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Zhong R, Zhou D, Phillips DR, Adams ER, Chen L, Rose JP, Wang BC, Ye ZH. Identification of glycosyltransferases mediating 2-O-arabinopyranosyl and 2-O-galactosyl substitutions of glucuronosyl side chains of xylan. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39145524 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Xylan is one of the major hemicelluloses in plant cell walls and its xylosyl backbone is often decorated at O-2 with glucuronic acid (GlcA) and/or methylglucuronic acid (MeGlcA) residues. The GlcA/MeGlcA side chains may be further substituted with 2-O-arabinopyranose (Arap) or 2-O-galactopyranose (Gal) residues in some plant species, but the enzymes responsible for these substitutions remain unknown. During our endeavor to investigate the enzymatic activities of Arabidopsis MUR3-clade members of the GT47 glycosyltransferase family, we found that one of them was able to transfer Arap from UDP-Arap onto O-2 of GlcA side chains of xylan, and thus it was named xylan 2-O-arabinopyranosyltransferase 1 (AtXAPT1). The function of AtXAPT1 was verified in planta by its T-DNA knockout mutation showing a loss of the Arap substitution on xylan GlcA side chains. Further biochemical characterization of XAPT close homologs from other plant species demonstrated that while the poplar ones had the same catalytic activity as AtXAPT1, those from Eucalyptus, lemon-scented gum, sea apple, 'Ohi'a lehua, duckweed and purple yam were capable of catalyzing both 2-O-Arap and 2-O-Gal substitutions of xylan GlcA side chains albeit with differential activities. Sequential reactions with XAPTs and glucuronoxylan methyltransferase 3 (GXM3) showed that XAPTs acted poorly on MeGlcA side chains, whereas GXM3 could efficiently methylate arabinosylated or galactosylated GlcA side chains of xylan. Furthermore, molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis analyses of Eucalyptus XAPT1 revealed critical roles of several amino acid residues at the putative active site in its activity. Together, these findings establish that XAPTs residing in the MUR3 clade of family GT47 are responsible for 2-O-arabinopyranosylation and 2-O-galactosylation of GlcA side chains of xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Dayong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - John P Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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2
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Zhong R, Phillips DR, Clark KD, Adams ER, Lee C, Ye ZH. Biochemical Characterization of Rice Xylan Biosynthetic Enzymes in Determining Xylan Chain Elongation and Substitutions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1065-1079. [PMID: 38501734 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Grass xylan consists of a linear chain of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues that often form domains substituted only with either arabinofuranose (Araf) or glucuronic acid (GlcA)/methylglucuronic acid (MeGlcA) residues, and it lacks the unique reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence found in dicot xylan. The mechanism of how grass xylan backbone elongation is initiated and how its distinctive substitution pattern is determined remains elusive. Here, we performed biochemical characterization of rice xylan biosynthetic enzymes, including xylan synthases, glucuronyltransferases and methyltransferases. Activity assays of rice xylan synthases demonstrated that they required short xylooligomers as acceptors for their activities. While rice xylan glucuronyltransferases effectively glucuronidated unsubstituted xylohexaose acceptors, they transferred little GlcA residues onto (Araf)-substituted xylohexaoses and rice xylan 3-O-arabinosyltransferase could not arabinosylate GlcA-substituted xylohexaoses, indicating that their intrinsic biochemical properties may contribute to the distinctive substitution patterns of rice xylan. In addition, we found that rice xylan methyltransferase exhibited a low substrate binding affinity, which may explain the partial GlcA methylation in rice xylan. Furthermore, immunolocalization of xylan in xylem cells of both rice and Arabidopsis showed that it was deposited together with cellulose in secondary walls without forming xylan-rich nanodomains. Together, our findings provide new insights into the biochemical mechanisms underlying xylan backbone elongation and substitutions in grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin D Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Sreedasyam A, Lovell JT, Mamidi S, Khanal S, Jenkins JW, Plott C, Bryan KB, Li Z, Shu S, Carlson J, Goodstein D, De Santiago L, Kirkbride RC, Calleja S, Campbell T, Koebernick JC, Dever JK, Scheffler JA, Pauli D, Jenkins JN, McCarty JC, Williams M, Boston L, Webber J, Udall JA, Chen ZJ, Bourland F, Stiller WN, Saski CA, Grimwood J, Chee PW, Jones DC, Schmutz J. Genome resources for three modern cotton lines guide future breeding efforts. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1039-1051. [PMID: 38816498 PMCID: PMC11208153 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the key renewable fibre crop worldwide, yet its yield and fibre quality show high variability due to genotype-specific traits and complex interactions among cultivars, management practices and environmental factors. Modern breeding practices may limit future yield gains due to a narrow founding gene pool. Precision breeding and biotechnological approaches offer potential solutions, contingent on accurate cultivar-specific data. Here we address this need by generating high-quality reference genomes for three modern cotton cultivars ('UGA230', 'UA48' and 'CSX8308') and updating the 'TM-1' cotton genetic standard reference. Despite hypothesized genetic uniformity, considerable sequence and structural variation was observed among the four genomes, which overlap with ancient and ongoing genomic introgressions from 'Pima' cotton, gene regulatory mechanisms and phenotypic trait divergence. Differentially expressed genes across fibre development correlate with fibre production, potentially contributing to the distinctive fibre quality traits observed in modern cotton cultivars. These genomes and comparative analyses provide a valuable foundation for future genetic endeavours to enhance global cotton yield and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Sreedasyam
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - John T Lovell
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sujan Mamidi
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Sameer Khanal
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Jerry W Jenkins
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Christopher Plott
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Kempton B Bryan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Luis De Santiago
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ryan C Kirkbride
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Todd Campbell
- USDA-ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water and Plant Research Center, Florence, SC, USA
| | - Jenny C Koebernick
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jane K Dever
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
| | | | - Duke Pauli
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Johnie N Jenkins
- USDA-ARS, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Jack C McCarty
- USDA-ARS, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Melissa Williams
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - LoriBeth Boston
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Jenell Webber
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Joshua A Udall
- USDA-ARS, Crop Germplasm Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Fred Bourland
- Northeast Research and Extension Center (NEREC), University of Arkansas, Keiser, AR, USA
| | - Warwick N Stiller
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food Cotton Research Unit, Narrabri, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Peng W Chee
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Don C Jones
- Agriculture and Environmental Research Cotton Incorporated, Cary, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA.
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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4
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Javaid T, Bhattarai M, Venkataraghavan A, Held M, Faik A. Specific protein interactions between rice members of the GT43 and GT47 families form various central cores of putative xylan synthase complexes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:856-878. [PMID: 38261531 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Members of the glycosyltransferase (GT)43 and GT47 families have been associated with heteroxylan synthesis in both dicots and monocots and are thought to assemble into central cores of putative xylan synthase complexes (XSCs). Currently, it is unknown whether protein-protein interactions within these central cores are specific, how many such complexes exist, and whether these complexes are functionally redundant. Here, we used gene association network and co-expression approaches in rice to identify four OsGT43s and four OsGT47s that assemble into different GT43/GT47 complexes. Using two independent methods, we showed that (i) these GTs assemble into at least six unique complexes through specific protein-protein interactions and (ii) the proteins interact directly in vitro. Confocal microscopy showed that, when alone, all OsGT43s were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while all OsGT47s were localized in the Golgi. co-expression of OsGT43s and OsGT47s displayed complexes that form in the ER but accumulate in Golgi. ER-to-Golgi trafficking appears to require interactions between OsGT43s and OsGT47s. Comparison of the central cores of the three putative rice OsXSCs to wheat, asparagus, and Arabidopsis XSCs, showed great variation in GT43/GT47 combinations, which makes the identification of orthologous central cores between grasses and dicots challenging. However, the emerging picture is that all central cores from these species seem to have at least one member of the IRX10/IRX10-L clade in the GT47 family in common, suggesting greater functional importance for this family in xylan synthesis. Our findings provide a new framework for future investigation of heteroxylan biosynthesis and function in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Javaid
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Matrika Bhattarai
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | | | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
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5
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Xu R, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Xylan clustering on the pollen surface is required for exine patterning. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:153-167. [PMID: 37801619 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a crosslinking polymer that plays an important role in the assembly of heterogeneous cell wall structures in plants. The pollen wall, a specialized cell wall matrix, exhibits diverse sculpted patterns that serve to protect male gametophytes and facilitate pollination during plant reproduction. However, whether xylan is precisely anchored into clusters and its influence on pollen wall patterning remain unclear. Here, we report xylan clustering on the mature pollen surface in different plant species that is indispensable for the formation of sculpted exine patterns in dicot and monocot plants. Chemical composition analyses revealed that xylan is generally present at low abundance in the mature pollen of flowering plants and shows plentiful variations in terms of substitutions and modifications. Consistent with the expression profiles of their encoding genes, genetic characterization revealed IRREGULAR XYLEM10-LIKE (IRX10L) and its homologous proteins in the GT47 family of glycosyltransferases as key players in the formation of these xylan micro-/nano-compartments on the pollen surface in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa). A deficiency in xylan biosynthesis abolished exine patterning on pollen and compromised male fertility. Therefore, our study outlines a mechanism of exine patterning and provides a tool for manipulating male fertility in crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Zhang K, Xue M, Qin F, He Y, Zhou Y. Natural polymorphisms in ZmIRX15A affect water-use efficiency by modulating stomatal density in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2560-2573. [PMID: 37572352 PMCID: PMC10651153 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density (SD) is closely related to crop drought resistance. Understanding the genetic basis for natural variation in SD may facilitate efforts to improve water-use efficiency. Here, we report a genome-wide association study for SD in maize seedlings, which identified 18 genetic variants that could be resolved to seven candidate genes. A 3-bp insertion variant (InDel1089) in the last exon of Zea mays (Zm) IRX15A (Irregular xylem 15A) had the most significant association with SD and modulated the translation of ZmIRX15A mRNA by affecting its secondary structure. Dysfunction of ZmIRX15A increased SD, leading to an increase in the transpiration rate and CO2 assimilation efficiency. ZmIRX15A encodes a xylan deposition enzyme and its disruption significantly decreased xylan abundance in secondary cell wall composition. Transcriptome analysis revealed a substantial alteration of the expression of genes involved in stomatal complex morphogenesis and drought response in the loss-of-function of ZmIRX15A mutant. Overall, our study provides important genetic insights into the natural variation of leaf SD in maize, and the identified loci or genes can serve as direct targets for enhancing drought resistance in molecular-assisted maize breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryEngineering Research Center of Plant Growth RegulatorCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ming Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyCo‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsKey Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan He
- National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryEngineering Research Center of Plant Growth RegulatorCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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7
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Kairouani A, Pontier D, Picart C, Mounet F, Martinez Y, Le-Bot L, Fanuel M, Hammann P, Belmudes L, Merret R, Azevedo J, Carpentier MC, Gagliardi D, Couté Y, Sibout R, Bies-Etheve N, Lagrange T. Cell-type-specific control of secondary cell wall formation by Musashi-type translational regulators in Arabidopsis. eLife 2023; 12:RP88207. [PMID: 37773033 PMCID: PMC10541177 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanism of secondary cell wall/SCW formation in plants is key to understanding their development and the molecular basis of biomass recalcitrance. Although transcriptional regulation is essential for SCW formation, little is known about the implication of post-transcriptional mechanisms in this process. Here we report that two bonafide RNA-binding proteins homologous to the animal translational regulator Musashi, MSIL2 and MSIL4, function redundantly to control SCW formation in Arabidopsis. MSIL2/4 interactomes are similar and enriched in proteins involved in mRNA binding and translational regulation. MSIL2/4 mutations alter SCW formation in the fibers, leading to a reduction in lignin deposition, and an increase of 4-O-glucuronoxylan methylation. In accordance, quantitative proteomics of stems reveal an overaccumulation of glucuronoxylan biosynthetic machinery, including GXM3, in the msil2/4 mutant stem. We showed that MSIL4 immunoprecipitates GXM mRNAs, suggesting a novel aspect of SCW regulation, linking post-transcriptional control to the regulation of SCW biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Kairouani
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Claire Picart
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Fabien Mounet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse III, CNRS, INP, UMR5546Castanet-TolosanFrance
| | - Yves Martinez
- FRAIB-CNRS Plateforme ImagerieCastanet-TolosanFrance
| | - Lucie Le-Bot
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
- PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Philippe Hammann
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade de CNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048GrenobleFrance
| | - Remy Merret
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Jacinthe Azevedo
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Marie-Christine Carpentier
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Dominique Gagliardi
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, IBMP, CNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048GrenobleFrance
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, UR1268 BIA, INRAENantesFrance
| | - Natacha Bies-Etheve
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
| | - Thierry Lagrange
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, CNRS, UMR5096PerpignanFrance
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8
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Derba-Maceluch M, Sivan P, Donev EN, Gandla ML, Yassin Z, Vaasan R, Heinonen E, Andersson S, Amini F, Scheepers G, Johansson U, Vilaplana FJ, Albrectsen BR, Hertzberg M, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Impact of xylan on field productivity and wood saccharification properties in aspen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218302. [PMID: 37528966 PMCID: PMC10389764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylan that comprises roughly 25% of hardwood biomass is undesirable in biorefinery applications involving saccharification and fermentation. Efforts to reduce xylan levels have therefore been made in many species, usually resulting in improved saccharification. However, such modified plants have not yet been tested under field conditions. Here we evaluate the field performance of transgenic hybrid aspen lines with reduced xylan levels and assess their usefulness as short-rotation feedstocks for biorefineries. Three types of transgenic lines were tested in four-year field tests with RNAi constructs targeting either Populus GT43 clades B and C (GT43BC) corresponding to Arabidopsis clades IRX9 and IRX14, respectively, involved in xylan backbone biosynthesis, GATL1.1 corresponding to AtGALT1 involved in xylan reducing end sequence biosynthesis, or ASPR1 encoding an atypical aspartate protease. Their productivity, wood quality traits, and saccharification efficiency were analyzed. The only lines differing significantly from the wild type with respect to growth and biotic stress resistance were the ASPR1 lines, whose stems were roughly 10% shorter and narrower and leaves showed increased arthropod damage. GT43BC lines exhibited no growth advantage in the field despite their superior growth in greenhouse experiments. Wood from the ASPR1 and GT43BC lines had slightly reduced density due to thinner cell walls and, in the case of ASPR1, larger cell diameters. The xylan was less extractable by alkali but more hydrolysable by acid, had increased glucuronosylation, and its content was reduced in all three types of transgenic lines. The hemicellulose size distribution in the GALT1.1 and ASPR1 lines was skewed towards higher molecular mass compared to the wild type. These results provide experimental evidence that GATL1.1 functions in xylan biosynthesis and suggest that ASPR1 may regulate this process. In saccharification without pretreatment, lines of all three constructs provided 8-11% higher average glucose yields than wild-type plants. In saccharification with acid pretreatment, the GT43BC construct provided a 10% yield increase on average. The best transgenic lines of each construct are thus predicted to modestly outperform the wild type in terms of glucose yields per hectare. The field evaluation of transgenic xylan-reduced aspen represents an important step towards more productive feedstocks for biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pramod Sivan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evgeniy N. Donev
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Zakiya Yassin
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Rakhesh Vaasan
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilia Heinonen
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Andersson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fariba Amini
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Gerhard Scheepers
- Enhet Produktionssystem och Material, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Ulf Johansson
- Tönnersjöheden Experimental Forest, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Simlångsdalen, Sweden
| | - Francisco J. Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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9
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Dang Z, Wang Y, Wang M, Cao L, Ruan N, Huang Y, Li F, Xu Q, Chen W. The Fragile culm19 (FC19) mutation largely improves plant lodging resistance, biomass saccharification, and cadmium resistance by remodeling cell walls in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132020. [PMID: 37429191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall is essential for plant upright growth, biomass saccharification, and stress resistance. Although cell wall modification is suggested as an effective means to increase biomass saccharification, it is a challenge to maintain normal plant growth with improved mechanical strength and stress resistance. Here, we reported two independent fragile culm mutants, fc19-1 and fc19-2, resulting from novel mutations of OsIRX10, produced by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Compared to wild-type, the two mutants exhibited reduced contents of xylose, hemicellulose, and cellulose, and increased arabinose and lignin without significant alteration in levels of pectin and uronic acids. Despite brittleness, the mutants displayed increased breaking force, leading to improved lodging resistance. Furthermore, the altered cell wall and increased biomass porosity in fc19 largely increased biomass saccharification. Notably, the mutants showed enhanced cadmium (Cd) resistance with lower Cd accumulation in roots and shoots. The FC19 mutation impacts transcriptional levels of key genes contributing to Cd uptake, sequestration, and translocation. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that the FC19 mutation resulted in alterations of genes mainly involved in carbohydrate and phenylpropanoid metabolism. Therefore, a hypothetic model was proposed to elucidate that the FC19 mutation-mediated cell wall remodeling leads to improvements in lodging resistance, biomass saccharification, and Cd resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Dang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Meihan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Nan Ruan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Quan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Northern geng Super Rice Breeding, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
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10
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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11
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Li Q, Zargar O, Park S, Pharr M, Muliana A, Finlayson SA. Mechanical stimulation reprograms the sorghum internode transcriptome and broadly alters hormone homeostasis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 327:111555. [PMID: 36481363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stem structural failure, or lodging, affects many crops including sorghum, and can cause large yield losses. Lodging is typically caused by mechanical forces associated with severe weather like high winds, but exposure to sub-catastrophic forces may strengthen stems and improve lodging resistance. The responses of sorghum internodes at different developmental stages were examined at 2 and 26 h after initiating moderate mechanical stimulation with an automated apparatus. Transcriptome profiling revealed that mechanical stimulation altered the expression of over 900 genes, including transcription factors, cell wall-related and hormone signaling-related genes. IAA, GA1 and ABA abundances generally declined following mechanical stimulation, while JA increased. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified three modules significantly enriched in GO terms associated with cell wall biology, hormone signaling and general stress responses, which were highly correlated with mechanical stimulation and with biomechanical and geometrical traits documented in a separate study. Additionally, mechanical stimulation-triggered responses were dependent on the developmental stage of the internode and the duration of stimulation. This study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms of plant hormone-regulated thigmomorphogenesis in sorghum stems. The critical biological processes and hub genes described here may offer opportunities to improve lodging resistance in sorghum and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Omid Zargar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Sungkyu Park
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Matt Pharr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Anastasia Muliana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Scott A Finlayson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA.
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12
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Zhong R, Phillips DR, Adams ER, Ye ZH. An Arabidopsis family GT106 glycosyltransferase is essential for xylan biosynthesis and secondary wall deposition. PLANTA 2023; 257:43. [PMID: 36689015 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that the Arabidopsis FRA9 (fragile fiber 9) gene is specifically expressed in secondary wall-forming cells and essential for the synthesis of the unique xylan reducing end sequence. Xylan is made of a linear chain of β-1,4-linked xylosyl (Xyl) residues that are often substituted with (methyl)glucuronic acid [(Me)GlcA] side chains and may be acetylated at O-2 and/or O-3. The reducing end of xylan from gymnosperms and dicots contains a unique tetrasaccharide sequence consisting of β-D-Xylp-(1 → 3)-α-L-Rhap-(1 → 2)-α-D-GalpA-(1 → 4)-D-Xylp, the synthesis of which requires four different glycosyltransferase activities. Genetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana has so far implicated three glycosyltransferase genes, FRA8 (fragile fiber 8), IRX8 (irregular xylem 8) and PARVUS, in the synthesis of this unique xylan reducing end sequence. Here, we report the essential role of FRA9, a member of glycosyltransferase family 106 (GT106), in the synthesis of this sequence. The expression of the FRA9 gene was shown to be induced by secondary wall master transcriptional regulators and specifically associated with secondary wall-forming cells, including xylem and fiber cells. T-DNA knockout mutation of the FRA9 gene caused impaired secondary cell wall thickening in leaf veins and a severe arrest of plant growth. RNA interference (RNAi) downregulation of FRA9 led to a significant reduction in secondary wall thickening of fibers, a deformation of xylem vessels and a decrease in xylan content. Structural analysis of xylanase-released xylooligomers revealed that RNAi downregulation of FRA9 resulted in a diminishment of the unique xylan reducing end sequence and complete methylation of xylan GlcA side chains, chemotypes reminiscent of those of the fra8, irx8 and parvus mutants. Furthermore, two FRA9 close homologs from Populus trichocarpa were found to be wood-associated functional orthologs of FRA9. Together, our findings uncover a member of the GT106 family as a new player involved in the synthesis of the unique reducing end sequence of xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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13
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Anders N, Wilson LFL, Sorieul M, Nikolovski N, Dupree P. β-1,4-Xylan backbone synthesis in higher plants: How complex can it be? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1076298. [PMID: 36714768 PMCID: PMC9874913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1076298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is a hemicellulose present in the cell walls of all land plants. Glycosyltransferases of the GT43 (IRX9/IRX9L and IRX14/IRX14L) and GT47 (IRX10/IRX10L) families are involved in the biosynthesis of its β-1,4-linked xylose backbone, which can be further modified by acetylation and sugar side chains. However, it remains unclear how the different enzymes work together to synthesize the xylan backbone. A xylan synthesis complex (XSC) has been described in the monocots wheat and asparagus, and co-expression of asparagus AoIRX9, AoIRX10 and AoIRX14A is required to form a catalytically active complex for secondary cell wall xylan biosynthesis. Here, we argue that an equivalent XSC exists for the synthesis of the primary cell wall of the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana, consisting of IRX9L, IRX10L and IRX14. This would suggest the existence of distinct XSCs for primary and secondary cell wall xylan synthesis, reminiscent of the distinct cellulose synthesis complexes (CSCs) of the primary and secondary cell wall. In contrast to the CSC, in which each CESA protein has catalytic activity, the XSC seems to contain proteins with non-catalytic function with each component bearing potentially unique but crucial roles. Moreover, the core XSC formed by a combination of IRX9/IRX9L, IRX10/IRX10L and IRX14/IRX14L might not be stable in its composition during transit from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Instead, potential dynamic changes of the XSC might be a means of regulating xylan biosynthesis to facilitate coordinated deposition of tailored polysaccharides in the plant cell wall.
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14
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Ye ZH, Zhong R. Outstanding questions on xylan biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111476. [PMID: 36174800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide in plant biomass. It is a crucial component of cell wall structure as well as a significant factor contributing to biomass recalcitrance. Xylan consists of a linear chain of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues that are often substituted with glycosyl side chains, such as glucuronosyl/methylglucuronosyl and arabinofuranosyl residues, and acetylated at O-2 and/or O-3. Xylan from gymnosperms and dicots contains a unique reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence that is not detected in xylan from grasses, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants. Grass xylan is heavily decorated at O-3 with arabinofuranosyl residues that are frequently esterified with hydroxycinnamates. Genetic and biochemical studies have uncovered a number of genes involved in xylan backbone elongation and acetylation, xylan glycosyl substitutions and their modifications, and the synthesis of the unique xylan reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence, but some outstanding issues on the biosynthesis of xylan still remain unanswered. Here, we provide a brief overview of xylan structure and focus on discussion of the current understanding and open questions on xylan biosynthesis. Further elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms underlying xylan biosynthesis will not only shed new insights into cell wall biology but also provide molecular tools for genetic modification of biomass composition tailored for diverse end uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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15
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HaoqiangYang, Zheng B, Xiang Z, Qaseem MF, Zhao S, Li H, Feng JX, Zhang W, Stolarski MJ, Ai-MinWu. Characterization of hemicellulose during xylogenesis in rare tree species Castanopsis hystrix. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:348-357. [PMID: 35623456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hemicellulose is an important component of the plant cell wall which vary in structure and composition between plant species. The research of hemicellulose structures is primarily focused on fast-growing plants during xylogenesis, with slow-growing and rare trees receiving the least attention. Here, hemicellulose structure of the rare species Castanopsis hystrix during xylogenesis was analyzed. Acetyl methyl glucuronide xylan was the most common type of hemicellulose in C. hystrix, with a unique tetrasaccharide structure at the reducing end. Hemicellulose type, structure, molecular weight, thermal stability, biosynthesis and acetyl substitution content and pattern remained stable during the xylogenesis in C. hystrix, which could be attributed to its slow growth. The stable polymer type, low side chain modification and high acetyl substitution of hemicellulose throughout the stems are among the reasons for the hardness and corrosion resistance properties of C. hystrix wood. Genetic modification can be used to improve these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoqiangYang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Biao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mariusz J Stolarski
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ai-MinWu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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16
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Zhang L, Xie S, Yang C, Cao D, Fan S, Zhang X. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes and Pathways for Potential Branch Growth in Elm ( Ulmus pumila) Cultivars. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:711. [PMID: 35625439 PMCID: PMC9139171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wood plays a vital role in human life. It is important to study the thickening mechanism of tree branches and explore the mechanism of wood formation. Elm (Ulmus pumila) is a strong essential wood, and it is widely used in cabinets, sculptures, and ship making. In the present study, phenotypic and comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed in U. pumila fast- (UGu17 and UZuantian) and slow-growing cultivars (U81-07 and U82-39). Phenotypic observation showed that the thickness of secondary xylem of 2-year-old fast-growing branches was greater compared with slow-growing cultivars. A total of 9367 (up = 4363, down = 5004), 7159 (3413/3746), 7436 (3566/3870), and 5707 (2719/2988) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between fast- and slow-growing cultivars. Moreover, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses predicted that many pathways were involved in vascular development and transcriptional regulation in elm, such as "plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis", "cell wall thickening", and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis". NAC domain transcriptional factors (TFs) and their master regulators (VND1/MYB26), cellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CESAs) (such as IRX5/IRX3/IRX1), xylan synthesis, and secondary wall thickness (such as IRX9/IRX10/IRX8) were supposed to function in the thickening mechanism of elm branches. Our results indicated that the general phenylpropanoid pathway (such as PAL/C4H/4CL) and lignin metabolism (such as HCL/CSE/CCoAOMT/CCR/F5H) had vital functions in the growth of elm branches. Our transcriptome data were consistent with molecular results for branch thickening in elm cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shoujin Fan
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Z.); (S.X.); (C.Y.); (D.C.)
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- Key Lab of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (L.Z.); (S.X.); (C.Y.); (D.C.)
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17
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Ruan N, Dang Z, Wang M, Cao L, Wang Y, Liu S, Tang Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Xu Q, Chen W, Li F. FRAGILE CULM 18 encodes a UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase required for xylan biosynthesis and plant growth in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2320-2335. [PMID: 35104839 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases (UXSs) have been well studied with regard to catalysing the conversion of UDP-glucuronic acid into UDP-xylose, their biological roles in grasses remain largely unknown. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains six UXSs, but none of them has been genetically characterized. Here, we reported on the characterization of a novel rice fragile culm mutant, fc18, which exhibited brittleness with altered cell wall and pleiotropic defects in growth. Map-based cloning and transgenic analyses revealed that the FC18 gene encodes a cytosol-localized OsUXS3 and is widely expressed with higher expression in xylan-rich tissues. Monosaccharide analysis showed that the xylose level was decreased in fc18, and cell wall fraction determinations confirmed that the xylan content in fc18 was lower, suggesting that UDP-xylose from FC18 participates in xylan biosynthesis. Moreover, the fc18 mutant displayed defective cellulose properties, which led to an enhancement in biomass saccharification. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and phytohormone signal transduction was largely altered in fc18. Consistent with this, the fc18 mutant exhibited significantly reduced free auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) content and lower expression levels of PIN family genes compared with wild type. Our work reveals the physiological roles of FC18/UXS3 in xylan biosynthesis, cellulose deposition, and plant growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ruan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjun Dang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meihan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Jinzhou Academy of Science and Technology, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Wang H, Yang H, Wen Z, Gao C, Gao Y, Tian Y, Xu Z, Liu X, Persson S, Zhang B, Zhou Y. Xylan-based nanocompartments orchestrate plant vessel wall patterning. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:295-306. [PMID: 35318447 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclustering of biomacromolecules allows cells to efficiently orchestrate biological processes. The plant cell wall is a highly organized polysaccharide network but is heterogeneous in chemistry and structure. However, polysaccharide-based nanocompartments remain ill-defined. Here, we identify a xylan-rich nanodomain at pit borders of xylem vessels. We show that these nanocompartments maintain distinct wall patterns by anchoring cellulosic nanofibrils at the pit borders, critically supporting vessel robustness, water transport and leaf transpiration. The nanocompartments are produced by the activity of IRREGULAR XYLEM (IRX)10 and its homologues, which we show are de novo xylan synthases. Our study hence outlines a mechanism of how xylans are synthesized, how they assemble into nanocompartments and how the nanocompartments sustain cell wall pit patterning to support efficient water transport throughout the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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19
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Wu J, Wu Q, Bo Z, Zhu X, Zhang J, Li Q, Kong W. Comprehensive Effects of Flowering Locus T-Mediated Stem Growth in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:922919. [PMID: 35783923 PMCID: PMC9243646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.922919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, Flowering locus T (FT) encodes a major florigen. It is a key flowering hormone in controlling flowering time and has a wide range of effects on plant development. Although the mechanism by which FT promotes flowering is currently clearly understood, comprehensive effects of the FT gene on plant growth have not been evaluated. Therefore, the effects of FT on vegetative growth need to be explored for a complete understanding of the molecular functions of the FT gene. In this study, the Jatropha curcas L. FT gene was overexpressed in tobacco (JcFTOE) in order to discover multiple aspects and related mechanisms of how the FT gene affects plant development. In JcFTOE plants, root, stem, and leaf development was strongly affected. Stem tissues were selected for further transcriptome analysis. In JcFTOE plants, stem growth was affected because of changes in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell wall. In the nucleus of JcFTOE plants, the primary effect was to weaken all aspects of DNA replication, which ultimately affected the cell cycle and cell division. The number of stem cells decreased significantly in JcFTOE plants, which decreased the thickness and height of tobacco stems. In the cell wall of JcFTOE plants, hemicellulose and cellulose contents increased, with the increase in hemicellulose associated with up-regulation of xylan synthase-related genes expression. In the cytoplasm of JcFTOE plants, the primary effects were on biogenesis of ribonucleoprotein complexes, photosynthesis, carbohydrate biosynthesis, and the cytoskeleton. In addition, in the cytoplasm of JcFTOE plants, there were changes in certain factors of the core oscillator, expression of many light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins was down-regulated, and expression of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase genes was up-regulated to increase starch content in tobacco stems. Changes in the xylem and phloem of JcFTOE plants were also identified, and in particular, xylem development was affected by significant increases in expression of irregular xylem genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wu,
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjian Bo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuli Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li Z, Wang X, Yang K, Zhu C, Yuan T, Wang J, Li Y, Gao Z. Identification and expression analysis of the glycosyltransferase GT43 family members in bamboo reveal their potential function in xylan biosynthesis during rapid growth. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:867. [PMID: 34856932 PMCID: PMC8638195 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xylan is one of the most abundant hemicelluloses and can crosslink cellulose and lignin to increase the stability of cell walls. A number of genes encoding glycosyltransferases play vital roles in xylan biosynthesis in plants, such as those of the GT43 family. However, little is known about glycosyltransferases in bamboo, especially woody bamboo which is a good substitute for timber. Results A total of 17 GT43 genes (PeGT43–1 ~ PeGT43–17) were identified in the genome of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), which belong to three subfamilies with specific motifs. The phylogenetic and collinearity analyses showed that PeGT43s may have undergone gene duplication, as a result of collinearity found in 12 pairs of PeGT43s, and between 17 PeGT43s and 10 OsGT43s. A set of cis-acting elements such as hormones, abiotic stress response and MYB binding elements were found in the promoter of PeGT43s. PeGT43s were expressed differently in 26 tissues, among which the highest expression level was found in the shoots, especially in the rapid elongation zone and nodes. The genes coexpressed with PeGT43s were annotated as associated with polysaccharide metabolism and cell wall biosynthesis. qRT–PCR results showed that the coexpressed genes had similar expression patterns with a significant increase in 4.0 m shoots and a peak in 6.0 m shoots during fast growth. In addition, the xylan content and structural polysaccharide staining intensity in bamboo shoots showed a strong positive correlation with the expression of PeGT43s. Yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that PeMYB35 could recognize the 5′ UTR/promoter of PeGT43–5 by binding to the SMRE cis-elements. Conclusions PeGT43s were found to be adapted to the requirement of xylan biosynthesis during rapid cell elongation and cell wall accumulation, as evidenced by the expression profile of PeGT43s and the rate of xylan accumulation in bamboo shoots. Yeast one-hybrid analysis suggested that PeMYB35 might be involved in xylan biosynthesis by regulating the expression of PeGT43–5 by binding to its 5′ UTR/promoter. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of PeGT43s in moso bamboo and lays a foundation for further functional analysis of PeGT43s for xylan biosynthesis during rapid growth. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08192-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Kebin Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Chenglei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jiongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China.
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21
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Schultz JA, Coleman HD. Pectin and Xylan Biosynthesis in Poplar: Implications and Opportunities for Biofuels Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:712083. [PMID: 34490013 PMCID: PMC8418221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.712083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A potential method by which society's reliance on fossil fuels can be lessened is via the large-scale utilization of biofuels derived from the secondary cell walls of woody plants; however, there remain a number of technical challenges to the large-scale production of biofuels. Many of these challenges emerge from the underlying complexity of the secondary cell wall. The challenges associated with lignin have been well explored elsewhere, but the dicot cell wall components of hemicellulose and pectin also present a number of difficulties. Here, we provide an overview of the research wherein pectin and xylan biosynthesis has been altered, along with investigations on the function of irregular xylem 8 (IRX8) and glycosyltransferase 8D (GT8D), genes putatively involved in xylan and pectin synthesis. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the evidence in support of two hypotheses regarding GT8D and conclude that while there is evidence to lend credence to these hypotheses, there are still questions that require further research and examination.
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Gorshkov V, Tsers I, Islamov B, Ageeva M, Gogoleva N, Mikshina P, Parfirova O, Gogoleva O, Petrova O, Gorshkova T, Gogolev Y. The Modification of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Potato Plants during Pectobacterium atrosepticum-Caused Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071407. [PMID: 34371610 PMCID: PMC8309280 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our study is the first to consider the changes in the entire set of matrix plant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharides in the course of a plant infectious disease. We compared the molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide content, and the epitope distribution of pectic compounds and cross-linking glycans in non-infected potato plants and plants infected with Pectobacterium atrosepticum at the initial and advanced stages of plant colonization by the pathogen. To predict the gene products involved in the modification of the PCW polysaccharide skeleton during the infection, the expression profiles of potato and P. atrosepticum PCW-related genes were analyzed by RNA-Seq along with phylogenetic analysis. The assemblage of P. atrosepticum biofilm-like structures—the bacterial emboli—and the accumulation of specific fragments of pectic compounds that prime the formation of these structures were demonstrated within potato plants (a natural host of P. atrosepticum). Collenchyma was shown to be the most “vulnerable” tissue to P. atrosepticum among the potato stem tissues. The infection caused by the representative of the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae was shown to affect not only pectic compounds but also cross-linking glycans; the content of the latter was increased in the infected plants compared to the non-infected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Bakhtiyar Islamov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Olga Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Gogoleva
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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Fernández-Piñán S, Boher P, Soler M, Figueras M, Serra O. Transcriptomic analysis of cork during seasonal growth highlights regulatory and developmental processes from phellogen to phellem formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12053. [PMID: 34103550 PMCID: PMC8187341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90938-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The phellogen or cork cambium stem cells that divide periclinally and outwardly specify phellem or cork. Despite the vital importance of phellem in protecting the radially-growing plant organs and wounded tissues, practically only the suberin biosynthetic process has been studied molecularly so far. Since cork oak (Quercus suber) phellogen is seasonally activated and its proliferation and specification to phellem cells is a continuous developmental process, the differentially expressed genes during the cork seasonal growth served us to identify molecular processes embracing from phellogen to mature differentiated phellem cell. At the beginning of cork growth (April), cell cycle regulation, meristem proliferation and maintenance and processes triggering cell differentiation were upregulated, showing an enrichment of phellogenic cells from which phellem cells are specified. Instead, at maximum (June) and advanced (July) cork growth, metabolic processes paralleling the phellem cell chemical composition, such as the biosynthesis of suberin, lignin, triterpenes and soluble aromatic compounds, were upregulated. Particularly in July, polysaccharides- and lignin-related secondary cell wall processes presented a maximal expression, indicating a cell wall reinforcement in the later stages of cork formation, presumably related with the initiation of latecork development. The putative function of relevant genes identified are discussed in the context of phellem ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernández-Piñán
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pau Boher
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- grid.5319.e0000 0001 2179 7512Laboratori del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
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24
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Sathitnaitham S, Suttangkakul A, Wonnapinij P, McQueen-Mason SJ, Vuttipongchaikij S. Gel-permeation chromatography-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for systematic mass distribution profiling of plant cell wall matrix polysaccharides. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1776-1790. [PMID: 33788319 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are dynamic and multi-component materials that play important roles in many areas of plant biology. The composition and interactions of the structural elements give rise to material properties, which are modulated by the activity of wall-related enzymes. Studies of the genes and enzymes that determine wall composition and function have made great progress, but rarely take account of potential compensatory changes in wall polymers that may accompany and accommodate changes in other components, particularly for specific polysaccharides. Here, we present a method that allows the simultaneous examination of the mass distributions and quantities of specific cell wall matrix components, allowing insight into direct and indirect consequences of cell wall manipulations. The method employs gel-permeation chromatography fractionation of cell wall polymers followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify polymer types. We demonstrate the potential of this method using glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies to detect epitopes representing xyloglucans, heteromannans, glucuronoxylans, homogalacturonans (HGs) and methyl-esterified HGs. The method was used to explore compositional diversity in different Arabidopsis organs and to examine the impacts of changing wall composition in a number of previously characterized cell wall mutants. As demonstrated in this article, this methodology allows a much deeper understanding of wall composition, its dynamism and plasticity to be obtained, furthering our knowledge of cell wall biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhita Sathitnaitham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Advanced Studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Narciso JO, Zeng W, Ford K, Lampugnani ER, Humphries J, Austarheim I, van de Meene A, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of GALT8, an Arabidopsis GT31 β-(1,3)-Galactosyltransferase That Influences Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678564. [PMID: 34113372 PMCID: PMC8186459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily, a group of highly diverse proteoglycans that are present in the cell wall, plasma membrane as well as secretions of almost all plants, with important roles in many developmental processes. The role of GALT8 (At1g22015), a Glycosyltransferase-31 (GT31) family member of the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme database (CAZy), was examined by biochemical characterization and phenotypic analysis of a galt8 mutant line. To characterize its catalytic function, GALT8 was heterologously expressed in tobacco leaves and its enzymatic activity tested. GALT8 was shown to be a β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (GalT) that catalyzes the synthesis of a β-(1,3)-galactan, similar to the in vitro activity of KNS4/UPEX1 (At1g33430), a homologous GT31 member previously shown to have this activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed the products were of 2-6 degree of polymerisation (DP). Previous reporter studies showed that GALT8 is expressed in the central and synergid cells, from whence the micropylar endosperm originates after the fertilization of the central cell of the ovule. Homozygous mutants have multiple seedling phenotypes including significantly shorter hypocotyls and smaller leaf area compared to wild type (WT) that are attributable to defects in female gametophyte and/or endosperm development. KNS4/UPEX1 was shown to partially complement the galt8 mutant phenotypes in genetic complementation assays suggesting a similar but not identical role compared to GALT8 in β-(1,3)-galactan biosynthesis. Taken together, these data add further evidence of the important roles GT31 β-(1,3)-GalTs play in elaborating type II AGs that decorate AGPs and pectins, thereby imparting functional consequences on plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Oñate Narciso
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin R. Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingvild Austarheim
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Mamat A, Tusong K, Xu J, Yan P, Mei C, Wang J. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals the complex molecular mechanisms underlying stone cell formation in Korla pear. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7688. [PMID: 33833305 PMCID: PMC8032765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Korla pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü) is a landrace selected from a hybrid pear species in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China. In recent years, pericarp roughening has been one of the major factors that adversely affects fruit quality. Compared with regular fruits, rough-skin fruits have a greater stone cell content. Stone cells compose sclerenchyma tissue that is formed by secondary thickening of parenchyma cell walls. In this work, we determined the main components of stone cells by isolating them from the pulp of rough-skin fruits at the ripening stage. Stone cell staining and apoptosis detection were then performed on fruit samples that were collected at three different developmental stages (20, 50 and 80 days after flowering (DAF)) representing the prime, late and stationary stages of stone cell differentiation, respectively. The same batches of samples were used for parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to identify candidate genes and proteins that are related to SCW biogenesis in Korla pear fruits. The results showed that stone cells are mainly composed of cellulose (52%), hemicellulose (23%), lignin (20%) and a small amount of polysaccharides (3%). The periods of stone cell differentiation and cell apoptosis were synchronous and primarily occurred from 0 to 50 DAF. The stone cell components increased abundantly at 20 DAF but then decreased gradually. A total of 24,268 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1011 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified from the transcriptomic and proteomic data, respectively. We screened the DEGs and DAPs that were enriched in SCW-related pathways, including those associated with lignin biosynthesis (94 DEGs and 31 DAPs), cellulose and xylan biosynthesis (46 DEGs and 18 DAPs), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolic processes (10 DEGs and 3 DAPs), apoplastic ROS production (16 DEGs and 2 DAPs), and cell death (14 DEGs and 6 DAPs). Among the identified DEGs and DAPs, 63 significantly changed at both the transcript and protein levels during the experimental periods. In addition, the majority of these identified genes and proteins were expressed the most at the prime stage of stone cell differentiation, but their levels gradually decreased at the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisajan Mamat
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China.
| | - Kuerban Tusong
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Chuang Mei
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China
| | - Jixun Wang
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 403 Nanchang Road, Urumqi, 830091, China
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Yang H, Yi N, Zhao S, Xiang Z, Qaseem MF, Zheng B, Li H, Feng JX, Wu AM. Characterization of hemicellulose in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) stem during xylogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 264:118038. [PMID: 33910721 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cassava is one of the three major potato crops due to the high starch content in its tubers. Unlike most current studies on the utilization of cassava tubers, our research is mainly focused on the stem of cassava plant. Through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and other methods, we found that cassava stalk hemicellulose consists of β-1,4 glycosidic bond-linked xylan backbone with a tetrasaccharide reducing end and decorated with methylated glucuronic acid, acetyl groups and a high degree of arabinose substitutions. Hemicellulose content gradually increased from the upper to the lower parts of the stem. The apical part of cassava stalk contained more branched and heterogeneous glycans than the middle and basal parts, and the molecular weight of hemicellulose increased from top to bottom. Our findings will be helpful in understanding of structural variations of cassava hemicellulose during xylogenesis, as well as in better utilization of cassava plant waste in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Na Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhouyang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Biao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Zhang W, Qin W, Li H, Wu AM. Biosynthesis and Transport of Nucleotide Sugars for Plant Hemicellulose. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:723128. [PMID: 34868108 PMCID: PMC8636097 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.723128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose is entangled with cellulose through hydrogen bonds and meanwhile acts as a bridge for the deposition of lignin monomer in the secondary wall. Therefore, hemicellulose plays a vital role in the utilization of cell wall biomass. Many advances in hemicellulose research have recently been made, and a large number of genes and their functions have been identified and verified. However, due to the diversity and complexity of hemicellulose, the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms are yet unknown. In this review, we summarized the types of plant hemicellulose, hemicellulose-specific nucleotide sugar substrates, key transporters, and biosynthesis pathways. This review will contribute to a better understanding of substrate-level regulation of hemicellulose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ai-min Wu,
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Crowe JD, Hao P, Pattathil S, Pan H, Ding SY, Hodge DB, Jensen JK. Xylan Is Critical for Proper Bundling and Alignment of Cellulose Microfibrils in Plant Secondary Cell Walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:737690. [PMID: 34630488 PMCID: PMC8495263 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass represents an abundant and increasingly important natural resource and it mainly consists of a number of cell types that have undergone extensive secondary cell wall (SCW) formation. These cell types are abundant in the stems of Arabidopsis, a well-studied model system for hardwood, the wood of eudicot plants. The main constituents of hardwood include cellulose, lignin, and xylan, the latter in the form of glucuronoxylan (GX). The binding of GX to cellulose in the eudicot SCW represents one of the best-understood molecular interactions within plant cell walls. The evenly spaced acetylation and 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) substitutions of the xylan polymer backbone facilitates binding in a linear two-fold screw conformation to the hydrophilic side of cellulose and signifies a high level of molecular specificity. However, the wider implications of GX-cellulose interactions for cellulose network formation and SCW architecture have remained less explored. In this study, we seek to expand our knowledge on this by characterizing the cellulose microfibril organization in three well-characterized GX mutants. The selected mutants display a range of GX deficiency from mild to severe, with findings indicating even the weakest mutant having significant perturbations of the cellulose network, as visualized by both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We show by image analysis that microfibril width is increased by as much as three times in the severe mutants compared to the wild type and that the degree of directional dispersion of the fibrils is approximately doubled in all the three mutants. Further, we find that these changes correlate with both altered nanomechanical properties of the SCW, as observed by AFM, and with increases in enzymatic hydrolysis. Results from this study indicate the critical role that normal GX composition has on cellulose bundle formation and cellulose organization as a whole within the SCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Pengchao Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Henry Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - David B. Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Jacob Krüger Jensen
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jacob Krüger Jensen
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Zhang B, Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y. The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis, construction, and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:251-272. [PMID: 33325153 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics, many achievements have been made in uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review, we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Fang S, Shang X, Yao Y, Li W, Guo W. NST- and SND-subgroup NAC proteins coordinately act to regulate secondary cell wall formation in cotton. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110657. [PMID: 33218627 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell wall (SCW) has a strong impact on plant growth and adaptation to the environments. Previous studies have shown that NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors act as key regulators of SCW biosynthesis. However, the regulatory network triggered by NAC proteins is largely unknown, especially in cotton, a model plant for SCW development studies. Here, we show that several cotton NAC transcription factors are clustered in the same group with Arabidopsis secondary wall NACs (SWNs), including secondary wall-associated NAC domain protein1 (SND1) and NAC secondary wall thickening promoting factor1/2 (NST1/2), so we name these cotton orthologs as SND1s and NST1s. We found that simultaneous silencing of SND1s and NST1s led to severe xylem and phloem developmental defect in cotton stems, however silencing either SND1s or NST1s alone had no visible phenotype. Silencing both SND1s and NST1s but not one subgroup caused decreased expression of a set of SCW-associated genes, while over-expression of cotton SWNs in tobacco leaves resulted in SCW deposition. SWNs could bind the promoter of MYB46 and MYB83, which are highly expressed in SCW-rich tissues of cotton. In total, our data provide evidence that cotton SWNs positively and coordinately regulate SCW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Characterization of hemicelluloses in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) culm during xylogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1119-1128. [PMID: 33035529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are effective renewable biopolymers that can be used in many different industrial processes and preparations. In plants, the content of hemicellulose might change with different developmental stages and/or tissues. Thus, in here chemical and structural differences in hemicellulose isolated from the apical, middle and basal segments of sugarcane stem were characterized using chemical techniques. Further, difference in expression levels of genes related to synthesis of hemicelluloses from these three segments were studied by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR etc. The sugarcane hemicellulose backbone was xylose residues connected via β-1,4 glycosidic linkages which was further substituted with arabinose, acetyl and glucuronic acid side chains. Hemicellulose content was higher in the middle and basal segments with less backbone substitutions compared to apical segments. In terms of gene expression, hemicellulose synthesis and modification genes were intensely expressed in middle and basal segments. Taken together, our research describes differences in hemicellulose content and substitutions in sugarcane during xylogenesis, which will increase our knowledge for finding more refined use of sugarcane bagasse.
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Sun X, Ma Y, Yang C, Li J. Rice OVATE family protein 6 regulates leaf angle by modulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:249-261. [PMID: 32715397 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell wall not only provides rigidity and mechanical resistance to plants, but also has a large impact on plant growth and adaptation to environments. Biosynthesis of secondary cell wall is regulated by a complicated signaling transduction network; however, it is still unclear how the transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis works at the molecular level. Here, we report in rice that OVATE family proteins 6 (OsOFP6) is a positive regulator in modulating expression of the genes related to biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall. Transgenic plants with knock-down of OsOFP6 by RNA interference showed increased leaf angle, which resulted from the thinner secondary cell wall with reduced amounts of cellulose and lignin, whilst overexpression of OsOFP6 in rice led to the thinker secondary cell wall with increased lignin content. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that OsOFP6 interacts with Oryza sativa homeobox 15 (OSH15), a class I KNOX protein. The interaction of OsOFP6 and OSH15 enhanced the transcriptional activity of OSH15 which binds to the promoter of OsIRX9 (Oryza sativa IRREGULAR XYLEM 9). Taken together, our study provides insights into the function of OsOFP6 in regulating leaf angle and the control of biosynthesis of secondary cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yamei Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Pawittra P, Suzuki T, Kawabe H, Takebayashi A, Demura T, Ohtani M. Isolation of dominant Arabidopsis seiv mutants defective in VND7-induced xylem vessel cell differentiation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:311-318. [PMID: 33088194 PMCID: PMC7557666 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific NAC transcription factor VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN 7 (VND7) functions in xylem vessel cell differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. To identify novel factors regulating xylem vessel cell differentiation, we previously performed ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of a transgenic 35S::VND7-VP16-GR line in which VND7 activity can be induced post-translationally by glucocorticoid treatment. We successfully isolated mutants that fail to form ectopic xylem vessel cells named seiv (suppressor of ectopic vessel cell differentiation induced by VND7) mutants. Here, we isolated eight novel dominant seiv mutants: seiv2 to seiv9. In these seiv mutants, ectopic xylem vessel cell differentiation was inhibited in aboveground but not underground tissues. Specifically, the shoot apices of the mutants, containing shoot apical meristems and leaf primordia, completely lacked ectopic xylem vessel cells. In these mutants, the VND7-induced upregulation of downstream genes was reduced, especially in shoots compared to roots. However, endogenous xylem vessel cell formation was not affected in the seiv mutants. Therefore, the seiv mutations identified in this study have repressive effects on cell differentiation in shoot meristematic regions, resulting in inhibited ectopic xylem vessel cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phookaew Pawittra
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takaomi Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Harunori Kawabe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Arika Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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Qin W, Yin Q, Chen J, Zhao X, Yue F, He J, Yang L, Liu L, Zeng Q, Lu F, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M, Wu AM. The class II KNOX transcription factors KNAT3 and KNAT7 synergistically regulate monolignol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5469-5483. [PMID: 32474603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The function of the transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7) is still unclear since it appears to be either a negative or a positive regulator for secondary cell wall deposition with its loss-of-function mutant displaying thicker interfascicular and xylary fiber cell walls but thinner vessel cell walls in inflorescence stems. To explore the exact function of KNAT7, class II KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX II) genes in Arabidopsis including KNAT3, KNAT4, and KNAT5 were studied together. By chimeric repressor technology, we found that both KNAT3 and KNAT7 repressors exhibited a similar dwarf phenotype. Both KNAT3 and KNAT7 genes were expressed in the inflorescence stems and the knat3 knat7 double mutant exhibited a dwarf phenotype similar to the repressor lines. A stem cross-section of knat3 knat7 displayed an enhanced irregular xylem phenotype as compared with the single mutants, and its cell wall thickness in xylem vessels and interfascicular fibers was significantly reduced. Analysis of cell wall chemical composition revealed that syringyl lignin was significantly decreased while guaiacyl lignin was increased in the knat3 knat7 double mutant. Coincidently, the knat3 knat7 transcriptome showed that most lignin pathway genes were activated, whereas the syringyl lignin-related gene Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase (F5H) was down-regulated. Protein interaction analysis revealed that KNAT3 and KNAT7 can form a heterodimer, and KNAT3, but not KNAT7, can interact with the key secondary cell wall formation transcription factors NST1/2, which suggests that the KNAT3-NST1/2 heterodimer complex regulates F5H to promote syringyl lignin synthesis. These results indicate that KNAT3 and KNAT7 synergistically work together to promote secondary cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qingyin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fachuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Han X, An Y, Zhou Y, Liu C, Yin W, Xia X. Comparative transcriptome analyses define genes and gene modules differing between two Populus genotypes with contrasting stem growth rates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:139. [PMID: 32782475 PMCID: PMC7415184 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wood provides an important biomass resource for biofuel production around the world. The radial growth of tree stems is central to biomass production for forestry and biofuels, but it is challenging to dissect genetically because it is a complex trait influenced by many genes. In this study, we adopted methods of physiology, transcriptomics and genetics to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of tree radial growth and wood development. RESULTS Physiological comparison showed that two Populus genotypes presented different rates of radial growth of stems and accumulation of woody biomass. A comparative transcriptional network approach was used to define and characterize functional differences between two Populus genotypes. Analyses of transcript profiles from wood-forming tissue of the two genotypes showed that 1542, 2295 and 2110 genes were differentially expressed in the pre-growth, fast-growth and post-growth stages, respectively. The co-expression analyses identified modules of co-expressed genes that displayed distinct expression profiles. Modules were further characterized by correlating transcript levels with genotypes and physiological traits. The results showed enrichment of genes that participated in cell cycle and division, whose expression change was consistent with the variation of radial growth rates. Genes related to secondary vascular development were up-regulated in the faster-growing genotype in the pre-growth stage. We characterized a BEL1-like (BELL) transcription factor, PeuBELL15, which was up-regulated in the faster-growing genotype. Analyses of transgenic Populus overexpressing as well as CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutants for BELL15 showed that PeuBELL15 improved accumulation of glucan and lignin, and it promoted secondary vascular growth by regulating the expression of genes relevant for cellulose synthases and lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated that active division and expansion of vascular cambium cells and secondary cell wall deposition of xylem cells contribute to stem radial increment and biomass accumulation, and it identified relevant genes for these complex growth traits, including a BELL transcription factor gene PeuBELL15. This provides genetic resources for improving and breeding elite genotypes with fast growth and high wood biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yi An
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yangyan Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Chao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Weilun Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xinli Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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Mélida H, Bacete L, Ruprecht C, Rebaque D, del Hierro I, López G, Brunner F, Pfrengle F, Molina A. Arabinoxylan-Oligosaccharides Act as Damage Associated Molecular Patterns in Plants Regulating Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1210. [PMID: 32849751 PMCID: PMC7427311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses in plants can be triggered by damage/microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) upon recognition by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). DAMPs are signaling molecules synthesized by plants or released from host cellular structures (e.g., plant cell walls) upon pathogen infection or wounding. Despite the hypothesized important role of plant cell wall-derived DAMPs in plant-pathogen interactions, a very limited number of these DAMPs are well characterized. Recent work demonstrated that pectin-enriched cell wall fractions extracted from the cell wall mutant impaired in Arabidopsis Response Regulator 6 (arr6), that showed altered disease resistance to several pathogens, triggered more intense immune responses than those activated by similar cell wall fractions from wild-type plants. It was hypothesized that arr6 cell wall fractions could be differentially enriched in DAMPs. In this work, we describe the characterization of the previous immune-active fractions of arr6 showing the highest triggering capacities upon further fractionation by chromatographic means. These analyses pointed to a role of pentose-based oligosaccharides triggering plant immune responses. The characterization of several pentose-based oligosaccharide structures revealed that β-1,4-xylooligosaccharides of specific degrees of polymerization and carrying arabinose decorations are sensed as DAMPs by plants. Moreover, the pentasaccharide 33-α-L-arabinofuranosyl-xylotetraose (XA3XX) was found as a highly active DAMP structure triggering strong immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana and enhancing crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Diego Rebaque
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
- PlantResponse Biotech S.L., Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Irene del Hierro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- PlantResponse Biotech S.L., Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Pei S, Lu M, Kong Y, Zhou G, Hu R. KNAT7 regulates xylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4125-4139. [PMID: 32277756 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As a major hemicellulose component of plant cell walls, xylans play a determining role in maintaining the wall structure. However, the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of xylan biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Arabidopsis seed mucilage represents an ideal system for studying polysaccharide biosynthesis and modifications of plant cell walls. Here, we identify KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 7 (KNAT7) as a positive transcriptional regulator of xylan biosynthesis in seed mucilage. The xylan content was significantly reduced in the mucilage of the knat7-3 mutant and this was accompanied by significantly reduced expression of the xylan biosynthesis-related genes IRREGULAR XYLEM 14 (IRX14) and MUCILAGE MODIFIED 5/MUCILAGE-RELATED 21 (MUM5/MUCI21). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, yeast one-hybrid assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation with quantitative PCR verified the direct binding of KNAT7 to the KNOTTED1 (KN1) binding site [KBS,TGACAG(G/C)T] in the promoters of IRX7, IRX14, and MUM5/MUCI21 in vitro, in vivo, and in planta. Furthermore, KNAT7 directly activated the expression of IRX14 and MUM5/MUCI21 in transactivation assays in mesophyll protoplasts, and overexpression of IRX14 or MUM5/MUCI21 in knat7-3 partially rescued the defects in mucilage adherence. Taken together, our results indicate that KNAT7 positively regulates xylan biosynthesis in seed-coat mucilage via direct activation of the expression of IRX14 and MUM5/MUCI21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- Agronomy College, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ruibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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40
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Akiyoshi N, Nakano Y, Sano R, Kunigita Y, Ohtani M, Demura T. Involvement of VNS NAC-domain transcription factors in tracheid formation in Pinus taeda. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:704-716. [PMID: 31821470 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants have two types of water-conducting cells, xylem vessel cells (in angiosperms) and tracheid cells (in ferns and gymnosperms). These cells are commonly characterized by secondary cell wall (SCW) formation and programmed cell death (PCD), which increase the efficiency of water conduction. The differentiation of xylem vessel cells is regulated by a set of NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) transcription factors, called the VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN (VND) family, in Arabidopsis thaliana Linne. The VNDs regulate the transcriptional induction of genes required for SCW formation and PCD. However, information on the transcriptional regulation of tracheid cell differentiation is still limited. Here, we performed functional analysis of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda Linne) VND homologs (PtaVNS, for VND, NST/SND, SMB-related protein). We identified five PtaVNS genes in the loblolly pine genome, and four of these PtaVNS genes were highly expressed in tissues with tracheid cells, such as shoot apices and developing xylem. Transient overexpression of PtaVNS genes induced xylem vessel cell-like patterning of SCW deposition in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana Domin) leaves, and up-regulated the promoter activities of loblolly pine genes homologous to SCW-related MYB transcription factor genes and cellulose synthase genes, as well as to cysteine protease genes for PCD. Collectively, our data indicated that PtaVNS proteins possess transcriptional activity to induce the molecular programs required for tracheid formation, i.e., SCW formation and PCD. Moreover, these findings suggest that the VNS-MYB-based transcriptional network regulating water-conducting cell differentiation in angiosperm and moss plants is conserved in gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Akiyoshi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kunigita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Tang X, Wang D, Liu Y, Lu M, Zhuang Y, Xie Z, Wang C, Wang S, Kong Y, Chai G, Zhou G. Dual regulation of xylem formation by an auxin-mediated PaC3H17-PaMYB199 module in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1545-1561. [PMID: 31596964 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wood (secondary xylem) formation in tree species is dependent on auxin-mediated vascular cambium activity in stems. However, the complex regulatory networks underlying xylem formation remain elusive. Xylem development in Populus was characterized based on microscopic observations of stem sections in transgenic plants. Transcriptomic, quantitative real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation PCR, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses were conducted to identify target genes involved in xylem development. Yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to validate protein-protein interactions. PaC3H17 and its target PaMYB199 were found to be predominantly expressed in the vascular cambium and developing secondary xylem in Populus stems and play opposite roles in controlling cambial cell proliferation and secondary cell wall thickening through an overlapping pathway. Further, PaC3H17 interacts with PaMYB199 to form a complex, attenuating PaMYB199-driven suppression of its xylem targets. Exogenous auxin application enhances the dual control of the PaC3H17-PaMYB199 module during cambium division, thereby promoting secondary cell wall deposition. Dual regulation of xylem formation by an auxin-mediated PaC3H17-PaMYB199 module represents a novel regulatory mechanism in Populus, increasing our understanding of the regulatory networks involved in wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yamei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Congpeng Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
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Wang S, Yamaguchi M, Grienenberger E, Martone PT, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD. The Class II KNOX genes KNAT3 and KNAT7 work cooperatively to influence deposition of secondary cell walls that provide mechanical support to Arabidopsis stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:293-309. [PMID: 31587430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7) is a Class II KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX2) gene that, in interfascicular fibres, acts as a negative regulator of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. In addition, knat7 loss-of-function mutants display an irregular xylem (irx) phenotype, suggesting a potential positive regulatory role in xylem vessel secondary cell wall deposition. Although our understanding of the role of KNAT7 is evolving, the function(s) of the closely related KNOX2 genes, KNAT3, KNAT4, and KNAT5, in secondary wall formation still remain unclear. We found that all four Arabidopsis KNOX2 genes were expressed in the inflorescence stems. However, only the knat3 knat7 double mutants showed a phenotype, displaying an enhanced irx phenotypes relative to the single mutants, as well as decreased interfascicular fibre cell wall thickness. Moreover, knat3 knat7 double mutants had reduced stem tensile and flexural strength compared with wild-type and single mutants. In contrast, KNAT3 overexpression resulted in thicker interfascicular fibre secondary cell walls in inflorescence stems, suggesting a potential positive regulation in interfascicular fibre secondary wall development. This work identifies KNAT3 as a potential transcriptional activator working together with KNAT7 to promote secondary cell wall biosynthesis in xylem vessels, while concurrently acting antagonistically with KNAT7 to influence secondary wall formation in interfascicular fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Wang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Etienne Grienenberger
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), CNRS UPR 2357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Jung NU, Giarola V, Chen P, Knox JP, Bartels D. Craterostigma plantagineum cell wall composition is remodelled during desiccation and the glycine-rich protein CpGRP1 interacts with pectins through clustered arginines. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:661-676. [PMID: 31350933 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Craterostigma plantagineum belongs to the desiccation-tolerant angiosperm plants. Upon dehydration, leaves fold and the cells shrink which is reversed during rehydration. To understand this process changes in cell wall pectin composition, and the role of the apoplastic glycine-rich protein 1 (CpGRP1) were analysed. Cellular microstructural changes in hydrated, desiccated and rehydrated leaf sections were analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Pectin composition in different cell wall fractions was analysed with monoclonal antibodies against homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II and hemicellulose epitopes. Our data demonstrate changes in pectin composition during dehydration/rehydration which is suggested to affect cell wall properties. Homogalacturonan was less methylesterified upon desiccation and changes were also demonstrated in the detection of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II and hemicelluloses. CpGRP1 seems to have a central role in cell adaptations to water deficit, as it interacts with pectin through a cluster of arginine residues and de-methylesterified pectin presents more binding sites for the protein-pectin interaction than to pectin from hydrated leaves. CpGRP1 can also bind phosphatidic acid (PA) and cardiolipin. The binding of CpGRP1 to pectin appears to be dependent on the pectin methylesterification status and it has a higher affinity to pectin than its binding partner CpWAK1. It is hypothesised that changes in pectin composition are sensed by the CpGRP1-CpWAK1 complex therefore leading to the activation of dehydration-related responses and leaf folding. PA might participate in the modulation of CpGRP1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas U Jung
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Valentino Giarola
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Peilei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - John Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dorothea Bartels
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
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Penning BW, Shiga TM, Klimek JF, SanMiguel PJ, Shreve J, Thimmapuram J, Sykes RW, Davis MF, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Expression profiles of cell-wall related genes vary broadly between two common maize inbreds during stem development. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:785. [PMID: 31664907 PMCID: PMC6819468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular machinery for cell wall synthesis and metabolism is encoded by members of large multi-gene families. Maize is both a genetic model for grass species and a potential source of lignocellulosic biomass from crop residues. Genetic improvement of maize for its utility as a bioenergy feedstock depends on identification of the specific gene family members expressed during secondary wall development in stems. Results High-throughput sequencing of transcripts expressed in developing rind tissues of stem internodes provided a comprehensive inventory of cell wall-related genes in maize (Zea mays, cultivar B73). Of 1239 of these genes, 854 were expressed among the internodes at ≥95 reads per 20 M, and 693 of them at ≥500 reads per 20 M. Grasses have cell wall compositions distinct from non-commelinid species; only one-quarter of maize cell wall-related genes expressed in stems were putatively orthologous with those of the eudicot Arabidopsis. Using a slope-metric algorithm, five distinct patterns for sub-sets of co-expressed genes were defined across a time course of stem development. For the subset of genes associated with secondary wall formation, fifteen sequence motifs were found in promoter regions. The same members of gene families were often expressed in two maize inbreds, B73 and Mo17, but levels of gene expression between them varied, with 30% of all genes exhibiting at least a 5-fold difference at any stage. Although presence-absence and copy-number variation might account for much of these differences, fold-changes of expression of a CADa and a FLA11 gene were attributed to polymorphisms in promoter response elements. Conclusions Large genetic variation in maize as a species precludes the extrapolation of cell wall-related gene expression networks even from one common inbred line to another. Elucidation of genotype-specific expression patterns and their regulatory controls will be needed for association panels of inbreds and landraces to fully exploit genetic variation in maize and other bioenergy grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Penning
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,, Present Address: USDA-ARS, Wheat Quality Research Unit, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Tânia M Shiga
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Present Address: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF-USP F, 3091-3647 / 3091-3007, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - BL-14 CEP 05508-000, Butantã, Sâo Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - John F Klimek
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Philip J SanMiguel
- Genomics Core Facility, Purdue University, 170 South University Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jacob Shreve
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,, Present Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Present Address: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF-USP F, 3091-3647 / 3091-3007, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - BL-14 CEP 05508-000, Butantã, Sâo Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robert W Sykes
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.,, Present Address: Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mark F Davis
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, USA.
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Wang KL, Wang B, Hu R, Zhao X, Li H, Zhou G, Song L, Wu AM. Characterization of hemicelluloses in Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo) culm during xylogenesis. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 221:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wu A, Hao P, Wei H, Sun H, Cheng S, Chen P, Ma Q, Gu L, Zhang M, Wang H, Yu S. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Glycosyltransferase Family 47 in Cotton. Front Genet 2019; 10:824. [PMID: 31572442 PMCID: PMC6749837 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosyltransferase (GT) 47 family is involved in the biosynthesis of xylose, pectin and xyloglucan and plays a significant role in maintaining the normal morphology of the plant cell wall. However, the functions of GT47s are less well known in cotton. In the present study, a total of 53, 53, 105 and 109 GT47 genes were detected by genome-wide identification in Gossypium arboreum, G. raimondii, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, respectively. All the GT47s were classified into six major groups via phylogenetic analysis. The exon/intron structure and protein motifs indicated that each branch of the GT47 genes was highly conserved. Collinearity analysis showed that GT47 gene family expansion occurred in Gossypium spp. mainly through whole-genome duplication and that segmental duplication mainly promoted GT47 gene expansion within the A and D subgenomes. The Ka/Ks values suggested that the GT47 gene family has undergone purifying selection during the long-term evolutionary process. Transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR showed that GhGT47 genes exhibited different expression patterns in each tissue and during fiber development. Our results suggest that some genes in the GhGT47 family might be associated with fiber development and the abiotic stress response, which could promote further research involving functional analysis of GT47 genes in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengbo Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Huiru Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Pengyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Lijiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Hantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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47
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Kumar V, Hainaut M, Delhomme N, Mannapperuma C, Immerzeel P, Street NR, Henrissat B, Mellerowicz EJ. Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes: whole-genome annotation and functional analyses based on RNA expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:589-609. [PMID: 31111606 PMCID: PMC6852159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) catalyze the formation and modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids, starch, secondary metabolites and cell wall biopolymers. They are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of food and renewable biomass. Woody biomass is particularly important for long-term carbon storage and as an abundant renewable natural resource for many industrial applications. This study presents a re-annotation of CAZyme genes in the current Populus trichocarpa genome assembly and in silico functional characterization, based on high-resolution RNA-Seq data sets. Altogether, 1914 CAZyme and expansin genes were annotated in 101 families. About 1797 of these genes were found expressed in at least one Populus organ. We identified genes involved in the biosynthesis of different cell wall polymers and their paralogs. Whereas similar families exist in poplar and Arabidopsis thaliana (with the exception of CBM13 found only in poplar), a few families had significantly different copy numbers between the two species. To identify the transcriptional coordination and functional relatedness within the CAZymes and other proteins, we performed co-expression network analysis of CAZymes in wood-forming tissues using the AspWood database (http://aspwood.popgenie.org/aspwood-v3.0/) for Populus tremula. This provided an overview of the transcriptional changes in CAZymes during the transition from primary to secondary wall formation, and the clustering of transcripts into potential regulons. Candidate enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides were identified along with many tissue-specific uncharacterized genes and transcription factors. These collections offer a rich source of targets for the modification of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and other developmental processes in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | | | - Peter Immerzeel
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
- Chemical EngineeringKarlstad UniversityKarlstad65188Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R. Street
- Umeå Plant Science CenterPlant Physiology DepartmentUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
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Han W, Fan X, Teng L, Kaczurowski MJS, Zhang X, Xu D, Yin Y, Ye N. Identification, classification, and evolution of putative xylosyltransferases from algae. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1119-1132. [PMID: 30941581 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Xylosyltransferases (XylTs) play key roles in the biosynthesis of many different polysaccharides. These enzymes transfer D-xylose from UDP-xylose to substrate acceptors. In this study, we identified 30 XylTs from primary endosymbionts (green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes) and secondary or higher endosymbionts (brown algae, diatoms, Eustigmatophyceae, Pelagophyceae, and Cryptophyta). We performed comparative phylogenetic studies on key XylT subfamilies, and investigated the functional divergence of genes using RNA-Seq. Of the 30 XylTs, one β-1,4-XylT IRX14-related, one β-1,4 XylT IRX10L-related, and one xyloglucan 6-XylT 1-related gene were identified in the Charophyta, showing strong similarities to their land plant descendants. This implied the ancient occurrence of xylan and xyloglucan biosynthetic machineries in Charophyta. The other 27 XylTs were identified as UDP-D-xylose: L-fucose-α-1,3-D-XylT (FucXylT) type that specifically transferred D-xylose to fucose. We propose that FucXylTs originated from the last eukaryotic common ancestor, rather than being plant specific, because they are also distributed in Choanoflagellatea and Echinodermata. Considering the evidence from many aspects, we hypothesize that the FucXylTs likely participated in fucoidan biosynthesis in brown algae. We provide the first insights into the evolutionary history and functional divergence of FucXylT in algal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Han
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes,, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linhong Teng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | | | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanbin Yin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes,, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Shiri Y, Solouki M, Ebrahimie E, Emamjomeh A, Zahiri J. Gibberellin causes wide transcriptional modifications in the early stage of grape cluster development. Genomics 2019; 112:820-830. [PMID: 31136791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Yaghooti grape of Sistan is seedless, early ripening but has compact clusters. To study gibberellin effect on cluster compactness of Yaghooti grape, it has been studied transcriptomic changes in three developmental stages (cluster formation, berry formation and final size of cluster). We found out that 5409 of 22,756 genes in cluster tissue showed significant changes under gibberellin. Finally, it was showed that 2855, 2862 and 497 genes have critically important role on above developmental stages, respectively. GO enrichment analysis showed that gibberellin enhances biochemical pathways activity. Moreover, genes involved in ribosomal structure and photosynthesis rate in cluster tissue were up- and down- regulated, respectively. In addition, we observed location of metabolomic activities was transferred from nucleus to cytoplasm and from cytoplasm to cell wall and intercellular spaces during cluster development; but there is not such situation in gibberellin treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasoub Shiri
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agriculture Research Center, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahmood Solouki
- Laboratory of Computational Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (PBB), Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Genomics Research Platform, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Abbasali Emamjomeh
- Laboratory of Computational Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (PBB), Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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