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Porras-Dominguez J, Lothier J, Limami AM, Tcherkez G. d-amino acids metabolism reflects the evolutionary origin of higher plants and their adaptation to the environment. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1503-1512. [PMID: 38251436 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
d-amino acids are the d stereoisomers of the common l-amino acids found in proteins. Over the past two decades, the occurrence of d-amino acids in plants has been reported and circumstantial evidence for a role in various processes, including interaction with soil microorganisms or interference with cellular signalling, has been provided. However, examples are not numerous and d-amino acids can also be detrimental, some of them inhibiting growth and development. Thus, the persistence of d-amino acid metabolism in plants is rather surprising, and the evolutionary origins of d-amino acid metabolism are currently unclear. Systemic analysis of sequences associated with d-amino acid metabolism enzymes shows that they are not simply inherited from cyanobacterial metabolism. In fact, the history of plant d-amino acid metabolism enzymes likely involves multiple steps, cellular compartments, gene transfers and losses. Regardless of evolutionary steps, enzymes of d-amino acid metabolism, such as d-amino acid transferases or racemases, have been retained by higher plants and have not simply been eliminated, so it is likely that they fulfil important metabolic roles such as serine, folate or plastid peptidoglycan metabolism. We suggest that d-amino acid metabolism may have been critical to support metabolic functions required during the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Porras-Dominguez
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anis M Limami
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé, France
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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2
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Shende VV, Bauman KD, Moore BS. The shikimate pathway: gateway to metabolic diversity. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:604-648. [PMID: 38170905 PMCID: PMC11043010 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 to 2023The shikimate pathway is the metabolic process responsible for the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Seven metabolic steps convert phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) into shikimate and ultimately chorismate, which serves as the branch point for dedicated aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants (yet not animals) biosynthesize chorismate and exploit its intermediates in their specialized metabolism. This review highlights the metabolic diversity derived from intermediates of the shikimate pathway along the seven steps from PEP and E4P to chorismate, as well as additional sections on compounds derived from prephenate, anthranilate and the synonymous aminoshikimate pathway. We discuss the genomic basis and biochemical support leading to shikimate-derived antibiotics, lipids, pigments, cofactors, and other metabolites across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V Shende
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Katherine D Bauman
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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3
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Lasok H, Nziengui H, Kochersperger P, Ditengou FA. Arabidopsis Root Development Regulation by the Endogenous Folate Precursor, Para-Aminobenzoic Acid, via Modulation of the Root Cell Cycle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4076. [PMID: 38140403 PMCID: PMC10748309 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of roots depends on their ability to maintain a balanced ratio between cell production and cell differentiation at the tip. This process is regulated by the hormonal balance of cytokinin and auxin. However, other important regulators, such as plant folates, also play a regulatory role. In this study, we investigated the impact of the folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on root development. Using pharmacological, genetic, and imaging approaches, we show that the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots is repressed by either supplementing the growth medium with PABA or overexpressing the PABA synthesis gene GAT-ADCS. This is associated with a smaller root meristem consisting of fewer cells. Conversely, reducing the levels of free root endogenous PABA results in longer roots with extended meristems. We provide evidence that PABA represses Arabidopsis root growth in a folate-independent manner and likely acts through two mechanisms: (i) the G2/M transition of cell division in the root apical meristem and (ii) promoting premature cell differentiation in the transition zone. These data collectively suggest that PABA plays a role in Arabidopsis root growth at the intersection between cell division and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lasok
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hugues Nziengui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Science and Technology University of Masuku, Franceville P.O. Box 913, Gabon;
| | - Philip Kochersperger
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Bio Imaging Core Light Microscopy (BiMiC), Institute for Disease Modelling and Targeted Medicine (IMITATE), Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Tyagi K, Sunkum A, Gupta P, Kilambi HV, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Reduced γ-glutamyl hydrolase activity likely contributes to high folate levels in Periyakulam-1 tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac235. [PMID: 36643736 PMCID: PMC9832877 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato cultivars show wide variation in nutraceutical folate in ripe fruits, yet the loci regulating folate levels in fruits remain unexplored. To decipher regulatory points, we compared two contrasting tomato cultivars: Periyakulam-1 (PKM-1) with high folate and Arka Vikas (AV) with low folate. The progression of ripening in PKM-1 was nearly similar to AV but had substantially lower ethylene emission. In parallel, the levels of phytohormones salicylic acid, ABA, and jasmonic acid were substantially lower than AV. The fruits of PKM-1 were metabolically distinct from AV, with upregulation of several amino acids. Consistent with higher °Brix, the red ripe fruits also showed upregulation of sugars and sugar-derived metabolites. In parallel with higher folate, PKM-1 fruits also had higher carotenoid levels, especially lycopene and β-carotene. The proteome analysis showed upregulation of carotenoid sequestration and folate metabolism-related proteins in PKM-1. The deglutamylation pathway mediated by γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) was substantially reduced in PKM-1 at the red-ripe stage. The red-ripe fruits had reduced transcript levels of GGHs and lower GGH activity than AV. Conversely, the percent polyglutamylation of folate was much higher in PKM-1. Our analysis indicates the regulation of GGH activity as a potential target to elevate folate levels in tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha Sunkum
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Prateek Gupta
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Himabindu Vasuki Kilambi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
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5
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Cerca J, Petersen B, Lazaro-Guevara JM, Rivera-Colón A, Birkeland S, Vizueta J, Li S, Li Q, Loureiro J, Kosawang C, Díaz PJ, Rivas-Torres G, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Vargas P, McCauley RA, Petersen G, Santos-Bay L, Wales N, Catchen JM, Machado D, Nowak MD, Suh A, Sinha NR, Nielsen LR, Seberg O, Gilbert MTP, Leebens-Mack JH, Rieseberg LH, Martin MD. The genomic basis of the plant island syndrome in Darwin's giant daisies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3729. [PMID: 35764640 PMCID: PMC9240058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The repeated, rapid and often pronounced patterns of evolutionary divergence observed in insular plants, or the ‘plant island syndrome’, include changes in leaf phenotypes, growth, as well as the acquisition of a perennial lifestyle. Here, we sequence and describe the genome of the critically endangered, Galápagos-endemic species Scalesia atractyloides Arnot., obtaining a chromosome-resolved, 3.2-Gbp assembly containing 43,093 candidate gene models. Using a combination of fossil transposable elements, k-mer spectra analyses and orthologue assignment, we identify the two ancestral genomes, and date their divergence and the polyploidization event, concluding that the ancestor of all extant Scalesia species was an allotetraploid. There are a comparable number of genes and transposable elements across the two subgenomes, and while their synteny has been mostly conserved, we find multiple inversions that may have facilitated adaptation. We identify clear signatures of selection across genes associated with vascular development, growth, adaptation to salinity and flowering time, thus finding compelling evidence for a genomic basis of the island syndrome in one of Darwin’s giant daisies. Many island plant species share a syndrome of characteristic phenotype and life history. Cerca et al. find the genomic basis of the plant island syndrome in one of Darwin’s giant daisies, while separating ancestral genomes in a chromosome-resolved polyploid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cerca
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bent Petersen
- Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - José Miguel Lazaro-Guevara
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Angel Rivera-Colón
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Siri Birkeland
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joel Vizueta
- Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qionghou Li
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-095, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patricia Jaramillo Díaz
- Estación Científica Charles Darwin, Fundación Charles Darwin, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador.,Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Rivas-Torres
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA & Extensión Galápagos, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, 170901, Ecuador.,Galapagos Science Center, USFQ, UNC Chapel Hill, San Cristobal, Galapagos, Ecuador.,Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Courtesy Faculty, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Pablo Vargas
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ross A McCauley
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO, 81301, USA
| | - Gitte Petersen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luisa Santos-Bay
- Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nathan Wales
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Julian M Catchen
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Machado
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | | | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TU, Norwich, UK.,Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lene R Nielsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ole Seberg
- The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Loren H Rieseberg
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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6
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Koper K, Han SW, Pastor DC, Yoshikuni Y, Maeda HA. Evolutionary Origin and Functional Diversification of Aminotransferases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102122. [PMID: 35697072 PMCID: PMC9309667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminotransferases (ATs) are pyridoxal 5′-phosphate–dependent enzymes that catalyze the transamination reactions between amino acid donor and keto acid acceptor substrates. Modern AT enzymes constitute ∼2% of all classified enzymatic activities, play central roles in nitrogen metabolism, and generate multitude of primary and secondary metabolites. ATs likely diverged into four distinct AT classes before the appearance of the last universal common ancestor and further expanded to a large and diverse enzyme family. Although the AT family underwent an extensive functional specialization, many AT enzymes retained considerable substrate promiscuity and multifunctionality because of their inherent mechanistic, structural, and functional constraints. This review summarizes the evolutionary history, diverse metabolic roles, reaction mechanisms, and structure–function relationships of the AT family enzymes, with a special emphasis on their substrate promiscuity and multifunctionality. Comprehensive characterization of AT substrate specificity is still needed to reveal their true metabolic functions in interconnecting various branches of the nitrogen metabolic network in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Koper
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Han
- The US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- The US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Global Center for Food, Land, and Water Resources, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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7
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Lian T, Wang X, Li S, Jiang H, Zhang C, Wang H, Jiang L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Folate Accumulation in Maize Grains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031708. [PMID: 35163628 PMCID: PMC8836222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the complexity of folate accumulation in the early stages of maize kernel development has been reported, but the mechanisms of folate accumulation are unclear. Two maize inbred lines, DAN3130 and JI63, with different patterns of folate accumulation and different total folate contents in mature kernels were used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of folate metabolism during late stages of kernel formation by comparative transcriptome analysis. The folate accumulation during DAP 24 to mature kernels could be controlled by circumjacent pathways of folate biosynthesis, such as pyruvate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and serine/glycine metabolism. In addition, the folate variation between these two inbred lines was related to those genes among folate metabolism, such as genes in the pteridine branch, para-aminobenzoate branch, serine/tetrahydrofolate (THF)/5-methyltetrahydrofolate cycle, and the conversion of THF monoglutamate to THF polyglutamate. The findings provided insight into folate accumulation mechanisms during maize kernel formation to promote folate biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Plant Genetics, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Sha Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
- National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
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8
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Black KA, Duan L, Mandyoli L, Selbach BP, Xu W, Ehrt S, Sacchettini JC, Rhee KY. Metabolic bifunctionality of Rv0812 couples folate and peptidoglycan biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212052. [PMID: 33950161 PMCID: PMC8105722 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative sequence analysis has enabled the annotation of millions of genes from organisms across the evolutionary tree. However, this approach has inherently biased the annotation of phylogenetically ubiquitous, rather than species-specific, functions. The ecologically unusual pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved in humans as its sole reservoir and emerged as the leading bacterial cause of death worldwide. However, the physiological factors that define Mtb’s pathogenicity are poorly understood. Here, we report the structure and function of a protein that is required for optimal in vitro fitness and bears homology to two distinct enzymes, Rv0812. Despite diversification of related orthologues into biochemically distinct enzyme families, rv0812 encodes a single active site with aminodeoxychorismate lyase and D–amino acid transaminase activities. The mutual exclusivity of substrate occupancy in this active site mediates coupling between nucleic acid and cell wall biosynthesis, prioritizing PABA over D-Ala/D-Glu biosynthesis. This bifunctionality reveals a novel, enzymatically encoded fail-safe mechanism that may help Mtb and other bacteria couple replication and division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijun Duan
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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9
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Hellmann H, Goyer A, Navarre DA. Antioxidants in Potatoes: A Functional View on One of the Major Food Crops Worldwide. Molecules 2021; 26:2446. [PMID: 33922183 PMCID: PMC8122721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With a growing world population, accelerating climate changes, and limited arable land, it is critical to focus on plant-based resources for sustainable food production. In addition, plants are a cornucopia for secondary metabolites, of which many have robust antioxidative capacities and are beneficial for human health. Potato is one of the major food crops worldwide, and is recognized by the United Nations as an excellent food source for an increasing world population. Potato tubers are rich in a plethora of antioxidants with an array of health-promoting effects. This review article provides a detailed overview about the biosynthesis, chemical and health-promoting properties of the most abundant antioxidants in potato tubers, including several vitamins, carotenoids and phenylpropanoids. The dietary contribution of diverse commercial and primitive cultivars are detailed and document that potato contributes much more than just complex carbohydrates to the diet. Finally, the review provides insights into the current and future potential of potato-based systems as tools and resources for healthy and sustainable food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjo Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Aymeric Goyer
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838, USA;
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10
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Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073477. [PMID: 33801727 PMCID: PMC8036860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mountain plants, challenged by vegetation time contractions and dynamic changes in environmental conditions, developed adaptations that help them to balance their growth, reproduction, survival, and regeneration. However, knowledge regarding the genetic basis of species adaptation to higher altitudes remain scarce for most plant species. Here, we attempted to identify such corresponding genomic regions of high evolutionary importance in two closely related European pines, Pinus mugo and P. uncinata, contrasting them with a reference lowland relative—P. sylvestris. We genotyped 438 samples at thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, tested their genetic differentiation and population structure followed by outlier detection and gene ontology annotations. Markers clearly differentiated the species and uncovered patterns of population structure in two of them. In P. uncinata three Pyrenean sites were grouped together, while two outlying populations constituted a separate cluster. In P. sylvestris, Spanish population appeared distinct from the remaining four European sites. Between mountain pines and the reference species, 35 candidate genes for altitude-dependent selection were identified, including such encoding proteins responsible for photosynthesis, photorespiration and cell redox homeostasis, regulation of transcription, and mRNA processing. In comparison between two mountain pines, 75 outlier SNPs were found in proteins involved mainly in the gene expression and metabolism.
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11
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Jiang L, Strobbe S, Van Der Straeten D, Zhang C. Regulation of plant vitamin metabolism: backbone of biofortification for the alleviation of hidden hunger. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:40-60. [PMID: 33545049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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12
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Prigge MJ, Wang Y, Estelle M. Mutations in the Physcomitrium patens gene encoding Aminodeoxychorismate Synthase confer auxotrophic phenotypes. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 33537559 PMCID: PMC7841435 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate genetic mapping of developmental mutants of Physcomitrium patens, we produced a genetic marker that combines recessive auxotrophy with dominant positive selection. We first identified the gene affected by the pabB4 auxotrophic mutation and then replaced it with a cassette that confers antibiotic resistance. This strain may be used to produce bi-parental somatic hybrids with nearly any other strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Prigge
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yingluo Wang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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13
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Li Y, Yang C, Ahmad H, Maher M, Fang C, Luo J. Benefiting others and self: Production of vitamins in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:210-227. [PMID: 33289302 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins maintain growth and development in humans, animals, and plants. Because plants serve as essential producers of vitamins, increasing the vitamin contents in plants has become a goal of crop breeding worldwide. Here, we begin with a summary of the functions of vitamins. We then review the achievements to date in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying how vitamins are synthesized, transported, and regulated in plants. We also stress the exploration of variation in vitamins by the use of forward genetic approaches, such as quantitative trait locus mapping and genome-wide association studies. Overall, we conclude that exploring the diversity of vitamins could provide new insights into plant metabolism and crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chenkun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hasan Ahmad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mohamed Maher
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanying Fang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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Expression Levels of the γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase I Gene Predict Vitamin B9 Content in Potato Tubers. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of folates in staple crops is an important strategy to help eradicate human folate deficiencies. Folate biofortification using genetic engineering has shown great success in rice grain, tomato fruit, lettuce, and potato tuber. However, consumers’ skepticism, juridical hurdles, and lack of economic model have prevented the widespread adoption of nutritionally-enhanced genetically-engineered (GE) food crops. Meanwhile, little effort has been made to biofortify food crops with folate by breeding. Previously we reported >10-fold variation in folate content in potato genotypes. To facilitate breeding for enhanced folate content, we attempted to identify genes that control folate content in potato tuber. For this, we analyzed the expression of folate biosynthesis and salvage genes in low- and high-folate potato genotypes. First, RNA-Seq analysis showed that, amongst all folate biosynthesis and salvage genes analyzed, only one gene, which encodes γ-glutamyl hydrolase 1 (GGH1), was consistently expressed at higher levels in high- compared to low-folate segregants of a Solanum boliviense Dunal accession. Second, quantitative PCR showed that GGH1 transcript levels were higher in high- compared to low-folate segregants for seven out of eight pairs of folate segregants analyzed. These results suggest that GGH1 gene expression is an indicator of folate content in potato tubers.
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15
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Gorelova V, Bastien O, De Clerck O, Lespinats S, Rébeillé F, Van Der Straeten D. Evolution of folate biosynthesis and metabolism across algae and land plant lineages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5731. [PMID: 30952916 PMCID: PMC6451014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrofolate and its derivatives, commonly known as folates, are essential for almost all living organisms. Besides acting as one-carbon donors and acceptors in reactions producing various important biomolecules such as nucleic and amino acids, as well as pantothenate, they also supply one-carbon units for methylation reactions. Plants along with bacteria, yeast and fungi synthesize folates de novo and therefore constitute a very important dietary source of folates for animals. All the major steps of folate biosynthesis and metabolism have been identified but only few have been genetically characterized in a handful of model plant species. The possible differences in the folate pathway between various plant and algal species have never been explored. In this study we present a comprehensive comparative study of folate biosynthesis and metabolism of all major land plant lineages as well as green and red algae. The study identifies new features of plant folate metabolism that might open new directions to folate research in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gorelova
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Geneva, Quai E. Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O Bastien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - O De Clerck
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - S Lespinats
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - F Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Vegetale, UMR168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Universite Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - D Van Der Straeten
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Ghent University, K.L Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Suarez J, Hener C, Lehnhardt VA, Hummel S, Stahl M, Kolukisaoglu Ü. AtDAT1 Is a Key Enzyme of D-Amino Acid Stimulated Ethylene Production in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1609. [PMID: 31921255 PMCID: PMC6921899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
D-Enantiomers of proteinogenic amino acids (D-AAs) are found ubiquitously, but the knowledge about their metabolism and functions in plants is scarce. A long forgotten phenomenon in this regard is the D-AA-stimulated ethylene production in plants. As a starting point to investigate this effect, the Arabidopsis accession Landsberg erecta (Ler) got into focus as it was found defective in metabolizing D-AAs. Combining genetics and molecular biology of T-DNA insertion lines and natural variants together with biochemical and physiological approaches, we could identify AtDAT1 as a major D-AA transaminase in Arabidopsis. Atdat1 loss-of-function mutants and Arabidopsis accessions with defective AtDAT1 alleles were unable to produce the metabolites of D-Met, D-Ala, D-Glu, and L-Met. This result corroborates the biochemical characterization, which showed highest activity of AtDAT1 using D-Met as a substrate. Germination of seedlings in light and dark led to enhanced growth inhibition of atdat1 mutants on D-Met. Ethylene measurements revealed an increased D-AA stimulated ethylene production in these mutants. According to initial working models of this phenomenon, D-Met is preferentially malonylated instead of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). This decrease of ACC degradation should then lead to the increase of ethylene production. We could observe a reciprocal relation of malonylated methionine and ACC upon D-Met application and significantly more malonyl-methionine in atdat1 mutants. Unexpectedly, the malonyl-ACC levels did not differ between mutants and wild type. With AtDAT1, the first central enzyme of plant D-AA metabolism was characterized biochemically and physiologically. The specific effects of D-Met on ACC metabolism, ethylene production, and plant development of dat1 mutants unraveled the impact of AtDAT1 on these processes; however, they are not in full accordance to previous working models. Instead, our results imply the influence of additional factors or processes on D-AA-stimulated ethylene production, which await to be uncovered.
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17
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Liu F, Xiang N, Hu JG, Shijuan Y, Xie L, Brennan CS, Huang W, Guo X. The manipulation of gene expression and the biosynthesis of Vitamin C, E and folate in light-and dark-germination of sweet corn seeds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7484. [PMID: 28790401 PMCID: PMC5548755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential interrelationship between gene expression and biosynthesis of vitamin C, E and folate in sweet corn sprouts. Germination of sweet corn kernels was conducted in light and dark environments to determine if this relationship was regulated by photo-illumination. Results indicated that light and dark environments affected the DHAR, TMT and GTPCH expression and that these genes were the predominant genes of vitamin C, E and folate biosynthesis pathways respectively during the germination. Levels of vitamin C and folate increased during the germination of sweet corn seeds while vitamin E had a declining manner. Sweet corn sprouts had higher vitamin C and E levels as well as relevant gene expression levels in light environment while illumination had little influence on the folate contents and the gene expression levels during the germination. These results indicate that there might be a collaborative relationship between vitamin C and folate regulation during sweet corn seed germination, while an inhibitive regulation might exist between vitamin C and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jian Guang Hu
- Crop Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics Improvement of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Shijuan
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lihua Xie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Charles Stephen Brennan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.,Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Bioscience, Lincoln University, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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18
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Xie W, Perry G, Martin CJ, Shim YS, Navabi A, Pauls KP. Molecular characterization of dihydroneopterin aldolase and aminodeoxychorismate synthase in common bean—genes coding for enzymes in the folate synthesis pathway. Genome 2017; 60:588-600. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are excellent sources of dietary folates, but different varieties contain different amounts of these compounds. Genes coding for dihydroneopterin aldolase (DHNA) and aminodeoxychorismate synthase (ADCS) of the folate synthesis pathway were characterized by PCR amplification, BAC clone sequencing, and whole genome sequencing. All DHNA and ADCS genes in the Mesoamerican cultivar OAC Rex were isolated and compared with those genes in the genome of Andean genotype G19833. Both genotypes have two functional DHNA genes and one pseudo gene. PvDHNA1 and PvDHNA2 proteins have similar secondary structures and conserved residues as DHNA homologs in Staphylococcus aureus and Arabidopsis. Sequence analysis and synteny mapping indicated that PvDHNA1 might be a duplicated and transposed copy of PvDHNA2. There is only one ADCS gene (PvADCS) identified in the bean genome and it is identical in OAC Rex and G19833. PvADCS has the conserved motifs required for catalytic activity similar to other plant ADCS homologs. DHNA and ADCS gene-specific markers were developed, mapped, and compared to their physical locations on chromosomes 1 and 7, respectively. The gene-specific markers developed in this study should be useful for detection and selection of varieties with enhanced folate contents in bean breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xie
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gregory Perry
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - C. Joe Martin
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Youn-Seb Shim
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alireza Navabi
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - K. Peter Pauls
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Crop Science Building, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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19
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Gorelova V, Ambach L, Rébeillé F, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Folates in Plants: Research Advances and Progress in Crop Biofortification. Front Chem 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28424769 PMCID: PMC5372827 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates, also known as B9 vitamins, serve as donors and acceptors in one-carbon (C1) transfer reactions. The latter are involved in synthesis of many important biomolecules, such as amino acids, nucleic acids and vitamin B5. Folates also play a central role in the methyl cycle that provides one-carbon groups for methylation reactions. The important functions fulfilled by folates make them essential in all living organisms. Plants, being able to synthesize folates de novo, serve as an excellent dietary source of folates for animals that lack the respective biosynthetic pathway. Unfortunately, the most important staple crops such as rice, potato and maize are rather poor sources of folates. Insufficient folate consumption is known to cause severe developmental disorders in humans. Two approaches are employed to fight folate deficiency: pharmacological supplementation in the form of folate pills and biofortification of staple crops. As the former approach is considered rather costly for the major part of the world population, biofortification of staple crops is viewed as a decent alternative in the struggle against folate deficiency. Therefore, strategies, challenges and recent progress of folate enhancement in plants will be addressed in this review. Apart from the ever-growing need for the enhancement of nutritional quality of crops, the world population faces climate change catastrophes or environmental stresses, such as elevated temperatures, drought, salinity that severely affect growth and productivity of crops. Due to immense diversity of their biochemical functions, folates take part in virtually every aspect of plant physiology. Any disturbance to the plant folate metabolism leads to severe growth inhibition and, as a consequence, to a lower productivity. Whereas today's knowledge of folate biochemistry can be considered very profound, evidence on the physiological roles of folates in plants only starts to emerge. In the current review we will discuss the implication of folates in various aspects of plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Lars Ambach
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Bioscience and Biotechnologies Institute of Grenoble, CEA-GrenobleGrenoble, France
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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20
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Upadhyaya P, Tyagi K, Sarma S, Tamboli V, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Natural variation in folate levels among tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) accessions. Food Chem 2016; 217:610-619. [PMID: 27664678 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Folate content was estimated in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) accessions using microbiological assay (MA) and by LC-MS. The MA revealed that in red-ripe fruits folate levels ranged from 4 to 60μg/100g fresh weight. The LC-MS estimation of red-ripe fruits detected three folate forms, 5-CH3-THF, 5-CHO-THF, 5,10-CH(+)THF and folate levels ranged from 14 to 46μg/100g fresh weight. In mature green and red ripe fruit, 5-CH3-THF was the most abundant folate form. Comparison of LC-MS with MA revealed that MA inaccurately estimates folate levels. The accumulation of folate forms and their distribution varied among accessions. The single nucleotide polymorphism was examined in the key genes of the folate pathway to understand its linkage with folate levels. Despite the significant variation in folate levels among tomato accessions, little polymorphism was found in folate biosynthesis genes. Our results indicate that variation in folate level is governed by a more complex regulation at cellular homeostasis level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallawi Upadhyaya
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Kamal Tyagi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Supriya Sarma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Vajir Tamboli
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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21
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Amar D, Frades I, Diels T, Zaltzman D, Ghatan N, Hedley PE, Alexandersson E, Tzfadia O, Shamir R. The MORPH-R web server and software tool for predicting missing genes in biological pathways. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:12-20. [PMID: 25625434 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A biological pathway is the set of molecular entities involved in a given biological process and the interrelations among them. Even though biological pathways have been studied extensively, discovering missing genes in pathways remains a fundamental challenge. Here, we present an easy-to-use tool that allows users to run MORPH (MOdule-guided Ranking of candidate PatHway genes), an algorithm for revealing missing genes in biological pathways, and demonstrate its capabilities. MORPH supports the analysis in tomato, Arabidopsis and the two new species: rice and the newly sequenced potato genome. The new tool, called MORPH-R, is available both as a web server (at http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/morph/) and as standalone software that can be used locally. In the standalone version, the user can apply the tool to new organisms using any proprietary and public data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Amar
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itziar Frades
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Tim Diels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - David Zaltzman
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Netanel Ghatan
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Alexandersson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Shamir
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Widhalm JR, Dudareva N. A familiar ring to it: biosynthesis of plant benzoic acids. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:83-97. [PMID: 25578274 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant benzoic acids (BAs) are building blocks or important structural elements for numerous primary and specialized metabolites, including plant hormones, cofactors, defense compounds, and attractants for pollinators and seed dispersers. Many natural products derived from plant BAs or containing benzoyl/benzyl moieties are also of medicinal or nutritional value to humans. Biosynthesis of BAs in plants is a network involving parallel and intersecting pathways spread across multiple subcellular compartments. In this review, a current overview on the metabolism of plant BAs is presented with a focus on the recent progress made on isolation and functional characterization of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes and intracellular transporters. In addition, approaches for deciphering the complex interactions between pathways of the BAs network are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA.
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23
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Blancquaert D, Van Daele J, Storozhenko S, Stove C, Lambert W, Van Der Straeten D. Rice folate enhancement through metabolic engineering has an impact on rice seed metabolism, but does not affect the expression of the endogenous folate biosynthesis genes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:329-49. [PMID: 23771598 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Folates are key-players in one-carbon metabolism in all organisms. However, only micro-organisms and plants are able to synthesize folates de novo and humans rely entirely on their diet as a sole folate source. As a consequence, folate deficiency is a global problem. Although different strategies are currently implemented to fight folate deficiency, up until now, all of them have their own drawbacks. As an alternative and complementary means to those classical strategies, folate biofortification of rice by metabolic engineering was successfully achieved a couple of years ago. To gain more insight into folate biosynthesis regulation and the effect of folate enhancement on general rice seed metabolism, a transcriptomic study was conducted in developing transgenic rice seeds, overexpressing 2 genes of the folate biosynthetic pathway. Upon folate enhancement, the expression of 235 genes was significantly altered. Here, we show that rice folate biofortification has an important effect on folate dependent, seed developmental and plant stress response/defense processes, but does not affect the expression of the endogenous folate biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Blancquaert
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Completing the folate biosynthesis pathway in Plasmodium falciparum: p-aminobenzoate is produced by a highly divergent promiscuous aminodeoxychorismate lyase. Biochem J 2013; 455:149-55. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We identified the aminodeoxychorismate lyase from Plasmodium falciparum. This enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of folate and could be a new target for antimalarial therapy. The enzyme has little similarity to its bacterial counterparts and shows a minor D-amino acid transaminase activity.
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25
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Dai YN, Chi CB, Zhou K, Cheng W, Jiang YL, Ren YM, Ruan K, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Structure and catalytic mechanism of yeast 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22985-92. [PMID: 23818518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.480335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abz2 is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent lyase that converts 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate (ADC) to para-aminobenzoate and pyruvate. To investigate the catalytic mechanism, we determined the 1.9 Å resolution crystal structure of Abz2 complexed with PLP, representing the first eukaryotic ADC lyase structure. Unlike Escherichia coli ADC lyase, whose dimerization is critical to the formation of the active site, the overall structure of Abz2 displays as a monomer of two domains. At the interdomain cleft, a molecule of cofactor PLP forms a Schiff base with residue Lys-251. Computational simulations defined a basic clamp to orientate the substrate ADC in a proper pose, which was validated by site-directed mutageneses combined with enzymatic activity assays. Altogether, we propose a putative catalytic mechanism of a unique class of monomeric ADC lyases led by yeast Abz2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Dai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
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26
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Salcedo-Sora JE, Ward SA. The folate metabolic network of Falciparum malaria. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 188:51-62. [PMID: 23454873 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of key enzymes in the folate pathway continues to be an effective chemotherapeutic approach that has earned antifolate drugs a valuable position in the medical pharmacopoeia. The successful therapeutic use of antifolates as antimalarials has been a catalyst for ongoing research into the biochemistry of folate and pterin biosynthesis in malaria parasites. However, our understanding of the parasites folate metabolism remains partial and patchy, especially in relation to the shikimate pathway, the folate cycle, and folate salvage. A sizeable number of potential folate targets remain to be characterised. Recent reports on the parasite specific transport of folate precursors that would normally be present in the human host awaken previous hypotheses on the salvage of folate precursors or by-products. As the parasite progresses through its life-cycle it encounters very contrasting host cell environments that present radically different metabolic milieus and biochemical challenges. It would seem probable that as the parasite encounters differing environments it would need to modify its biochemistry. This would be reflected in the folate homeostasis in Plasmodium. Recent drug screening efforts and insights into folate membrane transport substantiate the argument that folate metabolism may still offer unexplored opportunities for therapeutic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
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Gerdes S, Lerma-Ortiz C, Frelin O, Seaver SMD, Henry CS, de Crécy-Lagard V, Hanson AD. Plant B vitamin pathways and their compartmentation: a guide for the perplexed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5379-95. [PMID: 22915736 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The B vitamins and the cofactors derived from them are essential for life. B vitamin synthesis in plants is consequently as crucial to plants themselves as it is to humans and animals, whose B vitamin nutrition depends largely on plants. The synthesis and salvage pathways for the seven plant B vitamins are now broadly known, but certain enzymes and many transporters have yet to be identified, and the subcellular locations of various reactions are unclear. Although very substantial, what is not known about plant B vitamin pathways is regrettably difficult to discern from the literature or from biochemical pathway databases. Nor do databases accurately represent all that is known about B vitamin pathways-above all their compartmentation-because the facts are scattered throughout the literature, and thus hard to piece together. These problems (i) deter discoveries because newcomers to B vitamins cannot see which mysteries still need solving; and (ii) impede metabolic reconstruction and modelling of B vitamin pathways because genes for reactions or transport steps are missing. This review therefore takes a fresh approach to capture current knowledge of B vitamin pathways in plants. The synthesis pathways, key salvage routes, and their subcellular compartmentation are surveyed in depth, and encoded in the SEED database (http://pubseed.theseed.org/seedviewer.cgi?page=PlantGateway) for Arabidopsis and maize. The review itself and the encoded pathways specifically identify enigmatic or missing reactions, enzymes, and transporters. The SEED-encoded B vitamin pathway collection is a publicly available, expertly curated, one-stop resource for metabolic reconstruction and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gerdes
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
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Navarrete O, Van Daele J, Stove C, Lambert W, Van Der Straeten D, Storozhenko S. A folate independent role for cytosolic HPPK/DHPS upon stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 73:23-33. [PMID: 21996493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic HPPK/DHPS (cytHPPK/DHPS) in Arabidopsis is a functional enzyme with activity similar to its mitochondrial isoform. Genomic complementation of the cytHPPK/DHPS knockout mutant with the wild type gene led to a complete rescue of the stress sensitive mutant phenotype in seed germination tests under abiotic stress conditions. Moreover, over-expression of the gene resulted in higher germination rate under stress as compared to the wild-type, confirming its role in stress resistance. Analysis of folates in seedlings, inflorescence and dry seeds showed unchanged levels in the wild-type, mutant and over-expressor line, upon stress and normal conditions, suggesting a role for cytHPPK/DHPS distinct from folate biosynthesis and a folate-independent stress resistance mechanism. This apparently folate-independent mechanism of stress resistance points towards a possible role of pterins, since the product of HPPK/DHPS is dihydropteroate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Navarrete
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Camara D, Richefeu-Contesto C, Gambonnet B, Dumas R, Rébeillé F. The synthesis of pABA: Coupling between the glutamine amidotransferase and aminodeoxychorismate synthase domains of the bifunctional aminodeoxychorismate synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 505:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hanson AD, Gregory JF. Folate biosynthesis, turnover, and transport in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:105-25. [PMID: 21275646 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Folates are essential cofactors for one-carbon transfer reactions and are needed in the diets of humans and animals. Because plants are major sources of dietary folate, plant folate biochemistry has long been of interest but progressed slowly until the genome era. Since then, genome-enabled approaches have brought rapid advances: We now know (a) all the plant folate synthesis genes and some genes of folate turnover and transport, (b) certain mechanisms governing folate synthesis, and (c) the subcellular locations of folate synthesis enzymes and of folates themselves. Some of this knowledge has been applied, simply and successfully, to engineer folate-enriched food crops (i.e., biofortification). Much remains to be discovered about folates, however, particularly in relation to homeostasis, catabolism, membrane transport, and vacuolar storage. Understanding these processes, which will require both biochemical and -omics research, should lead to improved biofortification strategies based on transgenic or conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Waller JC, Akhtar TA, Lara-Núñez A, Gregory JF, McQuinn RP, Giovannoni JJ, Hanson AD. Developmental and feedforward control of the expression of folate biosynthesis genes in tomato fruit. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:66-77. [PMID: 20085893 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how plants regulate their folate content, including whether the expression of folate biosynthesis genes is orchestrated during development or modulated by folate levels. Nor is much known about how folate levels impact the expression of other genes. These points were addressed using wild-type tomato fruit and fruit engineered for high folate content. In wild-type fruit, the expression of genes specifying early steps in folate biosynthesis declined during development but that of other genes did not. In engineered fruit overexpressing foreign GTP cyclohydrolase I and aminodeoxychorismate synthase genes, the expression of the respective endogenous genes did not change, but that of three downstream pathway genes-aminodeoxychorismate lyase, dihydroneopterin aldolase, and mitochondrial folylpolyglutamate synthase-respectively increased by up to 7.8-, 2.8-, and 1.7-fold, apparently in response to the build-up of specific folate pathway metabolites. These results indicate that, in fruit, certain folate pathway genes are developmentally regulated and that certain others are subject to feedforward control by pathway intermediates. Microarray analysis showed that only 14 other transcripts (of 11 000 surveyed) increased in abundance by two-fold or more in high-folate fruit, demonstrating that the induction of folate pathway genes is relatively specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Waller
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Choi YS, Johannes TW, Simurdiak M, Shao Z, Lu H, Zhao H. Cloning and heterologous expression of the spectinabilin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces spectabilis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 6:336-8. [PMID: 20094652 DOI: 10.1039/b923177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectinabilin is a rare nitrophenyl-substituted polyketide metabolite. Here we report the cloning and heterologous expression of the spectinabilin gene cluster from Streptomyces spectabilis. Unexpectedly, this gene cluster is evolutionarily closer to the aureothin gene cluster than to the spectinabilin gene cluster from Streptomyces orinoci. Moreover, the two nearly identical spectinabilin gene clusters use a distinctly different regulation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seong Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Martín JF, Aparicio JF. Enzymology of the polyenes pimaricin and candicidin biosynthesis. Methods Enzymol 2009; 459:215-42. [PMID: 19362642 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pimaricin and candicidin are prototypical representatives of the "small" and the "aromatic" polyene macrolides, respectively. Pimaricin, produced by Streptomyces natalensis, is an important antifungal agent used in human therapy for the treatment of fungal keratitis, and in the food industry to prevent mould contamination. Five large polyketide synthase subunits are implicated in the formation of the pimaricin macrolactone ring, while P450 mono-oxygenases and a glycosyltransferase are responsible for ring "decoration." Two transcriptional regulators directly modulate transcription of certain genes in the cluster; an extracellular cholesterol oxidase also participates in such control. Two regulatory locus external to the pimaricin gene cluster, encoding the two-component PhoR-PhoP system for phosphate limitation response, and a gamma-butyrolactone receptor, contribute to the control of pimaricin production. A quorum-sensing inducer of pimaricin biosynthesis (PI-factor) has been identified recently. Candicidin (also named FR-008) contains an aromatic para-aminoacetophenone moiety derived from para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which acts as a starter unit in the biosynthesis. Two genes in the candicidin cluster, pabAB and pabC, are involved in the biosynthesis of PABA. Six polyketide synthase subunits encoded by fscA to fscF, containing 21 modules, are involved in the synthesis of the candicidin aglycone. At least three genes (fscO, fscP, and fscTE) encode aglycone modification enzymes. Three genes-fscM1, M2, and M3-are involved in mycosamine biosynthesis and its attachment to the aglycone. The candicidin cluster also includes two ABC transporter genes and four putative transcriptional regulators. Expression of the PABA synthase gene (pabAB) is drastically repressed by phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Universidad de León, Dpto. Biología Molecular - Area de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales and Institute of Biotechnology INBIOTEC, León, Spain
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Loizeau K, De Brouwer V, Gambonnet B, Yu A, Renou JP, Van Der Straeten D, Lambert WE, Rébeillé F, Ravanel S. A genome-wide and metabolic analysis determined the adaptive response of Arabidopsis cells to folate depletion induced by methotrexate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:2083-95. [PMID: 18931140 PMCID: PMC2593662 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.130336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Control of folate homeostasis is essential to sustain the demand for one-carbon (C1) units that are necessary for major biological functions, including nucleotide synthesis and methylation reactions. In this study, we analyzed the genome-wide and metabolic adaptive response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cells to folate depletion induced by the antifolate methotrexate. Drug treatment induced a response typical to xenobiotic stress and important changes in folate content and composition. This resulted in a reduction of cell division and primary energy metabolism that was likely associated with perturbation of nucleotide homeostasis. Through a modification of serine metabolism, folate depletion also induced O-acetylserine accumulation and mimicked sulfur deficiency response. The major adaptive response to folate limitation concerned the composition of the folate pool rather than the intracellular level of cofactors. Thus, no significant change in the expression of genes involved in cofactor synthesis, degradation, or trafficking was observed. However, changes in the distribution of C1 derivative pools and increased expression levels for transcripts coding enzymes manipulating C1 moieties in plastids suggested a reorientation of C1 units toward the synthesis of purine and thymidylate. Also, no genomic or metabolic adaptation was built up to counterbalance the major impairment of the methyl index, which controls the efficiency of methylation reactions in the cell. Together, these data suggested that the metabolic priority of Arabidopsis cells in response to folate limitation was to shuttle the available folate derivatives to the synthesis of nucleotides at the expense of methylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Loizeau
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA-Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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Tyra HM, Linka M, Weber APM, Bhattacharya D. Host origin of plastid solute transporters in the first photosynthetic eukaryotes. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R212. [PMID: 17919328 PMCID: PMC2246286 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of plastid transporter proteins in Arabidopsis suggests a host origin and provides new insights into plastid evolution. Background It is generally accepted that a single primary endosymbiosis in the Plantae (red, green (including land plants), and glaucophyte algae) common ancestor gave rise to the ancestral photosynthetic organelle (plastid). Plastid establishment necessitated many steps, including the transfer and activation of endosymbiont genes that were relocated to the nuclear genome of the 'host' followed by import of the encoded proteins into the organelle. These innovations are, however, highly complex and could not have driven the initial formation of the endosymbiosis. We postulate that the re-targeting of existing host solute transporters to the plastid fore-runner was critical for the early success of the primary endosymbiosis, allowing the host to harvest endosymbiont primary production. Results We tested this model of transporter evolution by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the plastid permeome in Arabidopsis thaliana. Of 137 well-annotated transporter proteins that were initially considered, 83 that are broadly distributed in Plantae were submitted to phylogenetic analysis. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that 58% of Arabidopsis transporters, including all carbohydrate transporters, are of host origin, whereas only 12% arose from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont. Four transporter genes are derived from a Chlamydia-like source, suggesting that establishment of the primary plastid likely involved contributions from at least two prokaryotic sources. Conclusion Our results indicate that the existing plastid solute transport system shared by Plantae is derived primarily from host genes. Important contributions also came from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont and Chlamydia-like bacteria likely co-resident in the first algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Tyra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Roy J Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 446 Biology Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1324, USA.
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Botet J, Mateos L, Revuelta JL, Santos MA. A chemogenomic screening of sulfanilamide-hypersensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants uncovers ABZ2, the gene encoding a fungal aminodeoxychorismate lyase. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:2102-11. [PMID: 17873082 PMCID: PMC2168415 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00266-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale phenotypic analyses have proved to be useful strategies in providing functional clues about the uncharacterized yeast genes. We used here a chemogenomic profiling of yeast deletion collections to identify the core of cellular processes challenged by treatment with the p-aminobenzoate/folate antimetabolite sulfanilamide. In addition to sulfanilamide-hypersensitive mutants whose deleted genes can be categorized into a number of groups, including one-carbon related metabolism, vacuole biogenesis and vesicular transport, DNA metabolic and cell cycle processes, and lipid and amino acid metabolism, two uncharacterized open reading frames (YHI9 and YMR289w) were also identified. A detailed characterization of YMR289w revealed that this gene was required for growth in media lacking p-aminobenzoic or folic acid and encoded a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase, which is the last of the three enzymatic activities required for p-aminobenzoic acid biosynthesis. In light of these results, YMR289w was designated ABZ2, in accordance with the accepted nomenclature. ABZ2 was able to rescue the p-aminobenzoate auxotrophy of an Escherichia coli pabC mutant, thus demonstrating that ABZ2 and pabC are functional homologues. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Abz2p is the founder member of a new group of fungal 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyases that have no significant homology to its bacterial or plant counterparts. Abz2p appeared to form homodimers and dimerization was indispensable for its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Botet
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica, Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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de Crécy-Lagard V, El Yacoubi B, de la Garza RD, Noiriel A, Hanson AD. Comparative genomics of bacterial and plant folate synthesis and salvage: predictions and validations. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:245. [PMID: 17645794 PMCID: PMC1971073 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate synthesis and salvage pathways are relatively well known from classical biochemistry and genetics but they have not been subjected to comparative genomic analysis. The availability of genome sequences from hundreds of diverse bacteria, and from Arabidopsis thaliana, enabled such an analysis using the SEED database and its tools. This study reports the results of the analysis and integrates them with new and existing experimental data. RESULTS Based on sequence similarity and the clustering, fusion, and phylogenetic distribution of genes, several functional predictions emerged from this analysis. For bacteria, these included the existence of novel GTP cyclohydrolase I and folylpolyglutamate synthase gene families, and of a trifunctional p-aminobenzoate synthesis gene. For plants and bacteria, the predictions comprised the identities of a 'missing' folate synthesis gene (folQ) and of a folate transporter, and the absence from plants of a folate salvage enzyme. Genetic and biochemical tests bore out these predictions. CONCLUSION For bacteria, these results demonstrate that much can be learnt from comparative genomics, even for well-explored primary metabolic pathways. For plants, the findings particularly illustrate the potential for rapid functional assignment of unknown genes that have prokaryotic homologs, by analyzing which genes are associated with the latter. More generally, our data indicate how combined genomic analysis of both plants and prokaryotes can be more powerful than isolated examination of either group alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Basma El Yacoubi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Giovannoni JJ. Fruit ripening mutants yield insights into ripening control. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2007; 10:283-9. [PMID: 17442612 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a developmental process that is exclusive to plants whereby mature seed-bearing organs undergo physiological and metabolic changes that promote seed dispersal. Molecular investigations into ripening control mechanisms have been aided by the recent cloning of tomato ripening genes that were previously known only through mutation. Advances in the genomics of tomato have provided genetic and molecular tools that have facilitated the positional and candidate-gene-based cloning of several key ripening genes. These discoveries have created new inroads into understanding of the primary ripening control mechanisms, including transcription factors such as those encoded by the RIPENING-INHIBITOR (RIN) MADS-box and COLOURLESS NON-RIPENING (CNR) SPB-box genes, which are necessary for the progression of virtually all ripening processes. They have also facilitated the elucidation of downstream signal transduction components that impact the hormonal and environmental stimuli that coordinate and modulate ripening phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Giovannoni
- US Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Cornell University Campus, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Goyer A, Navarre DA. Determination of folate concentrations in diverse potato germplasm using a trienzyme extraction and a microbiological assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3523-8. [PMID: 17419642 DOI: 10.1021/jf063647x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Folate deficiency is a leading cause of birth defects and is implicated in several other diseases. We are interested in how much folate concentrations vary among potato germplasm. We determined total folate concentrations of potato tubers from 67 cultivars, advanced breeding lines, or wild species. Folates were extracted by a tri-enzyme treatment and analyzed by using a Lactobacillus rhamnosus microbiological assay. Folate concentrations varied from 521 +/- 96 to 1373 +/- 230 ng/g dry weight and were genotype and location dependent. The highest folate concentrations were mostly found in color-fleshed potatoes. Variations of folate concentrations within either color- or white-fleshed tubers were similar ( approximately 2-fold). Skin contained approximately 30% higher folate concentrations than flesh. Storage of tubers for 7 months generally led to an increase in folate contents. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analyses showed that higher folate contents were correlated with lower mRNA expression of some folate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Goyer
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, Oregon 97838, USA
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Storozhenko S, Navarrete O, Ravanel S, De Brouwer V, Chaerle P, Zhang GF, Bastien O, Lambert W, Rébeillé F, Van Der Straeten D. Cytosolic Hydroxymethyldihydropterin Pyrophosphokinase/Dihydropteroate Synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10749-61. [PMID: 17289662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase/7,8-dihydropteroate synthase (mitHPPK/DHPS) is a bifunctional mitochondrial enzyme, which catalyzes the first two consecutive steps of tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. Mining the Arabidopsis genome data base has revealed a second gene encoding a protein that lacks a potential transit peptide, suggesting a cytosolic localization of the isoenzyme (cytHPPK/DHPS). When the N-terminal part of the cytHPPK/DHPS was fused to green fluorescent protein, the fusion protein appeared only in the cytosol, confirming the above prediction. Functionality of cytHPPK/DHPS was addressed by two parallel approaches: first, the cytHPPK/DHPS was able to rescue yeast mutants lacking corresponding activities; second, recombinant cytHPPK/DHPS expressed and purified from Escherichia coli displayed both HPPK and DHPS activities in vitro. In contrast to mitHPPK/DHPS, which was ubiquitously expressed, the cytHPPK/DHPS gene was exclusively expressed in reproductive tissue, more precisely in developing seeds as revealed by histochemical analysis of a transgenic cytHPPK/DHPS promoter-GUS line. In addition, it was observed that expression of cytHPPK/DHPS mRNA was induced by salt stress, suggesting a potential role of the enzyme in stress response. This was supported by the phenotype of a T-DNA insertion mutant in the cytHPPK/DHPS gene, resulting in lower germination rates as compared with the wild-type upon application of oxidative and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Storozhenko
- Unit of Plant Hormone Signaling and Bio-imaging, Department of Molecular Genetics, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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DellaPenna D. Biofortification of plant-based food: enhancing folate levels by metabolic engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3675-6. [PMID: 17360411 PMCID: PMC1820641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700640104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dean DellaPenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA.
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Díaz de la Garza RI, Gregory JF, Hanson AD. Folate biofortification of tomato fruit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4218-22. [PMID: 17360503 PMCID: PMC1810332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700409104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate deficiency leads to neural tube defects and other human diseases, and is a global health problem. Because plants are major folate sources for humans, we have sought to enhance plant folate levels (biofortification). Folates are synthesized from pteridine, p-aminobenzoate (PABA), and glutamate precursors. Previously, we increased pteridine production in tomato fruit up to 140-fold by overexpressing GTP cyclohydrolase I, the first enzyme of pteridine synthesis. This strategy increased folate levels 2-fold, but engineered fruit were PABA-depleted. We report here the engineering of fruit-specific overexpression of aminodeoxychorismate synthase, which catalyzes the first step of PABA synthesis. The resulting fruit contained an average of 19-fold more PABA than controls. When transgenic PABA- and pteridine-overproduction traits were combined by crossing, vine-ripened fruit accumulated up to 25-fold more folate than controls. Folate accumulation was almost as high (up to 15-fold) in fruit harvested green and ripened by ethylene-gassing, as occurs in commerce. The accumulated folates showed normal proportions of one-carbon forms, with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate the most abundant, but were less extensively polyglutamylated than controls. Folate concentrations in developing fruit did not change in controls, but increased continuously throughout ripening in transgenic fruit. Pteridine and PABA levels in transgenic fruit were >20-fold higher than in controls, but the pathway intermediates dihydropteroate and dihydrofolate did not accumulate, pointing to a flux constraint at the dihydropteroate synthesis step. The folate levels we achieved provide the complete adult daily requirement in less than one standard serving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse F. Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Andrew D. Hanson
- Departments of *Horticultural Sciences and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Sahr T, Ravanel S, Basset G, Nichols B, Hanson A, Rébeillé F. Folate synthesis in plants: purification, kinetic properties, and inhibition of aminodeoxychorismate synthase. Biochem J 2006; 396:157-62. [PMID: 16466344 PMCID: PMC1449997 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
pABA (p-aminobenzoate) is a precursor of folates and, besides esterification to glucose, has no other known metabolic fate in plants. It is synthesized in two steps from chorismate and glutamine, the first step being their conversion into glutamate and ADC (4-aminodeoxychorismate). In Escherichia coli, two proteins forming a heterodimeric complex are required for this reaction, but, in plants and lower eukaryotes, a single protein is involved. The Arabidopsis enzyme was expressed in E. coli and was purified to homogeneity. The monomeric enzyme (95 kDa) catalyses two reactions: release of NH3 from glutamine (glutaminase activity) and substitution of NH3 for the hydroxy group at position 4 of chorismate (ADC synthase activity). The kinetic parameters of the plant enzyme are broadly similar to those of the bacterial complex, with K(m) values for glutamine and chorismate of 600 and 1.5 microM respectively. As with the bacterial enzyme, externally added NH3 was a very poor substrate for the plant enzyme, suggesting that NH3 released from glutamine is preferentially channelled to chorismate. The glutaminase activity could operate alone, but the presence of chorismate increased the efficiency of the reaction 10-fold, showing the interdependency of the two domains. The plant enzyme was inhibited by dihydrofolate and its analogue methotrexate, a feature never reported for the prokaryotic system. These molecules were inhibitors of the glutaminase reaction, competitive with respect to glutamine (K(i) values of 10 and 1 microM for dihydrofolate and methotrexate respectively). These findings support the view that the monomeric ADC synthase is a potential target for antifolate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sahr
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Gilles Basset
- †Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Brian P. Nichols
- ‡Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A
| | - Andrew D. Hanson
- †Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Fabrice Rébeillé
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Klaus SMJ, Kunji ERS, Bozzo GG, Noiriel A, de la Garza RD, Basset GJC, Ravanel S, Rébeillé F, Gregory JF, Hanson AD. Higher plant plastids and cyanobacteria have folate carriers related to those of trypanosomatids. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38457-63. [PMID: 16162503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507432200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial and plant genomes encode proteins with some similarity to the folate and biopterin transporters of the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania. The Synechocystis slr0642 gene product and its closest Arabidopsis homolog, the At2g32040 gene product, are representative examples. Both have 12 probable transmembrane domains, and the At2g32040 protein has a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. When expressed in Escherichia coli pabA pabB or folE, mutants, which are unable to produce or take up folates, the slr0642 protein and a modified At2g32040 protein (truncated and fused to the N terminus of slr0642) enabled growth on 5-formyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid but not on 5-formyltetrahydrofolate triglutamate, demonstrating that both proteins mediate folate monoglutamate transport. Both proteins also mediate transport of the antifolate analogs methotrexate and aminopterin, as evidenced by their ability to greatly increase the sensitivity of E. coli to these inhibitors. The full-length At2g32040 polypeptide was translocated into isolated pea chloroplasts and, when fused to green fluorescent protein, directed the passenger protein to the envelope of Arabidopsis chloroplasts in transient expression experiments. At2g32040 transcripts were present at similar levels in roots and aerial organs, indicating that the protein occurs in non-green plastids as well as chloroplasts. Insertional inactivation of At2g32040 significantly raised the total folate content of chloroplasts and lowered the proportion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate but did not discernibly affect growth. These findings establish conservation of function among folate and biopterin transporter family proteins from three kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M J Klaus
- Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Quinlivan EP, Hanson AD, Gregory JF. The analysis of folate and its metabolic precursors in biological samples. Anal Biochem 2005; 348:163-84. [PMID: 16266679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Quinlivan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Bedhomme M, Hoffmann M, McCarthy EA, Gambonnet B, Moran RG, Rébeillé F, Ravanel S. Folate Metabolism in Plants. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34823-31. [PMID: 16055441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506045200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of folates in plant cells suggests a complex traffic of the vitamin between the organelles and the cytosol. The Arabidopsis thaliana protein AtFOLT1 encoded by the At5g66380 gene is the closest homolog of the mitochondrial folate transporters (MFTs) characterized in mammalian cells. AtFOLT1 belongs to the mitochondrial carrier family, but GFP-tagging experiments and Western blot analyses indicated that it is targeted to the envelope of chloroplasts. By using the glycine auxotroph Chinese hamster ovary glyB cell line, which lacks a functional MFT and is deficient in folates transport into mitochondria, we showed by complementation that AtFOLT1 functions as a folate transporter in a hamster background. Indeed, stable transfectants bearing the AtFOLT1 cDNA have enhanced levels of folates in mitochondria and can support growth in glycine-free medium. Also, the expression of AtFOLT1 in Escherichia coli allows bacterial cells to uptake exogenous folate. Disruption of the AtFOLT1 gene in Arabidopsis does not lead to phenotypic alterations in folate-sufficient or folate-deficient plants. Also, the atfolt1 null mutant contains wild-type levels of folates in chloroplasts and preserves the enzymatic capacity to catalyze folate-dependent reactions in this subcellular compartment. These findings suggest strongly that, despite many common features shared by chloroplasts and mitochondria from mammals regarding folate metabolism, the folate import mechanisms in these organelles are not equivalent: folate uptake by mammalian mitochondria is mediated by a unique transporter, whereas there are alternative routes for folate import into chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Bedhomme
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Département Réponse et Dynamique Cellulaires, CEA-Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Zhang GF, Storozhenko S, Van Der Straeten D, Lambert WE. Investigation of the extraction behavior of the main monoglutamate folates from spinach by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1078:59-66. [PMID: 16007982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the determination of main monoglutamate folates in spinach with folic acid as an internal standard. A sample preparation with ultrafiltration (molecular weight cut-off membrane, 5 kDa) was followed by a chromatographic run of 14.2 min, rendering the method very simple and fast. The LODs in diluted spinach matrix were 0.02, 0.09, 0.05 and 0.03 ng/mL (0.037, 0.17, 0.092 and 0.055 microg/100 g calculated according to the fresh weight of spinach) for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, and 10-formylfolic acid, respectively. Using this method, the extraction behaviour of the main naturally occurring monoglutamate folates has been investigated in detail. It is found that 10 min of heating at 100 degrees C, incubation with rat serum at 37 degrees C (0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH = 6.5) for 4 h and the ratio of 10 (volume of extraction buffer versus the weight of sample, mL/g) are the optimal parameters for folate extraction from spinach. The final quantitative result of the individual folates in spinach is highly influenced by the pH (from 2.9 to 8.6) of the extraction buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fang Zhang
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Sahr T, Ravanel S, Rébeillé F. Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis and distribution in higher plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:758-62. [PMID: 16042593 DOI: 10.1042/bst0330758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One-carbon transfer reactions are mediated by H4F (tetrahydrofolate), a soluble coenzyme (vitamin B9) that is synthesized de novo by plants and microorganisms, and absorbed from the diet by animals. H4F synthesis in plants is quartered between the plastids, the cytosol and the mitochondria, a spatial distribution that is not observed in the other organisms and that suggests a complex intracellular traffic. Also, the activity of H4F synthesis fluctuates during plant growth, depending on the tissue and the developmental stage of the seedling, thus illustrating the flexibility of one-carbon metabolism in these organisms. This paper will focus on our recent knowledge about H4F synthesis in the plant cell and will briefly describe the activity of the pathway during the growth and development of the seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sahr
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, UMR5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Cedex 9, France
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Storozhenko S, Ravanel S, Zhang GF, Rébeillé F, Lambert W, Van Der Straeten D. Folate enhancement in staple crops by metabolic engineering. Trends Food Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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