoreductase that shares structural similarities with alternative oxidases (AOXs). Multiple roles have been attributed to PTOX, such as involvement in carotene desaturation, a safety valve function, participation in the processes of chlororespiration, and setting the redox poise for cyclic electron transport. PTOX activity has been previously shown to depend on its localization at the thylakoid membrane. Here we investigate the dynamics of PTOX localization dependent on the proton motive force. Infiltrating illuminated leaves with uncouplers led to a partial dissociation of PTOX from the thylakoid membrane. In vitro reconstitution experiments showed that the attachment of purified recombinant maltose-binding protein (MBP)-OsPTOX to liposomes and isolated thylakoid membranes was strongest at slightly alkaline pH values in the presence of lower millimolar concentrations of KCl or MgCl2. In Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PTOX, confocal microscopy images showed that PTOX formed distinct spots in chloroplasts of dark-adapted or uncoupler-treated leaves, while the protein was more equally distributed in a network-like structure in the light. We propose a dynamic PTOX association with the thylakoid membrane depending on the presence of a proton motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bolte
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS-FRE 3631 - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Imaging Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Marcon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Jaunario
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Lucas Moyet
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, CEA, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Maité Paternostre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, CEA, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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8
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Essemine J, Lyu MJA, Qu M, Perveen S, Khan N, Song Q, Chen G, Zhu XG. Contrasting Responses of Plastid Terminal Oxidase Activity Under Salt Stress in Two C 4 Species With Different Salt Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32733515 PMCID: PMC7359412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study reveals contrasting responses of photosynthesis to salt stress in two C4 species: a glycophyte Setaria viridis (SV) and a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (SA). Specifically, the effect of short-term salt stress treatment on the photosynthetic CO2 uptake and electron transport were investigated in SV and its salt-tolerant close relative SA. In this experiment, at the beginning, plants were grown in soil then were exposed to salt stress under hydroponic conditions for two weeks. SV demonstrated a much higher susceptibility to salt stress than SA; while, SV was incapable to survive subjected to about 100 mM, SA can tolerate salt concentrations up to 550 mM with slight effect on photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates and electrons transport chain conductance (gETC ). Regardless the oxygen concentration used, our results show an enhancement in the P700 oxidation with increasing O2 concentration for SV following NaCl treatment and almost no change for SA. We also observed an activation of the cyclic NDH-dependent pathway in SV by about 2.36 times upon exposure to 50 mM NaCl for 12 days (d); however, its activity in SA drops by about 25% compared to the control without salt treatment. Using PTOX inhibitor (n-PG) and that of the Qo-binding site of Cytb6/f (DBMIB), at two O2 levels (2 and 21%), to restrict electrons flow towards PSI, we successfully revealed the presence of a possible PTOX activity under salt stress for SA but not for SV. However, by q-PCR and western-blot analysis, we showed an increase in PTOX amount by about 3-4 times for SA under salt stress but not or very less for SV. Overall, this study provides strong proof for the existence of PTOX as an alternative electron pathway in C4 species (SA), which might play more than a photoprotective role under salt stress.
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Ahmad N, Khan MO, Islam E, Wei ZY, McAusland L, Lawson T, Johnson GN, Nixon PJ. Contrasting Responses to Stress Displayed by Tobacco Overexpressing an Algal Plastid Terminal Oxidase in the Chloroplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32411169 PMCID: PMC7199157 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) - an interfacial diiron carboxylate protein found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts - oxidizes plastoquinol and reduces molecular oxygen to water. It is believed to play a physiologically important role in the response of some plant species to light and salt (NaCl) stress by diverting excess electrons to oxygen thereby protecting photosystem II (PSII) from photodamage. PTOX is therefore a candidate for engineering stress tolerance in crop plants. Previously, we used chloroplast transformation technology to over express PTOX1 from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in tobacco (generating line Nt-PTOX-OE). Contrary to expectation, growth of Nt-PTOX-OE plants was more sensitive to light stress. Here we have examined in detail the effects of PTOX1 on photosynthesis in Nt-PTOX-OE tobacco plants grown at two different light intensities. Under 'low light' (50 μmol photons m-2 s-1) conditions, Nt-PTOX-OE and WT plants showed similar photosynthetic activities. In contrast, under 'high light' (125 μmol photons m-2 s-1) conditions, Nt-PTOX-OE showed less PSII activity than WT while photosystem I (PSI) activity was unaffected. Nt-PTOX-OE grown under high light also failed to increase the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the maximum rate of CO2 assimilation compared to low-light grown plants, suggesting a defect in acclimation. In contrast, Nt-PTOX-OE plants showed much better germination, root length, and shoot biomass accumulation than WT when exposed to high levels of NaCl and showed better recovery and less chlorophyll bleaching after NaCl stress when grown hydroponically. Overall, our results strengthen the link between PTOX and the resistance of plants to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niaz Ahmad, ;
| | - Muhammad Omar Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ejazul Islam
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zheng-Yi Wei
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, China
| | - Lorna McAusland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Contrasting growth, physiological and gene expression responses of Clematis crassifolia and Clematis cadmia to different irradiance conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17842. [PMID: 31780789 PMCID: PMC6883030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clematis crassifolia and Clematis cadmia Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. & Thomson are herbaceous vine plants native to China. C. crassifolia is distributed in shaded areas, while C. cadmia mostly grows in bright, sunny conditions in mountainous and hilly landscapes. To understand the potential mechanisms involved in the irradiance responses of C. crassifolia and C. cadmia, we conducted a pot experiment under three irradiance treatments with natural irradiation and two different levels of shading. Various growth, photosynthetic, oxidative and antioxidative parameters and the relative expression of irradiance-related genes were examined. In total, 15 unigenes were selected for the analysis of gene expression. The exposure of C. crassifolia to high irradiance resulted in growth inhibition coupled with increased levels of chlorophyll, increased catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity and increased expression of c144262_g2, c138393_g1 and c131300_g2. In contrast, under high irradiance conditions, C. cadmia showed an increase in growth and soluble protein content accompanied by a decrease in the expression of c144262_g2, c133872_g1, and c142530_g1, suggesting their role in the acclimation of C. cadmia to a high-irradiance environment. The 15 unigenes were differentially expressed in C. crassifolia and C. cadmia under different irradiance conditions. Thus, our study revealed that there are essential differences in the irradiance adaptations of C. crassifolia and C. cadmia due to the differential physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying their irradiance responses, which result from their long-term evolution in contrasting habitats.
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11
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Alternative outlets for sustaining photosynthetic electron transport during dark-to-light transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11518-11527. [PMID: 31101712 PMCID: PMC6561286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903185116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most forms of life on Earth cannot exist without photosynthesis. Our food and atmosphere depend on it. To obtain high photosynthetic yields, light energy must be efficiently coupled to the fixation of CO2 into organic molecules. Suboptimal environmental conditions can severely impact the conversion of light energy to biomass and lead to reactive oxygen production, which in turn can cause cellular damage and loss of productivity. Hence, plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria have evolved a network of alternative outlets to sustain the flow of photosynthetically derived electrons. Our work is focused on the nature and integration of these outlets, which will inform a rational engineering of crop plants and algae to optimize photosynthesis and meet the increased global demand for food. Environmental stresses dramatically impact the balance between the production of photosynthetically derived energetic electrons and Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle (CBBC) activity; an imbalance promotes accumulation of reactive oxygen species and causes cell damage. Hence, photosynthetic organisms have developed several strategies to route electrons toward alternative outlets that allow for storage or harmless dissipation of their energy. In this work, we explore the activities of three essential outlets associated with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii photosynthetic electron transport: (i) reduction of O2 to H2O through flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) and (ii) plastid terminal oxidases (PTOX) and (iii) the synthesis of starch. Real-time measurements of O2 exchange have demonstrated that FLVs immediately engage during dark-to-light transitions, allowing electron transport when the CBBC is not fully activated. Under these conditions, we quantified maximal FLV activity and its overall capacity to direct photosynthetic electrons toward O2 reduction. However, when starch synthesis is compromised, a greater proportion of the electrons is directed toward O2 reduction through both the FLVs and PTOX, suggesting an important role for starch synthesis in priming/regulating CBBC and electron transport. Moreover, partitioning energized electrons between sustainable (starch; energetic electrons are recaptured) and nonsustainable (H2O; energetic electrons are not recaptured) outlets is part of the energy management strategy of photosynthetic organisms that allows them to cope with the fluctuating conditions encountered in nature. Finally, unmasking the repertoire and control of such energetic reactions offers new directions for rational redesign and optimization of photosynthesis to satisfy global demands for food and other resources.
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Polymorphisms in plastoquinol oxidase (PTOX) from Arabidopsis accessions indicate SNP-induced structural variants associated with altitude and rainfall. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:151-164. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bigot S, Buges J, Gilly L, Jacques C, Le Boulch P, Berger M, Delcros P, Domergue JB, Koehl A, Ley-Ngardigal B, Tran Van Canh L, Couée I. Pivotal roles of environmental sensing and signaling mechanisms in plant responses to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5573-5589. [PMID: 30155993 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change reshapes the physiology and development of organisms through phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic modifications, and genetic adaptation. Under evolutionary pressures of the sessile lifestyle, plants possess efficient systems of phenotypic plasticity and acclimation to environmental conditions. Molecular analysis, especially through omics approaches, of these primary lines of environmental adjustment in the context of climate change has revealed the underlying biochemical and physiological mechanisms, thus characterizing the links between phenotypic plasticity and climate change responses. The efficiency of adaptive plasticity under climate change indeed depends on the realization of such biochemical and physiological mechanisms, but the importance of sensing and signaling mechanisms that can integrate perception of environmental cues and transduction into physiological responses is often overlooked. Recent progress opens the possibility of considering plant phenotypic plasticity and responses to climate change through the perspective of environmental sensing and signaling. This review aims to analyze present knowledge on plant sensing and signaling mechanisms and discuss how their structural and functional characteristics lead to resilience or hypersensitivity under conditions of climate change. Plant cells are endowed with arrays of environmental and stress sensors and with internal signals that act as molecular integrators of the multiple constraints of climate change, thus giving rise to potential mechanisms of climate change sensing. Moreover, mechanisms of stress-related information propagation lead to stress memory and acquired stress tolerance that could withstand different scenarios of modifications of stress frequency and intensity. However, optimal functioning of existing sensors, optimal integration of additive constraints and signals, or memory processes can be hampered by conflicting interferences between novel combinations and novel changes in intensity and duration of climate change-related factors. Analysis of these contrasted situations emphasizes the need for future research on the diversity and robustness of plant signaling mechanisms under climate change conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Bigot
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Julie Buges
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR 6553, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Lauriane Gilly
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Jacques
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Le Boulch
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Berger
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Delcros
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Domergue
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Astrid Koehl
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Béra Ley-Ngardigal
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Loup Tran Van Canh
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR 6553, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Ivan Couée
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment, Univ Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- ECOBIO (Ecosystems-Biodiversity-Evolution) - UMR 6553, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Sun Y, Gao Y, Wang H, Yang X, Zhai H, Du Y. Stimulation of cyclic electron flow around PSI as a response to the combined stress of high light and high temperature in grape leaves. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:1038-1045. [PMID: 32291003 DOI: 10.1071/fp17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI activity after exposing grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seedling leaves to the combined stress of high temperature (HT) and high light (HL) were investigated. The PSII potential quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased significantly under exposure to HT, and this decrease was greater when HT was combined with HL, whereas the PSI activity maintained stable. HT enhanced CEF mediated by NAD(P)H dehydrogenase remarkably. Compared with the control leaves, the half-time of P700+ re-reduction decreased during the HT treatment; this decrease was even more pronounced under the combined stress, implying significantly enhanced CEF as a result of the treatment. However, the heat-induced increase in nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) was greater under HL, accompanied by a greater enhancement in high-energy state quenching. These results suggest that the combined stress of HT and HL resulted in severe PSII photoinhibition, whereas CEF showed plasticity in its response to environmental stress and played an important role in PSII and PSI photoprotection through accelerating generation of the thylakoid proton gradient and the induction of NPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yulu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xinghong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanpeng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
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15
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Molecular mechanisms involved in plant photoprotection. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:467-482. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into biomass and oxygen. When in excess, light can be dangerous for the photosynthetic apparatus because it can cause photo-oxidative damage and decreases the efficiency of photosynthesis because of photoinhibition. Plants have evolved many photoprotective mechanisms in order to face reactive oxygen species production and thus avoid photoinhibition. These mechanisms include quenching of singlet and triplet excited states of chlorophyll, synthesis of antioxidant molecules and enzymes and repair processes for damaged photosystem II and photosystem I reaction centers. This review focuses on the mechanisms involved in photoprotection of chloroplasts through dissipation of energy absorbed in excess.
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16
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Feilke K, Ajlani G, Krieger-Liszkay A. Overexpression of plastid terminal oxidase in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 alters cellular redox state. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0379. [PMID: 28808098 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are the most ancient organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis, and they are the ancestors of plant plastids. All plastids contain the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), while only certain cyanobacteria contain PTOX. Many putative functions have been discussed for PTOX in higher plants including a photoprotective role during abiotic stresses like high light, salinity and extreme temperatures. Since PTOX oxidizes PQH2 and reduces oxygen to water, it is thought to protect against photo-oxidative damage by removing excess electrons from the plastoquinone (PQ) pool. To investigate the role of PTOX we overexpressed rice PTOX fused to the maltose-binding protein (MBP-OsPTOX) in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a model cyanobacterium that does not encode PTOX. The fusion was highly expressed and OsPTOX was active, as shown by chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 absorption measurements. The presence of PTOX led to a highly oxidized state of the NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ pool, as detected by NAD(P)H fluorescence. Moreover, in the PTOX overexpressor the electron transport capacity of PSI relative to PSII was higher, indicating an alteration of the photosystem I (PSI) to photosystem II (PSII) stoichiometry. We suggest that PTOX controls the expression of responsive genes of the photosynthetic apparatus in a different way from the PQ/PQH2 ratio.This article is part of the themed issue 'Enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants: targets for improvement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Feilke
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ghada Ajlani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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17
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Kóbori TO, Uzumaki T, Kis M, Kovács L, Domonkos I, Itoh S, Krynická V, Kuppusamy SG, Zakar T, Dean J, Szilák L, Komenda J, Gombos Z, Ughy B. Phosphatidylglycerol is implicated in divisome formation and metabolic processes of cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:96-104. [PMID: 29558689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol is an essential phospholipid for photosynthesis and other cellular processes. We investigated the role of phosphatidylglycerol in cell division and metabolism in a phophatidylglycerol-auxotrophic strain of Synechococcus PCC7942. Here we show that phosphatidylglycerol is essential for the photosynthetic electron transfer and for the oligomerisation of the photosynthetic complexes, notably, we revealed that this lipid is important for non-linear electron transport. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phosphatidylglycerol starvation elevated the expressions of proteins of nitrogen and carbon metabolism. Moreover, we show that phosphatidylglycerol-deficient cells changed the morphology, became elongated, the FtsZ ring did not assemble correctly, and subsequently the division was hindered. However, supplementation with phosphatidylglycerol restored the ring-like structure at the mid-cell region and the normal cell size, demonstrating the phosphatidylglycerol is needed for normal septum formation. Taken together, central roles of phosphatidylglycerol were revealed; it is implicated in the photosynthetic activity, the metabolism and the fission of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea O Kóbori
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tatsuya Uzumaki
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furocyo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8607, Japan
| | - Mihály Kis
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Shigeru Itoh
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furocyo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8607, Japan
| | - Vendula Krynická
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Saravanan G Kuppusamy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomas Zakar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jason Dean
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - László Szilák
- Institute of Biology, Savaria Campus, Eötvös Lorand University, Szombathely, H-9700, Hungary
| | - Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Gombos
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
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18
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Spicher L, Almeida J, Gutbrod K, Pipitone R, Dörmann P, Glauser G, Rossi M, Kessler F. Essential role for phytol kinase and tocopherol in tolerance to combined light and temperature stress in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5845-5856. [PMID: 29186558 PMCID: PMC5854125 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In a changing environment, plants need to cope with the impact of rising temperatures together with high light intensity. Here, we used lipidomics in the tomato model system to identify lipophilic molecules that enhance tolerance to combined high-temperature and high-light stress. Among several hundred metabolites, the two most strongly up-regulated compounds were α-tocopherol and plastoquinone/plastoquinol. Both are well-known lipid antioxidants and contribute to the protection of photosystem II (PSII) against photodamage under environmental stress. To address the protective function of tocopherol, an RNAi line (vte5) with decreased expression of VTE5 and reduced levels of α-tocopherol was selected. VTE5 encodes phytol kinase, which acts in the biosynthetic pathway of tocopherols. vte5 suffered strong photoinhibition and photobleaching when exposed to combined high-light and high-temperature stress, but neither stress alone produced a visible phenotype. As vte5 had plastoquinone levels similar to those of the wild type under combined stress, the strong phenotype could be attributed to the lack of α-tocopherol. These findings suggest that VTE5 protects against combined high-light and high-temperature stress and does so by supporting α-tocopherol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Spicher
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Almeida
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Rosa Pipitone
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Akakpo R, Scarcelli N, Chaïr H, Dansi A, Djedatin G, Thuillet AC, Rhoné B, François O, Alix K, Vigouroux Y. Molecular basis of African yam domestication: analyses of selection point to root development, starch biosynthesis, and photosynthesis related genes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:782. [PMID: 29025393 PMCID: PMC5639766 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After cereals, root and tuber crops are the main source of starch in the human diet. Starch biosynthesis was certainly a significant target for selection during the domestication of these crops. But domestication of these root and tubers crops is also associated with gigantism of storage organs and changes of habitat. RESULTS We studied here, the molecular basis of domestication in African yam, Dioscorea rotundata. The genomic diversity in the cultivated species is roughly 30% less important than its wild relatives. Two percent of all the genes studied showed evidences of selection. Two genes associated with the earliest stages of starch biosynthesis and storage, the sucrose synthase 4 and the sucrose-phosphate synthase 1 showed evidence of selection. An adventitious root development gene, a SCARECROW-LIKE gene was also selected during yam domestication. Significant selection for genes associated with photosynthesis and phototropism were associated with wild to cultivated change of habitat. If the wild species grow as vines in the shade of their tree tutors, cultivated yam grows in full light in open fields. CONCLUSIONS Major rewiring of aerial development and adaptation for efficient photosynthesis in full light characterized yam domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Akakpo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes (UMR DIADE), 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Génétique Quantitative et Evolutive – Le Moulon, INRA – Univ. Paris-Sud – CNRS – AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Dassa, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Ressources Génétiques et Amélioration des Espèces Animales et Végétales (BIORAVE), Université d’Abomey, Dassa-Zoumè, Benin
| | - Nora Scarcelli
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes (UMR DIADE), 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Hana Chaïr
- Centre International de la Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Dansi
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Dassa, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Ressources Génétiques et Amélioration des Espèces Animales et Végétales (BIORAVE), Université d’Abomey, Dassa-Zoumè, Benin
| | - Gustave Djedatin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Dassa, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Ressources Génétiques et Amélioration des Espèces Animales et Végétales (BIORAVE), Université d’Abomey, Dassa-Zoumè, Benin
| | - Anne-Céline Thuillet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes (UMR DIADE), 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Bénédicte Rhoné
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes (UMR DIADE), 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Lyon, France
| | | | - Karine Alix
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Génétique Quantitative et Evolutive – Le Moulon, INRA – Univ. Paris-Sud – CNRS – AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yves Vigouroux
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et Développement des Plantes (UMR DIADE), 911, avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
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20
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Ivanov AG, Velitchkova MY, Allakhverdiev SI, Huner NPA. Heat stress-induced effects of photosystem I: an overview of structural and functional responses. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 133:17-30. [PMID: 28391379 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main factors controlling the formation, development, and functional performance of the photosynthetic apparatus in all photoautotrophs (green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria) on Earth. The projected climate change scenarios predict increases in air temperature across Earth's biomes ranging from moderate (3-4 °C) to extreme (6-8 °C) by the year 2100 (IPCC in Climate change 2007: The physical science basis: summery for policymakers, IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report 2007; Climate change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, IPCC WG3 Fifth Assessment Report 2014). In some areas, especially of the Northern hemisphere, even more extreme warm seasonal temperatures may occur, which possibly will cause significant negative effects on the development, growth, and yield of important agricultural crops. It is well documented that high temperatures can cause direct damages of the photosynthetic apparatus and photosystem II (PSII) is generally considered to be the primary target of heat-induced inactivation of photosynthesis. However, since photosystem I (PSI) is considered to determine the global amount of enthalpy in living systems (Nelson in Biochim Biophys Acta 1807:856-863, 2011; Photosynth Res 116:145-151, 2013), the effects of elevated temperatures on PSI might be of vital importance for regulating the photosynthetic response of all photoautotrophs in the changing environment. In this review, we summarize the experimental data that demonstrate the critical impact of heat-induced alterations on the structure, composition, and functional performance of PSI and their significant implications on photosynthesis under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Ivanov
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Maya Y Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, 142290, Russia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Matbuat Avenue 2a, 1073, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Norman P A Huner
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Paredes M, Quiles MJ. Chilling stress and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in Chrysanthemum morifolium and Spathiphyllum lanceifolium. Involvement of chlororespiration. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 211:36-41. [PMID: 28142095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium (sun species) and Spathiphyllum lanceifolium (shade species) were used to study the effects of chilling stems under high illumination. The stress conditions resulted in a greater accumulation of H2O2 in C. morifolium than in S. lanceifolium, and in the down-regulation of photosynthetic linear electron transport in both species. However, only a slight decrease in the maximal quantum yield of PSII was observed under unfavorable conditions in both species, suggesting that mechanisms exist in the chloroplasts that dissipate excess excitation energy and prevent damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Additionally, changes were observed in the PGR5 polypeptide involved in cyclic electron flow around PSI and in chlororespiratory enzymes (plastidial NDH complex and PTOX). The level of PGR5 increased significantly only in chilled plants of C. morifolium, whereas the levels of the PTOX and NDH-H polypeptide of the plastidial NDH complex and the NDH activity increased significantly only in chilled plants of S. lanceifolium. These findings suggest that the cyclic electron flow involving PGR5 is more active in C. morifolium, while in S. lanceifolium, other mechanisms involving chlororespiratory enzymes are stimulated in response to chilling and high light, resulting in less H2O2 being accumulated in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Paredes
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Quiles
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Carrot plastid terminal oxidase gene ( DcPTOX ) responds early to chilling and harbors intronic pre-miRNAs related to plant disease defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Johnson GN, Stepien P. Plastid Terminal Oxidase as a Route to Improving Plant Stress Tolerance: Known Knowns and Known Unknowns. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1387-1396. [PMID: 26936791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A plastid-localized terminal oxidase, PTox, was first described due to its role in chloroplast development, with plants lacking PTox producing white sectors on their leaves. This phenotype is explained as being due to PTox playing a role in carotenoid biosynthesis, as a cofactor of phytoene desaturase. Co-occurrence of PTox with a chloroplast-localized NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH) has suggested the possibility of a functional respiratory pathway in plastids. Evidence has also been found that, in certain stress-tolerant plant species, PTox can act as an electron acceptor from PSII, making it a candidate for engineering stress-tolerant crops. However, attempts to induce such a pathway via overexpression of the PTox protein have failed to date. Here we review the current understanding of PTox function in higher plants and discuss possible barriers to inducing PTox activity to improve stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles N Johnson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Piotr Stepien
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland
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Essemine J, Qu M, Mi H, Zhu XG. Response of Chloroplast NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase-Mediated Cyclic Electron Flow to a Shortage or Lack in Ferredoxin-Quinone Oxidoreductase-Dependent Pathway in Rice Following Short-Term Heat Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:383. [PMID: 27066033 PMCID: PMC4811871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) can protect photosynthetic electron carriers under conditions of stromal over-reduction. The goal of the research reported in this paper was to investigate the responses of both PSI and photosystem II (PSII) to a short-term heat stress in two rice lines with different capacities of cyclic electron transfer, i.e., Q4149 with a high capacity (hcef) and C4023 with a low capacity (lcef). The absorbance change at 820 nm (ΔA820) was used here to assess the charge separation in the PSI reaction center (P700). The results obtained show that short-term heat stress abolishes the ferredoxin-quinone oxidoreductase (FQR)-dependent CEF in rice and accelerates the initial rate of P700 (+) re-reduction. The P700 (+) amplitude was slightly increased at a moderate heat-stress (35°C) because of a partial restriction of FQR but it was decreased following high heat-stress (42°C). Assessment of PSI and PSII activities shows that PSI is more susceptible to heat stress than PSII. Under high temperature, FQR-dependent CEF was completely removed and NDH-dependent CEF was up-regulated and strengthened to a higher extent in C4023 than in Q4149. Specifically, under normal growth temperature, hcef (Q4149) was characterized by higher FQR- and chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH)-dependent CEF rates than lcef (C4023). Following thermal stress, the activation of NDH-pathway was 130 and 10% for C4023 and Q4149, respectively. Thus, the NDH-dependent CEF may constitute the second layer of plant protection and defense against heat stress after the main route, i.e., FQR-dependent CEF, reaches its capacity. We discuss the possibility that under high heat stress, the NDH pathway serves as a safety valve to dissipate excess energy by cyclic photophosphorylation and overcome the stroma over-reduction following inhibition of CO2 assimilation and any shortage or lack in the FQR pathway. The potential role of the NDH-dependent pathway during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemaa Essemine
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Mingnan Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Hualing Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
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Krieger-Liszkay A, Feilke K. The Dual Role of the Plastid Terminal Oxidase PTOX: Between a Protective and a Pro-oxidant Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1147. [PMID: 26779210 PMCID: PMC4700201 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Li Q, Yao ZJ, Mi H. Alleviation of Photoinhibition by Co-ordination of Chlororespiration and Cyclic Electron Flow Mediated by NDH under Heat Stressed Condition in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:285. [PMID: 27066014 PMCID: PMC4811903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With increase of temperature, F o gradually rose in both WT and the mutant inactivated in the type 1 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH), a double mutant disrupted the genes of ndhJ and ndhK (ΔndhJK) or a triple mutant disrupted the genes of ndhC, ndhJ, and ndhK (ΔndhCJK). The temperature threshold of Fo rise was about 3-5°C lower in the mutants than in WT, indicating ΔndhJK and ΔndhCJK were more sensitive to elevated temperature. The F o rise after the threshold was slower and the reached maximal level was lower in the mutants than in WT, implying the chlororespiratory pathway was suppressed when NDH was inactivated. Meanwhile, the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) (F v /F m) decreased to a similar extent below 50°C in WT and mutants. However, the decline was sharper in WT when temperature rose above 55°C, indicating a down regulation of PS II photochemical activity by the chlororespiratory pathway in response to elevated temperature. On the other hand, in the presence of n-propyl gallate, an inhibitor of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), the less evident increase in F o while the more decrease in F v /F m in ΔndhCJK than in WT after incubation at 50°C for 6 h suggest the increased sensitivity to heat stress when both NDH and chlororespiratory pathways are suppressed. Moreover, the net photosynthetic rate and photo-efficiency decreased more significantly in ΔndhJK than in WT under the heat stressed conditions. Compared to the light-oxidation of P700, the difference in the dark-reduction of P700(+) between WT and ndhJK disruptant was much less under the heat stressed conditions, implying significantly enhanced cyclic electron flow in light and the competition for electron from PQ between PTOX and photosystem I in the dark at the elevated temperature. Heat-stimulated expression of both NdhK and PTOX significantly increased in WT, while the expression of PTOX was less in ΔndhJK than in WT. Meanwhile, the amount of active form of Rubisco activase decreased much more in the mutant. The results suggest that chlororespiration and cyclic electron flow mediated by NDH may coordinate to alleviate the over-reduction of stroma, thus to keep operation of CO2 assimilation at certain extent under heat stress condition.
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Feilke K, Streb P, Cornic G, Perreau F, Kruk J, Krieger-Liszkay A. Effect of Chlamydomonas plastid terminal oxidase 1 expressed in tobacco on photosynthetic electron transfer. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:219-28. [PMID: 26663146 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase PTOX is a plastohydroquinone:oxygen oxidoreductase that is important for carotenoid biosynthesis and plastid development. Its role in photosynthesis is controversially discussed. Under a number of abiotic stress conditions, the protein level of PTOX increases. PTOX is thought to act as a safety valve under high light protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against photodamage. However, transformants with high PTOX level were reported to suffer from photoinhibition. To analyze the effect of PTOX on the photosynthetic electron transport, tobacco expressing PTOX-1 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr-PTOX1) was studied by chlorophyll fluorescence, thermoluminescence, P700 absorption kinetics and CO2 assimilation. Cr-PTOX1 was shown to compete very efficiently with the photosynthetic electron transport for PQH2 . High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed that the PQ pool was highly oxidized in the transformant. Immunoblots showed that, in the wild-type, PTOX was associated with the thylakoid membrane only at a relatively alkaline pH value while it was detached from the membrane at neutral pH. We present a model proposing that PTOX associates with the membrane and oxidizes PQH2 only when the oxidation of PQH2 by the cytochrome b6 f complex is limiting forward electron transport due to a high proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Feilke
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Peter Streb
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - François Perreau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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He Y, Fu J, Yu C, Wang X, Jiang Q, Hong J, Lu K, Xue G, Yan C, James A, Xu L, Chen J, Jiang D. Increasing cyclic electron flow is related to Na+ sequestration into vacuoles for salt tolerance in soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6877-89. [PMID: 26276865 PMCID: PMC4623694 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In land plants, the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex reduces plastoquinones and drives cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI. It also produces extra ATP for photosynthesis and improves plant fitness under conditions of abiotic environmental stress. To elucidate the role of CEF in salt tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus, Na(+) concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, and expression of NDH B and H subunits, as well as of genes related to cellular and vacuolar Na(+) transport, were monitored. The salt-tolerant Glycine max (soybean) variety S111-9 exhibited much higher CEF activity and ATP accumulation in light than did the salt-sensitive variety Melrose, but similar leaf Na(+) concentrations under salt stress. In S111-9 plants, ndhB and ndhH were highly up-regulated under salt stress and their corresponding proteins were maintained at high levels or increased significantly. Under salt stress, S111-9 plants accumulated Na(+) in the vacuole, but Melrose plants accumulated Na(+) in the chloroplast. Compared with Melrose, S111-9 plants also showed higher expression of some genes associated with Na(+) transport into the vacuole and/or cell, such as genes encoding components of the CBL10 (calcineurin B-like protein 10)-CIPK24 (CBL-interacting protein kinase 24)-NHX (Na(+)/H(+) antiporter) and CBL4 (calcineurin B-like protein 4)-CIPK24-SOS1 (salt overly sensitive 1) complexes. Based on the findings, it is proposed that enhanced NDH-dependent CEF supplies extra ATP used to sequester Na(+) in the vacuole. This reveals an important mechanism for salt tolerance in soybean and provides new insights into plant resistance to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Junliang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoman Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinsu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixing Lu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Gangping Xue
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Chengqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Andrew James
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Ligen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dean Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Paredes M, Quiles MJ. The Effects of Cold Stress on Photosynthesis in Hibiscus Plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137472. [PMID: 26360248 PMCID: PMC4567064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work studies the effects of cold on photosynthesis, as well as the involvement in the chilling stress of chlororespiratory enzymes and ferredoxin-mediated cyclic electron flow, in illuminated plants of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Plants were sensitive to cold stress, as indicated by a reduction in the photochemistry efficiency of PSII and in the capacity for electron transport. However, the susceptibility of leaves to cold may be modified by root temperature. When the stem, but not roots, was chilled, the quantum yield of PSII and the relative electron transport rates were much lower than when the whole plant, root and stem, was chilled at 10°C. Additionally, when the whole plant was cooled, both the activity of electron donation by NADPH and ferredoxin to plastoquinone and the amount of PGR5 polypeptide, an essential component of the cyclic electron flow around PSI, increased, suggesting that in these conditions cyclic electron flow helps protect photosystems. However, when the stem, but not the root, was cooled cyclic electron flow did not increase and PSII was damaged as a result of insufficient dissipation of the excess light energy. In contrast, the chlororespiratory enzymes (NDH complex and PTOX) remained similar to control when the whole plant was cooled, but increased when only the stem was cooled, suggesting the involvement of chlororespiration in the response to chilling stress when other pathways, such as cyclic electron flow around PSI, are insufficient to protect PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Paredes
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Quiles
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Segura MV, Quiles MJ. Involvement of chlororespiration in chilling stress in the tropical species Spathiphyllum wallisii. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:525-33. [PMID: 25041194 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spathiphyllum wallisii plants were used to study the effect of chilling stress under high illumination on photosynthesis and chlororespiration. Leaves showed different responses that depended on root temperature. When stem, but not root, was chilled, photosystem II (PSII) was strongly photoinhibited. However, when the whole plant was chilled, the maximal quantum yield of PSII decreased only slightly below the normal values and cyclic electron transport was stimulated. Changes were also observed in the chlororespiration enzymes and PGR5. In whole plants chilled under high illumination, the amounts of NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) complex and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) remained similar to control and increased when only stem was chilled. In contrast, the amount of PGR5 polypeptide was higher in plants when both root and stem were chilled than in plants in which only stem was chilled. The results indicated that the contribution of chlororespiration to regulating photosynthetic electron flow is not relevant when the whole plant is chilled under high light, and that another pathway, such as cyclic electron flow involving PGR5 polypeptide, may be more important. However, when PSII activity is strongly photoinhibited in plants in which only stem is chilled, chlororespiration, together with other routes of electron input to the electron transfer chain, is probably essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Segura
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
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Soto A, Hernández L, Quiles MJ. High root temperature affects the tolerance to high light intensity in Spathiphyllum plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 227:84-9. [PMID: 25219310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spathiphyllum wallisii plants were sensitive to temperature stress under high illumination, although the susceptibility of leaves to stress may be modified by root temperature. Leaves showed higher tolerance to high illumination, in both cold and heat conditions, when the roots were cooled, probably because the chloroplast were protected by excess excitation energy dissipation mechanisms such as cyclic electron transport. When the roots were cooled both the activity of electron donation by NADPH and ferredoxin to plastoquinone and the amount of PGR5 polypeptide, an essential component of cyclic electron flow around PSI, increased. However, when the stems were heated or cooled under high illumination, but the roots were heated, the quantum yield of PSII decreased considerably and neither the electron donation activity by NADPH and ferredoxin to plastoquinone nor the amount of PGR5 polypeptide increased. In such conditions, the cyclic electron flow cannot be enhanced by high light and PSII is damaged as a result of insufficient dissipation of excess light energy. Additionally, the damage to PSII induced the increase in both chlororespiratory enzymes, NDH complex and PTOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Soto
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Quiles
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Feilke K, Yu Q, Beyer P, Sétif P, Krieger-Liszkay A. In vitro analysis of the plastid terminal oxidase in photosynthetic electron transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1684-90. [PMID: 25091282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase PTOX catalyzes the oxidation of plastoquinol (PQH2) coupled with the reduction of oxygen to water. In vivo PTOX is attached to the thylakoid membrane. PTOX is important for plastid development and carotenoid biosynthesis, and its role in photosynthesis is controversially discussed. To analyze PTOX activity in photosynthetic electron transport recombinant purified PTOX fused to the maltose-binding protein was added to photosystem II-enriched membrane fragments. These membrane fragments contain the plastoquinone (PQ) pool as verified by thermoluminescence. Experimental evidence for PTOX oxidizing PQH2 is demonstrated by following chlorophyll fluorescence induction. Addition of PTOX to photosystem II-enriched membrane fragments led to a slower rise, a lower level of the maximal fluorescence and an acceleration of the fluorescence decay. This effect was only observed at low light intensities indicating that PTOX cannot compete efficiently with the reduction of the PQ pool by photosystem II at higher light intensities. PTOX attached tightly to the membranes since it was only partly removable by membrane washings. Divalent cations enhanced the effect of PTOX on chlorophyll fluorescence compared to NaCl most likely because they increase connectivity between photosystem II centers and the size of the PQ pool. Using single turnover flashes, it was shown that the level of reactive oxygen species, generated by PTOX in a side reaction, increased when the spacing between subsequent double flashes was enlarged. This shows that PTOX generates reactive oxygen species under limited substrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Feilke
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Qiuju Yu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Sétif
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) Saclay, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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Bürling K, Ducruet JM, Cornic G, Hunsche M, Cerovic ZG. Assessment of photosystem II thermoluminescence as a tool to investigate the effects of dehydration and rehydration on the cyclic/chlororespiratory electron pathways in wheat and barley leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 223:116-123. [PMID: 24767121 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thermoluminescence emission from wheat leaves was recorded under various controlled drought stress conditions: (i) fast dehydration (few hours) of excised leaves in the dark (ii) slow dehydration (several days) obtained by withholding watering of plants under a day/night cycle (iii) overnight rehydration of the slowly dehydrated plants at a stage of severe dessication. In fast dehydrated leaves, the AG band intensity was unchanged but its position was shifted to lower temperatures, indicating an activation of cyclic and chlororespiratory pathways in darkness, without any increase of their overall electron transfer capacity. By contrast, after a slow dehydration the AG intensity was strongly increased whereas its position was almost unchanged, indicating respectively that the capacity of cyclic pathways was enhanced but that they remained inactivated in darkness. Under more severe dehydration, the AG band almost disappeared. Rewatering caused its rapid bounce significantly above the control level. No significant differences in AG emission could be found between the two drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant wheat cultivars. The afterglow thermoluminescence emission in leaves provides an additional tool to follow the increased capacity and activation of cyclic electron flow around PSI in leaves during mild, severe dehydration and after rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bürling
- Chamber of Agriculture of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Siebengebirgsstraße 200, D-53229 Bonn, Germany; University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Ducruet
- CNRS, Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, UMR 8079, Bât. 362, Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, AgroParisTech, Paris 75231, France.
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- CNRS, Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, UMR 8079, Bât. 362, Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, AgroParisTech, Paris 75231, France
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation - Horticultural Science, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Zoran G Cerovic
- CNRS, Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, UMR 8079, Bât. 362, Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, AgroParisTech, Paris 75231, France
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Roach T, Krieger-Liszkay A. Regulation of photosynthetic electron transport and photoinhibition. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2014; 15:351-62. [PMID: 24678670 PMCID: PMC4030316 DOI: 10.2174/1389203715666140327105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms and isolated photosystems are of interest for technical applications. In nature, photosynthetic electron transport has to work efficiently in contrasting environments such as shade and full sunlight at noon. Photosynthetic electron transport is regulated on many levels, starting with the energy transfer processes in antenna and ending with how reducing power is ultimately partitioned. This review starts by explaining how light energy can be dissipated or distributed by the various mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching, including thermal dissipation and state transitions, and how these processes influence photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII). Furthermore, we will highlight the importance of the various alternative electron transport pathways, including the use of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor and cyclic flow around photosystem I (PSI), the latter which seem particularly relevant to preventing photoinhibition of photosystem I. The control of excitation pressure in combination with the partitioning of reducing power influences the light-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species in PSII and in PSI, which may be a very important consideration to any artificial photosynthetic system or technical device using photosynthetic organisms.
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Galzerano D, Feilke K, Schaub P, Beyer P, Krieger-Liszkay A. Effect of constitutive expression of bacterial phytoene desaturase CRTI on photosynthetic electron transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:345-53. [PMID: 24378845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive expression of the bacterial carotene desaturase (CRTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to increased susceptibility of leaves to light-induced damage. Changes in the photosynthetic electron transport chain rather than alterations of the carotenoid composition in the antenna were responsible for the increased photoinhibition. A much higher level of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide was generated in the light in thylakoid membranes from the CRTI expressing lines than in wild-type while the level of singlet oxygen generation remained unchanged. The increase in reactive oxygen species was related to the activity of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) since their generation was inhibited by the PTOX-inhibitor octyl gallate, and since the protein level of PTOX was increased in the CRTI-expressing lines. Furthermore, cyclic electron flow was suppressed in these lines. We propose that PTOX competes efficiently with cyclic electron flow for plastoquinol in the CRTI-expressing lines and that it plays a crucial role in the control of the reduction state of the plastoquinone pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Galzerano
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Saclay, iBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Kathleen Feilke
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Saclay, iBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Saclay, iBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Laureau C, De Paepe R, Latouche G, Moreno-Chacón M, Finazzi G, Kuntz M, Cornic G, Streb P. Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) has the potential to act as a safety valve for excess excitation energy in the alpine plant species Ranunculus glacialis L. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1296-310. [PMID: 23301628 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ranunculus glacialis leaves were tested for their plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) content and electron flow to photorespiration and to alternative acceptors. In shade-leaves, the PTOX and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) content were markedly lower than in sun-leaves. Carbon assimilation/light and Ci response curves were not different in sun- and shade-leaves, but photosynthetic capacity was the highest in sun-leaves. Based on calculation of the apparent specificity factor of ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), the magnitude of alternative electron flow unrelated to carboxylation and oxygenation of Rubisco correlated to the PTOX content in sun-, shade- and growth chamber-leaves. Similarly, fluorescence induction kinetics indicated more complete and more rapid reoxidation of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool in sun- than in shade-leaves. Blocking electron flow to assimilation, photorespiration and the Mehler reaction with appropriate inhibitors showed that sun-leaves were able to maintain higher electron flow and PQ oxidation. The results suggest that PTOX can act as a safety valve in R. glacialis leaves under conditions where incident photon flux density (PFD) exceeds the growth PFD and under conditions where the plastoquinone pool is highly reduced. Such conditions can occur frequently in alpine climates due to rapid light and temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Laureau
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Rosine De Paepe
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR-CNRS 8618, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Gwendal Latouche
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Maria Moreno-Chacón
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, F-38054, Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble 1, F-38041, Grenoble, France
- Institut National Recherche Agronomique, UMR1200, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, F-38054, Grenoble, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, l'Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, F-38054, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble 1, F-38041, Grenoble, France
- Institut National Recherche Agronomique, UMR1200, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Gabriel Cornic
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Peter Streb
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
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Muñoz R, Quiles MJ. Water deficit and heat affect the tolerance to high illumination in hibiscus plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5432-44. [PMID: 23470922 PMCID: PMC3634501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studies the effects of water deficit and heat, as well as the involvement of chlororespiration and the ferredoxin-mediated cyclic pathway, on the tolerance of photosynthesis to high light intensity in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants. Drought and heat resulted in the down–regulation of photosynthetic linear electron transport in the leaves, although only a slight decrease in variable fluorescence (Fv)/maximal fluorescence (Fm) was observed, indicating that the chloroplast was protected by mechanisms that dissipate excess excitation energy to prevent damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. The incubation of leaves from unstressed plants under high light intensity resulted in an increase of the activity of electron donation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ferredoxin to plastoquinone, but no increase was observed in plants exposed to water deficit, suggesting that cyclic electron transport was stimulated by high light only in control plants. In contrast, the activities of the chlororespiration enzymes (NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) complex and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX)) increased after incubation under high light intensity in leaves of the water deficit plants, but not in control plants, suggesting that chlororespiration was stimulated in stressed plants. The results indicate that the relative importance of chlororespiration and the cyclic electron pathway in the tolerance of photosynthesis to high illumination differs under stress conditions. When plants were not subjected to stress, the contribution of chlororespiration to photosynthetic electron flow regulation was not relevant, and another pathway, such as the ferredoxin-mediated cyclic pathway, was more important. However, when plants were subjected to water deficit and heat, chlororespiration was probably essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Muñoz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo Murcia, Spain.
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Paredes M, Quiles MJ. Stimulation of chlororespiration by drought under heat and high illumination in Rosa meillandina. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:165-71. [PMID: 23122789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rosa meillandina plants were used to study the effects of water deficit on photosynthesis and chlororespiration. Plants showed high tolerance to heat and high illumination in controlled conditions that ensured that there was no water deficit. However, when heat and high illumination were accompanied by low watering photosynthetic linear electron transport was down regulated, as indicated by the reduced photochemistry efficiency of PS II, which was associated with an increase in the non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence. In addition to the effects on the photosynthetic activity, changes were also observed in the plastidial NDH complex, PTOX and PGR5. In plants exposed to heat and high illumination without water deficit, the activities and amounts of the chlororespiration enzymes, NDH complex and PTOX, remained similar to the control and only increased in response to drought, high light and heat stress, applied together. In contrast, both the PS I activity and the amount of PGR5 polypeptide were higher in plants exposed to heat and high illumination without water deficit than in those with water deficit. The results indicated that in the conditions studied, the contribution of chlororespiration to regulating photosynthetic electron flow is not relevant when there is no water deficit, and another pathway, such as cyclic electron flow involving PGR5 polypeptide, may be more important. However, when PS II activity is inhibited by drought, chlororespiration, together with other routes of electron input to the electron transfer chain, is probably essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Paredes
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Einali A, Shariati M, Sato F, Endo T. Cyclic electron transport around photosystem I and its relationship to non-photochemical quenching in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina under nitrogen deficiency. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:179-186. [PMID: 22890410 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport in photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) was estimated in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence and changes in P700 redox, respectively, in the unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina in the presence or absence of a nitrogen source in the culture medium. In a nitrogen-containing medium, the quantum yield of PSII (Φ(II)) and that in PSI (Φ(I)) were at the same level in low light, but cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (CET-PSI) was induced under high light as estimated from an increase in Φ(I)/Φ(II). High light might further enhance the rate of electron transport in PSI by inducing the state 2 transition, in which the distribution of light energy is shifted to PSI at the expense of PSII. Nitrogen deficiency resulted in a decrease in Φ(II) and an increase in Φ(I). As a consequence, the rate of CET-PSI was expected to increase. The high CET-PSI under N deficiency was probably associated with a high level of energy quenching (qE) formation in PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Einali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jarib St., Isfahan, Iran
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Foudree A, Putarjunan A, Kambakam S, Nolan T, Fussell J, Pogorelko G, Rodermel S. The Mechanism of Variegation in immutans Provides Insight into Chloroplast Biogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:260. [PMID: 23205022 PMCID: PMC3506963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The immutans (im) variegation mutant of Arabidopsis has green and white-sectored leaves due to the absence of fully functional plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), a plastoquinol oxidase in thylakoid membranes. PTOX appears to be at the nexus of a growing number of biochemical pathways in the plastid, including carotenoid biosynthesis, PSI cyclic electron flow, and chlororespiration. During the early steps of chloroplast biogenesis, PTOX serves as an alternate electron sink and is a prime determinant of the redox poise of the developing photosynthetic apparatus. Whereas a lack of PTOX causes the formation of photooxidized plastids in the white sectors of im, compensating mechanisms allow the green sectors to escape the effects of the mutation. This manuscript provides an update on PTOX, the mechanism of im variegation, and findings about im compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Foudree
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Aarthi Putarjunan
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Trevor Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Jenna Fussell
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Gennady Pogorelko
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Steve Rodermel
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
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Peeva VN, Tóth SZ, Cornic G, Ducruet JM. Thermoluminescence and P700 redox kinetics as complementary tools to investigate the cyclic/chlororespiratory electron pathways in stress conditions in barley leaves. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 144:83-97. [PMID: 21910736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I drives additional proton pumping into the thylakoid lumen, which enhances the protective non-photochemical quenching and increases ATP synthesis. It involves several pathways activated independently. In whole barley leaves, P700 oxidation under far-red illumination and subsequent P700(+) dark reduction kinetics provide a major probe of the activation of cyclic pathways. Two 'intermediate' and 'slow' exponential reduction phases are always observed and they become faster after high light illumination, but dark inactivation of the Benson-Calvin cycle causes the emergence of both a transient in the P700 oxidation and a 'fast' phase in the P700(+) reduction. We investigate here the afterglow (AG) thermoluminescence emission as another tool to detect the activation of cyclic electron pathways from stroma reductants to the acceptor side of photosystem II. This transfer is activated by warming, yielding an AG band at about 45°C. However, treatments that accelerate the 'intermediate' and 'slow' P700(+) reduction phases (brief anoxia, hexose infiltration, fast dehydration of excised leaves) also produced a downshift of this AG band. This pathway ascribable to NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH) would be triggered by a deficit in ATP, while the 'fast' reduction phase corresponding to the ferredoxin plastoquinone reductase pathway is triggered by an overreduction of the photosystem I acceptor pool and is undetected in thermoluminescence. Contrastingly, slow dehydration of unwatered plants did not cause faster reduction of P700(+) nor temperature downshift of the AG band, that is no induction of the NDH pathway, whereas an increased intensity of the AG band indicated a strong NADPH + ATP assimilatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta N Peeva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
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Yamori W, Sakata N, Suzuki Y, Shikanai T, Makino A. Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I via chloroplast NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex performs a significant physiological role during photosynthesis and plant growth at low temperature in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:966-76. [PMID: 21848656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH)-dependent cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in photosynthetic regulation and plant growth at several temperatures was examined in rice (Oryza sativa) that is defective in CHLORORESPIRATORY REDUCTION 6 (CRR6), which is required for accumulation of sub-complex A of the chloroplast NDH complex (crr6). NdhK was not detected by Western blot analysis in crr6 mutants, resulting in lack of a transient post-illumination increase in chlorophyll fluorescence, and confirming that crr6 mutants lack NDH activity. When plants were grown at 28 or 35°C, all examined photosynthetic parameters, including the CO(2) assimilation rate and the electron transport rate around photosystems I and II, at each growth temperature at light intensities above growth light (i.e. 800 μmol photons m(-2) sec(-1)), were similar between crr6 mutants and control plants. However, when plants were grown at 20°C, all the examined photosynthetic parameters were significantly lower in crr6 mutants than control plants, and this effect on photosynthesis caused a corresponding reduction in plant biomass. The F(v)/F(m) ratio was only slightly lower in crr6 mutants than in control plants after short-term strong light treatment at 20°C. However, after long-term acclimation to the low temperature, impairment of cyclic electron flow suppressed non-photochemical quenching and promoted reduction of the plastoquinone pool in crr6 mutants. Taken together, our experiments show that NDH-dependent cyclic electron flow plays a significant physiological role in rice during photosynthesis and plant growth at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamori
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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Sun X, Wen T. Physiological roles of plastid terminal oxidase in plant stress responses. J Biosci 2011; 36:951-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Laureau C, Bligny R, Streb P. The significance of glutathione for photoprotection at contrasting temperatures in the alpine plant species Soldanella alpina and Ranunculus glacialis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 143:246-60. [PMID: 21848651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The significance of total glutathione content was investigated in two alpine plant species with highly differing antioxidative scavenging capacity. Leaves of Soldanella alpina and Ranunculus glacialis incubated for 48 h in the presence of buthionine-sulfoximine had 50% lower glutathione contents when compared with leaves incubated in water. The low leaf glutathione content was not compensated for by activation of other components involved in antioxidative protection or electron consumption. However, leaves with normal but not with low glutathione content increased their ascorbate content during high light (HL) treatment (S. alpina) or catalase activity at low temperature (LT) (R. glacialis), suggesting that the mere decline of the leaf glutathione content does not act as a signal to ameliorate antioxidative protection by alternative mechanisms. CO(2)-saturated oxygen evolution was not affected in glutathione-depleted leaves at various temperatures, except at 35°C, thereby increasing the high temperature (HT) sensitivity of both alpine species. Leaves with low and normal glutathione content were similarly resistant to photoinhibition and photodamage during HL treatment at ambient temperature in the presence and absence of paraquat or at LT. However, HL- and HT-induced photoinhibition increased in leaves with low compared to leaves with normal glutathione content, mainly because the recovery after heat inactivation was retarded in glutathione-depleted leaves. Differences in the response of photosystem II (PSII) activity and CO(2)-saturated photosynthesis suggest that PSII is not the primary target during HL inactivation at HT. The results are discussed with respect to the role of antioxidative protection as a safety valve for temperature extremes to which plants are not acclimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Laureau
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR-CNRS 8079, Bâtiment 362, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Sanda S, Yoshida K, Kuwano M, Kawamura T, Munekage YN, Akashi K, Yokota A. Responses of the photosynthetic electron transport system to excess light energy caused by water deficit in wild watermelon. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:247-64. [PMID: 21438881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In plants, drought stress coupled with high levels of illumination causes not only dehydration of tissues, but also oxidative damage resulting from excess absorbed light energy. In this study, we analyzed the regulation of electron transport under drought/high-light stress conditions in wild watermelon, a xerophyte that shows strong resistance to this type of stress. Under drought/high-light conditions that completely suppressed CO(2) fixation, the linear electron flow was diminished between photosystem (PS) II and PS I, there was no photoinhibitory damage to PS II and PS I and no decrease in the abundance of the two PSs. Proteome analyses revealed changes in the abundance of protein spots representing the Rieske-type iron-sulfur protein (ISP) and I and K subunits of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in response to drought stress. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblot analyses revealed new ISP protein spots with more acidic isoelectric points in plants under drought stress. Our findings suggest that the modified ISPs depress the linear electron transport activity under stress conditions to protect PS I from photoinhibition. The qualitative changes in photosynthetic proteins may switch the photosynthetic electron transport from normal photosynthesis mode to stress-tolerance mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Sanda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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Wright AH, DeLong JM, Gunawardena AHLAN, Prange RK. The interrelationship between the lower oxygen limit, chlorophyll fluorescence and the xanthophyll cycle in plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 107:223-35. [PMID: 21290261 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The lower oxygen limit (LOL) in plants may be identified through the measure of respiratory gases [i.e. the anaerobic compensation point (ACP) or the respiratory quotient breakpoint (RQB)], but recent work shows it may also be identified by a sudden rise in dark minimum fluorescence (F(o)). The interrelationship between aerobic respiration and fermentative metabolism, which occur in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively, and fluorescence, which emanates from the chloroplasts, is not well documented in the literature. Using spinach (Spinacia oleracea), this study showed that F(o) and photochemical quenching (q(P)) remained relatively unchanged until O(2) levels dropped below the LOL. An over-reduction of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool is believed to increase F(o) under dark + anoxic conditions. It is proposed that excess cytosolic reductant due to inhibition of the mitochondria's cytochrome oxidase under low-O(2), may be the primary reductant source. The maximum fluorescence (F(m)) is largely unaffected by low-O(2) in the dark, but was severely quenched, mirroring changes to the xanthophyll de-epoxidation state (DEPS), under even low-intensity light (≈4 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). In low light, the low-O(2)-induced increase in F(o) was also quenched, likely by non-photochemical and photochemical means. The degree of quenching in the light was negatively correlated with the level of ethanol fermentation in the dark. A discussion detailing the possible roles of cyclic electron flow, the xanthophyll cycle, chlororespiration and a pathway we termed 'chlorofermentation' were used to interpret fluorescence phenomena of both spinach and apple (Malus domestica) over a range of atmospheric conditions under both dark and low-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harrison Wright
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada.
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48
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McDonald AE, Ivanov AG, Bode R, Maxwell DP, Rodermel SR, Hüner NPA. Flexibility in photosynthetic electron transport: the physiological role of plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:954-67. [PMID: 21056542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis depends on a highly conserved electron transport system, which must be particularly dynamic in its response to environmental and physiological changes, in order to avoid an excess of excitation energy and subsequent oxidative damage. Apart from cyclic electron flow around PSII and around PSI, several alternative electron transport pathways exist including a plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) that mediates electron flow from plastoquinol to O(2). The existence of PTOX was first hypothesized in 1982 and this was verified years later based on the discovery of a non-heme, di-iron carboxylate protein localized to thylakoid membranes that displayed sequence similarity to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase. The absence of this protein renders higher plants susceptible to excitation pressure dependant variegation combined with impaired carotenoid synthesis. Chloroplasts, as well as other plastids (i.e. etioplasts, amyloplasts and chromoplasts), fail to assemble organized internal membrane structures correctly, when exposed to high excitation pressure early in development. While the role of PTOX in plastid development is established, its physiological role under stress conditions remains equivocal and we postulate that it serves as an alternative electron sink under conditions where the acceptor side of PSI is limited. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the past achievements in this field and to offer directions for future investigative efforts. Plastoquinol terminal oxidase (PTOX) is involved in an alternative electron transport pathway that mediates electron flow from plastoquinol to O(2). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Electron Transport in Chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E McDonald
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Science Building, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5.
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Ibáñez H, Ballester A, Muñoz R, Quiles MJ. Chlororespiration and tolerance to drought, heat and high illumination. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:732-8. [PMID: 20172620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sun (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and shade (Spathiphyllum wallisii) plants were used to study the effects of drought, heat and high illumination. The stress conditions caused a greater accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in Chrysanthemum morifolium than in Spathiphyllum wallisii leaves. They also resulted in down-regulation of linear electron transport in the leaves of both species, as indicated by a gradual reduction in the photochemistry efficiency of PS II, which was associated with an increase in the non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence. Only a slight decrease in F(v)/F(m) was observed under stress conditions in either plant species, suggesting that the chloroplast is protected by mechanisms that dissipate excess excitation energy to prevent damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition to the effects on photosynthetic activity, changes were also observed by immunoblot analysis in the plastidial NADH DH complex, PTOX and PGR5. The quantities of the PTOX and NDH-H subunit of the thylakoidal NADH DH complex, and the NADH DH activity in the thylakoid membranes were similar in control plants of both species and increased in stressed plants, particularly in Spathiphyllum wallisii. The level of PGR5 polypeptide was higher in Chrysanthemum morifolium than in Spathiphyllum wallisii control plants, while after stress, the quantity of PGR5 increased significantly in Chrysanthemum morifolium and remained constant in Spathiphyllum wallisii. These results indicate that the relative importance of chlororespiration and the cyclic electron pathways in the tolerance to drought, heat and high illumination differs in sun and shade plants, indicating different adaptive mechanisms to the environment. In the conditions studied, the PGR5-dependent cyclic pathway is more active in Chrysanthemum morifolium, a sun species, whereas in Spathiphyllum wallisii, a shade species, other ways involving the NADH DH complex and PTOX are stimulated in response to stress, which results in lower levels of ROS accumulation in the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ibáñez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Yamauchi Y, Sugimoto Y. Effect of protein modification by malondialdehyde on the interaction between the oxygen-evolving complex 33 kDa protein and photosystem II core proteins. PLANTA 2010; 231:1077-88. [PMID: 20157726 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Previously we observed that the oxygen-evolving complex 33 kDa protein (OEC33) which stabilizes the Mn cluster in photosystem II (PSII), was modified with malondialdehyde (MDA), an end-product of peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the modification increased in heat-stressed plants (Yamauchi et al. 2008). In this study, we examined whether the modification of OEC33 with MDA affects its binding to the PSII complex and causes inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex. Purified OEC33 and PSII membranes that had been removed of extrinsic proteins of the oxygen-evolving complex (PSIIOEE) of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were separately treated with MDA. The binding was diminished when both OEC33 and PSIIOEE were modified, but when only OEC33 or PSIIOEE was treated, the binding was not impaired. In the experiment using thylakoid membranes, release of OEC33 from PSII and corresponding loss of oxygen-evolving activity were observed when thylakoid membranes were treated with MDA at 40 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C. In spinach leaves treated at 40 degrees C under light, maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F(v)/F(m) ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence) and oxygen-evolving activity decreased. Simultaneously, MDA contents in heat-stressed leaves increased, and OEC33 and PSII core proteins including 47 and 43 kDa chlorophyll-binding proteins were modified with MDA. In contrast, these changes were to a lesser extent at 40 degrees C in the dark. These results suggest that MDA modification of PSII proteins causes release of OEC33 from PSII and it is promoted in heat and oxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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