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Yi H, Shi H, Mao W, Yin J, Ma Y, Xu L, Jing L, He M, Zhu X, Lu X, Xiong Q, Tang Y, Hou Q, Song L, Wang L, Li W, Yu H, Chen X, Li J, Wang J. E3 ubiquitin ligase IPI1 controls rice immunity and flowering via both E3 ligase-dependent and -independent pathways. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00392-7. [PMID: 39025062 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Immunity and flowering are energy-consuming processes. However, the mechanism underlying the balance between immunity and flowering remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that the E3 ligase ideal plant architecture 1 interactor 1 (IPI1) controls rice immunity and flowering via two different pathways, one dependent on and another independent of its E3 ligase activity. We found that IPI1, a RING-finger E3 ligase, interacts with another E3 ligase, AvrPiz-t-interacting protein 6 (APIP6), and protects APIP6 from degradation by preventing APIP6's self-ubiquitination. Stabilization of APIP6 by IPI1 requires no IPI1 E3 ligase activity and leads to degradation of APIP6 substrates via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Meanwhile, IPI1 directly ubiquitinates OsELF3-1 and OsELF3-2, two homologs of EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3), targeting them for degradation via the 26S proteasome. IPI1 knockout plants display early flowering but compromised resistance to rice blast. Thus, IPI1 balances rice immunity and flowering via both E3 ligase-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Linjie Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Weitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, Hainan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Shivaprasad KM, Dikshit HK, Mishra GP, Sinha SK, Aski M, Kohli M, Mishra DC, Singh AK, Gupta S, Singh A, Tripathi K, Kumar RR, Kumar A, Jha GK, Kumar S, Varshney RK. Delineation of loci governing an extra-earliness trait in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) using the QTL-Seq approach. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38923713 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Developing early maturing lentil has the potential to minimize yield losses, mainly during terminal drought. Whole-genome resequencing (WGRS) based QTL-seq identified the loci governing earliness in lentil. The genetic analysis for maturity duration provided a good fit to 3:1 segregation (F2), indicating earliness as a recessive trait. WGRS of Globe Mutant (late parent), late-flowering, and early-flowering bulks (from RILs) has generated 1124.57, 1052.24 million raw and clean reads, respectively. The QTL-Seq identified three QTLs (LcqDTF3.1, LcqDTF3.2, and LcqDTF3.3) on chromosome 3 having 246244 SNPs and 15577 insertions/deletions (InDels) and 13 flowering pathway genes. Of these, 11 exhibited sequence variations between bulks and validation (qPCR) revealed a significant difference in the expression of nine candidate genes (LcGA20oxG, LcFRI, LcLFY, LcSPL13a, Lcu.2RBY.3g060720, Lcu.2RBY.3g062540, Lcu.2RBY.3g062760, LcELF3a, and LcEMF1). Interestingly, the LcELF3a gene showed significantly higher expression in late-flowering genotype and exhibited substantial involvement in promoting lateness. Subsequently, an InDel marker (I-SP-383.9; LcELF3a gene) developed from LcqDTF3.2 QTL region showed 82.35% PVE (phenotypic variation explained) for earliness. The cloning, sequencing, and comparative analysis of the LcELF3a gene from both parents revealed 23 SNPs and InDels. Interestingly, a 52 bp deletion was recorded in the LcELF3a gene of L4775, predicted to cause premature termination of protein synthesis after 4 missense amino acids beyond the 351st amino acid due to the frameshift during translation. The identified InDel marker holds significant potential for breeding early maturing lentil varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumbarahally Murthigowda Shivaprasad
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE)-Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad, India
| | - Harsh K Dikshit
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gyan Prakash Mishra
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Sinha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Muraleedhar Aski
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Kohli
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Dwijesh C Mishra
- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Division of Genomic Resources, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Soma Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- South Asia and China Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, National Agriculture Science Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Tripathi
- Germplasm Evaluation Division, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjeet Ranjan Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Girish Kumar Jha
- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- South Asia and China Program, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, National Agriculture Science Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Centre for Crop & Food Innovation, State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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3
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Lu HC, Huang CW, Mimura T, Sukma D, Chan MT. Temperature-Regulated Flowering Locus T-Like Gene Coordinates the Spike Initiation in Phalaenopsis Orchid. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:405-419. [PMID: 38153763 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis aphrodite can be induced to initiate spike growth and flowering by exposure to low ambient temperatures. However, the factors and mechanisms responsible for spike initiation in P. aphrodite remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that a repressor Flowing Locus T-like (FTL) gene, FTL, can act as a negative regulator of spike initiation in P. aphrodite. The mRNA transcripts of PaFTL are consistently high during high ambient temperature, thereby preventing premature spike initiation. However, during low ambient temperature, PaFTL expression falls while FT expression increases, allowing for spike initiation. Knock-down of PaFTL expression through virus-inducing gene silencing promoted spike initiation at 30/28°C. Moreover, PaFTL interacts with FLOWERING LOCUS D in a similar manner to FT to regulate downstream flowering initiation genes. Transgenic P. aphrodite plants exhibiting high expression of PaFTL do not undergo spike initiation, even when exposed to low ambient temperatures. These findings shed light on the flowering mechanisms in Phalaenopsis and provide new insights into how perennial plants govern spike initiation in response to temperature cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 100, Sec. 1, Guiren 13th Rd., Guiren Dist., Tainan 741, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Huang
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 100, Sec. 1, Guiren 13th Rd., Guiren Dist., Tainan 741, Taiwan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Graduate Program of Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Taiwan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Dewi Sukma
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 100, Sec. 1, Guiren 13th Rd., Guiren Dist., Tainan 741, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Taiwan 70101, Taiwan
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4
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Rehman S, Bahadur S, Xia W. An overview of floral regulatory genes in annual and perennial plants. Gene 2023; 885:147699. [PMID: 37567454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The floral initiation in angiosperms is a complex process influenced by endogenous and exogenous signals. With this approach, we aim to provide a comprehensive review to integrate this complex floral regulatory process and summarize the regulatory genes and their functions in annuals and perennials. Seven primary paths leading to flowering have been discovered in Arabidopsis under several growth condition that include; photoperiod, ambient temperature, vernalization, gibberellins, autonomous, aging and carbohydrates. These pathways involve a series of interlinked signaling pathways that respond to both internal and external signals, such as light, temperature, hormones, and developmental cues, to coordinate the expression of genes that are involved in flower development. Among them, the photoperiodic pathway was the most important and conserved as some of the fundamental loci and mechanisms are shared even by closely related plant species. The activation of floral regulatory genes such as FLC, FT, LFY, and SOC1 that determine floral meristem identity and the transition to the flowering stage result from the merging of these pathways. Recent studies confirmed that alternative splicing, antisense RNA and epigenetic modification play crucial roles by regulating the expression of genes related to blooming. In this review, we documented recent progress in the floral transition time in annuals and perennials, with emphasis on the specific regulatory mechanisms along with the application of various molecular approaches including overexpression studies, RNA interference and Virus-induced flowering. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between annual and perennial flowering will aid significant contributions to the field by elucidating the mechanisms of perennial plant development and floral initiation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Rehman
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228 China
| | - Wei Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institution, Hainan University, Haikou 572025, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Reig C, García-Lorca A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Mesejo C, Agustí M. Warm temperature during floral bud transition turns off EjTFL1 gene expression and promotes flowering in Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111810. [PMID: 37500016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The Rosaceae family includes several deciduous woody species whose flower development extends over two consecutive growing seasons with a winter dormant period in between. Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) belongs to this family, but it is an evergreen species whose flower bud initiation and flowering occur within the same growing year. Vegetative growth dominates from spring to late summer when terminal buds bloom as panicles. Thus, its floral buds do not undergo winter dormancy until flowering, but a summer heat period of dormancy is required for floral bud differentiation, and that is why we used loquat to study the mechanism by which this summer rest period contributes to floral differentiation of Rosaceae species. As for the deciduous species, the bud transition to the generative stage is initiated by the floral integrator genes. There is evidence that combinations of environmental signals and internal cues (plant hormones) control the expression of TFL1, but the mechanism by which this gene regulates its expression in loquat needs to be clarified for a better understanding of its floral initiation and seasonal growth cycles. Under high temperatures (>25ºC) after floral bud inductive period, EjTFL1 expression decreases during meristem transition to the reproductive stage, and the promoters of flowering (EjAP1 and EjLFY) increase, indicating that the floral bud differentiation is affected by high temperatures. Monitoring the apical meristem of loquat in June-August of two consecutive years under ambient and thermal controlled conditions showed that under lower temperatures (<25ºC) during the same period, shoot apex did not stop growing and a higher EjTFL1 expression was recorded, preventing the bud to flower. Likewise, temperature directly affects ABA content in the meristem paralleling EjTFL1 expression, suggesting signaling cascades could converge to refine the expression of EjTFL1 under specific conditions (Tª<25ºC) during the floral transition stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Reig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana García-Lorca
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Martínez-Fuentes
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Mesejo
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Agustí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Wang P, Li Y, Liu Z, Li X, Wang Y, Liu W, Li X, Hu J, Zhu W, Wang C, Li S, Gu T, Xu D, Tang C, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang S, Wu J. Reciprocal regulation of flower induction by ELF3α and ELF3β generated via alternative promoter usage. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2095-2113. [PMID: 36883592 PMCID: PMC10226570 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is critical for sexual reproduction and fruit production. Several pear (Pyrus sp.) varieties produce few flower buds, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The circadian clock regulator EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) serves as a scaffold protein in the evening complex that controls flowering. Here, we report that the absence of a 58-bp sequence in the 2nd intron of PbELF3 is genetically associated with the production of fewer flower buds in pear. From rapid amplification of cDNA ends sequencing results, we identified a short, previously unknown transcript from the PbELF3 locus, which we termed PbELF3β, whose transcript level was significantly lower in pear cultivars that lacked the 58-bp region. The heterologous expression of PbELF3β in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accelerated flowering, whereas the heterologous expression of the full-length transcript PbELF3α caused late flowering. Notably, ELF3β was functionally conserved in other plants. Deletion of the 2nd intron reduced AtELF3β expression and caused delayed flowering time in Arabidopsis. AtELF3β physically interacted with AtELF3α, disrupting the formation of the evening complex and consequently releasing its repression of flower induction genes such as GIGANTEA (GI). AtELF3β had no effect in the absence of AtELF3α, supporting the idea that AtELF3β promotes flower induction by blocking AtELF3α function. Our findings show that alternative promoter usage at the ELF3 locus allows plants to fine-tune flower induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Xuhan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weijuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Shijiazhuang Institute of Fruit Trees, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Jianjian Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenyi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changquan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingtao Wang
- Shijiazhuang Institute of Fruit Trees, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| | - Chao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Pavani G, Malhotra PK, Verma SK. Flowering in sugarcane-insights from the grasses. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:154. [PMID: 37138783 PMCID: PMC10149435 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a crucial phase for angiosperms to continue their species propagation and is highly regulated. In the current review, flowering in sugarcane and the associated mechanisms are elaborately presented. In sugarcane, flowering has two effects, wherein it is a beneficial factor from the breeder's perspective and crucial for crop improvement, but commercially, it depletes the sucrose reserves from the stalks; hence, less value is assigned. Different species of Saccharum genus are spread across geographical latitudes, thereby proving their ability to grow in multiple inductive daylengths of different locations according in the habituated zone. In general, sugarcane is termed an intermediate daylength plant with quantitative short-day behaviour as it requires reduction in daylength from 12 h 55 min to 12 h or 12 h 30 min. The prime concern in sugarcane flowering is its erratic flowering nature. The transition to reproductive stage which reverts to vegetative stage if there is any deviation from ambient temperature and light is also an issue. Spatial and temporal gene expression patterns during vegetative to reproductive stage transition and after reverting to vegetative state could possibly reveal how the genetic circuits are being governed. This review will also shed a light on potential roles of genes and/or miRNAs in flowering in sugarcane. Knowledge of transcriptomic background of circadian, photoperiod, and gibberellin pathways in sugarcane will enable us to better understand of variable response in floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongati Pavani
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Pawan Kumar Malhotra
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Verma
- Institute of Biological Science, SAGE University, Bypass Road, Kailod Kartal, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020 India
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8
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Jiang L, Fan T, Wang L, Zhang L, Xu J. Divergence of flowering-related genes to control flowering in five Euphorbiaceae genomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1015114. [PMID: 36340397 PMCID: PMC9627276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1015114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive growth and vegetative growth are a pair of main contradictions in the process of plant growth. Flowering, as part of reproductive growth, is a key switch in the life cycle of higher plants, which affects the yield and economic benefits of plants to a certain extent. The Euphorbiaceae species, including castor bean (Ricinus communis), physic nut (Jatropha curcas), tung tree (Vernicia fordii), cassava (Manihot esculenta), and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), have important economic values because they are raw materials for the production of biodiesel, rubber, etc. The flowering mechanisms are still excluded in the Euphorbiaceae species. The flowering-related genes of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) were used as a reference to determine the orthologs of these genes in Euphorbiaceae genomes. The result showed that 146, 144, 114, 114, and 149 of 207 A. thaliana genes were respectively matched to R. communis, V. fordii, J. curcas, H. brasiliensis, and M. esculenta. These identified genes were clustered into seven pathways including gibberellins, floral meristem identity (FMI), vernalization, photoperiod, floral pathway integrators (FPIs), and autonomous pathways. Then, some key numbers of flowering-related genes are widely conserved in the Euphorbiaceae genomes including but not limited to FPI genes LFY, SOC1, FT, and FMI genes AG, CAL, and FUL. However, some genes, including FRI, FLC, and GO, were missing in several or all five Euphorbiaceae species. In this study, we proposed the putative mechanisms of flowering-related genes to control flowering and provided new candidate flowering genes for using marker-assisted breeding to improve variety quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Respiratory Disease, Wuhu, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Forestry College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lihu Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha, China
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9
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Bouché F, Woods DP, Linden J, Li W, Mayer KS, Amasino RM, Périlleux C. EARLY FLOWERING 3 and Photoperiod Sensing in Brachypodium distachyon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:769194. [PMID: 35069625 PMCID: PMC8770904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The proper timing of flowering, which is key to maximize reproductive success and yield, relies in many plant species on the coordination between environmental cues and endogenous developmental programs. The perception of changes in day length is one of the most reliable cues of seasonal change, and this involves the interplay between the sensing of light signals and the circadian clock. Here, we describe a Brachypodium distachyon mutant allele of the evening complex protein EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3). We show that the elf3 mutant flowers more rapidly than wild type plants in short days as well as under longer photoperiods but, in very long (20 h) days, flowering is equally rapid in elf3 and wild type. Furthermore, flowering in the elf3 mutant is still sensitive to vernalization, but not to ambient temperature changes. Molecular analyses revealed that the expression of a short-day marker gene is suppressed in elf3 grown in short days, and the expression patterns of clock genes and flowering time regulators are altered. We also explored the mechanisms of photoperiodic perception in temperate grasses by exposing B. distachyon plants grown under a 12 h photoperiod to a daily night break consisting of a mixture of red and far-red light. We showed that 2 h breaks are sufficient to accelerate flowering in B. distachyon under non-inductive photoperiods and that this acceleration of flowering is mediated by red light. Finally, we discuss advances and perspectives for research on the perception of photoperiod in temperate grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bouché
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel P. Woods
- Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Julie Linden
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Weiya Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin S. Mayer
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Richard M. Amasino
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Claire Périlleux
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, InBioS-PhytoSYSTEMS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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10
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Zhang J, Xu M, Dwiyanti MS, Watanabe S, Yamada T, Hase Y, Kanazawa A, Sayama T, Ishimoto M, Liu B, Abe J. A Soybean Deletion Mutant That Moderates the Repression of Flowering by Cool Temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:429. [PMID: 32351532 PMCID: PMC7175460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient growing temperature and photoperiod are major environmental stimuli that summer annual crops use to adjust their reproductive phenology so as to maximize yield. Variation in flowering time among soybean (Glycine max) cultivars results mainly from allelic diversity at loci that control photoperiod sensitivity and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs. However, variation in the thermal regulation of flowering and its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel mutant (ef1) that confers altered thermal regulation of flowering in response to cool ambient temperatures. Mapping analysis with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers located the mutation in the upper part of chromosome 19, where no QTL for flowering has been previously reported. Fine-mapping and re-sequencing revealed that the mutation was caused by deletion of a 214 kbp genomic region that contains 11 annotated genes, including CONSTANS-LIKE 2b (COL2b), a soybean ortholog of Arabidopsis CONSTANS. Comparison of flowering times under different photo-thermal conditions revealed that early flowering in the mutant lines was most distinct under cool ambient temperatures. The expression of two FT orthologs, FT2a and FT5a, was dramatically downregulated by cool temperature, but the magnitude of the downregulation was lower in the mutant lines. Cool temperatures upregulated COL2b expression or delayed peak expression, particularly at the fourth trifoliate-leaf stage. Intriguingly, they also upregulated E1, a soybean-specific repressor of FT orthologs. Our results suggest that the ef1 mutation is involved in thermal regulation of flowering in response to cool ambient temperature, and the lack of COL2b in the mutant likely alleviates the repression of flowering by cool temperature. The ef1 mutant can be used as a novel gene resource in breeding soybean cultivars adapted to cool climate and in research to improve our understanding of thermal regulation of flowering in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhang
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Meilan Xu
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | | | | | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hase
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Kanazawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sayama
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Zentuji, Japan
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Baohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Abe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Proteomic Analysis of the Early Development of the Phalaenopsis amabilis Flower Bud under Low Temperature Induction Using the iTRAQ/MRM Approach. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051244. [PMID: 32164169 PMCID: PMC7179402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phalaenopsis amabilis, one of the most important plants in the international flower market due to its graceful shape and colorful flowers, is an orchid that undergoes vernalization and requires low-temperature treatment for flowering. There have been few reports on the proteomics of the development of flower buds. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) were used to identify 5064 differentially expressed proteins in P. amabilis under low-temperature treatment; of these, 42 were associated with early floral induction, and 18 were verified by mass spectrometry multi-reaction monitoring (MRM). The data are available via ProteomeXchange under identifier PXD013908. Among the proteins associated with the vernalization pathway, PEQU_11434 (glycine-rich RNA-binding protein GRP1A-like) and PEQU_19304 (FT, VRN3 homolog) were verified by MRM, and some other important proteins related to vernalization and photoperiod pathway that were detected by iTRAQ but not successfully verified by MRM, such as PEQU_11045 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine diphosphorylase), phytochromes A (PEQU_13449, PEQU_35378), B (PEQU_09249), and C (PEQU_41401). Our data revealed a regulation network of the early development of flower buds in P. amabilis under low temperature induction.
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12
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Ben Michael TE, Faigenboim A, Shemesh-Mayer E, Forer I, Gershberg C, Shafran H, Rabinowitch HD, Kamenetsky-Goldstein R. Crosstalk in the darkness: bulb vernalization activates meristem transition via circadian rhythm and photoperiodic pathway. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:77. [PMID: 32066385 PMCID: PMC7027078 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geophytes possess specialized storage organs - bulbs, tubers, corms or rhizomes, which allow their survival during unfovarable periods and provide energy support for sprouting and sexual and vegetative reproduction. Bulbing and flowering of the geophyte depend on the combined effects of the internal and external factors, especially temperature and photoperiod. Many geophytes are extensively used in agriculture, but mechanisms of regulation of their flowering and bulbing are still unclear. RESULTS Comparative morpho-physiological and transcriptome analyses and quantitative validation of gene expression shed light on the molecular regulation of the responses to vernalization in garlic, a typical bulbous plant. Long dark cold exposure of bulbs is a major cue for flowering and bulbing, and its interactions with the genetic makeup of the individual plant dictate the phenotypic expression during growth stage. Photoperiod signal is not involved in the initial nuclear and metabolic processes, but might play role in the later stages of development, flower stem elongation and bulbing. Vernalization for 12 weeks at 4 °C and planting in November resulted in flower initiation under short photoperiod in December-January, and early blooming and bulbing. In contrast, non-vernalized plants did not undergo meristem transition. Comparisons between vernalized and non-vernalized bulbs revealed ~ 14,000 differentially expressed genes. CONCLUSIONS Low temperatures stimulate a large cascades of molecular mechanisms in garlic, and a variety of flowering pathways operate together for the benefit of meristem transition, annual life cycle and viable reproduction results.The circadian clock appears to play a central role in the transition of the meristem from vegetative to reproductive stage in bulbous plant, serving as integrator of the low-temperature signals and the expression of the genes associated with vernalization, photoperiod and meristem transition. The reserved photoperiodic pathway is integrated at an upstream point, possibly by the same receptors. Therefore, in bulb, low temperatures stimulate cascades of developmental mechanisms, and several genetic flowering pathways intermix to achieve successful sexual and vegetative reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer E Ben Michael
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Itzhak Forer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Chen Gershberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hadass Shafran
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Haim D Rabinowitch
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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González AM, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Weller J, Vander Schoor JK, Lozano R, Santalla M. Characterization of QTL and Environmental Interactions Controlling Flowering Time in Andean Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599462. [PMID: 33519852 PMCID: PMC7840541 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation for response of flowering time to photoperiod plays an important role in adaptation to environments with different photoperiods, and as consequence is an important contributor to plant productivity and yield. To elucidate the genetic control of flowering time [days to flowering (DTF); growing degree days (GDD)] in common bean, a facultative short-day plant, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed in a recombinant inbred mapping population derived from a cultivated accession and a photoperiod sensitive landrace, grown in different long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) environments by using a multiple-environment QTL model approach. A total of 37 QTL across 17 chromosome regions and 36 QTL-by-QTL interactions were identified for six traits associated with time to flowering and response to photoperiod. The DTF QTL accounted for 28 and 11% on average of the phenotypic variation in the population across LD and SD environments, respectively. Of these, a genomic region on chromosome 4 harboring the major DTF QTL was associated with both flowering time in LD and photoperiod response traits, controlling more than 60% of phenotypic variance, whereas a major QTL on chromosome 9 explained up to 32% of flowering time phenotypic variation in SD. Different epistatic interactions were found in LD and SD environments, and the presence of significant QTL × environment (QE) and epistasis × environment interactions implies that flowering time control may rely on different genes and genetic pathways under inductive and non-inductive conditions. Here, we report the identification of a novel major locus controlling photoperiod sensitivity on chromosome 4, which might interact with other loci for controlling common bean flowering time and photoperiod response. Our results have also demonstrated the importance of these interactions for flowering time control in common bean, and point to the likely complexity of flowering time pathways. This knowledge will help to identify and develop opportunities for adaptation and breeding of this legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. González
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona
- Departamento de Biología y Geología (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Jim Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Rafael Lozano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Marta Santalla
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, Pontevedra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Santalla,
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14
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Weller JL, Vander Schoor JK, Perez-Wright EC, Hecht V, González AM, Capel C, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Lozano R, Santalla M. Parallel origins of photoperiod adaptation following dual domestications of common bean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1209-1219. [PMID: 31222352 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important grain legume domesticated independently in Mexico and Andean South America approximately 8000 years ago. Wild forms are obligate short-day plants, and relaxation of photoperiod sensitivity was important for expansion to higher latitudes and subsequent global spread. To better understand the nature and origin of this key adaptation, we examined its genetic control in progeny of a wide cross between a wild accession and a photoperiod-insensitive cultivar. We found that photoperiod sensitivity is under oligogenic control, and confirm a major effect of the Ppd locus on chromosome 1. The red/far-red photoreceptor gene PHYTOCHROME A3 (PHYA3) was identified as a strong positional candidate for Ppd, and sequencing revealed distinct deleterious PHYA3 mutations in photoperiod-insensitive Andean and Mesoamerican accessions. These results reveal the independent origins of photoperiod insensitivity within the two major common bean gene pools and demonstrate the conserved importance of PHYA genes in photoperiod adaptation of short-day legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | - Valérie Hecht
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ana M González
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Carmen Capel
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Fernando J Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almeria, Almeria, Spain
| | - Marta Santalla
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, Pontevedra, Spain
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15
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Chen JY, Zhang HW, Zhang HL, Ying JZ, Ma LY, Zhuang JY. Natural variation at qHd1 affects heading date acceleration at high temperatures with pleiotropism for yield traits in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:112. [PMID: 29879910 PMCID: PMC5992824 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice is highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Recently, the frequent occurrence of high temperature stress has heavily influenced rice production. Proper heading date in specific environmental conditions could ensure high grain yield. Rice heading greatly depends on the accurate measurement of environmental changes, particularly in day length and temperature. In contrary to the detailed understanding of the photoperiod pathway, little has been known about how temperature regulates the genetic control of rice heading. RESULTS Near isogenic lines that were segregated for qHd1, were developed from a cross between indica rice varieties Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) and Milyang 46 (MY46). Using a five sowing-date experiment in the paddy field, we observed the involvement of qHd1 in temperature responses. With the gradual increase of temperature from Trial I to V, heading date of MY46 homozygotes continued to decrease for about 5 d per trial from 76 to 58 d, while that of ZS97 homozygotes was promoted at the same rate from Trial I to III and then stabilized at 69 d. This thermal response was confirmed in a temperature-gradient experiment conducted in the phytotron. It is also found that tolerance of the ZS97 allele to heading acceleration at high temperature was associated with higher grain weight that resulted in higher grain yield. Then, by qRT-PCR and RNA-seq, we found the pathway OsMADS51-Ehd1-RFT1/Hd3a underlying the qHd1-mediated floral response to temperature. By sequence comparison, OsMADS51 for qHd1 displayed a 9.5-kb insertion in the 1st intron of the ZS97 allele compared to the MY46 allele. Furthermore, this large insertion is commonly found in major early-season indica rice varieties, but not in the middle- and late-season ones, which corresponds to the requirement for high-temperature tolerance during the heading and grain-filling stages of early-season rice. CONCLUSIONS Beneficial alleles at qHd1 confer tolerance to high temperatures at the heading and grain-filling stages, playing a significant role in the eco-geographical adaptation of early-season indica rice during modern breeding. These results, together with the underlying OsMADS51-Ehd1-RFT1/Hd3a floral pathway, provide valuable information for better understanding the molecular mechanism of temperature responsive regulation of heading date and yield traits in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Hua-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jie-Zheng Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Liang-Yong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jie-Yun Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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16
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Casal JJ, Qüesta JI. Light and temperature cues: multitasking receptors and transcriptional integrators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1029-1034. [PMID: 29139132 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1029 I. Introduction 1029 II. Convergence at the receptor 1030 III. Convergence at transcriptional hubs 1031 IV. Convergence involving clock components 1033 V. Conclusions 1033 Acknowledgements 1033 References 1033 SUMMARY: The combined information provided by light and temperature cues helps to optimise plant body architecture and physiology. Plants possess elaborate systems to sense and respond to these stimuli. Simultaneous perception of light and temperature by dual receptors such as phytochrome B and phototropin leads to immediate signalling convergence. Conversely, cue asynchronies initiate separate pathways and the information of the earliest cue is stored, awaiting the arrival of the later cue to control transcription. Storage mechanisms can involve changes in the activity of selected clock components or epigenetic modifications, depending on the time delay between cues (hours, days or several months). We propose a conceptual framework in which the mechanisms of integration relate to the timing of cue sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina
| | - Julia I Qüesta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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17
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Rahman H, Bennett RA, Kebede B. Molecular mapping of QTL alleles of Brassica oleracea affecting days to flowering and photosensitivity in spring Brassica napus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189723. [PMID: 29320498 PMCID: PMC5761838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Earliness of flowering and maturity are important traits in spring Brassica napus canola–whether grown under long- or short-day condition. By use of a spring B. napus mapping population carrying the genome content of B. oleracea and testing this population under 10 to 18 h photoperiod and 18 to 20 0C (day) temperature conditions, we identified a major QTL on the chromosome C1 affecting flowering time without being influenced by photoperiod and temperature, and a major QTL on C9 affecting flowering time under a short photoperiod (10 h); in both cases, the QTL alleles reducing the number of days to flowering in B. napus were introgressed from the late flowering species B. oleracea. Additive effect of the C1 QTL allele at 14 to18 h photoperiod was 1.1 to 2.9 days; however, the same QTL allele exerted an additive effect of 6.2 days at 10 h photoperiod. Additive effect of the C9 QTL at 10 h photoperiod was 2.8 days. These two QTL also showed significant interaction in the control of flowering only under a short-day (10 h photoperiod) condition with an effect of 2.3 days. A few additional QTL were also detected on the chromosomes C2 and C8; however, none of these QTL could be detected under all photoperiod and temperature conditions. BLASTn search identified several putative flowering time genes on the chromosomes C1 and C9 and located the physical position of the QTL markers in the Brassica genome; however, only a few of these genes were found within the QTL region. Thus, the molecular markers and the genomic regions identified in this research could potentially be used in breeding for the development of early flowering photoinsensitive B. napus canola cultivars, as well as for identification of candidate genes involved in flowering time variation and photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Rick A. Bennett
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Berisso Kebede
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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18
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A Predictive Model for Time-to-Flowering in the Common Bean Based on QTL and Environmental Variables. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3901-3912. [PMID: 29025916 PMCID: PMC5714487 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The common bean is a tropical facultative short-day legume that is now grown in tropical and temperate zones. This observation underscores how domestication and modern breeding can change the adaptive phenology of a species. A key adaptive trait is the optimal timing of the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. This trait is responsive to genetically controlled signal transduction pathways and local climatic cues. A comprehensive characterization of this trait can be started by assessing the quantitative contribution of the genetic and environmental factors, and their interactions. This study aimed to locate significant QTL (G) and environmental (E) factors controlling time-to-flower in the common bean, and to identify and measure G × E interactions. Phenotypic data were collected from a biparental [Andean × Mesoamerican] recombinant inbred population (F11:14, 188 genotypes) grown at five environmentally distinct sites. QTL analysis using a dense linkage map revealed 12 QTL, five of which showed significant interactions with the environment. Dissection of G × E interactions using a linear mixed-effect model revealed that temperature, solar radiation, and photoperiod play major roles in controlling common bean flowering time directly, and indirectly by modifying the effect of certain QTL. The model predicts flowering time across five sites with an adjusted r-square of 0.89 and root-mean square error of 2.52 d. The model provides the means to disentangle the environmental dependencies of complex traits, and presents an opportunity to identify in silico QTL allele combinations that could yield desired phenotypes under different climatic conditions.
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19
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Wendell M, Ripel L, Lee Y, Rognli OA, Torre S, Olsen JE. Thermoperiodic Control of Floral Induction Involves Modulation of the Diurnal FLOWERING LOCUS T Expression Pattern. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:466-477. [PMID: 28028164 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermoperiodism is defined as the ability to discriminate between day temperature (DT) and night temperature (NT). Our aim was to shed light on the mechanistic basis of thermoperiodic floral induction with acceleration under lower DT than NT compared with other DT-NT combinations at the same average daily temperature (ADT), a response exploited in temperate area greenhouses. Arabidopsis thaliana floral pathway mutants and a lhy circadian clock mutant as well as the expression of floral integrators and LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL) were studied under different DT-NT combinations, all at the same ADT. We show that acceleration of floral induction under lower DT than NT is linked to increased FT expression early during the day and generally increased LFY expression preceding visible flower buds, compared with higher DT than NT or equal DT and NT. Consistent with FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) action through LEAFY (LFY), time to floral transition in ft-1 and lfy-1 was similar under all treatments, in contrast to the situation for soc1-1, which behaved like the wild type (WT). The lhy-21 mutants did not discriminate between opposite DT-NT combinations, whereas LHY expression in the WT differed in these temperature regimes. This might suggest that LHY plays a role in thermoperiodic control of floral induction. We conclude that thermoperiodic control of floral transition is associated with modulation of the diurnal expression patterns of FT, with timing of temperature alteration being important rather than ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael Wendell
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Linda Ripel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Odd Arne Rognli
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Sissel Torre
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Aas, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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20
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Sánchez-Lamas M, Lorenzo CD, Cerdán PD. Bottom-up Assembly of the Phytochrome Network. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006413. [PMID: 27820825 PMCID: PMC5098793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed sophisticated systems to monitor and rapidly acclimate to environmental fluctuations. Light is an essential source of environmental information throughout the plant's life cycle. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana possesses five phytochromes (phyA-phyE) with important roles in germination, seedling establishment, shade avoidance, and flowering. However, our understanding of the phytochrome signaling network is incomplete, and little is known about the individual roles of phytochromes and how they function cooperatively to mediate light responses. Here, we used a bottom-up approach to study the phytochrome network. We added each of the five phytochromes to a phytochrome-less background to study their individual roles and then added the phytochromes by pairs to study their interactions. By analyzing the 16 resulting genotypes, we revealed unique roles for each phytochrome and identified novel phytochrome interactions that regulate germination and the onset of flowering. Furthermore, we found that ambient temperature has both phytochrome-dependent and -independent effects, suggesting that multiple pathways integrate temperature and light signaling. Surprisingly, none of the phytochromes alone conferred a photoperiodic response. Although phyE and phyB were the strongest repressors of flowering, both phyB and phyC were needed to confer a flowering response to photoperiod. Thus, a specific combination of phytochromes is required to detect changes in photoperiod, whereas single phytochromes are sufficient to respond to light quality, indicating how phytochromes signal different light cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo D. Cerdán
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Koskela EA, Sønsteby A, Flachowsky H, Heide OM, Hanke MV, Elomaa P, Hytönen T. TERMINAL FLOWER1 is a breeding target for a novel everbearing trait and tailored flowering responses in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1852-61. [PMID: 26940366 PMCID: PMC5069601 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of daylength and temperature on flowering of the cultivated octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) have been studied extensively at the physiological level, but information on the molecular pathways controlling flowering in the species is scarce. The flowering pathway has been studied at the molecular level in the diploid short-day woodland strawberry (F. vesca L.), in which the FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FvFT1)-SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (FvSOC1)-TERMINAL FLOWER1 (FvTFL1) pathway is essential for the correct timing of flowering. In this work, we show by transgenic approach that the silencing of the floral repressor FaTFL1 in the octoploid short-day cultivar 'Elsanta' is sufficient to induce perpetual flowering under long days without direct changes in vegetative reproduction. We also demonstrate that although the genes FaFT1 and FaSOC1 show similar expression patterns in different cultivars, the regulation of FaTFL1 varies widely from cultivar to cultivar and is correlated with floral induction, indicating that the transcription of FaTFL1 occurs at least partially independently of the FaFT1-FaSOC1 module. Our results indicate that changing the expression patterns of FaTFL1 through biotechnological or conventional breeding approaches could result in strawberries with specific flowering and runnering characteristics including new types of everbearing cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Aurora Koskela
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ola Mikal Heide
- Department of Ecology and Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Hytönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Press MO, Lanctot A, Queitsch C. PIF4 and ELF3 Act Independently in Arabidopsis thaliana Thermoresponsive Flowering. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161791. [PMID: 27564448 PMCID: PMC5001698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms controlling developmental responses to environmental stimuli. A particularly important stimulus is temperature. Previous work has identified the interplay of PIF4 and ELF3 as a central circuit underlying thermal responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, thermal responses vary widely among strains, possibly offering mechanistic insights into the wiring of this circuit. ELF3 contains a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract that is crucial for ELF3 function and varies in length across strains. Here, we use transgenic analysis to test the hypothesis that natural polyQ variation in ELF3 is associated with the observed natural variation in thermomorphogenesis. We found little evidence that the polyQ tract plays a specific role in thermal responses beyond modulating general ELF3 function. Instead, we made the serendipitous discovery that ELF3 plays a crucial, PIF4-independent role in thermoresponsive flowering under conditions more likely to reflect field conditions. We present evidence that ELF3 acts through the photoperiodic pathway, pointing to a previously unknown symmetry between low and high ambient temperature responses. Moreover, in analyzing two strain backgrounds with different thermal responses, we demonstrate that responses may be shifted rather than fundamentally rewired across strains. Our findings tie together disparate observations into a coherent framework in which multiple pathways converge in accelerating flowering in response to temperature, with some such pathways modulated by photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian O. Press
- University of Washington Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Amy Lanctot
- University of Washington Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington Department of Biology, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Christine Queitsch
- University of Washington Department of Genome Sciences, Seattle, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Endo M, Araki T, Nagatani A. Tissue-specific regulation of flowering by photoreceptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:829-39. [PMID: 26621669 PMCID: PMC11108494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants use various kinds of environmental signals to adjust the timing of the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase (flowering). Since flowering at the appropriate time is crucial for plant reproductive strategy, several kinds of photoreceptors are deployed to sense environmental light conditions. In this review, we will update our current understanding of light signaling pathways in flowering regulation, especially, in which tissue do photoreceptors regulate flowering in response to light quality and photoperiod. Since light signaling is also integrated into other flowering pathways, we also introduce recent progress on how photoreceptors are involved in tissue-specific thermosensation and the gibberellin pathway. Finally, we discuss the importance of cell-type-specific analyses for future plant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomu Endo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Nagatani
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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24
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Hu R, Zhu X, Xiang S, Zhan Y, Zhu M, Yin H, Zhou Q, Zhu L, Zhang X, Liu Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed the genotype specific cold response mechanism in tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:535-41. [PMID: 26692485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold stress is a major adverse environmental factor that affects plant growth, development, productivity and quality. In the present study, comparative genome-wide transcriptome analysis on two tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.) cultivars, cold-tolerant NC567 and cold-sensitive Taiyan8, was performed using RNA-seq technology. After the first assembly, total length of unigenes is from 101,308,644 to 123,781,795 bp, the N50 length is from 1357 to 1475 bp, and 152,688 unigenes in NC567 and 144,160 unigenes in Taiyan8 were identified, respectively. Functional classification of cold-responsive (COR) genes showed that the genes involved in cell wall metabolism, transcription factors, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and signaling are over-represented, and the COR genes are specifically induced during cold stress in NC567. Pathway analysis revealed the significant enrichment of the COR genes in plant circadian clock. Taken together, the present study suggested the positive roles of the highly induced expression of the COR genes and the conserved mechanism of circadian clock related genes in tobacco response to cold stress, and provided some valuable genes for crop improvement to cope with cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Hu
- Central South Agricultural Experiment Station of China Tobacco, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Xianxin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shipeng Xiang
- Central South Agricultural Experiment Station of China Tobacco, Changsha, 410004, China; College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Youguo Zhan
- Kunming Municipal Tobacco Company, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Mingdong Zhu
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Hanqi Yin
- Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qingming Zhou
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lieshu Zhu
- Central South Agricultural Experiment Station of China Tobacco, Changsha, 410004, China; College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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25
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Lorenzo CD, Sanchez-Lamas M, Antonietti MS, Cerdán PD. Emerging Hubs in Plant Light and Temperature Signaling. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:3-13. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pablo D. Cerdán
- Fundación Instituto Leloir; IIBBA-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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26
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase COP1 Regulates Thermosensory Flowering by Triggering GI Degradation in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12071. [PMID: 26159740 PMCID: PMC4498190 DOI: 10.1038/srep12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral transition is influenced by environmental factors such as light and temperature. Plants are capable of integrating photoperiod and ambient temperature signaling into their developmental program. Despite extensive investigations on individual genetic pathways, little is known about the molecular components that integrate both pathways. Here, we demonstrate that the RING finger–containing E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) acts as an integrator of photoperiod and ambient temperature signaling. In addition to the role in photoperiodic destabilization of CONSTANS (CO), COP1 also regulates temperature sensitivity by controlling the degradation of GIGANTEA (GI). COP1-impaired mutants showed reduced sensitivity to low ambient temperature. Notably, COP1 is more stabilized at low temperature and accelerates GI turnover in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner. The direct association of GI with the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) was reduced because of its ambient temperature-dependent protein stability control, and thus COP1-triggered GI turnover delays flowering at low temperatures via a CO-independent pathway. Taken together, our findings indicate that environmental conditions regulate the stability of COP1, and conditional specificity of its target selection stimulates proper developmental responses and ensures reproductive success.
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27
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Yruela I. Plant development regulation: Overview and perspectives. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 182:62-78. [PMID: 26056993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant development, as occur in other eukaryotes, is conducted through a complex network of hormones, transcription factors, enzymes and micro RNAs, among other cellular components. They control developmental processes such as embryo, apical root and shoot meristem, leaf, flower, or seed formation, among others. The research in these topics has been very active in last decades. Recently, an explosion of new data concerning regulation mechanisms as well as the response of these processes to environmental changes has emerged. Initially, most of investigations were carried out in the model eudicot Arabidopsis but currently data from other plant species are available in the literature, although they are still limited. The aim of this review is focused on summarize the main molecular actors involved in plant development regulation in diverse plant species. A special attention will be given to the major families of genes and proteins participating in these regulatory mechanisms. The information on the regulatory pathways where they participate will be briefly cited. Additionally, the importance of certain structural features of such proteins that confer ductility and flexibility to these mechanisms will also be reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Yruela
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputacióon y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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28
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Rantanen M, Kurokura T, Jiang P, Mouhu K, Hytönen T. Strawberry homologue of terminal flower1 integrates photoperiod and temperature signals to inhibit flowering. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:163-73. [PMID: 25720985 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod and temperature are major environmental signals affecting flowering in plants. Although molecular pathways mediating these signals have been well characterized in the annual model plant Arabidopsis, much less information is known in perennials. Many perennials including the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) are induced to flower in response to decreasing photoperiod and temperature in autumn and they flower following spring. We showed earlier that, in contrast with Arabidopsis, the photoperiodic induction of flowering in strawberry occurs in short days (SD) when the decrease in FvFT1 (flowering locus T) and FvSOC1 (suppressor of the overexpression of constans1) expression leads to lower mRNA levels of the floral repressor, FvTFL1 (terminal flower1). By using transgenic lines and gene expression analyses, we show evidence that the temperature-mediated changes in the FvTFL1 mRNA expression set critical temperature limits for the photoperiodic flowering in strawberry. At temperatures below 13 °C, low expression level of FvTFL1 in both SD and long days (LD) allows flower induction to occur independently of the photoperiod. Rising temperature gradually increases FvTFL1 mRNA levels under LD, and at temperatures above 13 °C, SD is required for the flower induction that depends on the deactivation of FvSOC1 and FvTFL1. However, an unknown transcriptional activator, which functions independently of FvSOC1, enhances the expression of FvTFL1 at 23 °C preventing photoperiodic flowering. We suggest that the observed effect of the photoperiod × temperature interaction on FvTFL1 mRNA expression may allow strawberry to induce flowers in correct time in different climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Rantanen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Iglesias FM, Bruera NA, Dergan-Dylon S, Marino-Buslje C, Lorenzi H, Mateos JL, Turck F, Coupland G, Cerdán PD. The arabidopsis DNA polymerase δ has a role in the deposition of transcriptionally active epigenetic marks, development and flowering. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004975. [PMID: 25693187 PMCID: PMC4334202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a key process in living organisms. DNA polymerase α (Polα) initiates strand synthesis, which is performed by Polε and Polδ in leading and lagging strands, respectively. Whereas loss of DNA polymerase activity is incompatible with life, viable mutants of Polα and Polε were isolated, allowing the identification of their functions beyond DNA replication. In contrast, no viable mutants in the Polδ polymerase-domain were reported in multicellular organisms. Here we identify such a mutant which is also thermosensitive. Mutant plants were unable to complete development at 28°C, looked normal at 18°C, but displayed increased expression of DNA replication-stress marker genes, homologous recombination and lysine 4 histone 3 trimethylation at the SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) locus at 24°C, which correlated with ectopic expression of SEP3. Surprisingly, high expression of SEP3 in vascular tissue promoted FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression, forming a positive feedback loop with SEP3 and leading to early flowering and curly leaves phenotypes. These results strongly suggest that the DNA polymerase δ is required for the proper establishment of transcriptionally active epigenetic marks and that its failure might affect development by affecting the epigenetic control of master genes. Three DNA polymerases replicate DNA in Eukaryotes. DNA polymerase α (Polα) initiates strand synthesis, which is performed by Polε and Polδ in leading and lagging strands, respectively. Not only the information encoded in the DNA, but also the inheritance of chromatin states is essential during development. Loss of function mutants in DNA polymerases lead to lethal phenotypes. Hence, hypomorphic alleles are necessary to study their roles beyond DNA replication. Here we identify a thermosensitive mutant of the Polδ in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which bears an aminoacid substitution in the polymerase-domain. The mutants were essentially normal at 18°C but arrested development at 28°C. Interestingly, at 24°C we were able to study the roles of Polδ in epigenetic inheritance and plant development. We observed a tight connection between DNA replication stress and an increase the deposition of transcriptionally active chromatin marks in the SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) locus. Finally, we tested by genetic means that the ectopic expression of SEP3 was indeed the cause of early flowering and the leaf phenotypes by promoting the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). These results link Polδ activity to the proper establishment of transcriptionally active epigenetic marks, which then impact the development of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hernán Lorenzi
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julieta L. Mateos
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Turck
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pablo D. Cerdán
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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30
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Golembeski GS, Imaizumi T. Photoperiodic Regulation of Florigen Function in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2015; 13:e0178. [PMID: 26157354 PMCID: PMC4489636 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One mechanism through which flowering in response to seasonal change is brought about is by sensing the fluctuation in day-length; the photoperiod. Flowering induction occurs through the production of the florigenic protein FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its movement from the phloem companion cells in the leaf vasculature into the shoot apex, where meristematic reprogramming occurs. FT activation in response to photoperiod condition is accomplished largely through the activity of the transcription factor CONSTANS (CO). Regulation of CO expression and protein stability, as well as the timing of other components via the circadian clock, is a critical mechanism by which plants are able to respond to photoperiod to initiate the floral transition. Modulation of FT expression in response to external and internal stimuli via components of the flowering network is crucial to mediate a fluid flowering response to a variety of environmental parameters. In addition, the regulated movement of FT protein from the phloem to the shoot apex, and interactions that determine floral meristem cell fate, constitute novel mechanisms through which photoperiodic information is translated into flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S. Golembeski
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800
- Address correspondence to
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31
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Capovilla G, Schmid M, Posé D. Control of flowering by ambient temperature. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:59-69. [PMID: 25326628 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering is a crucial decision in the life cycle of plants since favourable conditions are needed to maximize reproductive success and, hence, the survival of the species. It is therefore not surprising that plants constantly monitor endogenous and environmental signals, such as day length (photoperiod) and temperature, to adjust the timing of the floral transition. Temperature in particular has been shown to have a tremendous effect on the timing of flowering: the effect of prolonged periods of cold, called the vernalization response, has been extensively studied and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms are reasonably well understood in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast, the effect of moderate changes in ambient growth temperature on the progression of flowering, the thermosensory pathway, is only starting to be understood on the molecular level. Several genes and molecular mechanisms underlying the thermosensory pathway have already been identified and characterized in detail. At a time when global temperature is rising due to climate change, this knowledge will be pivotal to ensure crop production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capovilla
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schmid
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Spemannstr. 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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32
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Jia T, Wei D, Meng S, Allan AC, Zeng L. Identification of regulatory genes implicated in continuous flowering of longan (Dimocarpus longan L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e114568. [PMID: 25479005 PMCID: PMC4257721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Longan (Dimocarpus longan L.) is a tropical/subtropical fruit tree of significant economic importance in Southeast Asia. However, a lack of transcriptomic and genomic information hinders research on longan traits, such as the control of flowering. In this study, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to investigate differentially expressed genes between a unique longan cultivar 'Sijimi'(S) which flowers throughout the year and a more typical cultivar 'Lidongben'(L) which flowers only once in the season, with the aim of identifying candidate genes associated with continuous flowering. 36,527 and 40,982 unigenes were obtained by de novo assembly of the clean reads from cDNA libraries of L and S cultivars. Additionally 40,513 unigenes were assembled from combined reads of these libraries. A total of 32,475 unigenes were annotated by BLAST search to NCBI non-redundant protein (NR), Swiss-Prot, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Of these, almost fifteen thousand unigenes were identified as significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by using Reads Per kb per Million reads (RPKM) method. A total of 6,415 DEGs were mapped to 128 KEGG pathways, and 8,743 DEGs were assigned to 54 Gene Ontology categories. After blasting the DEGs to public sequence databases, 539 potential flowering-related DEGs were identified. In addition, 107 flowering-time genes were identified in longan, their expression levels between two longan samples were compared by RPKM method, of which the expression levels of 15 were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Our results suggest longan homologues of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), GIGANTEA (GI), F-BOX 1 (FKF1) and EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4) may be involved this flowering trait and ELF4 may be a key gene. The identification of candidate genes related to continuous flowering will provide new insight into the molecular process of regulating flowering time in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Jia
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Wei
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Shan Meng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lihui Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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33
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Matías-Hernández L, Aguilar-Jaramillo AE, Marín-González E, Suárez-López P, Pelaz S. RAV genes: regulation of floral induction and beyond. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1459-70. [PMID: 24812253 PMCID: PMC4204781 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factors of the RAV (RELATED TO ABI3 AND VP1) family are plant-specific and possess two DNA-binding domains. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the family comprises six members, including TEMPRANILLO 1 (TEM1) and TEM2. Arabidopsis RAV1 and TEM1 have been shown to bind bipartite DNA sequences, with the consensus motif C(A/C/G)ACA(N)2-8(C/A/T)ACCTG. Through direct binding to DNA, RAV proteins act as transcriptional repressors, probably in complexes with other co-repressors. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS In this review, a summary is given of current knowledge of the regulation and function of RAV genes in diverse plant species, paying particular attention to their roles in the control of flowering in arabidopsis. TEM1 and TEM2 delay flowering by repressing the production of two florigenic molecules, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and gibberellins. In this way, TEM1 and TEM2 prevent precocious flowering and postpone floral induction until the plant has accumulated enough reserves or has reached a growth stage that ensures survival of the progeny. Recent results indicate that TEM1 and TEM2 are regulated by genes acting in several flowering pathways, suggesting that TEMs may integrate information from diverse pathways. However, flowering is not the only process controlled by RAV proteins. Family members are involved in other aspects of plant development, such as bud outgrowth in trees and leaf senescence, and possibly in general growth regulation. In addition, they respond to pathogen infections and abiotic stresses, including cold, dehydration, high salinity and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Matías-Hernández
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Esther Marín-González
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Paula Suárez-López
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Soraya Pelaz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are photolyase-like flavoproteins that have been found in all evolutionary lineages. Plant and animal CRYs are no longer DNA-repairing enzymes but they apparently gained other biochemical functions in evolution. Plant CRYs are UV-A/blue-light photoreceptors and play a pivotal role in plant growth and development, whereas animal CRYs act as either photoreceptors or transcription regulators. The first CRY gene was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, which regulates stem growth, flowering time, stomatal opening, circadian clock, and other light responses. CRYs are also found in all major crops investigated, with additional functions discovered, such as seed germination, leaf senescence, and stress responses. In this chapter, we will review some aspects of CRY-mediated light responses in plants. Readers are referred to other review articles for photochemistry and signal transduction mechanism of plant CRYs (Liu et al., 2010, 2011; Fankhauser and Ulm, 2011) [1-3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- The Basic Forestry and Biotechnology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Qin Wang
- The Basic Forestry and Biotechnology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paula Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Han Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Ming F. The suppression of WRKY44 by GIGANTEA-miR172 pathway is involved in drought response of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73541. [PMID: 24223111 PMCID: PMC3819348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Water availability is an important environmental factor that controls flowering time. Many plants accelerate flowering under drought conditions, a phenomenon called drought escape. Four pathways are involved in controlling flowering time, but which ones participate in drought escape is not yet known. In this study, plants with loss-of-function mutations of GIGANTEA (GI) and CONSTANS (CO) exhibited abnormal drought-escape phenotypes. The peak mRNA levels of GI and FKF1 (Flavin-binding Kelch domain F box protein 1) and the mRNA levels of CO and FT (Flowering locus T) changed under drought stress. The microRNA factor miRNA172E was up-regulated by drought stress, and its up-regulation was dependent on GI, while other miRNA172s were not. Water-loss analyses indicated that gi mutants were more sensitive while miRNA172 over-expressing (miRNA172-OX) plants were less so to drought stress than wild-type plants. Digital gene expression and real-time PCR analyses showed that WRKY44 was down-regulated by GI and miRNA172. The WRKY44 protein could interact with TOE1 (a target of miRNA172) in a yeast two-hybrid system. We proposed that GI-miRNA172-WRKY44 may regulate drought escape and drought tolerance by affecting sugar signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Song YH, Ito S, Imaizumi T. Flowering time regulation: photoperiod- and temperature-sensing in leaves. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:575-83. [PMID: 23790253 PMCID: PMC3796012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants monitor changes in photoperiod and temperature to synchronize their flowering with seasonal changes to maximize fitness. In the Arabidopsis photoperiodic flowering pathway, the circadian clock-regulated components, such as FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 and CONSTANS, both of which have light-controlled functions, are crucial to induce the day-length specific expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene in leaves. Recent advances indicate that FT transcriptional regulation is central for integrating the information derived from other important internal and external factors, such as developmental age, amount of gibberellic acid, and the ambient temperature. In this review, we describe how these factors interactively regulate the expression of FT, the main component of florigen, in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Song
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
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Kim W, Park TI, Yoo SJ, Jun AR, Ahn JH. Generation and analysis of a complete mutant set for the Arabidopsis FT/TFL1 family shows specific effects on thermo-sensitive flowering regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1715-29. [PMID: 23404901 PMCID: PMC3617836 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) family proteins play an important role in the regulation of flowering time. In the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, there are six genes in the FT/TFL1 family. To determine how these FT/TFL1 family genes contribute to the regulation of flowering time, this study generated a comprehensive set of mutants (sixty-three multiple mutants in all combinations) of the FT/TFL1 family genes and analysed their flowering times at 23 and 16°C under long-day conditions. The analysis confirmed that FT and TFL1 are major determinants of flowering time under long-day conditions. At 23 °C, ft-10 tsf-1 mft-2 showed the latest flowering, whereas tfl1-20 atc-2 bft-2 showed the earliest flowering. Flowering occurred in the sextuple mutants. Introduction of tsf-1 led to reduced sensitivity to ambient temperature change. Introduction of tfl1-20 caused a stronger effect in accelerating flowering time at 16 °C than at 23 °C. Overexpression of miR156 did not block flowering of sextuple mutants, suggesting that there is a pathway to induce flowering independent of the FT/TFL1 pathway and miR156 pathway. This study proposes that this mutant population will be useful in further investigation of the functions of the FT/TFL1 family genes in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhui Kim
- *These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Tae Im Park
- *These authors contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Seong Jeon Yoo
- Present address: Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Wollenberg AC, Amasino RM. Natural variation in the temperature range permissive for vernalization in accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:2181-91. [PMID: 22639792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vernalization is an acceleration of flowering in response to chilling, and is normally studied in the laboratory at near-freezing (2-4 °C) temperatures. Many vernalization-requiring species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, are found in a range of habitats with varying winter temperatures. Natural variation in the temperature range that elicits a vernalization response in Arabidopsis has not been fully explored. We characterized the effect of intermediate temperatures (7-19 °C) on 15 accessions and the well-studied reference line Col-FRI. Although progressively warmer temperatures are gradually less effective at activating expression of the vernalization-specific gene VERNALIZATION-INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3) and in accelerating flowering, there is substantial natural variation in the upper threshold (T(max) ) of the flowering-time response. VIN3 is required for the T(max) (13 °C) response of Col-FRI. Surprisingly, even 16 °C treatment caused induction of VIN3 in six tested lines, despite the ineffectiveness of this temperature in accelerating flowering for two of them. Finally, we present evidence that mild acceleration of flowering by 19 °C exposure may counterbalance the flowering time delay caused by non-inductive photoperiods in at least one accession, creating an appearance of photoperiod insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Wollenberg
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Lee JH, Kim JJ, Kim SH, Cho HJ, Kim J, Ahn JH. The E3 ubiquitin ligase HOS1 regulates low ambient temperature-responsive flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1802-14. [PMID: 22960247 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development, but little is known about its role in ambient temperature-responsive flowering. In addition to being regulated by daylength, the onset of flowering in many plants can also be delayed by low ambient temperatures. Here, we show that HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1 (HOS1), which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, controls flowering time in response to ambient temperatures (16 and 23°C) and intermittent cold. hos1 mutants flowered early, and were insensitive to ambient temperature, but responded normally to vernalization and gibberellic acid. Genetic analyses suggested that this ambient temperature-insensitive flowering was independent of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Also, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) expression was up-regulated in hos1 mutants at both temperatures. The ft tsf mutation almost completely suppressed the early flowering of hos1 mutants at different temperatures, suggesting that FT and TSF are downstream of HOS1 in the ambient temperature response. A lesion in CONSTANS (CO) did not affect the ambient temperature-insensitive flowering phenotype of hos1-3 mutants. In silico analysis showed that FVE was spatiotemporally co-expressed with HOS1. A HOS1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion co-localized with FVE-GFP in the nucleus at both 16 and 23°C. HOS1 physically interacted with FVE and FLK in yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Moreover, hos1 mutants were insensitive to intermittent cold. Collectively, our results suggest that HOS1 acts as a common regulator in the signaling pathways that control flowering time in response to low ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Lee
- Creative Research Initiatives, Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, Chen W, Du A, Zhu L, Wang S, Deng XW, Li S. OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43705. [PMID: 22912900 PMCID: PMC3422346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana early flowering 3 (ELF3) as a zeitnehmer (time taker) is responsible for generation of circadian rhythm and regulation of photoperiodic flowering. There are two orthologs (OsELF3-1 and OsELF3-2) of ELF3 in rice (Oryza sativa), but their roles have not yet been fully identified. Here, we performed a functional characterization of OsELF3-1 and revealed it plays a more predominant role than OsELF3-2 in rice heading. Our results suggest OsELF3-1 can affect rice circadian systems via positive regulation of OsLHY expression and negative regulation of OsPRR1, OsPRR37, OsPRR73 and OsPRR95 expression. In addition, OsELF3-1 is involved in blue light signaling by activating early heading date 1 (Ehd1) expression to promote rice flowering under short-day (SD) conditions. Moreover, OsELF3-1 suppresses a flowering repressor grain number, plant height and heading date 7 (Ghd7) to indirectly accelerate flowering under long-day (LD) conditions. Taken together, our results indicate OsELF3-1 is essential for circadian regulation and photoperiodic flowering in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Zhao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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41
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Ebine K, Uemura T, Nakano A, Ueda T. Flowering time modulation by a vacuolar SNARE via FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42239. [PMID: 22848750 PMCID: PMC3407077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of plant growth from vegetative to reproductive phases is one of the most important and dramatic events during the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flowering promotion involves at least four genetically defined regulatory pathways, including the photoperiod-dependent, vernalization-dependent, gibberellin-dependent, and autonomous promotion pathways. Among these regulatory pathways, the vernalization-dependent and autonomous pathways are integrated by the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a negative regulator of flowering; however, the upstream regulation of this locus has not been fully understood. The SYP22 gene encodes a vacuolar SNARE protein that acts in vacuolar and endocytic trafficking pathways. Loss of SYP22 function was reported to lead to late flowering in A. thaliana plants, but the mechanism has remained completely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the late flowering phenotype of syp22 was due to elevated expression of FLC caused by impairment of the autonomous pathway. In addition, we investigated the DOC1/BIG pathway, which is also suggested to regulate vacuolar/endosomal trafficking. We found that elevated levels of FLC transcripts accumulated in the doc1-1 mutant, and that syp22 phenotypes were exaggerated with a double syp22 doc1-1 mutation. We further demonstrated that the elevated expression of FLC was suppressed by ara6-1, a mutation in the gene encoding plant-unique Rab GTPase involved in endosomal trafficking. Our results indicated that vacuolar and/or endocytic trafficking is involved in the FLC regulation of flowering time in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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42
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Chew YH, Wilczek AM, Williams M, Welch SM, Schmitt J, Halliday KJ. An augmented Arabidopsis phenology model reveals seasonal temperature control of flowering time. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:654-665. [PMID: 22352314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
• In this study, we used a combination of theoretical (models) and experimental (field data) approaches to investigate the interaction between light and temperature signalling in the control of Arabidopsis flowering. • We utilised our recently published phenology model that describes the flowering time of Arabidopsis grown under a range of field conditions. We first examined the ability of the model to predict the flowering time of field plantings at different sites and seasons in light of the specific meteorological conditions that pertained. • Our analysis suggested that the synchrony of temperature and light cycles is important in promoting floral initiation. New features were incorporated into the model that improved its predictive accuracy across seasons. Using both laboratory and field data, our study has revealed an important seasonal effect of night temperatures on flowering time. Further model adjustments to describe phytochrome (phy) mutants supported our findings and implicated phyB in the temporal gating of temperature-induced flowering. • Our study suggests that different molecular pathways interact and predominate in natural environments that change seasonally. Temperature effects are mediated largely during the photoperiod during spring/summer (long days) but, as days shorten in the autumn, night temperatures become increasingly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hoon Chew
- School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
- Synthetic & Systems Biology Centre, C. H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | | | - Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciences, Crew Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Stephen M Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Johanna Schmitt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Karen J Halliday
- School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
- Synthetic & Systems Biology Centre, C. H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
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43
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Kim JJ, Lee JH, Kim W, Jung HS, Huijser P, Ahn JH. The microRNA156-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE3 module regulates ambient temperature-responsive flowering via FLOWERING LOCUS T in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:461-78. [PMID: 22427344 PMCID: PMC3375978 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The flowering time of plants is affected by modest changes in ambient temperature. However, little is known about the regulation of ambient temperature-responsive flowering by small RNAs. In this study, we show that the microRNA156 (miR156)-SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE3 (SPL3) module directly regulates FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression in the leaf to control ambient temperature-responsive flowering. Overexpression of miR156 led to more delayed flowering at a lower ambient temperature (16°C), which was associated with down-regulation of FT and FRUITFULL expression. Among miR156 target genes, SPL3 mRNA levels were mainly reduced, probably because miR156-mediated cleavage of SPL3 mRNA was higher at 16°C. Overexpression of miR156-resistant SPL3 [SPL3(-)] caused early flowering, regardless of the ambient temperature, which was associated with up-regulation of FT and FRUITFULL expression. Reduction of miR156 activity by target mimicry led to a phenotype similar to that of SUC2::rSPL3 plants. FT up-regulation was observed after dexamethasone treatment in GVG-rSPL3 plants. Misexpression and artificial microRNA-mediated suppression of FT in the leaf dramatically altered the ambient temperature-responsive flowering of plants overexpressing miR156 and SPL3(-). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that the SPL3 protein directly binds to GTAC motifs within the FT promoter. Lesions in TERMINAL FLOWER1, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, and EARLY FLOWERING3 did not alter the expression of miR156 and SPL3. Taken together, our data suggest that the interaction between the miR156-SPL3 module and FT is part of the regulatory mechanism controlling flowering time in response to ambient temperature.
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44
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Jung JH, Seo PJ, Ahn JH, Park CM. Arabidopsis RNA-binding protein FCA regulates microRNA172 processing in thermosensory flowering. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16007-16. [PMID: 22431732 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature fluctuates diurnally and seasonally. It profoundly influences the timing of flowering in plants. The floral integrator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) mediates ambient temperature signals via the thermosensory pathway in Arabidopsis flowering. microRNA172 (miR172), which promotes flowering by inducing FT, also responds to changes in ambient temperature. However, it is largely unknown how miR172 integrates ambient temperature signals into the flowering genetic network. Here, we show that Arabidopsis RNA-binding protein FCA promotes the processing of primary microRNA172 transcripts (pri-miR172) in response to changes in ambient temperature. Ambient temperature regulates miR172 biogenesis primarily at the pri-miR172 processing step. miR172 abundance is elevated at 23 °C but not at 16 °C. miR172 accumulation at 23 °C requires functional FCA. FCA binds to the flanking sequences of the stem-loop within the pri-miR172 transcripts via the RNA recognition motif. FCA also binds to the primary transcripts of other temperature-responsive miRNAs, such as miR398 and miR399. Notably, levels of FCA mRNAs and proteins increase at 23 °C but remain low at 16 °C, supporting the role of FCA in temperature perception. Our data show that FCA regulation of miR172 processing is an early event in the thermosensory flowering pathway. We propose that the FCA-miR172 regulon provides an adaptive strategy that fine tunes the onset of flowering under fluctuating ambient temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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45
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Iñigo S, Alvarez MJ, Strasser B, Califano A, Cerdán PD. PFT1, the MED25 subunit of the plant Mediator complex, promotes flowering through CONSTANS dependent and independent mechanisms in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:601-12. [PMID: 21985558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two aspects of light are very important for plant development: the length of the light phase or photoperiod and the quality of incoming light. Photoperiod detection allows plants to anticipate the arrival of the next season, whereas light quality, mainly the red to far-red ratio (R:FR), is an early signal of competition by neighbouring plants. phyB represses flowering by antagonising CO at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. A low R:FR decreases active phyB and consequently increases active CO, which in turn activates the expression of FT, the plant florigen. Other phytochromes like phyD and phyE seem to have redundant roles with phyB. PFT1, the MED25 subunit of the plant Mediator complex, has been proposed to act in the light-quality pathway that regulates flowering time downstream of phyB. However, whether PFT1 signals through CO and its specific mechanism are unclear. Here we show that CO-dependent and -independent mechanisms operate downstream of phyB, phyD and phyE to promote flowering, and that PFT1 is equally able to promote flowering by modulating both CO-dependent and -independent pathways. Our data are consistent with the role of PFT1 as an activator of CO transcription, and also of FT transcription, in a CO-independent manner. Our transcriptome analysis is also consistent with CO and FT genes being the most important flowering targets of PFT1. Furthermore, comparison of the pft1 transcriptome with transcriptomes after fungal and herbivore attack strongly suggests that PFT1 acts as a hub, integrating a variety of interdependent environmental stimuli, including light quality and jasmonic acid-dependent defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Iñigo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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46
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Jarillo JA, Piñeiro M. Timing is everything in plant development. The central role of floral repressors. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:364-78. [PMID: 21889042 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the molecular basis of flowering time control has revealed that floral repressors play a central role in modulating the floral transition and are essential to prevent the precocious onset of flowering. A number of cellular processes including chromatin remodeling, selective protein degradation, and transcriptional regulation mediated by transcription factors are involved in repressing the initiation of flowering. Floral repressors interact at different levels with floral inductive pathways and prevent the premature onset of flowering that could impact negatively on the reproductive success of plants. Despite recent advances, further studies will be needed to understand how the interactions between floral repressors and the regulatory networks involved in the control of flowering time have evolved in different species. Recent data suggest that a diversity of regulatory proteins act as central floral repressors in different plants, and even in those species where regulatory modules are conserved new elements that modulate the function of these pathways have been recruited to mediate specific adaptive responses. The development of genomic tools and predictive models that can integrate large datasets related to the flowering behavior of plant species will facilitate the characterization of the repressor mechanisms underlying flowering responses, a trait with implications in the yield of crop species. In a scenario of global climate change, an in depth understanding of these gene circuits will be essential for the development of crop varieties with improved yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Jarillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
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Hanano S, Goto K. Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1 is involved in the regulation of flowering time and inflorescence development through transcriptional repression. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3172-84. [PMID: 21890645 PMCID: PMC3203435 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) is a key regulator of flowering time and the development of the inflorescence meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. TFL1 and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) have highly conserved amino acid sequences but opposite functions. For example, FT promotes flowering and TFL1 represses it; FT-overexpressing plants and TFL1 loss-of-function mutants have a similar phenotype production of terminal flowers in the shoot apex. FT is believed to function in a transcriptional activator complex by interacting with FD. Here, we demonstrate that TFL1 is involved in the transcriptional repression of genes that are activated by FT. We analyzed transgenic plants overexpressing TFL1 fused to a transcriptional repressor domain (TFL1-SRDX) or an activator domain (TFL1-VP16). Plants carrying 35S:TFL1-SRDX showed delayed flowering similar to 35S:TFL1 plants, and plants carrying 35S:TFL1-VP16 showed an early flowering phenotype and produced terminal flowers. Furthermore, the tfl1 and 35S:TFL1-VP16 plant phenotypes were strongly suppressed by the fd mutation, and TFL1 interacted with FD in the cell nucleus, as shown by bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments. We conclude that TFL1 negatively modulates the FD-dependent transcription of target genes to fine-tune flowering time and the development of the inflorescence meristem.
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Kolmos E, Herrero E, Bujdoso N, Millar AJ, Tóth R, Gyula P, Nagy F, Davis SJ. A reduced-function allele reveals that EARLY FLOWERING3 repressive action on the circadian clock is modulated by phytochrome signals in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3230-46. [PMID: 21908721 PMCID: PMC3203447 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.088195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) is essential for the generation of circadian rhythms. ELF3 has been proposed to restrict light signals to the oscillator through phytochrome photoreceptors, but that has not been explicitly shown. Furthermore, the genetic action of ELF3 within the clock had remained elusive. Here, we report a functional characterization of ELF3 through the analysis of the elf3-12 allele, which encodes an amino acid replacement in a conserved domain. Circadian oscillations persisted, and unlike elf3 null alleles, elf3-12 resulted in a short circadian period only under ambient light. The period shortening effect of elf3-12 was enhanced by the overexpression of phytochromes phyA and phyB. We found that elf3-12 was only modestly perturbed in resetting of the oscillator and in gating light-regulated gene expression. Furthermore, elf3-12 essentially displayed wild-type development. We identified targets of ELF3 transcriptional repression in the oscillator, highlighting the action at the morning gene PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR9. Taken together, we identified two separable roles for ELF3, one affecting the circadian network and the other affecting light input to the oscillator. This is consistent with a dual function of ELF3 as both an integrator of phytochrome signals and a repressor component of the core oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsebeth Kolmos
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Herrero
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nora Bujdoso
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Millar
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Réka Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Gyula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Seth J. Davis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Danilevskaya ON, Meng X, Ananiev EV. Concerted modification of flowering time and inflorescence architecture by ectopic expression of TFL1-like genes in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:238-51. [PMID: 20200067 PMCID: PMC2862429 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1)-like genes are highly conserved in plants and are thought to function in the maintenance of meristem indeterminacy. Recently, we described six maize (Zea mays) TFL1-related genes, named ZEA CENTRORADIALIS1 (ZCN1) to ZCN6. To gain insight into their functions, we generated transgenic maize plants overexpressing their respective cDNAs driven by a constitutive promoter. Overall, ectopic expression of the maize TFL1-like genes produced similar phenotypes, including delayed flowering and altered inflorescence architecture. We observed an apparent relationship between the magnitude of the transgenic phenotypes and the degree of homology between the ZCN proteins. ZCN2, -4, and -5 form a monophylogenetic clade, and their overexpression produced the strongest phenotypes. Along with very late flowering, these transgenic plants produced a "bushy" tassel with increased lateral branching and spikelet density compared with nontransgenic siblings. On the other hand, ZCN1, -3, and -6 produced milder effects. Among them, ZCN1 showed moderate effects on flowering time and tassel morphology, whereas ZCN3 and ZCN6 did not change flowering time but still showed effects on tassel morphology. In situ hybridizations of tissue from nontransgenic plants revealed that the expression of all ZCN genes was associated with vascular bundles, but each gene had a specific spatial and temporal pattern. Expression of four ZCN genes localized to the protoxylem, whereas ZCN5 was expressed in the protophloem. Collectively, our findings suggest that ectopic expression of the TFL1-like genes in maize modifies flowering time and inflorescence architecture through maintenance of the indeterminacy of the vegetative and inflorescence meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Danilevskaya
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, a DuPont Business, Johnston, Iowa 50131, USA.
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Abstract
Plants use light as a source of energy for photosynthesis and as a source of environmental information perceived by photoreceptors. Testing whether plants can complete their cycle if light provides energy but no information about the environment requires a plant devoid of phytochromes because all photosynthetically active wavelengths activate phytochromes. Producing such a quintuple mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana has been challenging, but we were able to obtain it in the flowering locus T (ft) mutant background. The quintuple phytochrome mutant does not germinate in the FT background, but it germinates to some extent in the ft background. If germination problems are bypassed by the addition of gibberellins, the seedlings of the quintuple phytochrome mutant exposed to red light produce chlorophyll, indicating that phytochromes are not the sole red-light photoreceptors, but they become developmentally arrested shortly after the cotyledon stage. Blue light bypasses this blockage, rejecting the long-standing idea that the blue-light receptors cryptochromes cannot operate without phytochromes. After growth under white light, returning the quintuple phytochrome mutant to red light resulted in rapid senescence of already expanded leaves and severely impaired expansion of new leaves. We conclude that Arabidopsis development is stalled at several points in the presence of light suitable for photosynthesis but providing no photomorphogenic signal.
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