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Olson ME. Linking xylem structure and function: the comparative method in from the cold. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:815-820. [PMID: 35770485 PMCID: PMC9328200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Savage et al. (2022), 235: 953–964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Olson
- Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTercer Circuito sn de Ciudad UniversitariaCiudad de México04510Mexico
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2
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Coupel‐Ledru A, Pallas B, Delalande M, Segura V, Guitton B, Muranty H, Durel C, Regnard J, Costes E. Tree architecture, light interception and water-use related traits are controlled by different genomic regions in an apple tree core collection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:209-226. [PMID: 35023155 PMCID: PMC9305758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tree architecture shows large genotypic variability, but how this affects water-deficit responses is poorly understood. To assess the possibility of reaching ideotypes with adequate combinations of architectural and functional traits in the face of climate change, we combined high-throughput field phenotyping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on an apple tree (Malus domestica) core-collection. We used terrestrial light detection and ranging (T-LiDAR) scanning and airborne multispectral and thermal imagery to monitor tree architecture, canopy shape, light interception, vegetation indices and transpiration on 241 apple cultivars submitted to progressive field soil drying. GWAS was performed with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-by-SNP and multi-SNP methods. Large phenotypic and genetic variability was observed for all traits examined within the collection, especially canopy surface temperature in both well-watered and water deficit conditions, suggesting control of water loss was largely genotype-dependent. Robust genomic associations revealed independent genetic control for the architectural and functional traits. Screening associated genomic regions revealed candidate genes involved in relevant pathways for each trait. We show that multiple allelic combinations exist for all studied traits within this collection. This opens promising avenues to jointly optimize tree architecture, light interception and water use in breeding strategies. Genotypes carrying favourable alleles depending on environmental scenarios and production objectives could thus be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Coupel‐Ledru
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Benoît Pallas
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Magalie Delalande
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Vincent Segura
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Baptiste Guitton
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Hélène Muranty
- IRHSSFR QuaSaVUniversité d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE49000AngersFrance
| | - Charles‐Eric Durel
- IRHSSFR QuaSaVUniversité d’Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE49000AngersFrance
| | - Jean‐Luc Regnard
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
| | - Evelyne Costes
- AGAP InstitutUniv Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro34398MontpellierFrance
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Lauri PÉ. Tree architecture and functioning facing multispecies environments: We have gone only halfway in fruit-trees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:3-7. [PMID: 33434301 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Éric Lauri
- ABSys, Univ Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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4
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Pouzoulet J, Rolshausen PE, Charbois R, Chen J, Guillaumie S, Ollat N, Gambetta GA, Delmas CEL. Behind the curtain of the compartmentalization process: Exploring how xylem vessel diameter impacts vascular pathogen resistance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2782-2796. [PMID: 32681569 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A key determinant of plant resistance to vascular infections lies in the ability of the host to successfully compartmentalize invaders at the xylem level. Growing evidence supports that the structural properties of the vascular system impact host vulnerability towards vascular pathogens. The aim of this study was to provide further insight into the impact of xylem vessel diameter on compartmentalization efficiency and thus vascular pathogen movement, using the interaction between Vitis and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora as a model system. We showed experimentally that an increased number of xylem vessels above 100 μm of diameter resulted in a higher mean infection level of host tissue. This benchmark was validated within and across Vitis genotypes. Although the ability of genotypes to restore vascular cambium integrity upon infection was highly variable, this trait did not correlate with their ability to impede pathogen movement at the xylem level. The distribution of infection severity of cuttings across the range of genotype's susceptibility suggests that a risk-based mechanism is involved. We used this experimental data to calibrate a mechanistic stochastic model of the pathogen spread and we provide evidence that the efficiency of the compartmentalization process within a given xylem vessel is a function of its diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Pouzoulet
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rémi Charbois
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jinliang Chen
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sabine Guillaumie
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, Université Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Chloé E L Delmas
- SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Wang T, Xiong B, Tan L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Ma M, Xu Y, Liao L, Sun G, Liang D, Xia H, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang J. Effects of interstocks on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in 'Yuanxiaochun' Citrus seedlings. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:977-987. [PMID: 32645281 DOI: 10.1071/fp20079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To obtain the compatibility of interstocks crossing with 'Yuanxiaochun', we performed a comparative analysis with five interstocks. From the 60th to 240th day after grafting, there was a significant difference between different treatments. All the new shoot/interstock diameter ratios were <1, indicating that there was no obvious phenomenon of small feet in 'Yuanxiaochun' seedlings of five kinds of interstocks. The density of 'Yuanxiaochun' was significantly different. Chl a, Chl b, T-Chl content of 'Shiranuhi', 'Harumi', 'Tarocco' changed greatly from the 90th to 120th day after grafting. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of 'Shiranuhi' was significantly higher than the other interstocks. In addition, when 'Yuanxiaochun' was grafted onto 'Shiranuhi', net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and tanspiration rate (Tr) were higher. When 'Harumi' were used as the interstocks of 'Yuanxiaochun', the light saturation point (LSP) value was larger, which was conducive to the utilisation of strong light. Moreover, the value of LSP-LCP (LCP, light compensation point) of 'Harumi' and 'Tarocco' were significantly higher than the other three interstocks. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), RuBP maximum regeneration rate (Jmax) and maximum carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco (Vcmax) value of 'Shiranuhi' was significantly lower than that of 'Ponkan'. The CO2 compensation point (CCP) of 'Harumi' interstock was lower, but the CO2 saturation point (CSP) of 'Tarocco' interstock was higher than those of other interstocks respectively. There was a small difference in initial fluorescence (F0) of different interstocks. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm) of 'Kumquat' was the lowest. In addition, Both Y(II) and ETR values of the 'Yuanxiaochun' leaves of 'Ponkan' interstock was the largest one. However, the non-photochemical quenching (qN) of 'Ponkan' was significantly lower, and that of 'Tarocco' interstock was the highest one. Interstocks have different effect on the growth and development, photosynthetic characteristics related to physiological characteristics of 'Yuanxiaochun' trees. 'Ponkan' and 'Kumquat' as the interstock of 'Yuanxiaochun' was more conducive to the rapid accumulation of photosynthetic products for normal vegetative and reproductive growth of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Liping Tan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Youting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yinghuan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; and Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
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Shen Y, Zhuang W, Tu X, Gao Z, Xiong A, Yu X, Li X, Li F, Qu S. Transcriptomic analysis of interstock-induced dwarfism in Sweet Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki Thunb.). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:51. [PMID: 31069082 PMCID: PMC6491603 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Growth monitoring indicated that the height of 'Kanshu' plants with 'Nantong-xiaofangshi' as an interstock was significantly shorter than that of 'Kanshu' plants with no interstock. A transcriptome analysis of the two graft combinations ('Kanshu'/Diospyros lotus and 'Kanshu'/'Nantong-xiaofangshi'/Diospyros lotus) was conducted to explore the dwarfing genes related to the use of the 'Nantong-xiaofangshi' interstock. Hormone levels and water conductance were also measured in these two graft combinations. The results indicated that the levels of both IAA and GA were lower in 'Kanshu' that had been grafted onto the 'Nantong-xiaofangshi' interstock than in 'Kanshu' with no interstock; additionally, the water conductance was lower in grafts with interstocks than in grafts without interstocks. The expression of AUX/IAA and auxin-responsive GH3 genes was enhanced in scions grafted on the interstock and was negatively correlated with the IAA content and growth of scions. The expression of GA2ox, DELLA, and SPINDLY genes were also upregulated and associated with a decrease in the level of GA in scions grafted on the interstock. Since one of the GA2ox unigenes was annotated as DkGA2ox1 in Diospyros kaki, but was not functionally validated, a functional analysis was conducted in transgenic tobacco. Overexpression of DkGA2ox1 in transgenic plants resulted in a dwarf phenotype that could be recovered by the exogenous application of GA3. We conclude that the 'Nantong-xiaofangshi' interstock affects the water conductance and expression of genes related to the metabolism and transduction of IAA and GA in the grafted scion and thus regulates phytohormone levels, producing dwarfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Shen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, China
| | - Xutong Tu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xuehan Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Feihong Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
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Wang H, Zhao S, Mao K, Dong Q, Liang B, Li C, Wei Z, Li M, Ma F. Mapping QTLs for water-use efficiency reveals the potential candidate genes involved in regulating the trait in apple under drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:136. [PMID: 29940853 PMCID: PMC6019725 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement of water-use efficiency (WUE) can effectively reduce production losses caused by drought stress. A better understanding of the genetic determination of WUE in crops under drought stress has great potential value for developing cultivars adapted to arid regions. To identify the genetic loci associated with WUE and reveal genes responsible for the trait in apple, we aim to map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for carbon isotope composition, the proxy for WUE, applying two contrasting irrigating regimes over the two-year experiment and search for the candidate genes encompassed in the mapped QTLs. RESULTS We constructed a high-density genetic linkage map with 10,172 markers of apple, using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained through restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and a final segregating population of 350 seedlings from the cross of Honeycrisp and Qinguan. In total, 33 QTLs were identified for carbon isotope composition in apple under both well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. Three QTLs were stable over 2 years under drought stress on linkage groups LG8, LG15 and LG16, as validated by Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) assays. In those validated QTLs, 258 genes were screened according to their Gene Ontology functional annotations. Among them, 28 genes were identified, which exhibited significant responses to drought stress in 'Honeycrisp' and/or 'Qinguan'. These genes are involved in signaling, photosynthesis, response to stresses, carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism and modification, hormone metabolism and transport, transport, respiration, transcriptional regulation, and development regulation. They, especially those for photoprotection and relevant signal transduction, are potential candidate genes connected with WUE regulation in drought-stressed apple. CONCLUSIONS We detected three stable QTLs for carbon isotope composition in apple under drought stress over 2 years, and validated them by KASP assay. Twenty-eight candidate genes encompassed in these QTLs were identified. These stable genetic loci and series of genes provided here serve as a foundation for further studies on marker-assisted selection of high WUE and regulatory mechanism of WUE in apple exposed to drought conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ke Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Qinglong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Bowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhiwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Hias N, Van den Bulcke J, Keulemans W, Steppe K. The effect of polyploidization on tree hydraulic functioning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:161-171. [PMID: 29570227 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Recent research has highlighted the importance of living tissue in wood. Polyploidization can impact amounts and arrangements of living cells in wood, potentially leading to increased drought tolerance. Tetraploid variants were created from the apple cultivar Malus ×domestica 'Gala' (Gala-4x), and their vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and their hydraulic capacitance were compared to those of their diploid predecessors (Gala-2x). Assuming a positive correlation between polyploidy and drought tolerance, we hypothesized lower vulnerability and higher capacitance for the tetraploid. METHODS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and the hydraulic capacitance were quantified through acoustic emission and continuous weighing of shoots during a bench-top dehydration experiment. To underpin the hydraulic trait results, anatomical variables such as vessel area, conduit diameter, cell wall reinforcement, and ray and vessel-associated parenchyma were measured. KEY RESULTS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation was intrinsically equal for both ploidy variants, but Gala-4x proved to be more vulnerable than Gala-2x during the early phase of desiccation as was indicated by its significantly lower air entry value. Higher change in water content of the leafy shoot, higher amount of parenchyma, and larger vessel area and size resulted in a significantly higher hydraulic capacitance and efficiency for Gala-4x compared to Gala-2x. CONCLUSIONS Both ploidy variants were typified as highly sensitive to drought-induced cavitation, with no significant difference in their overall drought vulnerability. But, when water deficit is short and moderate, Gala-4x may delay a drought-induced decrease in performance by trading hydraulic safety for increased release of capacitively stored water from living tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek Hias
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Keulemans
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Sellin A, Alber M, Kupper P. Increasing air humidity influences hydraulic efficiency but not functional vulnerability of xylem in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:28-36. [PMID: 28985513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict greater increases in the frequency than in the amount of precipitation and a consequent rise in atmospheric humidity at high latitudes by the end of the century. We investigated the responses of hydraulic and relevant anatomical traits of xylem to elevated relative humidity of air on a 1-yr-old coppice of hybrid aspen (Populus×wettsteinii) growing in the experimental stand at the Free Air Humidity Manipulation site in Eastern Estonia. The hydraulic conductivity of stems was measured with a high pressure flow meter; artificial cavitation in the stem segments was induced by the air injection method. Specific conductivity of xylem decreased from 4.42 in the control to 3.94kgm-1s-1MPa-1 in the humidification treatment, while the trend was well correlated with increasing wood density. Humidified trees exhibited smaller leaf area at the same xylem cross-sectional area, resulting in 34% higher average Huber values compared to the control. Control and humidity-treated trees differed by neither native embolism level nor susceptibility to dehydration-induced cavitation. Increasing atmospheric humidity reduces the hydraulic efficiency of hybrid aspen trees expressed on a xylem area basis and causes substantial changes in resource allocation between photosynthetic and water transport tissues. This climate trend does not influence stem vulnerability to cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Meeli Alber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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Durand JB, Allard A, Guitton B, van de Weg E, Bink MCAM, Costes E. Predicting Flowering Behavior and Exploring Its Genetic Determinism in an Apple Multi-family Population Based on Statistical Indices and Simplified Phenotyping. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:858. [PMID: 28638387 PMCID: PMC5461300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Irregular flowering over years is commonly observed in fruit trees. The early prediction of tree behavior is highly desirable in breeding programmes. This study aims at performing such predictions, combining simplified phenotyping and statistics methods. Sequences of vegetative vs. floral annual shoots (AS) were observed along axes in trees belonging to five apple related full-sib families. Sequences were analyzed using Markovian and linear mixed models including year and site effects. Indices of flowering irregularity, periodicity and synchronicity were estimated, at tree and axis scales. They were used to predict tree behavior and detect QTL with a Bayesian pedigree-based analysis, using an integrated genetic map containing 6,849 SNPs. The combination of a Biennial Bearing Index (BBI) with an autoregressive coefficient (γ g ) efficiently predicted and classified the genotype behaviors, despite few misclassifications. Four QTLs common to BBIs and γ g and one for synchronicity were highlighted and revealed the complex genetic architecture of the traits. Irregularity resulted from high AS synchronism, whereas regularity resulted from either asynchronous locally alternating or continual regular AS flowering. A relevant and time-saving method, based on a posteriori sampling of axes and statistical indices is proposed, which is efficient to evaluate the tree breeding values for flowering regularity and could be transferred to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Durand
- Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann, Inria Mistis, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
- Virtual Plants Team, Inria and CIRAD, UMR AGAPMontpellier, France
| | - Alix Allard
- Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, UMR AGAP, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Guitton
- Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, UMR AGAP, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco C. A. M. Bink
- Biometris, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
- Research & Technology Centre, Hendrix GeneticsBoxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Costes
- Equipe Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, UMR AGAP, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Evelyne Costes
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11
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Warschefsky EJ, Klein LL, Frank MH, Chitwood DH, Londo JP, von Wettberg EJB, Miller AJ. Rootstocks: Diversity, Domestication, and Impacts on Shoot Phenotypes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:418-437. [PMID: 26698413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is an ancient agricultural practice that joins the root system (rootstock) of one plant to the shoot (scion) of another. It is most commonly employed in woody perennial crops to indirectly manipulate scion phenotype. While recent research has focused on scions, here we investigate rootstocks, the lesser-known half of the perennial crop equation. We review natural grafting, grafting in agriculture, rootstock diversity and domestication, and developing areas of rootstock research, including molecular interactions and rootstock microbiomes. With growing interest in perennial crops as valuable components of sustainable agriculture, rootstocks provide one mechanism by which to improve and expand woody perennial cultivation in a range of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Warschefsky
- Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199-2156, USA; Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Kushlan Tropical Science Institute, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, FL 33156-4233, USA
| | - Laura L Klein
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103-2010, USA; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110-2226, USA
| | - Margaret H Frank
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132-2918, USA
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132-2918, USA
| | - Jason P Londo
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service: Grape Genetics Research Unit, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456-1371, USA
| | - Eric J B von Wettberg
- Florida International University, Department of Biological Sciences, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199-2156, USA; Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Kushlan Tropical Science Institute, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Coral Gables, FL 33156-4233, USA; Florida International University, International Center for Tropical Botany, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199-2156, USA
| | - Allison J Miller
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103-2010, USA; Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110-2226, USA.
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12
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Lopez G, Pallas B, Martinez S, Lauri PÉ, Regnard JL, Durel CÉ, Costes E. Genetic Variation of Morphological Traits and Transpiration in an Apple Core Collection under Well-Watered Conditions: Towards the Identification of Morphotypes with High Water Use Efficiency. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145540. [PMID: 26717192 PMCID: PMC4699897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water use efficiency (WUE) is a quantitative measurement which improvement is a major issue in the context of global warming and restrictions in water availability for agriculture. In this study, we aimed at studying the variation and genetic control of WUE and the respective role of its components (plant biomass and transpiration) in a perennial fruit crop. We explored an INRA apple core collection grown in a phenotyping platform to screen one-year-old scions for their accumulated biomass, transpiration and WUE under optimal growing conditions. Plant biomass was decompose into morphological components related to either growth or organ expansion. For each trait, nine mixed models were evaluated to account for the genetic effect and spatial heterogeneity inside the platform. The Best Linear Unbiased Predictors of genetic values were estimated after model selection. Mean broad-sense heritabilities were calculated from variance estimates. Heritability values indicated that biomass (0.76) and WUE (0.73) were under genetic control. This genetic control was lower in plant transpiration with an heritability of 0.54. Across the collection, biomass accounted for 70% of the WUE variability. A Hierarchical Ascendant Classification of the core collection indicated the existence of six groups of genotypes with contrasting morphology and WUE. Differences between morphotypes were interpreted as resulting from differences in the main processes responsible for plant growth: cell division leading to the generation of new organs and cell elongation leading to organ dimension. Although further studies will be necessary on mature trees with more complex architecture and multiple sinks such as fruits, this study is a first step for improving apple plant material for the use of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Lopez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, Campus Cirad, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Pallas
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, Campus Cirad, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, Campus Cirad, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Éric Lauri
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, Campus Cirad, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Regnard
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, Campus Cirad, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles-Éric Durel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, Campus Cirad, Montpellier, France
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13
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Virlet N, Costes E, Martinez S, Kelner JJ, Regnard JL. Multispectral airborne imagery in the field reveals genetic determinisms of morphological and transpiration traits of an apple tree hybrid population in response to water deficit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5453-65. [PMID: 26208644 PMCID: PMC4585425 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies of response to water deficit in adult trees are limited by low throughput of the usual phenotyping methods in the field. Here, we aimed at overcoming this bottleneck, applying a new methodology using airborne multispectral imagery and in planta measurements to compare a high number of individuals.An apple tree population, grafted on the same rootstock, was submitted to contrasting summer water regimes over two years. Aerial images acquired in visible, near- and thermal-infrared at three dates each year allowed calculation of vegetation and water stress indices. Tree vigour and fruit production were also assessed. Linear mixed models were built accounting for date and year effects on several variables and including the differential response of genotypes between control and drought conditions.Broad-sense heritability of most variables was high and 18 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) independent of the dates were detected on nine linkage groups of the consensus apple genetic map. For vegetation and stress indices, QTLs were related to the means, the intra-crown heterogeneity, and differences induced by water regimes. Most QTLs explained 15-20% of variance.Airborne multispectral imaging proved relevant to acquire simultaneous information on a whole tree population and to decipher genetic determinisms involved in response to water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Virlet
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Present address: PCBS Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Evelyne Costes
- INRA, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- INRA, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Kelner
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Luc Regnard
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP 1334, TA-A-108/03, Av. Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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14
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Burton AL, Johnson J, Foerster J, Hanlon MT, Kaeppler SM, Lynch JP, Brown KM. QTL mapping and phenotypic variation of root anatomical traits in maize (Zea mays L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:93-106. [PMID: 25326723 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root anatomical trait variation is described for three maize RIL populations. Six quantitative trait loci (QTL) are presented for anatomical traits: root cross-sectional area, % living cortical area, aerenchyma area, and stele area. Root anatomy is directly related to plant performance, influencing resource acquisition and transport, the metabolic cost of growth, and the mechanical strength of the root system. Ten root anatomical traits were measured in greenhouse-grown plants from three recombinant inbred populations of maize [intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM), Oh43 × W64a (OhW), and Ny821 × H99 (NyH)]. Traits included areas of cross section, stele, cortex, aerenchyma, and cortical cells, percentages of the cortex occupied by aerenchyma, and cortical cell file number. Significant phenotypic variation was observed for each of the traits, with maximum values typically seven to ten times greater than minimum values. Means and ranges were similar for the OhW and NyH populations for all traits, while the IBM population had lower mean values for the majority of traits, but a 50% greater range of variation for aerenchyma area. A principal component analysis showed a similar trait structure for the three families, with clustering of area and count traits. Strong correlations were observed among area traits in the cortex, stele, and cross-section. The aerenchyma and percent living cortical area traits were independent of other traits. Six QTL were identified for four of the traits. The phenotypic variation explained by the QTL ranged from 4.7% (root cross-sectional area, OhW population) to 12.0% (percent living cortical area, IBM population). Genetic variation for root anatomical traits can be harnessed to increase abiotic stress tolerance and provide insights into mechanisms controlling phenotypic variation for root anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Burton
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Tyson Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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15
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Virlet N, Lebourgeois V, Martinez S, Costes E, Labbé S, Regnard JL. Stress indicators based on airborne thermal imagery for field phenotyping a heterogeneous tree population for response to water constraints. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5429-42. [PMID: 25080086 PMCID: PMC4157722 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As field phenotyping of plant response to water constraints constitutes a bottleneck for breeding programmes, airborne thermal imagery can contribute to assessing the water status of a wide range of individuals simultaneously. However, the presence of mixed soil-plant pixels in heterogeneous plant cover complicates the interpretation of canopy temperature. Moran's Water Deficit Index (WDI = 1-ETact/ETmax), which was designed to overcome this difficulty, was compared with surface minus air temperature (T s-T a) as a water stress indicator. As parameterization of the theoretical equations for WDI computation is difficult, particularly when applied to genotypes with large architectural variability, a simplified procedure based on quantile regression was proposed to delineate the Vegetation Index-Temperature (VIT) scatterplot. The sensitivity of WDI to variations in wet and dry references was assessed by applying more or less stringent quantile levels. The different stress indicators tested on a series of airborne multispectral images (RGB, near-infrared, and thermal infrared) of a population of 122 apple hybrids, under two irrigation regimes, significantly discriminated the tree water statuses. For each acquisition date, the statistical method efficiently delineated the VIT scatterplot, while the limits obtained using the theoretical approach overlapped it, leading to inconsistent WDI values. Once water constraint was established, the different stress indicators were linearly correlated to the stem water potential among a tree subset. T s-T a showed a strong sensitivity to evaporative demand, which limited its relevancy for temporal comparisons. Finally, the statistical approach of WDI appeared the most suitable for high-throughput phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Virlet
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1334 Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, TA-A-108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valentine Lebourgeois
- CIRAD, UMR Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale, Station Ligne-Paradis, 7 Chemin de l'IRAT, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- INRA, UMR 1334 AGAP, TA-A-108/03, Avenue Agropolis, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- INRA, UMR 1334 AGAP, TA-A-108/03, Avenue Agropolis, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvain Labbé
- IRSTEA, UMR TETIS, Remote Sensing Centre, 500 rue J. F. Breton, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Luc Regnard
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1334 Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales, TA-A-108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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16
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Christensen-Dalsgaard KK, Tyree MT. Frost fatigue and spring recovery of xylem vessels in three diffuse-porous trees in situ. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1074-85. [PMID: 24117494 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Frost has been shown to cause frost fatigue (reduced cavitation resistance) in branch segments in the lab. Here, we studied the change in cavitation resistance and percent loss of conductivity (PLC) from fall to spring over 2 consecutive years in three diffuse-porous species in situ. We used the cavitron technique to measure P25 , P50 and P90 (the xylem pressure causing a 25, 50 and 90% conductivity loss) and PLC and stained functioning vessels. Cavitation resistance was reduced by 64-87% (in terms of P50 ), depending on the species and year. P25 was impacted the most and P90 the least, changing the vulnerability curves from s- to r-shaped over the winter in all three species. The branches suffered an almost complete loss of conductivity, but frost fatigue did not necessarily occur concurrently with increases in PLC. In two species, there was a trade-off between conduit size and vulnerability. Spring recovery occurred by growth of new vessels, and in two species by partial refilling of embolized conduits. Although newly grown and functioning conduits appeared more vulnerable to cavitation than year-old vessels, cavitation resistance generally improved in spring, suggesting other mechanisms for partial frost fatigue repair.
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17
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Beikircher B, De Cesare C, Mayr S. Hydraulics of high-yield orchard trees: a case study of three Malus domestica cultivars. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1296-307. [PMID: 24319028 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The drought tolerance of three economically important apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Braeburn and Red Delicious, was analysed. The work offers insights into the hydraulics of these high-yield trees and indicates a possible hydraulic limitation of carbon gain. The hydraulic safety and efficiency of branch xylem and leaves were quantified, drought tolerance of living tissues was measured and stomatal regulation, turgor-loss point and osmotic potential at full turgor were analysed. Physiological measurements were correlated with anatomical parameters, such as conduit diameter, cell-wall reinforcement, stomatal density and stomatal pore length. Hydraulic safety differed considerably between the three cultivars with Golden Delicious being significantly less vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than Braeburn and Red Delicious. In Golden Delicious, leaves were less resistant than branch xylem, while in the other cultivars leaves were more resistant than branch xylem. Hydraulic efficiency and xylem anatomical measurements indicate differences in pit properties, which may also be responsible for variations in hydraulic safety. In all three cultivars, full stomatal closure occurred at water potentials where turgor had already been lost and severe loss of hydraulic conductivity as well as damage to living cells had been induced. The consequential negative safety margins pose a risk for hydraulic failure but facilitate carbon gain, which is further improved by the observed high stomatal conductance. Maximal stomatal conductance was clearly seen to be related to stomatal density and size. Based on our results, these three high-yield Malus domestica Borkh. cultivars span a wide range of drought tolerances, appear optimized for maximal carbon gain and, thus, all perform best under well-managed growing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Christensen-Dalsgaard KK, Tyree MT. Does freezing and dynamic flexing of frozen branches impact the cavitation resistance of Malus domestica and the Populus clone Walker? Oecologia 2013; 173:665-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Villagra M, Campanello PI, Montti L, Goldstein G. Removal of nutrient limitations in forest gaps enhances growth rate and resistance to cavitation in subtropical canopy tree species differing in shade tolerance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:285-296. [PMID: 23436182 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A 4-year fertilization experiment with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) was carried out in natural gaps of a subtropical forest in northeastern Argentina. Saplings of six dominant canopy species differing in shade tolerance were grown in five control and five N + P fertilized gaps. Hydraulic architectural traits such as wood density, the leaf area to sapwood area ratio (LA : SA), vulnerability to cavitation (P50) and specific and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity were measured, as well as the relative growth rate, specific leaf area (SLA) and percentage of leaf damage by insect herbivores. Plant growth rates and resistance to drought-induced embolisms increased when nutrient limitations were removed. On average, the P50 of control plants was -1.1 MPa, while the P50 of fertilized plants was -1.6 MPa. Wood density and LA : SA decreased with N + P additions. A trade-off between vulnerability to cavitation and efficiency of water transport was not observed. The relative growth rate was positively related to the total leaf surface area per plant and negatively related to LA : SA, while P50 was positively related to SLA across species and treatments. Plants with higher growth rates and higher total leaf area in fertilized plots were able to avoid hydraulic dysfunction by becoming less vulnerable to cavitation (more negative P50). Two high-light-requiring species exhibited relatively low growth rates due to heavy herbivore damage. Contrary to expectations, shade-tolerant plants with relatively high resistance to hydraulic dysfunction and reduced herbivory damage were able to grow faster. These results suggest that during the initial phase of sapling establishment in gaps, species that were less vulnerable to cavitation and exhibited reduced herbivory damage had faster realized growth rates than less shade-tolerant species with higher potential growth rates. Finally, functional relationships between hydraulic traits and growth rate across species and treatments were maintained regardless of soil nutrient status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Villagra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 2 piso, Ciudad de Buenos Aires (C1428EHA), Argentina.
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20
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Identification of Dietary Patterns Using Two Statistical Approaches and Their Association With Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Southern France. Ann Epidemiol 2012; 22:499-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Litvak E, McCarthy HR, Pataki DE. Transpiration sensitivity of urban trees in a semi-arid climate is constrained by xylem vulnerability to cavitation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:373-88. [PMID: 22447283 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Establishing quantitative links between plant hydraulic properties and the response of transpiration to environmental factors such as atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (D) is essential for improving our ability to understand plant water relations across a wide range of species and environmental conditions. We studied stomatal responses to D in irrigated trees in the urban landscape of Los Angeles, California. We found a strong linear relationship between the sensitivity of tree-level transpiration estimated from sap flux (m(T); slope of the relationship between tree transpiration and ln D) and transpiration at D=1 kPa (E(Tref)) that was similar to previous surveys of stomatal behavior in natural environments. In addition, m(T) was significantly related to vulnerability to cavitation of branches (P(50)). While m(T) did not appear to differ between ring- and diffuse-porous species, the relationship between m(T) and P(50) was distinct by wood anatomy. Therefore, our study confirms systematic differences in water relations in ring- versus diffuse-porous species, but these differences appear to be more strongly related to the relationship between stomatal sensitivity to D and vulnerability to cavitation rather than to stomatal sensitivity per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Litvak
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Wortemann R, Herbette S, Barigah TS, Fumanal B, Alia R, Ducousso A, Gomory D, Roeckel-Drevet P, Cochard H. Genotypic variability and phenotypic plasticity of cavitation resistance in Fagus sylvatica L. across Europe. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:1175-82. [PMID: 21989814 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylem cavitation resistance is a key physiological trait correlated with species tolerance to extreme drought stresses. Little is known about the genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity of this trait in natural tree populations. Here we measured the cavitation resistance of 17 Fagus sylvatica populations representative of the full range of the species in Europe. The trees were grown in three field trials under contrasting climatic conditions. Our findings suggest that the genotypic variability of cavitation resistance is high between genotypes of a given population. By contrast, no significant differences were found for this trait across populations, the mean population cavitation resistance being remarkably constant in each trial. We found a significant site effect and a significant site × population interaction, suggesting that cavitation resistance has a high phenotypic plasticity and that this plasticity is under genetic control. The implications of our findings for beech forest management in a context of climate change are discussed.
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23
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Celton JM, Martinez S, Jammes MJ, Bechti A, Salvi S, Legave JM, Costes E. Deciphering the genetic determinism of bud phenology in apple progenies: a new insight into chilling and heat requirement effects on flowering dates and positional candidate genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:378-92. [PMID: 21770946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the genetic determinism of bud phenological traits using two segregating F(1) apple (Malus × domestica) progenies. Phenological trait variability was dissected into genetic and climatic components using mixed linear modeling, and estimated best linear unbiased predictors were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) detection. For flowering dates, year effects were decomposed into chilling and heat requirements based on a previously developed model. QTL analysis permitted the identification of two major and population-specific genomic regions on LG08 and LG09. Both 'chilling requirement' and 'heat requirement' periods influenced flowering dates, although their relative impact was dependent on the genetic background. Using the apple genome sequence data, putative candidate genes underlying one major QTL were investigated. Numerous key genes involved in cell cycle control were identified in clusters within the confidence interval of the major QTL on LG09. Our results contribute towards a better understanding of the interaction between QTLs and climatic conditions, and provide a basis for the identification of genes involved in bud growth resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Celton
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Equipe AFEF, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier, France.
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