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Trevisan F, Waschgler F, Tiziani R, Cesco S, Mimmo T. Exploring glycine root uptake dynamics in phosphorus and iron deficient tomato plants during the initial stages of plant development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:495. [PMID: 38831411 PMCID: PMC11145798 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) deficiencies are relevant plants nutritional disorders, prompting responses such as increased root exudation to aid nutrient uptake, albeit at an energy cost. Reacquiring and reusing exudates could represent an efficient energy and nitrogen saving strategy. Hence, we investigated the impact of plant development, Fe and P deficiencies on this process. Tomato seedlings were grown hydroponically for 3 weeks in Control, -Fe, and -P conditions and sampled twice a week. We used Isotope Ratio Mass-Spectrometry to measure δ13C in roots and shoots after a 2-h exposure to 13C-labeled glycine (0, 50, or 500 μmol L-1). Plant physiology was assessed with an InfraRed Gas Analyzer and ionome with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry. RESULTS Glycine uptake varied with concentration, suggesting an involvement of root transporters with different substrate affinities. The uptake decreased over time, with -Fe and -P showing significantly higher values as compared to the Control. This highlights its importance during germination and in nutrient-deficient plants. Translocation to shoots declined over time in -P and Control but increased in -Fe plants, suggesting a role of Gly in the Fe xylem transport. CONCLUSIONS Root exudates, i.e. glycine, acquisition and their subsequent shoot translocation depend on Fe and P deficiency. The present findings highlight the importance of this adaptation to nutrient deficiencies, that can potentially enhance plants fitness. A thorough comprehension of this trait holds potential significance for selecting cultivars that can better withstand abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trevisan
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.
| | - F Waschgler
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - R Tiziani
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - S Cesco
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - T Mimmo
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.
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Jiang S, Jin X, Liu Z, Xu R, Hou C, Zhang F, Fan C, Wu H, Chen T, Shi J, Hu Z, Wang G, Teng S, Li L, Li Y. Natural variation in SSW1 coordinates seed growth and nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114150. [PMID: 38678565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Seed size is controlled not only by intrinsic genetic factors but also by external environmental signals. Here, we report a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) gene for seed size and weight on chromosome 1 (SSW1) in Arabidopsis, and we found SSW1 acts maternally to positively regulate seed size. Natural variation in SSW1 contains three types of alleles. The SSW1Cvi allele produces larger seeds with more amino acid and storage protein contents than the SSW1Ler allele. SSW1Cvi displays higher capacity for amino acid transport than SSW1Ler due to the differences in transport efficiency. Under low nitrogen supply, the SSW1Cvi allele exhibits increased seed yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Locations of natural variation alleles of SSW1 are associated with local soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that SSW1 might contribute to geographical adaptation in Arabidopsis. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanism that coordinates seed growth and NUE, suggesting a potential target for improving seed yield and NUE in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ximing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zebin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Congcong Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huilan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jianghua Shi
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zanmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sheng Teng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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3
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Jin F, Xie P, Li Z, Wu B, Huang W, Fang Z. Blocking of amino acid transporter OsAAP7 promoted tillering and yield by determining basic and neutral amino acids accumulation in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:447. [PMID: 38783192 PMCID: PMC11112796 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acids are not only the main form of N in rice, but also are vital for its growth and development. These processes are facilitated by amino acid transporters within the plant. Despite their significance, only a few AAP amino acid transporters have been reported. RESULTS In this study, we observed that there were differences in the expression of amino acid transporter OsAAP7 among 521 wild cultivated rice varieties, and it directly negatively correlated with tillering and grain yield per plant. We revealed that OsAAP7 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and had absorption and transport affinity for amino acids such as phenylalanine (Phe), lysine (Lys), leucine (Leu), and arginine (Arg) using subcellular localization, yeast substrate testing, fluorescent amino acid uptake, and amino acid content determination. Further hydroponic studies showed that exogenous application of amino acids Phe, Lys and Arg inhibited the growth of axillary buds in the overexpression lines, and promoted the elongation of axillary buds in the mutant lines. Finally, RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression patterns of genes related to nitrogen, auxin and cytokinin pathways were changed in axillary buds of OsAAP7 transgenic plants. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the gene function of OsAAP7, and found that blocking of amino acid transporter OsAAP7 with CRISPR/Cas9 technology promoted tillering and yield by determining basic and neutral amino acids accumulation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research, Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial, Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and oil Crops in Guizhou Province, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research, Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial, Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and oil Crops in Guizhou Province, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhenghan Li
- Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research, Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial, Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and oil Crops in Guizhou Province, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research, Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial, Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and oil Crops in Guizhou Province, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weiting Huang
- Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research, Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial, Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and oil Crops in Guizhou Province, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhongming Fang
- Institute of Rice Industry Technology Research, Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial, Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and oil Crops in Guizhou Province, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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4
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Peng B, Sun X, Tian X, Kong D, He L, Peng J, Liu Y, Guo G, Sun Y, Pang R, Zhou W, Zhao J, Wang Q. OsNAC74 affects grain protein content and various biological traits by regulating OsAAP6 expression in rice. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:87. [PMID: 38037655 PMCID: PMC10684849 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The grain protein content is an important quality trait in cereals, and the expression level of the OsAAP6 can significantly affect the grain protein content in rice. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we found that the position from -7 to -12 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the OsAAP6 was the functional variation site. By using the yeast single hybrid test, point-to-point in yeast, and the local surface plasmon resonance test, the OsNAC74 was screened and verified to be a regulator upstream of OsAAP6. The OsNAC74 is a constitutively expressed gene whose product is located on the cell membrane. The OsAAP6 and the genes related to the seed storage in the Osnac74 mutants were downregulated, and grain protein content was significantly reduced. In addition, OsNAC74 had a significant impact on quality traits such as grain chalkiness and gel consistency in rice. Although the Osnac74 mutant seeds were relatively small, the individual plant yield was not decreased. Therefore, OsNAC74 is an important regulatory factor with multiple biological functions. This study provides important information for the later use of OsNAC74 gene for molecular design and breeding in rice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01433-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Xiayu Tian
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Dongyan Kong
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Lulu He
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Juan Peng
- Xinyang Station of Plant Protection and Inspection, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Guiying Guo
- Xinyang Academy of Agricultural Science, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Yanfang Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Ruihua Pang
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Quanxiu Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000 China
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5
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Kumari A, Kumar V, Ovadia R, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine in motion: A tale of an essential molecule with many faces. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108246. [PMID: 37652145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine has a unique role in plants as a source of a wide range of specialized metabolites, named phenylpropanoids that contribute to the adjustment of plants to changing developmental and environmental conditions. The profile of these metabolites differs between plants and plant organs. Some of the prominent phenylpropanoids include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, lignins, glucosinolates and benzenoid phenylpropanoid volatiles. Phenylalanine biosynthesis, leading to increased phenylpropanoid levels, is induced under stress. However, high availability of phenylalanine in plants under non-stressed conditions can be achieved either by genetically engineering plants to overproduce phenylalanine, or by external treatment of whole plants or detached plant organs with phenylalanine solutions. The objective of this review is to portray the many effects that increased phenylalanine availability has in plants under non-stressed conditions, focusing mainly on external applications. These applications include spraying and drenching whole plants with phenylalanine solutions, postharvest treatments by dipping fruit and cut flower stems, and addition of phenylalanine to cell suspensions. The results of these treatments include increased fragrance in flowers, increased aroma and pigmentation in fruit, increased production of health promoting metabolites in plant cell cultures, and increased resistance of plants, pre- and post-harvest, to a wide variety of pathogens. These effects suggest that plants can very efficiently uptake phenylalanine from their roots, leaves, flowers and fruits, translocate it from one organ to the other and between cell compartments, and metabolize it into phenylpropanoids. The mechanisms by which Phe treatment increases plant resistance to pathogens reveal new roles of phenylpropanoids in induction of genes related to the plant immune system. The simplicity of treatments with phenylalanine open many possibilities for industrial use. Many of the phenylalanine-treatment effects on increased resistance to plant pathogens have also been successful in commercial field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Rinat Ovadia
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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6
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Wang K, Zhai M, Cui D, Han R, Wang X, Xu W, Qi G, Zeng X, Zhuang Y, Liu C. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Amino Acid Permeases Gene Family in Wheat and TaAAP1 Enhanced Salt Tolerance by Accumulating Ethylene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13800. [PMID: 37762108 PMCID: PMC10530925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid permeases (AAPs) are proteins of the integral membrane that play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to various stresses. The molecular functions of several AAPs were characterized in Arabidopsis and rice, but there is still limited information on wheat. Here, we identified 51 AAP genes (TaAAPs) in the wheat genome, classified into six groups based on phylogenetic and protein structures. The chromosome location and gene duplication analysis showed that gene duplication events played a crucial role in the expansion of the TaAAPs gene family. Collinearity relationship analysis revealed several orthologous AAPs between wheat and other species. Moreover, cis-element analysis of promoter regions and transcriptome data suggested that the TaAAPs can respond to salt stress. A TaAAP1 gene was selected and transformed in wheat. Overexpressing TaAAP1 enhanced salt tolerance by increasing the expression of ethylene synthesis genes (TaACS6/TaACS7/TaACS8) and accumulating more ethylene. The present study provides an overview of the AAP family in the wheat genome as well as information on systematics, phylogenetics, and gene duplication, and shows that overexpressing TaAAP1 enhances salt tolerance by regulating ethylene production. These results serve as a theoretical foundation for further functional studies on TaAAPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mingjuan Zhai
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Dezhou Cui
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ran Han
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Guang Qi
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxue Zeng
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yamei Zhuang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Cheng Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Maize/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wheat, Jinan 252100, China; (K.W.); (D.C.); (R.H.); (X.W.); (W.X.); (G.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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Du S, Wey M, Armstrong DW. d-Amino acids in biological systems. Chirality 2023; 35:508-534. [PMID: 37074214 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on the occurrence and biochemical roles of free D-amino acids and D-amino acid-containing peptides and proteins in living systems have increased in frequency and significance. Their occurrence and roles may vary substantially with progression from microbiotic to evermore advanced macrobiotic systems. We now understand many of the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways, which are outlined herein. Important uses for D-amino acids in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates are reviewed. Given its importance, a separate section on the occurrence and role of D-amino acids in human disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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8
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Ninkuu V, Liu Z, Sun X. Genetic regulation of nitrogen use efficiency in Gossypium spp. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1749-1773. [PMID: 36942358 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most important fibre crop, with desirable characteristics preferred for textile production. Cotton fibre output relies heavily on nitrate as the most important source of inorganic nitrogen (N). However, nitrogen dynamics in extreme environments limit plant growth and lead to yield loss and pollution. Therefore, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), which involves the utilisation of the 'right rate', 'right source', 'right time', and 'right place' (4Rs), is key for efficient N management. Recent omics techniques have genetically improved NUE in crops. We herein highlight the mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation in the vegetative and reproductive branches of the cotton plant while considering the known and unknown regulatory factors. The phylogenetic relationships among N transporters in four Gossypium spp. have been reviewed. Further, the N regulatory genes that participate in xylem transport and phloem loading are also discussed. In addition, the functions of microRNAs and transcription factors in modulating the expression of target N regulatory genes are highlighted. Overall, this review provides a detailed perspective on the complex N regulatory mechanism in cotton, which would accelerate the research toward improving NUE in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ninkuu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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9
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Yao X, Li H, Nie J, Liu H, Guo Y, Lv L, Yang Z, Sui X. Disruption of the amino acid transporter CsAAP2 inhibits auxin-mediated root development in cucumber. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37129077 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are the principal mediators of organic nitrogen distribution within plants and are essential for plant growth and development. Despite this importance, relatively few amino acid transporter genes have been explored and elucidated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Here, a total of 86 amino acid transporter genes were identified in the cucumber genome. We further identified Amino Acid Permease (AAP) subfamily members that exhibited distinct expression patterns in different tissues. We found that the CsAAP2 as a candidate gene encoding a functional amino acid transporter is highly expressed in cucumber root vascular cells. CsAAP2 knockout lines exhibited arrested development of root meristem, which then caused the delayed initiation of lateral root and the inhibition of root elongation. What is more, the shoot growth of aap2 mutants was strongly retarded due to defects in cucumber root development. Moreover, aap2 mutants exhibited higher concentrations of amino acids and lignin in roots. We found that the mutant roots had a stronger ability to acidize medium. Furthermore, in the aap2 mutants, polar auxin transport was disrupted in the root tip, leading to high auxin levels in roots. Interestingly, slightly alkaline media rescued their severely reduced root growth by stimulating auxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hujian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yicong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lijun Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolei Sui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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10
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Choi SJ, Lee Z, Jeong E, Kim S, Seo JS, Um T, Shim JS. Signaling pathways underlying nitrogen transport and metabolism in plants. BMB Rep 2023; 56:56-64. [PMID: 36658636 PMCID: PMC9978367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and crop production. However, N in soil is usually insufficient for plant growth. Thus, chemical N fertilizer has been extensively used to increase crop production. Due to negative effects of N rich fertilizer on the environment, improving N usage has been a major issue in the field of plant science to achieve sustainable production of crops. For that reason, many efforts have been made to elucidate how plants regulate N uptake and utilization according to their surrounding habitat over the last 30 years. Here, we provide recent advances focusing on regulation of N uptake, allocation of N by N transporting system, and signaling pathway controlling N responses in plants. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(2): 56-64].
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Zion Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Eui Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sohyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jun Sung Seo
- Crop Biotechnology Institute, Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Taeyoung Um
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Shim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea,Corresponding author. Tel: +82-62-530-0507; Fax: +82-62-530-2199; E-mail:
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11
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Du J, Du C, Ge X, Wen S, Zhou X, Zhang L, Hu J. Genome-Wide Analysis of the AAAP Gene Family in Populus and Functional Analysis of PsAAAP21 in Root Growth and Amino Acid Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010624. [PMID: 36614067 PMCID: PMC9820651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The adventitious root (AR) is the basis for successful propagation by plant cuttings and tissue culture and is essential for maintaining the positive traits of a variety. Members of the amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) gene family play indispensable roles in various plant metabolisms and have few studies on root growth and amino acid transport. In this study, with a systematic bioinformatics analysis of the Populus AAAP family, 83 PtrAAAPs were identified from Populus trichocarpa and grouped into 8 subfamilies. Subsequently, chromosomal distribution, genetic structure, cis-elements analysis, and expression pattern analysis of the AAAP family were performed and the potential gene AAAP21 regulating root development was screened by combining the results of RNA-Seq and QTL mapping. PsAAAP21 was proven as promoting root development by enhancing AR formation. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-seq results of overexpressing lines were enriched to multiple amino acid-related pathways, and the amino acid treatment to transgenic lines indicated that PsAAAP21 regulated amino acid transport, including tyrosine, methionine, and arginine. Analysis of the AAAP gene family provided a theoretical basis for uncovering the functions of AAAP genes. The identification of PsAAAP21 on root promotion and amino acid transport in Populus will help with breeding new woody plant species with strong rooting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xiaolan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xinglu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-10-62889642 (L.Z.); +86-10-62888862 (J.H.)
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-10-62889642 (L.Z.); +86-10-62888862 (J.H.)
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12
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Li F, Lv C, Zou Z, Duan Y, Zhou J, Zhu X, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Fang W. CsAAP7.2 is involved in the uptake of amino acids from soil and the long-distance transport of theanine in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2369-2381. [PMID: 35764057 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant roots can uptake both inorganic nitrogen (NH4+ and NO3-) and organic nitrogen (amino acids) from the soil. These amino acids are subsequently assimilated into theanine and transported to young shoots through the xylem. Our previous study showed that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 transporters take up amino acids from the soil, and CsAAPs participate in the transport of theanine. However, whether other amino acid transporters are involved in this process remains unknown. In this study, we identified two new CsAAPs homologous to CsAAP7, named CsAAP7.1 and CsAAP7.2. Heterologous expression of CsAAP7.1 and CsAAP7.2 in the yeast mutant 22Δ10α showed that CsAAP7.2 had the capacity to transport theanine and other amino acids, whereas CsAAP7.1 had no transport activity. Transient expression of the CsAAP7.2-GFP fusion protein in tobacco leaf epidermal cells confirmed its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum. Tissue-specific analysis showed that CsAAP7.2 was highly expressed in roots and stems. In addition, CsAAP7.2 overexpression lines were more sensitive to high concentrations of theanine due to the high accumulation of theanine in seedlings. Taken together, these findings suggested that CsAAP7.2 plays an important role in the uptake of amino acids from soil and the long-distance transport of theanine. These results provide valuable tools for nitrogen nutrition studies and enrich our understanding of theanine transport in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Chengjia Lv
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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13
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Chen X, Wu Z, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Rui C, Wang J, Malik WA, Lu X, Wang D, Wang J, Guo L, Wang S, Zhao L, Zebinisso Qaraevna B, Chen C, Wang X, Ye W. Comprehensive genomic characterization of cotton cationic amino acid transporter genes reveals that GhCAT10D regulates salt tolerance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:441. [PMID: 36109698 PMCID: PMC9476346 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03829-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cationic amino acid transporters (CAT) play indispensable roles in maintaining metabolic functions, such as synthesis of proteins and nitric oxide (NO), biosynthesis of polyamine, and flow of amino acids, by mediating the bidirectional transport of cationic amino acids in plant cells. RESULTS In this study, we performed a genome-wide and comprehensive study of 79 CAT genes in four species of cotton. Localization of genes revealed that CAT genes reside on the plasma membrane. Seventy-nine CAT genes were grouped into 7 subfamilies by phylogenetic analysis. Structure analysis of genes showed that CAT genes from the same subgroup have similar genetic structure and exon number. RNA-seq and real-time PCR indicated that the expression of most GhCAT genes were induced by salt, drought, cold and heat stresses. Cis-elements analysis of GhCAT promoters showed that the GhCAT genes promoters mainly contained plant hormones responsive elements and abiotic stress elements, which indicated that GhCAT genes may play key roles in response to abiotic stress. Moreover, we also conducted gene interaction network of the GhCAT proteins. Silencing GhCAT10D expression decreased the resistance of cotton to salt stress because of a decrease in the accumulation of NO and proline. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that CAT genes might be related with salt tolerance in cotton and lay a foundation for further study on the regulation mechanism of CAT genes in cationic amino acids transporting and distribution responsing to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiugui Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan, 063299, Hebei, China
| | - Zujun Yin
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Cun Rui
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Waqar Afzal Malik
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Delong Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lixue Guo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Bobokhonova Zebinisso Qaraevna
- Department of Cotton Growing, Genetics, Breeding and Seed, Tajik Agrarian University Named Shirinsho Shotemur Dushanbe, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Institute of Coastal Agriculture, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Tangshan, 063299, Hebei, China.
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
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14
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Han M, Xu M, Su T, Wang S, Wu L, Feng J, Ding C. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Critical Genes and Pathways in Carbon Metabolism and Ribosome Biogenesis in Poplar Fertilized with Glutamine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179998. [PMID: 36077396 PMCID: PMC9456319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous Gln as a single N source has been shown to exert similar roles to the inorganic N in poplar 'Nanlin895' in terms of growth performance, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Herein, transcriptome analyses of both shoots (L) and roots (R) of poplar 'Nanlin895' fertilized with Gln (G) or the inorganic N (control, C) were performed. Compared with the control, 3109 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 5071 DEGs were detected in the GL and GR libraries, respectively. In the shoots, Gln treatment resulted in downregulation of a large number of ribosomal genes but significant induction of many starch and sucrose metabolism genes, demonstrating that poplars tend to distribute more energy to sugar metabolism rather than ribosome biosynthesis when fertilized with Gln-N. By contrast, in the roots, most of the DEGs were annotated to carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, suggesting that apart from N metabolism, exogenous Gln has an important role in regulating the redistribution of carbon resources and secondary metabolites. Therefore, it can be proposed that the promotion impact of Gln on poplar growth and photosynthesis may result from the improvement of both carbon and N allocation, accompanied by an efficient energy switch for growth and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (C.D.); Tel.: +86-1589-598-3381 (T.S.)
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liangdan Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhu Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changjun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (C.D.); Tel.: +86-1589-598-3381 (T.S.)
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15
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Upadhyay SK, Srivastava AK, Rajput VD, Chauhan PK, Bhojiya AA, Jain D, Chaubey G, Dwivedi P, Sharma B, Minkina T. Root Exudates: Mechanistic Insight of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Crop Production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:916488. [PMID: 35910633 PMCID: PMC9329127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.916488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The breaking silence between the plant roots and microorganisms in the rhizosphere affects plant growth and physiology by impacting biochemical, molecular, nutritional, and edaphic factors. The components of the root exudates are associated with the microbial population, notably, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The information accessible to date demonstrates that PGPR is specific to the plant's roots. However, inadequate information is accessible for developing bio-inoculation/bio-fertilizers for the crop in concern, with satisfactory results at the field level. There is a need to explore the perfect candidate PGPR to meet the need for plant growth and yield. The functions of PGPR and their chemotaxis mobility toward the plant root are triggered by the cluster of genes induced by the components of root exudates. Some reports have indicated the benefit of root exudates in plant growth and productivity, yet a methodical examination of rhizosecretion and its consequences in phytoremediation have not been made. In the light of the afore-mentioned facts, in the present review, the mechanistic insight and recent updates on the specific PGPR recruitment to improve crop production at the field level are methodically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K. Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | | | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Prabhat K. Chauhan
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Ali Asger Bhojiya
- Department of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, India
| | - Devendra Jain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, India
| | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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16
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Tünnermann L, Colou J, Näsholm T, Gratz R. To have or not to have: expression of amino acid transporters during pathogen infection. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:413-425. [PMID: 35103913 PMCID: PMC9213295 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between plants and plant pathogens can have significant effects on ecosystem performance. For their growth and development, both bionts rely on amino acids. While amino acids are key transport forms of nitrogen and can be directly absorbed from the soil through specific root amino acid transporters, various pathogenic microbes can invade plant tissues to feed on different plant amino acid pools. In parallel, plants may initiate an immune response program to restrict this invasion, employing various amino acid transporters to modify the amino acid pool at the site of pathogen attack. The interaction between pathogens and plants is sophisticated and responses are dynamic. Both avail themselves of multiple tools to increase their chance of survival. In this review, we highlight the role of amino acid transporters during pathogen infection. Having control over the expression of those transporters can be decisive for the fate of both bionts but the underlying mechanism that regulates the expression of amino acid transporters is not understood to date. We provide an overview of the regulation of a variety of amino acid transporters, depending on interaction with biotrophic, hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens. In addition, we aim to highlight the interplay of different physiological processes on amino acid transporter regulation during pathogen attack and chose the LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER1 (LHT1) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tünnermann
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justine Colou
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Regina Gratz
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden.
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17
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Wang J, Man Y, Yin R, Feng X. Isotopic and Spectroscopic Investigation of Mercury Accumulation in Houttuynia cordata Colonizing Historically Contaminated Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7997-8007. [PMID: 35618674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. cordata) is a native vegetable colonizing mercury (Hg) mining sites in the southwest of China; it can accumulate high Hg concentrations in the rhizomes and roots (edible sections), and thus consumption of H. cordata represents an important Hg exposure source to human. Here, we studied the spatial distribution, chemical speciation, and stable isotope compositions of Hg in the soil-H. cordata system at the Wuchuan Hg mining region in China, aiming to provide essential knowledge for assessing Hg risks and managing the transfer of Hg from soils to plants and agricultural systems. Mercury was mainly compartmentalized in the outlayer (periderm) of the underground tissues, with little Hg being translocated to the vascular bundle of the stem. Mercury presented as Hg-thiolates (94% ± 8%), with minor fractional amount of nanoparticulate β-HgS (β-HgSNP, 15% ± 4%), in the roots and rhizomes. Analysis of Hg stable isotope ratios showed that cysteine-extractable soil Hg pool (δ202Hgcys), root and rhizome Hg (δ202Hgroot, δ202Hgrhizome) were isotopically lighter than Hg in the bulk soils. A significant positive correlation between δ202Hgcys and δ202Hgroot was observed, suggesting that cysteine-extractable soil Hg pool was an important Hg source to H. cordata. The slightly positive Δ199Hg value in the plant (Δ199Hgroot = 0.07 ± 0.07‰, 2SD, n = 21; Δ199Hgrhizome = 0.06 ± 0.06‰, 2SD, n = 22) indicated that minor Hg was sourced from the surface water. Our results are important to assess the risks of Hg in H. cordata, and to develop sustainable methods to manage the transfer of Hg from soils to agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
| | - Runsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550082, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China
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18
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Huang W, Ma D, Hao X, Li J, Xia L, Zhang E, Wang P, Wang M, Guo F, Wang Y, Ni D, Zhao H. CsATG101 Delays Growth and Accelerates Senescence Response to Low Nitrogen Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880095. [PMID: 35620698 PMCID: PMC9127664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For tea plants, nitrogen (N) is a foundational element and large quantities of N are required during periods of roundly vigorous growth. However, the fluctuation of N in the tea garden could not always meet the dynamic demand of the tea plants. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation process for materials recycling in eukaryotes, plays an important role in nutrient remobilization upon stressful conditions and leaf senescence. Studies have proven that numerous autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are involved in N utilization efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana and other species. Here, we identified an ATG gene, CsATG101, and characterized the potential functions in response to N in A. thaliana. The expression patterns of CsATG101 in four categories of aging gradient leaves among 24 tea cultivars indicated that autophagy mainly occurred in mature leaves at a relatively high level. Further, the in planta heterologous expression of CsATG101 in A. thaliana was employed to investigate the response of CsATG101 to low N stress. The results illustrated a delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive growth under normal N conditions, while premature senescence under N deficient conditions in transgenic plants vs. the wild type. The expression profiles of 12 AtATGs confirmed the autophagy process, especially in mature leaves of transgenic plants. Also, the relatively high expression levels for AtAAP1, AtLHT1, AtGLN1;1, and AtNIA1 in mature leaves illustrated that the mature leaves act as the source leaves in transgenic plants. Altogether, the findings demonstrated that CsATG101 is a candidate gene for improving annual fresh tea leaves yield under both deficient and sufficient N conditions via the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danni Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xulei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - E. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Dhatterwal P, Mehrotra S, Miller AJ, Aduri R, Mehrotra R. Effect of ACGT motif in spatiotemporal regulation of AtAVT6D, which improves tolerance to osmotic stress and nitrogen-starvation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:67-82. [PMID: 35377091 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane-localized AtAVT6D importing aspartic acid can be targeted to develop plants with enhanced osmotic and nitrogen-starvation tolerance. AtAVT6D promoter can be exploited as a stress-inducible promoter for genetic improvements to raise stress-resilient crops. The AtAVT6 family of amino acid transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana has been predicted to export amino acids like aspartate and glutamate. However, the functional characterization of these amino acid transporters in plants remains unexplored. The present study investigates the expression patterns of AtAVT6 genes in different tissues and under various abiotic stress conditions using quantitative Real-time PCR. The expression analysis demonstrated that the member AtAVT6D was significantly induced in response to phytohormone ABA and stresses like osmotic and drought. The tissue-specific expression analysis showed that AtAVT6D was strongly expressed in the siliques. Taking together these results, we can speculate that AtAVT6D might play a vital role in silique development and abiotic stress tolerance. Further, subcellular localization study showed AtAVT6D was localized to the plasma membrane. The heterologous expression of AtAVT6D in yeast cells conferred significant tolerance to nitrogen-deficient and osmotic stress conditions. The Xenopus oocyte studies revealed that AtAVT6D is involved in the uptake of Aspartic acid. While overexpression of AtAVT6D resulted in smaller siliques in Arabidopsis thaliana. Additionally, transient expression studies were performed with the full-length AtAVT6D promoter and its deletion constructs to study the effect of ACGT-N24-ACGT motifs on the reporter gene expression in response to abiotic stresses and ABA treatment. The fluorometric GUS analyses revealed that the promoter deletion construct-2 (Pro.C2) possessing a single copy of ACGT-N24-ACGT motif directed the strongest GUS expression under all the abiotic conditions tested. These results suggest that Pro.C2 can be used as a stress-inducible promoter to drive a significant transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Dhatterwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Raviprasad Aduri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India.
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20
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Identification, Phylogenetic and Expression Analyses of the AAAP Gene Family in Liriodendron chinense Reveal Their Putative Functions in Response to Organ and Multiple Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094765. [PMID: 35563155 PMCID: PMC9100865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 52 AAAP genes were identified in the L. chinense genome and divided into eight subgroups based on phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and conserved motif. A total of 48 LcAAAP genes were located on the 14 chromosomes, and the remaining four genes were mapped in the contigs. Multispecies phylogenetic tree and codon usage bias analysis show that the LcAAAP gene family is closer to the AAAP of Amborella trichopoda, indicating that the LcAAAP gene family is relatively primitive in angiosperms. Gene duplication events revealed six pairs of segmental duplications and one pair of tandem duplications, in which many paralogous genes diverged in function before monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants differentiation and were strongly purification selected. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that the LcAAAP gene plays a certain role in the development of Liriodendron nectary and somatic embryogenesis. Low temperature, drought, and heat stresses may activate some WRKY/MYB transcription factors to positively regulate the expression of LcAAAP genes to achieve long-distance transport of amino acids in plants to resist the unfavorable external environment. In addition, the GAT and PorT subgroups could involve gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport under aluminum poisoning. These findings could lay a solid foundation for further study of the biological role of LcAAAP and improvement of the stress resistance of Liriodendron.
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Lim H, Jämtgård S, Oren R, Gruffman L, Kunz S, Näsholm T. Organic nitrogen enhances nitrogen nutrition and early growth of Pinus sylvestris seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:513-522. [PMID: 34580709 PMCID: PMC8919414 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boreal trees are capable of taking up organic nitrogen (N) as effectively as inorganic N. Depending on the abundance of soil N forms, plants may adjust physiological and morphological traits to optimize N uptake. However, the link between these traits and N uptake in response to soil N sources is poorly understood. We examined Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings' biomass growth and allocation, transpiration and N uptake in response to additions of organic N (the amino acid arginine) or inorganic N (ammonium nitrate). We also monitored in situ soil N fluxes in the pots following an addition of N, using a microdialysis system. Supplying organic N resulted in a stable soil N flux, whereas the inorganic N resulted in a sharp increase of nitrate flux followed by a rapid decline, demonstrating a fluctuating N supply and a risk for loss of nitrate from the growth medium. Seedlings supplied with organic N achieved a greater biomass with a higher N content, thus reaching a higher N recovery compared with those supplied inorganic N. In spite of a higher N concentration in organic N seedlings, root-to-shoot ratio and transpiration per unit leaf area were similar to those of inorganic N seedlings. We conclude that enhanced seedlings' nutrition and growth under the organic N source may be attributed to a stable supply of N, owing to a strong retention rate in the soil medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Jämtgård
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, Grainger Hall, 9 Circuit Drive, NC 27708-0328, USA
- Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linda Gruffman
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sabine Kunz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology & Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Skogsmarksgränd 17, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Xie K, Ren Y, Chen A, Yang C, Zheng Q, Chen J, Wang D, Li Y, Hu S, Xu G. Plant nitrogen nutrition: The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153591. [PMID: 34936969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant mineral nutrient required by plants, and crop productivity depends heavily on N fertilization in many soils. Production and application of N fertilizers consume huge amounts of energy and substantially increase the costs of agricultural production. Excess N compounds released from agricultural systems are also detrimental to the environment. Thus, increasing plant N uptake efficiency is essential for the development of sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial symbionts of most terrestrial plants that facilitate plant nutrient uptake and increase host resistance to diverse environmental stresses. AM association is an endosymbiotic process that relies on the differentiation of both host plant roots and AM fungi to create novel contact interfaces within the cells of plant roots. AM plants have two pathways for nutrient uptake: either direct uptake via the root hairs and root epidermis, or indirectly through AM fungal hyphae into root cortical cells. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated modulation of nutrient uptake processes, and a growing number of fungal and plant genes responsible for the uptake of nutrients from soil or transfer across the fungi-root interface have been identified. Here, we mainly summarize the recent advances in N uptake, assimilation, and translocation in AM symbiosis, and also discuss how N interplays with C and P in modulating AM development, as well as the synergies between AM fungi and soil microbial communities in N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Congfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Ecological Environment and Soil Science, Nanjing Institute of Vegetable Science, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Fang ZT, Kapoor R, Datta A, Okumoto S. Tissue specific expression of UMAMIT amino acid transporters in wheat. Sci Rep 2022; 12:348. [PMID: 35013480 PMCID: PMC8748447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat grain protein content and composition are important for its end-use quality. Protein synthesis during the grain filling phase is supported by the amino acids remobilized from the vegetative tissue, the process in which both amino acid importers and exporters are expected to be involved. Previous studies identified amino acid importers that might function in the amino acid remobilization in wheat. However, the amino acid exporters involved in this process have been unexplored so far. In this study, we have curated the Usually Multiple Amino acids Move In and out Transporter (UMAMIT) family of transporters in wheat. As expected, the majority of UMAMITs were found as triads in the A, B, and D genomes of wheat. Expression analysis using publicly available data sets identified groups of TaUMAMITs expressed in root, leaf, spike, stem and grain tissues, many of which were temporarily regulated. Strong expression of TaUMAMITs was detected in the late senescing leaves and transfer cells in grains, both of which are the expected site of apoplastic amino acid transport during grain filling. Biochemical characterization of selected TaUMAMITs revealed that TaUMAMIT17 shows a strong amino acid export activity and might play a role in amino acid transfer to the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Tian Fang
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rajan Kapoor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, USA.
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24
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Kim YO, Gwon Y, Kim J. Exogenous Cysteine Improves Mercury Uptake and Tolerance in Arabidopsis by Regulating the Expression of Heavy Metal Chelators and Antioxidative Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898247. [PMID: 35755654 PMCID: PMC9231614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine (Cys) is an essential amino acid component of the major heavy metal chelators, such as glutathione (GSH), metallothioneins (MTs), and phytochelatins (PCs), which are involved in the pathways of mercury (Hg) tolerance in plants. However, the mechanism through which Cys facilitates Hg tolerance in plants remains largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous Cys on Hg uptake in the seedlings, roots, and shoots of Arabidopsis throughout 6 and 36 h of Hg exposure and on the regulation of Hg detoxification by heavy metal chelators and antioxidative enzymes. The results showed that exogenous Cys significantly improved Hg tolerance during the germination and seedling growth stages in Arabidopsis. Exogenous Cys significantly promoted Hg uptake in Arabidopsis roots by upregulating the expression of the Cys transporter gene AtLHT1, resulting in increased Hg accumulation in the roots and seedlings. In Arabidopsis seedlings, exogenous Cys further increased the Hg-induced glutathione synthase (GS1 and GS2) transcript levels, and the Hg and Hg + Cys treatments greatly upregulated MT3 expression after 36 h exposure. In the roots, MT3 was also significantly upregulated by treatment of 36 h of Hg or Hg + Cys. Notably, in the shoots, MT2a expression was rapidly induced (10-fold) in Hg presence and further markedly increased (20-fold) by exogenous Cys. Moreover, in the seedlings, exogenous Cys upregulated the transcripts of all superoxide dismutase (CuSOD1, CuSOD2, MnSOD1, FeSOD1, FeSOD2, and FeSOD3) within 6 h and subsequently increased the Hg-induced GR1 and GR2 transcript levels at 36 h, all of which could eliminate the promotion of reactive oxygen species production and cell damage caused by Hg. Additionally, exogenous Cys upregulated all the antioxidative genes rapidly in the roots and subsequently increased the expression of CuSOD1, CuSOD2, and MnSOD1 in the shoots. These results indicate that exogenous Cys regulates the transcript levels of heavy metal chelators and antioxidative enzymes differently in a time- and organ-specific manner under Hg stress. Taken together, our study elucidates the positive functional roles of exogenous Cys in the Hg uptake and tolerance mechanisms of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ok Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yeon-Ok Kim, ;
| | - Yonghyun Gwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Jangho Kim,
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25
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Dhatterwal P, Mehrotra S, Miller AJ, Mehrotra R. Promoter profiling of Arabidopsis amino acid transporters: clues for improving crops. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:451-475. [PMID: 34674117 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the importance of amino acid transporters in plant growth, development, stress tolerance, and productivity. The promoter analysis provides valuable insights into their functionality leading to agricultural benefits. Arabidopsis thaliana genome is speculated to possess more than 100 amino acid transporter genes. This large number suggests the functional significance of amino acid transporters in plant growth and development. The current article summarizes the substrate specificity, cellular localization, tissue-specific expression, and expression of the amino acid transporter genes in response to environmental cues. However, till date functionality of a majority of amino acid transporter genes in plant development and stress tolerance is unexplored. Considering, that gene expression is mainly regulated by the regulatory motifs localized in their promoter regions at the transcriptional levels. The promoter regions ( ~ 1-kbp) of these amino acid transporter genes were analysed for the presence of cis-regulatory motifs responsive to developmental and external cues. This analysis can help predict the functionality of known and unexplored amino acid transporters in different tissues, organs, and various growth and development stages and responses to external stimuli. Furthermore, based on the promoter analysis and utilizing the microarray expression data we have attempted to identify plausible candidates (listed below) that might be targeted for agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Dhatterwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India.
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26
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Low-molecular-weight ligands in plants: role in metal homeostasis and hyperaccumulation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:51-96. [PMID: 32653983 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrition is one of the key factors determining plant productivity. In plants, metal homeostasis is achieved through the functioning of a complex system governing metal uptake, translocation, distribution, and sequestration, leading to the maintenance of a regulated delivery of micronutrients to metal-requiring processes as well as detoxification of excess or non-essential metals. Low-molecular-weight ligands, such as nicotianamine, histidine, phytochelatins, phytosiderophores, and organic acids, play an important role in metal transport and detoxification in plants. Nicotianamine and histidine are also involved in metal hyperaccumulation, which determines the ability of some plant species to accumulate a large amount of metals in their shoots. In this review we extensively summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the main pathways for the biosynthesis of these ligands, their involvement in metal uptake, radial and long-distance transport, as well as metal influx, isolation and sequestration in plant tissues and cell compartments. It is analyzed how diverse endogenous ligand levels in plants can determine their different tolerance to metal toxic effects. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the physiological role of these compounds in metal homeostasis, which is an essential task of modern ionomics and plant physiology. It is of key importance in studying the influence of metal deficiency or excess on various physiological processes, which is a prerequisite to the improvement of micronutrient uptake efficiency and crop productivity and to the development of a variety of applications in phytoremediation, phytomining, biofortification, and nutritional crop safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276.
| | - A D Kozhevnikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276
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27
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Yang D, Liu Y, Cheng H, Wang Q, Lv L, Zhang Y, Zuo D, Song G. Genome-Wide Analysis of AAT Genes and Their Expression Profiling during Fiber Development in Cotton. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112461. [PMID: 34834823 PMCID: PMC8619630 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are a kind of membrane proteins that mediate the transport of amino acids across cell membranes in higher plants. The AAT proteins are involved in regulating plant cell growth and various developmental processes. However, the biological function of this gene family in cotton fiber development is not clear. In this study, 190, 190, 101, and 94 full-length AAT genes were identified from Gossypiumhirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii. A total of 575 AAT genes from the four cotton species were divided into two subfamilies and 12 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. The AAT genes in the four cotton species were distributed on all the chromosomes. All GhAAT genes contain multiple exons, and each GhAAT protein has multiple conserved motifs. Transcriptional profiling and RT qPCR analysis showed that four GhATT genes tend to express specifically at the fiber initiation stage. Eight genes tend to express specifically at the fiber elongation and maturity stage, and four genes tend to express specifically at the fiber initiation and elongation stages. Our results provide a solid basis for further elucidating the biological function of AAT genes related to cotton fiber development and offer valuable genetic resources for crop improvement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Yang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Limin Lv
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-037-2256-2375 (D.Z.); +86-037-2256-2377 (G.S.)
| | - Guoli Song
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-037-2256-2375 (D.Z.); +86-037-2256-2377 (G.S.)
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28
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KC S, Long L, Liu M, Zhang Q, Ruan J. Light Intensity Modulates the Effect of Phosphate Limitation on Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Catechins in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:743781. [PMID: 34691121 PMCID: PMC8532574 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.743781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites are major contributors to the quality of tea that are regulated by various abiotic stresses. Light intensity and phosphorus (P) supply affect the metabolism of tea plants. However, how these two factors interact and mediate the metabolite levels in tea plants are not fully understood. The present study investigated the consequences of different light intensity and P regimes on the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and flavonoids in the Fengqing tea cultivar. The leaves and young shoots were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF/MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-TOF/MS (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), and targeted analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with quantification of gene expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). The results from young shoots showed that amino acids, pentose phosphate, and flavonol glycosides pathways were enhanced in response to decreasing light intensities and P deficiency. The expression of the genes hexokinase 1, ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A (RPIA), glutamate synthetase 1 (GS1), prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H), and arginase was induced by P limitation, thereafter affecting carbohydrates and amino acids metabolism, where shading modulated the responses of transcripts and corresponding metabolites caused by P deficiency. P deprivation repressed the expression of Pi transport, stress, sensing, and signaling (SPX2) and induced bidirectional sugar transporter (SWEET3) and amino acid permeases (AAP) which ultimately caused an increase in the amino acids: glutamate (Glu), proline (Pro), and arginine (Arg) under shading but decreased catechins [epicatechingallate (ECG) and Gallic acid, GA] content in young shoots.
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29
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Ogasawara S, Ezaki M, Ishida R, Sueyoshi K, Saito S, Hiradate Y, Kudo T, Obara M, Kojima S, Uozumi N, Tanemura K, Hayakawa T. Rice amino acid transporter-like 6 (OsATL6) is involved in amino acid homeostasis by modulating the vacuolar storage of glutamine in roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1616-1630. [PMID: 34216173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is a product of ammonium (NH4+ ) assimilation catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). The growth of NH4+ -preferring paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) depends on root NH4+ assimilation and the subsequent root-to-shoot allocation of glutamine; however, little is known about the mechanism of glutamine storage in roots. Here, using transcriptome and reverse genetics analyses, we show that the rice amino acid transporter-like 6 (OsATL6) protein exports glutamine to the root vacuoles under NH4+ -replete conditions. OsATL6 was expressed, along with OsGS1;2 and OsNADH-GOGAT1, in wild-type (WT) roots fed with sufficient NH4 Cl, and was induced by glutamine treatment. We generated two independent Tos17 retrotransposon insertion mutants showing reduced OsATL6 expression to determine the function of OsATL6. Compared with segregants lacking the Tos17 insertion, the OsATL6 knock-down mutant seedlings exhibited lower root glutamine content but higher glutamine concentration in the xylem sap and greater shoot growth under NH4+ -replete conditions. The transient expression of monomeric red fluorescent protein-fused OsATL6 in onion epidermal cells confirmed the tonoplast localization of OsATL6. When OsATL6 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, glutamine efflux from the cell into the acidic bath solution increased. Under sufficient NH4+ supply, OsATL6 transiently accumulated in sclerenchyma and pericycle cells, which are located adjacent to the Casparian strip, thus obstructing the apoplastic solute path, and in vascular parenchyma cells of WT roots before the peak accumulation of GS1;2 and NADH-GOGAT1 occurred. These findings suggest that OsATL6 temporarily stores excess glutamine, produced by NH4+ assimilation, in root vacuoles before it can be translocated to the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Masataka Ezaki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ishida
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Kuni Sueyoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shunya Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiradate
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toru Kudo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Obara
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanemura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
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Li F, Dong C, Yang T, Bao S, Fang W, Lucas WJ, Zhang Z. The tea plant CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 transporters take up amino acids, as a nitrogen source, from the soil of organic tea plantations. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:178. [PMID: 34333546 PMCID: PMC8325676 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic tea is more popular than conventional tea that originates from fertilized plants. Amino acids inorganic soils constitute a substantial pool nitrogen (N) available for plants. However, the amino-acid contents in soils of tea plantations and how tea plants take up these amino acids remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that the amino-acid content in the soil of an organic tea plantation is significantly higher than that of a conventional tea plantation. Glutamate, alanine, valine, and leucine were the most abundant amino acids in the soil of this tea plantation. When 15N-glutamate was fed to tea plants, it was efficiently absorbed and significantly increased the contents of other amino acids in the roots. We cloned seven CsLHT genes encoding amino-acid transporters and found that the expression of CsLHT1, CsLHT2, and CsLHT6 in the roots significantly increased upon glutamate feeding. Moreover, the expression of CsLHT1 or CsLHT6 in a yeast amino-acid uptake-defective mutant, 22∆10α, enabled growth on media with amino acids constituting the sole N source. Amino-acid uptake assays indicated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are H+-dependent high- and low-affinity amino-acid transporters, respectively. We further demonstrated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are highly expressed in the roots and are localized to the plasma membrane. Moreover, overexpression of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in Arabidopsis significantly improved the uptake of exogenously supplied 15N-glutamate and 15N-glutamine. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the involvement of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in amino-acid uptake from the soil, which is particularly important for tea plants grown inorganic tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
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Yang Y, Chai Y, Liu J, Zheng J, Zhao Z, Amo A, Cui C, Lu Q, Chen L, Hu YG. Amino acid transporter (AAT) gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.): widespread family expansion, functional differentiation, roles in quality formation and response to abiotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:519. [PMID: 34238217 PMCID: PMC8268433 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acid transporters (AATs) plays an essential roles in growth and development of plants, including amino acids long-range transport, seed germination, quality formation, responsiveness to pathogenic bacteria and abiotic stress by modulating the transmembrane transfer of amino acids. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screening to analyze the AAT genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), especially those associated with quality formation and abiotic stresses response. Results A total number of 94 AAT genes were identified and divided into 12 subfamilies by their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. A large number (58/94, 62%) of AAT genes in foxtail millet were expanded via gene duplication, involving 13 tandem and 12 segmental duplication events. Tandemly duplicated genes had a significant impact on their functional differentiation via sequence variation, structural variation and expression variation. Further comparison in multiple species showed that in addition to paralogous genes, the expression variations of the orthologous AAT genes also contributed to their functional differentiation. The transcriptomic comparison of two millet cultivars verified the direct contribution of the AAT genes such as SiAAP1, SiAAP8, and SiAUX2 in the formation of grain quality. In addition, the qRT-PCR analysis suggested that several AAT genes continuously responded to diverse abiotic stresses, such as SiATLb1, SiANT1. Finally, combined with the previous studies and analysis on sequence characteristics and expression patterns of AAT genes, the possible functions of the foxtail millet AAT genes were predicted. Conclusion This study for the first time reported the evolutionary features, functional differentiation, roles in the quality formation and response to abiotic stresses of foxtail millet AAT gene family, thus providing a framework for further functional analysis of SiAAT genes, and also contributing to the applications of AAT genes in improving the quality and resistance to abiotic stresses of foxtail millet, and other cereal crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07779-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongmao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhangchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunge Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiumei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yin-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Pan X, Hu M, Wang Z, Guan L, Jiang X, Bai W, Wu H, Lei K. Identification, systematic evolution and expression analyses of the AAAP gene family in Capsicum annuum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:463. [PMID: 34157978 PMCID: PMC8218413 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) family represents a class of proteins that transport amino acids across cell membranes. Members of this family are widely distributed in different organisms and participate in processes such as growth and development and the stress response in plants. However, a systematic comprehensive analysis of AAAP genes of the pepper (Capsicum annuum) genome has not been reported. RESULTS In this study, we performed systematic bioinformatics analyses to identify AAAP family genes in the C. annuum 'Zunla-1' genome to determine gene number, distribution, structure, duplications and expression patterns in different tissues and stress. A total of 53 CaAAAP genes were identified in the 'Zunla-1' pepper genome and could be divided into eight subgroups. Significant differences in gene structure and protein conserved domains were observed among the subgroups. In addition to CaGAT1, CaATL4, and CaVAAT1, the remaining CaAAAP genes were unevenly distributed on 11 of 12 chromosomes. In total, 33.96% (18/53) of the CaAAAP genes were a result of duplication events, including three pairs of genes due to segmental duplication and 12 tandem duplication events. Analyses of evolutionary patterns showed that segmental duplication of AAAPs in pepper occurred before tandem duplication. The expression profiling of the CaAAAP by transcriptomic data analysis showed distinct expression patterns in various tissues and response to different stress treatment, which further suggest that the function of CaAAAP genes has been differentiated. CONCLUSIONS This study of CaAAAP genes provides a theoretical basis for exploring the roles of AAAP family members in C. annuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Pan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Ling Guan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Wenqin Bai
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Kairong Lei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Nitrogen Uptake in Plants: The Plasma Membrane Root Transport Systems from a Physiological and Proteomic Perspective. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040681. [PMID: 33916130 PMCID: PMC8066207 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen nutrition in plants is a key determinant in crop productivity. The availability of nitrogen nutrients in the soil, both inorganic (nitrate and ammonium) and organic (urea and free amino acids), highly differs and influences plant physiology, growth, metabolism, and root morphology. Deciphering this multifaceted scenario is mandatory to improve the agricultural sustainability. In root cells, specific proteins located at the plasma membrane play key roles in the transport and sensing of nitrogen forms. This review outlines the current knowledge regarding the biochemical and physiological aspects behind the uptake of the individual nitrogen forms, their reciprocal interactions, the influences on root system architecture, and the relations with other proteins sustaining fundamental plasma membrane functionalities, such as aquaporins and H+-ATPase. This topic is explored starting from the information achieved in the model plant Arabidopsis and moving to crops in agricultural soils. Moreover, the main contributions provided by proteomics are described in order to highlight the goals and pitfalls of this approach and to get new hints for future studies.
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The SV, Snyder R, Tegeder M. Targeting Nitrogen Metabolism and Transport Processes to Improve Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:628366. [PMID: 33732269 PMCID: PMC7957077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.628366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural cropping systems, relatively large amounts of nitrogen (N) are applied for plant growth and development, and to achieve high yields. However, with increasing N application, plant N use efficiency generally decreases, which results in losses of N into the environment and subsequently detrimental consequences for both ecosystems and human health. A strategy for reducing N input and environmental losses while maintaining or increasing plant performance is the development of crops that effectively obtain, distribute, and utilize the available N. Generally, N is acquired from the soil in the inorganic forms of nitrate or ammonium and assimilated in roots or leaves as amino acids. The amino acids may be used within the source organs, but they are also the principal N compounds transported from source to sink in support of metabolism and growth. N uptake, synthesis of amino acids, and their partitioning within sources and toward sinks, as well as N utilization within sinks represent potential bottlenecks in the effective use of N for vegetative and reproductive growth. This review addresses recent discoveries in N metabolism and transport and their relevance for improving N use efficiency under high and low N conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Fang Z, Wu B, Ji Y. The Amino Acid Transporter OsAAP4 Contributes to Rice Tillering and Grain Yield by Regulating Neutral Amino Acid Allocation through Two Splicing Variants. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:2. [PMID: 33409665 PMCID: PMC7788160 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acids, which are transported by amino acid transporters, are the major forms of organic nitrogen utilized by higher plants. Among the 19 Amino Acid Permease transporters (AAPs) in rice, only a small number of these genes have been reported to influence rice growth and development. However, whether other OsAAPs are responsible for rice growth and development is unclear. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that OsAAP4 promoter sequences are divergent between Indica and Japonica, with higher expression in the former, which produces more tillers and higher grain yield than does Japonica. Overexpression of two different splicing variants of OsAAP4 in Japonica ZH11 significantly increased rice tillering and grain yield as result of enhancing the neutral amino acid concentrations of Val, Pro, Thr and Leu. OsAAP4 RNA interference (RNAi) and mutant lines displayed opposite trends compared with overexpresing (OE) lines. In addition, exogenous Val or Pro at 0.5 mM significantly promoted the bud outgrowth of lines overexpressing an OsAAP4a splicing variant compared with ZH11, and exogenous Val or Pro at 2.0 mM significantly enhanced the bud outgrowth of lines overexpressing splicing variant OsAAP4b compared with ZH11. Of note, the results of a protoplast amino acid-uptake assay showed that Val or Pro at different concentrations was specifically transported and accumulated in these overexpressing lines. Transcriptome analysis further demonstrated that OsAAP4 may affect nitrogen transport and metabolism, and auxin, cytokinin signaling in regulating rice tillering. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that OsAAP4 contributes to rice tiller and grain yield by regulating neutral amino acid allocation through two different splicing variants and that OsAAP4 might have potential applications in rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Bowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Han HL, Liu J, Feng XJ, Zhang M, Lin QF, Wang T, Qi SL, Xu T, Hua XJ. SSR1 is involved in maintaining the function of mitochondria electron transport chain and iron homeostasis upon proline treatment in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153325. [PMID: 33271443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although increasing intracellular proline under stressed condition could help the plants survive, treating plant with high level of proline under normal condition could be inhibitory to plant growth. Among other possible mechanisms, proline-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to electron overflow in mitochondria electron transport chain (mETC) caused by elevated proline degradation may contribute to the proline toxicity. However, direct evidences are still elusive. Here, we reported a functional characterization of SSR1, encoding a protein localized in mitochondria matrix, in maintaining the function of mETC through analyzing the proline hypersensitive phenotype of an Arabidopsis mutant ssr1-1 with a truncated SSR1 protein. Our analysis demonstrated that upon proline treatment, there were higher mitochondrial ROS, lower ATP content, reduced activity of mETC complex I and II, and reduced iron content in ssr1-1, in comparison to the wild type. Therefore, SSR1 is involved in maintaining normal capacity of mETC in transporting electrons in a way that related to iron homeostasis. Our results also supported that normal mETC activity is required for alleviating the proline toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling Han
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xuan Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Qing Fang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, Jiangxi, 334001, China.
| | - Shi Lian Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Xue Jun Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
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Ravelo-Ortega G, López-Bucio JS, Ruiz-Herrera LF, Pelagio-Flores R, Ayala-Rodríguez JÁ, de la Cruz HR, Guevara-García ÁA, López-Bucio J. The growth of Arabidopsis primary root is repressed by several and diverse amino acids through auxin-dependent and independent mechanisms and MPK6 kinase activity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110717. [PMID: 33288023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids serve as structural monomers for protein synthesis and are considered important biostimulants for plants. In this report, the effects of all 20-L amino acids in Arabidopsis primary root growth were evaluated. 15 amino acids inhibited growth, being l-leucine (l-Leu), l-lysine (l-Lys), l-tryptophan (l-Trp), and l-glutamate (l-Glu) the most active, which repressed both cell division and elongation in primary roots. Comparisons of DR5:GFP expression and growth of WT Arabidopsis seedlings and several auxin response mutants including slr, axr1 and axr2 single mutants, arf7/arf19 double mutant and tir1/afb2/afb3 triple mutant, treated with inhibitory concentrations of l-Glu, l-Leu, l-Lys and l-Trp revealed gene-dependent, specific changes in auxin response. In addition, l- isomers of Glu, Leu and Lys, but not l-Trp diminished the GFP fluorescence of pPIN1::PIN1:GFP, pPIN2::PIN2:GFP, pPIN3::PIN3:GFP and pPIN7::PIN7:GFP constructs in root tips. MPK6 activity in roots was enhanced by amino acid treatment, being greater in response to l-Trp while mpk6 mutants supported cell division and elongation at high doses of l-Glu, l-Leu, l-Lys and l-Trp. We conclude that independently of their auxin modulating properties, amino acids signals converge in MPK6 to alter the Arabidopsis primary root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ravelo-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Salvador López-Bucio
- CONACYT‑Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Juan Ángel Ayala-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Homero Reyes de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | | | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Chua A, Sherwood OL, Fitzhenry L, Ng CKY, McCabe PF, Daly CT. Cyanobacteria-Derived Proline Increases Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Hairs by Suppressing Programmed Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:490075. [PMID: 33381127 PMCID: PMC7768022 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.490075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria are used as biofertilizer inoculants for stimulating plant growth but can also alleviate plant stress by exometabolite secretion. However, only a small number of studies have focused on elucidating the identity of said bioactives because of the wide array of exuded compounds. Here, we used the root hair assay (RHA) as a rapid programmed cell death (PCD) screening tool for characterizing the bioactivity of cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum conditioned medium (CM) on Arabidopsis thaliana root hair stress tolerance. We found that heat-stressed A. thaliana pre-treated with N. muscorum CM fractions exhibited significantly lower root hair PCD levels compared to untreated seedlings. Treatment with CM increased stress tolerance by suppressing PCD in root hairs but not necrosis, indicating the bioactive compound was specifically modulating the PCD pathway and not a general stress response. Based on documented N. muscorum exometabolites, we identified the stress-responsive proline as a compound of interest and strong evidence from the ninhydrin assay and HPLC indicate that proline is present in N. muscorum CM. To establish whether proline was capable of suppressing PCD, we conducted proline supplementation experiments. Our results showed that exogenous proline had a similar effect on root hairs as N. muscorum CM treatment, with comparable PCD suppression levels and insignificant necrosis changes. To verify proline as one of the biologically active compounds in N. muscorum CM, we used three mutant A. thaliana lines with proline transporter mutations (lht1, aap1 and atprot1-1::atprot2-3::atprot3-2). Compared with the wild-type seedlings, PCD-suppression in lht1and aap1 mutants was significantly reduced when supplied with low proline (1-5 μM) levels. Similarly, pre-treatment with N. muscorum CM resulted in elevated PCD levels in all three mutant lines compared to wild-type seedlings. Our results show that plant uptake of cyanobacteria-derived proline alters their root hair PCD sensitivity threshold. This offers evidence of a novel biofertilizer mechanism for reducing stress-induced PCD levels, independent of the existing mechanisms documented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha Chua
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre (EIRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Orla L. Sherwood
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Carl K.-Y. Ng
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F. McCabe
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Centre for Plant Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cara T. Daly
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
- Eco-Innovation Research Centre (EIRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
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Brabazon H, DeBruyn JM, Lenaghan SC, Li F, Mundorff AZ, Steadman DW, Stewart CN. Plants to Remotely Detect Human Decomposition? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:947-949. [PMID: 32893124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the USA, 100 000 people go missing every year. Difficulty in the rapid identification of sites of human decomposition complicates the recovery of bodies, especially in forests. We propose that spectral responses in tree and shrub canopies could act as guides to find cadavers using remote sensing platforms for societal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Brabazon
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jennifer M DeBruyn
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Amy Z Mundorff
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Dawnie W Steadman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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40
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Tian R, Yang Y, Chen M. Genome-wide survey of the amino acid transporter gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Identification, expression analysis and response to abiotic stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1372-1387. [PMID: 32781128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs), which transport amino acids across cell membranes, play important roles in alleviating plant damage under stresses and in plant growth. To data, little is known about the AAT genes in wheat because of its complex genome. In this study, a total of 296 AAT genes were identified from the latest wheat genome sequence (IWGSC v1.1) and classified into 12 distinct subfamilies based upon their sequence composition and phylogenetic relationship. The expansion of the wheat AAT family was mainly the results of whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem events. The unequal expansion of different subfamilies brought new features to TaAATs. TaAATs were highly expressed and exhibited distinct expression patterns in different tissues. On the basis of homology and expression pattern analysis, we identified several wheat AAT family members that may affect grain quality. In addition, TaAAP3, TaATLa2 and TaATLb13 exhibited sustained expression in response to drought and high-temperature stress. These genes are involved in the response of wheat to abiotic stress by regulating the transport and distribution of amino acids. Overall, our results help to understand the complexity of TaAATs and provide a theoretical basis for further identification and utilization of AATs in wheat and other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Tian
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China.
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Ji Y, Huang W, Wu B, Fang Z, Wang X. The amino acid transporter AAP1 mediates growth and grain yield by regulating neutral amino acid uptake and reallocation in Oryza sativa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4763-4777. [PMID: 32485736 PMCID: PMC7410190 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a major element necessary for crop yield. In most plants, organic N is primarily transported in the form of amino acids. Here, we show that amino acid permease 1 (AAP1) functions as a positive regulator of growth and grain yield in rice. We found that the OsAAP1 gene is highly expressed in rice axillary buds, leaves, and young panicles, and that the OsAAP1 protein is localized to both the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. Compared with the wild-type ZH11, OsAAP1 overexpression (OE) lines exhibited increased filled grain numbers as a result of enhanced tillering, while RNAi and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat; Osaap1) knockout lines showed the opposite phenotype. In addition, OsAAP1-OE lines had higher concentrations of neutral and acidic amino acids, but lower concentrations of basic amino acids in the straw. An exogenous treatment with neutral amino acids promoted axillary bud outgrowth more strongly in the OE lines than in the WT, RNAi, or Osaap1 lines. Transcriptome analysis of Osaap1 further demonstrated that OsAAP1 may affect N transport and metabolism, and auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone signaling in regulating rice tillering. Taken together, these results support that increasing neutral amino acid uptake and reallocation via OsAAP1 could improve growth and grain yield in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhongming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Yao X, Nie J, Bai R, Sui X. Amino Acid Transporters in Plants: Identification and Function. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080972. [PMID: 32751984 PMCID: PMC7466100 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are the main mediators of nitrogen distribution throughout the plant body, and are essential for sustaining growth and development. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the identity and biological functions of amino acid transporters in plants, and discuss the regulation of amino acid transporters in response to environmental stimuli. We focus on transporter function in amino acid assimilation and phloem loading and unloading, as well as on the molecular identity of amino acid exporters. Moreover, we discuss the effects of amino acid transport on carbon assimilation, as well as their cross-regulation, which is at the heart of sustainable agricultural production.
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Amino Acid Transporters in Plant Cells: A Brief Review. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080967. [PMID: 32751704 PMCID: PMC7464682 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are not only a nitrogen source that can be directly absorbed by plants, but also the major transport form of organic nitrogen in plants. A large number of amino acid transporters have been identified in different plant species. Despite belonging to different families, these amino acid transporters usually exhibit some general features, such as broad expression pattern and substrate selectivity. This review mainly focuses on transporters involved in amino acid uptake, phloem loading and unloading, xylem-phloem transfer, import into seed and intracellular transport in plants. We summarize the other physiological roles mediated by amino acid transporters, including development regulation, abiotic stress tolerance and defense response. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of amino acid transporters for crop genetic improvement.
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44
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D-amino Acids in Plants: Sources, Metabolism, and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155421. [PMID: 32751447 PMCID: PMC7432710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plants are permanently exposed to d-amino acids (d-AAs) in the rhizosphere, these compounds were for a long time regarded as generally detrimental, due to their inhibitory effects on plant growth. Recent studies showed that this statement needs a critical revision. There were several reports of active uptake by and transport of d-AAs in plants, leading to the question whether these processes happened just as side reactions or even on purpose. The identification and characterization of various transporter proteins and enzymes in plants with considerable affinities or specificities for d-AAs also pointed in the direction of their targeted uptake and utilization. This attracted more interest, as d-AAs were shown to be involved in different physiological processes in plants. Especially, the recent characterization of d-AA stimulated ethylene production in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed for the first time a physiological function for a specific d-AA and its metabolizing enzyme in plants. This finding opened the question regarding the physiological or developmental contexts in which d-AA stimulated ethylene synthesis are involved in. This question and the ones about the transport characteristics of d-AAs, their metabolism, and their different physiological effects, are the focus of this review.
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45
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Guo N, Hu J, Yan M, Qu H, Luo L, Tegeder M, Xu G. Oryza sativa Lysine-Histidine-type Transporter 1 functions in root uptake and root-to-shoot allocation of amino acids in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:395-411. [PMID: 32159895 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural soils, amino acids can represent vital nitrogen (N) sources for crop growth and yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying amino acid uptake and allocation are poorly understood in crop plants. This study shows that rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots can acquire aspartate at soil concentration, and that japonica subspecies take up this acidic amino acid 1.5-fold more efficiently than indica subspecies. Genetic association analyses with 68 representative japonica or indica germplasms identified rice Lysine-Histidine-type Transporter 1 (OsLHT1) as a candidate gene associated with the aspartate uptake trait. When expressed in yeast, OsLHT1 supported cell growth on a broad spectrum of amino acids, and effectively transported aspartate, asparagine and glutamate. OsLHT1 is localized throughout the rice root, including root hairs, epidermis, cortex and stele, and to the leaf vasculature. Knockout of OsLHT1 in japonica resulted in reduced root uptake of amino acids. Furthermore, in 15 N-amino acid-fed mutants versus wild-type, a higher percentage of 15 N remained in roots instead of being allocated to the shoot. 15 N-ammonium uptake and subsequently the delivery of root-synthesized amino acids to Oslht1 shoots were also significantly decreased, which was accompanied by reduced shoot growth. These results together provide evidence that OsLHT1 functions in both root uptake and root to shoot allocation of a broad spectrum of amino acids in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jinqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Hongye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Hassan MU, Islam MM, Wang R, Guo J, Luo H, Chen F, Li X. Glutamine application promotes nitrogen and biomass accumulation in the shoot of seedlings of the maize hybrid ZD958. PLANTA 2020; 251:66. [PMID: 32065312 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln) is an efficient nitrogen source in promoting aboveground nitrogen and biomass accumulation in ZD958 (an elite maize hybrid with great potential for further genetic improvement) seedlings when conditioning a smaller but adequate root system. Amino acids account for a significant part of nitrogen (N) resources in the soil. However, how amino acid-N affects crop growth remains to be further investigated. Here, glutamine (Gln) application (80% NH4NO3 + 20% Gln; mixed N) enhanced shoot growth of the maize hybrid ZD958. N concentration in the shoot increased, which is associated with favorable increases in SPAD values, GS/GOGAT activities, and accumulation of glutamate, asparagine, total free amino acids and soluble proteins in the shoot under mixed N. On the other hand, root growth was reduced when exposed to Gln as indicated by the significantly lower dry weight, root/shoot ratio, and primary, seminal, crown, and total root lengths, as well as unfavorable physiological alterations. Up-regulation of expression of ZmAMT1.3, ZmNRT2.1, and ZmAAP2 in the root and that of ZmAMT1.1, ZmAMT1.3, and ZmLHT1 in the shoot preconditioned N over-accumulation in the shoot and facilitated shoot growth, presumably via enhancing N translocation to the shoot, when Gln was supplied. Together, Gln is an efficient N source in promoting aboveground N and biomass accumulation in ZD958 seedlings when conditioning a smaller but adequate root system. Notably, ZD958's parental lines Z58 and Chang7-2 displayed a wide range of variations in Gln responses, which may be partially attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cis-elements and coding regions revealed in this study and much larger quantities of unidentified genetic variations between Z58 and Chang7-2. Extensive genetic divergence of these two elite inbred lines implied large potentials for further genetic improvement of ZD958 in relation to organic N use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Ul Hassan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Md Monirul Islam
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huilan Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fanjun Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuexian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, MOE, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Dellero Y. Manipulating Amino Acid Metabolism to Improve Crop Nitrogen Use Efficiency for a Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:602548. [PMID: 33329673 PMCID: PMC7733991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a growing worldwide food demand coupled to the need to develop a sustainable agriculture, it is crucial to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) while reducing field N inputs. Classical genetic approaches based on natural allelic variations existing within crops have led to the discovery of quantitative trait loci controlling NUE under low nitrogen conditions; however, the identification of candidate genes from mapping studies is still challenging. Amino acid metabolism is the cornerstone of plant N management, which involves N uptake, assimilation, and remobilization efficiencies, and it is finely regulated during acclimation to low N conditions and other abiotic stresses. Over the last two decades, biotechnological engineering of amino acid metabolism has led to promising results for the improvement of crop NUE, and more recently under low N conditions. This review summarizes current work carried out in crops and provides perspectives on the identification of new candidate genes and future strategies for crop improvement.
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Dong C, Li F, Yang T, Feng L, Zhang S, Li F, Li W, Xu G, Bao S, Wan X, Lucas WJ, Zhang Z. Theanine transporters identified in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:57-70. [PMID: 31461558 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Theanine, a unique non-proteinogenic amino acid, is an important component of tea, as it confers the umami taste and relaxation effect of tea as a beverage. Theanine is primarily synthesized in tea roots and is subsequently transported to young shoots, which are harvested for tea production. Currently, the mechanism for theanine transport in the tea plant remains unknown. Here, by screening a yeast mutant library, followed by functional analyses, we identified the glutamine permease, GNP1 as a specific transporter for theanine in yeast. Although there is no GNP1 homolog in the tea plant, we assessed the theanine transport ability of nine tea plant amino acid permease (AAP) family members, with six exhibiting transport activity. We further determined that CsAAP1, CsAAP2, CsAAP4, CsAAP5, CsAAP6, and CsAAP8 exhibited moderate theanine affinities and transport was H+ -dependent. The tissue-specific expression of these six CsAAPs in leaves, vascular tissues, and the root suggested their broad roles in theanine loading and unloading from the vascular system, and in targeting to sink tissues. Furthermore, expression of these CsAAPs was shown to be seasonally regulated, coincident with theanine transport within the tea plant. Finally, CsAAP1 expression in the root was highly correlated with root-to-bud transport of theanine, in seven tea plant cultivars. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that members of the CsAAP family transport theanine and participate in its root-to-shoot delivery in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shupei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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Sun P, Jia H, Zhang Y, Li J, Lu M, Hu J. Deciphering Genetic Architecture of Adventitious Root and Related Shoot Traits in Populus Using QTL Mapping and RNA-Seq Data. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246114. [PMID: 31817197 PMCID: PMC6941115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of adventitious root and related shoot traits will facilitate the cultivation of superior genotypes. In this study, we measured 12 adventitious root and related shoot traits of 434 F1 genotypes originating from Populus deltoides ‘Danhong’ × Populus simonii ‘Tongliao1’ and conducted an integrative analysis of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and RNA-Seq data to dissect their genetic architecture and regulatory genes. Extensive segregation, high repeatability, and significant correlation relationship were detected for the investigated traits. A total of 150 QTLs were associated with adventitious root traits, explaining 3.1–6.1% of phenotypic variation (PVE); while 83 QTLs were associated with shoot traits, explaining 3.1–19.8% of PVE. Twenty-five QTL clusters and 40 QTL hotspots were identified for the investigated traits. Ten QTL clusters were overlapped in both adventitious root traits and related shoot traits. Transcriptome analysis identified 10,172 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among two parents, three fine rooting and three poor-rooting genotypes, 143 of which were physically located within the QTL intervals. K-means cluster and weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that PtAAAP19 (Potri.004G111400) encoding amino acid transport protein was tightly associated with adventitious roots and highly expressed in fine-rooting genotypes. Compare with ‘Danhong’, 153 bp deletion in the coding sequence of PtAAAP19 in ‘Tongliao1’ gave rise to lack one transmembrane domain, which might cause the variation of adventitious roots. Taken together, this study deciphered the genetic basis of adventitious root and related shoot traits and provided potential function genes for genetic improvement of poplar breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (P.S.); (H.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (P.S.); (H.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Yahong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (P.S.); (H.J.); (M.L.)
| | - Jianbo Li
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (P.S.); (H.J.); (M.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (P.S.); (H.J.); (M.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel: +86-10-62888862
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Perkowski MC, Warpeha KM. Phenylalanine roles in the seed-to-seedling stage: Not just an amino acid. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110223. [PMID: 31623788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine is an aromatic amino acid that provides the carbon skeleton for the phenylpropanoid pathway, making many diverse chemicals used for structure, defense, and yet undiscovered functions. The identification of the arogenate dehydratase (ADT) enzymes in the genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana provided a platform to explore the roles of phenylalanine in all stages of life: germination, in the seed-to-seedling transition stage, organelle function, and in generation of defense mechanisms, enabling further studies in other plants. From the literature, data indicate that phenylalanine produced by ADT may have direct roles in organellar and tissue development. Recent studies implicate ADTs in cell division and protection from Reactive Oxygen Species, and in signaling and growth. Research in phenylalanine and subsequent phenylpropanoids also point to a role of phenylalanine as a purveyor of C and N nutrients. The understanding of phenylalanine action in plant cells is enhanced by recent research on phenylalanine in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Perkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Katherine M Warpeha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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