1
|
Nagel M, Pence V, Ballesteros D, Lambardi M, Popova E, Panis B. Plant Cryopreservation: Principles, Applications, and Challenges of Banking Plant Diversity at Ultralow Temperatures. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:797-824. [PMID: 38211950 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Progressive loss of plant diversity requires the protection of wild and agri-/horticultural species. For species whose seeds are extremely short-lived, or rarely or never produce seeds, or whose genetic makeup must be preserved, cryopreservation offers the only possibility for long-term conservation. At temperatures below freezing, most vegetative plant tissues suffer severe damage from ice crystal formation and require protection. In this review, we describe how increasing the concentration of cellular solutes by air drying or adding cryoprotectants, together with rapid cooling, results in a vitrified, highly viscous state in which cells can remain viable and be stored. On this basis, a range of dormant bud-freezing, slow-cooling, and (droplet-)vitrification protocols have been developed, but few are used to cryobank important agricultural/horticultural/timber and threatened species. To improve cryopreservation efficiency, the effects of cryoprotectants and molecular processes need to be understood and the costs for cryobanking reduced. However, overall, the long-term costs of cryopreservation are low, while the benefits are huge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Nagel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany;
| | - Valerie Pence
- Lindner Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Department of Botany and Geology, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Lambardi
- Institute of BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Popova
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bart Panis
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nits OS, Sementsova MV, Osipova ES, Tereshonok DV, Gladkov EA. IPPRAS Cryobank for the Conservation of Orthodox Seeds of Rare, Endangered, Medicinal, and Ornamental Plant Species-Current Research. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1354. [PMID: 38794425 PMCID: PMC11125767 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant cryobanks play a significant role in modern science and breeding. They contribute to the recovery of lost species, the emergence of new plant varieties, and help preserve and explore the diversity of the plant world. The IPPRAS Cryobank collection is constantly supplemented with new samples, while, at the same time, the stored samples are being monitored. In order to test seed germination, seeds of Allium and Veratrum species were thawed. Rare Allium species seeds, such as A. nutans, A. schoenoprasum, and A. victorialis were stored in liquid nitrogen for 17, 19, and 30 years, respectively. Long-term cryopreservation decreased germination rates for A. nutans from 96.55 to 50.00%, for A. schoenoprasum from 72.00 to 62.75%, and for A. victorialis from 90.00 to 83.05%. Seeds of a rare medicinal species, Veratrum lobelianum, were stored in liquid nitrogen for 18 years; the seed germination rate during this storage period has been significantly decreased from 75.00 to 14.81%. V. nigrum seeds were also collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen for 3 days. Short-term cryopreservation did not result in a statistically significant change in germination rates (from 79.71 to 82.69%). The seeds of an endangered ornamental species, Cypripedium calceolus, were collected and kept frozen for 3 days. After cryopreservation, the seeds were planted on three different media, as follows: ½ MS, MS with 10% coconut milk, and BM1. On ½ MS medium, 24.98% seeds formed protocorms, while on MS medium with 10% coconut milk, this number was 10.02%, and on BM1 medium, it was 15.02%, respectively; however, after 2.5 months, all of the protocorms died. Thus, it appears that the existing protocol for seed cryopreservation of C. calceolus needs further improvement. The size, weight, and free water content (WC) of six previously cryopreserved Stipa species and three Allium species were measured. For all the Allium and Stipa species studied, we found no correlation between seed size, WC, and cryotolerance. We also found no correlation between the life form, which reflects the water requirement of the species, and cryotolerance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramirez JF, Kumara U, Arulsamy N, Boothby TC. Water content, transition temperature and fragility influence protection and anhydrobiotic capacity. BBA ADVANCES 2024; 5:100115. [PMID: 38318251 PMCID: PMC10840120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2024.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Water is essential for metabolism and all life processes. Despite this, many organisms distributed across the kingdoms of life survive near-complete desiccation or anhydrobiosis. Increased intracellular viscosity, leading to the formation of a vitrified state is necessary, but not sufficient, for survival while dry. What properties of a vitrified system make it desiccation-tolerant or -sensitive are unknown. We have analyzed 18 different in vitro vitrified systems, composed of one of three protective disaccharides (trehalose, sucrose, or maltose) and glycerol, quantifying their enzyme-protective capacity and their material properties in a dry state. Protection conferred by mixtures containing maltose correlates strongly with increased water content, increased glass-transition temperature, and reduced glass former fragility, while the protection of glasses formed with sucrose correlates with increased glass transition temperature and the protection conferred by trehalose glasses correlates with reduced glass former fragility. Thus, in vitro different vitrified sugars confer protection through distinct material properties. Next, we examined the material properties of a dry desiccation tolerant and intolerant life stage from three different organisms. The dried desiccation tolerant life stage of all organisms had an increased glass transition temperature and reduced glass former fragility relative to its dried desiccation intolerant life stage. These results suggest in nature organismal desiccation tolerance relies on a combination of various material properties. This study advances our understanding of how protective and non-protective glasses differ in terms of material properties that promote anhydrobiosis. This knowledge presents avenues to develop novel stabilization technologies for pharmaceuticals that currently rely on the cold-chain. Statement of significance For the past three decades the anhydrobiosis field has lived with a paradox, while vitrification is necessary for survival in the dry state, it is not sufficient. Understanding what property(s) distinguishes a desiccation tolerant from an intolerant vitrified system and how anhydrobiotic organisms survive drying is one of the enduring mysteries of organismal physiology. Here we show in vitro the enzyme-protective capacity of different vitrifying sugars can be correlated with distinct material properties. However, in vivo, diverse desiccation tolerant organisms appear to combine these material properties to promote their survival in a dry state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - U.G.V.S.S. Kumara
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Thomas C. Boothby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vallaster B, Engelsing F, Grohganz H. Influence of water and trehalose on α- and β-relaxation of freeze-dried lysozyme formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 194:1-8. [PMID: 38029940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mobility in form of alpha and beta relaxations is considered crucial for characterization of amorphous lyophilizates and reflected in the transition temperatures Tgα and Tgβ. Based on an overview of applied methods to study beta relaxations, Dynamic Mechanical analysis was used to measure Tgα and Tgβ in amorphous freeze-dried samples. Lysozyme and trehalose as well as their mixtures in varying ratios were investigated. Three different residual moisture levels, ranging from roughly 0.5-7 % (w/w), were prepared via equilibration of the freeze-dried samples. Known plasticising effects of water on Tgα were confirmed, also via differential scanning calorimetry. In addition and contrary to expectations, an influence of water on the Tgβ also was observed. On the other hand, an increasing amount of trehalose lowered Tgα but increased Tgβ showing that Tgα and Tgβ are not paired. The findings were interpreted with regard to their underlying molecular mechanisms and a correlation with the known influences of water and trehalose on stability. The results provide encouraging hints for future stability studies of freeze-dried protein formulations, which are urgently needed, not least for reasons of sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Vallaster
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Florian Engelsing
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pirredda M, Fañanás-Pueyo I, Oñate-Sánchez L, Mira S. Seed Longevity and Ageing: A Review on Physiological and Genetic Factors with an Emphasis on Hormonal Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:41. [PMID: 38202349 PMCID: PMC10780731 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Upon storage, seeds inevitably age and lose their viability over time, which determines their longevity. Longevity correlates with successful seed germination and enhancing this trait is of fundamental importance for long-term seed storage (germplasm conservation) and crop improvement. Seed longevity is governed by a complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions experienced during seed development and after-ripening that will shape seed physiology. Several factors have been associated with seed ageing such as oxidative stress responses, DNA repair enzymes, and composition of seed layers. Phytohormones, mainly abscisic acid, auxins, and gibberellins, have also emerged as prominent endogenous regulators of seed longevity, and their study has provided new regulators of longevity. Gaining a thorough understanding of how hormonal signalling genes and pathways are integrated with downstream mechanisms related to seed longevity is essential for formulating strategies aimed at preserving seed quality and viability. A relevant aspect related to research in seed longevity is the existence of significant differences between results depending on the seed equilibrium relative humidity conditions used to study seed ageing. Hence, this review delves into the genetic, environmental and experimental factors affecting seed ageing and longevity, with a particular focus on their hormonal regulation. We also provide gene network models underlying hormone signalling aimed to help visualize their integration into seed longevity and ageing. We believe that the format used to present the information bolsters its value as a resource to support seed longevity research for seed conservation and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pirredda
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Iris Fañanás-Pueyo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Oñate-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sara Mira
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Osipova ES, Tereshonok DV, Gladkov EA, Evsyukov SV, Stepanova AY. Evaluation of Seed Germination of Six Rare Stipa Species following Low Temperature Stress (Cryopreservation). Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2296. [PMID: 38137897 PMCID: PMC10744796 DOI: 10.3390/life13122296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is one way to preserve rare, endangered species. However, during the cryopreservation process, plant cells undergo considerable stress, which may lead to cell death. In our work, orthodox Stipa seeds of six rare species were cryopreserved: S. sareptana, S. ucrainica, S. tirsa, S. dasyphylla, S. adoxa, and S. pulcherríma. Short-term cryopreservation (14 days) stimulated germination of all Stipa species studied. Prolonged cryopreservation (70 days and more) decreased the germination of all Stipa seeds except S. sareptana. The decrease in germination progressed over time as a result of the cumulative stress of cryopreservation rather than the initial stress. To stimulate germination, seeds were stratified and treated with GA3, KNO3, NaOH, and H2O2. After four years of seed cryopreservation, it was possible to obtain seedlings of all the Stipa species studied with 30 days of stratification and 180 days of germination. After five years of cryopreservation and seed treatment with 30% NaOH for one hour, the best germination was obtained in S. adoxa and S. pulcherrima. After treatment with 5% H2O2 for 20 min, the best germination was obtained in S. sareptana, S. ucrainica, and S. dasyphylla. S. sareptana seeds germinated in all the aforementioned experiments. S. sareptana has a non-deep physiological dormancy and is the most widespread and drought-tolerant Stipa species studied. The best habitat adaptation and stress tolerance correlated with this species'cryotolerance. S. sareptana was recommended for further cryopreservation, while storage protocols for the other Stipa species studied need further improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sergeevna Osipova
- K.A.Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPP RAS), 127276 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.T.); (E.A.G.); (S.V.E.); (A.Y.S.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
López-Pozo M, Fernández-Marín B, García-Plazaola J, Seal CE, Ballesteros D. Ageing kinetics of fern chlorophyllous spores during dry storage is determined by its antioxidant potential and likely induced by photosynthetic machinery. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111870. [PMID: 37722506 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Ageing in dry chlorophyllous propagules is leaded by photooxidation through the photosynthetic machinery, but why species differ in longevity and the ageing mechanisms of when light and oxygen are absent are unknown. We hypothesize that the cellular antioxidant capacity is key for the inter- and intra-specific differences in the ageing process. We have tested this hypothesis in chlorophyllous spores of two ferns. They were subjected to four different storage regimes resulting from light/dark and normoxia/hypoxia combinations. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and photosynthetic pigments were analysed in parallel to germination and the recovery of Fv/Fm over a storage period of up to 22-months. We show that light and oxygen accelerate the ageing process, but their mechanisms (ROS, increase, antioxidant capacity decrease, loss of efficiency of the photosystem II, pigment degradation) appear the same under all conditions tested. The end of the asymptomatic phase of longevity, when a sudden drop of germination occurs, seems to be determined by a threshold in the depletion of antioxidants. Our results support the hypothesis that ageing kinetics in dry plant propagules is determined by the antioxidant system, but also suggests an active role of the photosynthetic machinery during ageing, even in darkness and hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - B Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vizcaya, Spain
| | - C E Seal
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK
| | - D Ballesteros
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, West Sussex, UK; Department of Botany and Geology, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramirez JF, Kumara U, Arulsamy N, Boothby TC. Water content, transition temperature and fragility influence protection and anhydrobiotic capacity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.30.547256. [PMID: 38014150 PMCID: PMC10680572 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.30.547256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Water is essential for metabolism and all life processes. Despite this, many organisms distributed across the kingdoms of life survive near-complete desiccation or anhydrobiosis (Greek for "life without water"). Increased intracellular viscosity, leading to the formation of a vitrified state is necessary, but not sufficient, for survival while dry. What properties of a vitrified system make it desiccation-tolerant or -sensitive are unknown. We have analyzed 18 different in vitro vitrified systems, composed of one of three protective disaccharides (trehalose, sucrose, or maltose) and varying amounts of glycerol, quantifying their enzyme-protective capacity and their material properties in a dry state. We find that protection conferred by mixtures containing maltose correlates strongly with increased water content, increased glass-transition temperature, and reduced glass former fragility, while the protection of glasses formed with sucrose correlates with increased glass transition temperature and the protection conferred by trehalose glasses correlates with reduced glass former fragility. Thus, in vitro different vitrified sugars confer protection through distinct material properties. Extending on this, we have examined the material properties of a dry desiccation tolerant and intolerant life stage from three different organisms. In all cases, the dried desiccation tolerant life stage of an organism had an increased glass transition temperature relative to its dried desiccation intolerant life stage, and this trend is also seen in all three organisms when considering reduced glass former fragility. These results suggest that while drying of different protective sugars in vitro results in vitrified systems with distinct material properties that correlate with their enzyme-protective capacity, in nature organismal desiccation tolerance relies on a combination of these properties. This study advances our understanding of how protective and non-protective glasses differ in terms of material properties that promote anhydrobiosis. This knowledge presents avenues to develop novel stabilization technologies for pharmaceuticals that currently rely on the cold-chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY 82071
| | - U.G.V.S.S. Kumara
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY 82071
| | | | - Thomas C. Boothby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, WY 82071
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wainaina I, Wafula E, Kyomugasho C, Sila D, Hendrickx M. Application of state diagrams to understand the nature and kinetics of (bio)chemical reactions in dry common bean seeds: A scientific guide to establish suitable postharvest storage conditions. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113418. [PMID: 37803756 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Storage is a fundamental part of the common bean postharvest chain that ensures a steady supply of safe and nutritious beans of acceptable cooking quality to the consumers. Although it is known that extrinsic factors of temperature and relative humidity (influencing the bean moisture content) control the cooking quality deterioration of beans during storage, the precise interactions among these extrinsic factors and the physical state of the bean matrix in influencing the rate of quality deteriorative reactions is poorly understood. Understanding the types and kinetics of (bio)chemical reactions that influence the cooking quality of beans during storage is important in establishing suitable storage conditions to ensure quality stability. In this review, we integrate the current insights on glass transition phenomena and its significance in describing the kinetics of (bio)chemical reactions that influence the cooking quality changes during storage of common beans. Furthermore, a storage stability map based on the glass transition temperature of beans as well as kinetics of the main (bio)chemical reactions linked to cooking quality deterioration during storage was designed as a guide for determining appropriate storage conditions to ensure cooking quality stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Wainaina
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Department of Food Science and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Elizabeth Wafula
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Department of Food Science and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Clare Kyomugasho
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Daniel Sila
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Department of Food Science and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Marc Hendrickx
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rehmani MS, Xian B, Wei S, He J, Feng Z, Huang H, Shu K. Seedling establishment: The neglected trait in the seed longevity field. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107765. [PMID: 37209453 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Seed longevity is a central actor in plant germplasm resource conservation, species reproduction, geographical distribution, crop yield and quality and food processing and safety. Seed longevity and vigor decrease gradually during storage, which directly influences seed germination and post-germination seedling establishment. It is noted that seedling establishment is a key shift from heterotropism to autotropism and is fueled by the energy reserved in the seeds per se. Numerous studies have demonstrated that expedited catabolism of triacylglycerols, fatty acid and sugars during seed storage is closely related to seed longevity. Storage of farm-saved seeds of elite cultivars for use in subsequent years is a common practice and it is recognized that aged seed (especially those stored under less-than-ideal conditions) can lead to poor seed germination, but the significance of poor seedling establishment as a separate factor capable of influencing crop yield has been overlooked. This review article summarizes the relationship between seed germination and seedling establishment and the effect of different seed reserves on seed longevity. Based on this, we emphasize the importance of simultaneous scoring of seedling establishment and germination percentage from aged seeds and discuss the reasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Rehmani
- School of Environment and Ecology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - BaoShan Xian
- School of Environment and Ecology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Shaowei Wei
- School of Environment and Ecology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Juan He
- School of Environment and Ecology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Zhenxin Feng
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Environment and Ecology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Identification of DNA Methylation Changes in European Beech Seeds during Desiccation and Storage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043557. [PMID: 36834975 PMCID: PMC9968092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing and deterioration of seeds is a major problem for the maintenance of seed quality and viability during long-term storage. Prediction of early stages of seed deterioration in order to point out the plantlets' regeneration time is a major challenge of successful storage. In preserved seeds, damages accumulate within cells at the rate mainly related to their moisture content and temperature of storage. Current research reveals global alterations in DNA methylation in lipid-rich intermediate seeds during desiccation and storage at various regimes covering nonoptimal and optimal conditions. We show for the first time that monitoring of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) level in seeds can be used as a truly universal viability marker regardless of postharvest category of seeds and their composition. For seeds stored up to three years, in varied conditions, moisture content, temperature, and time of storage had significant influence on seedling emergence and DNA methylation (p < 0.05). Similarities among lipid-rich intermediate and orthodox seeds regarding different reactions of embryonic axes and cotyledons to desiccation are newly revealed. Along with previous studies on seeds dramatically different in desiccation tolerance (recalcitrant vs. orthodox), results regarding lipid-rich seeds positioned in-between (intermediate) prove that maintaining global DNA methylation status is crucial for maintaining seed viability.
Collapse
|
12
|
Nadarajan J, Walters C, Pritchard HW, Ballesteros D, Colville L. Seed Longevity-The Evolution of Knowledge and a Conceptual Framework. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:471. [PMID: 36771556 PMCID: PMC9919896 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lifespan or longevity of a seed is the time period over which it can remain viable. Seed longevity is a complex trait and varies greatly between species and even seed lots of the same species. Our scientific understanding of seed longevity has advanced from anecdotal 'Thumb Rules,' to empirically based models, biophysical explanations for why those models sometimes work or fail, and to the profound realisation that seeds are the model of the underexplored realm of biology when water is so limited that the cytoplasm solidifies. The environmental variables of moisture and temperature are essential factors that define survival or death, as well as the timescale to measure lifespan. There is an increasing understanding of how these factors induce cytoplasmic solidification and affect glassy properties. Cytoplasmic solidification slows down, but does not stop, the chemical reactions involved in ageing. Continued degradation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids damage cell constituents and reduce the seed's metabolic capacity, eventually impairing the ability to germinate. This review captures the evolution of knowledge on seed longevity over the past five decades in relation to seed ageing mechanisms, technology development, including tools to predict seed storage behaviour and non-invasive techniques for seed longevity assessment. It is concluded that seed storage biology is a complex science covering seed physiology, biophysics, biochemistry and multi-omic technologies, and simultaneous knowledge advancement in these areas is necessary to improve seed storage efficacy for crops and wild species biodiversity conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Nadarajan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA—Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Faculty of Farmacy, Department of Botany and Geology, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Louise Colville
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hay FR, Rezaei S, Buitink J. Seed Moisture Isotherms, Sorption Models, and Longevity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:891913. [PMID: 35720538 PMCID: PMC9201756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.891913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seed moisture sorption isotherms show the equilibrium relationship between water content and equilibrium relative humidity (eRH) when seeds are either losing water from a hydrated state (desorption isotherm) or gaining water from a dry state (adsorption isotherm). They have been used in food science to predict the stability of different products and to optimize drying and/or processing. Isotherms have also been applied to understand the physiological processes occurring in viable seeds and how sorption properties differ in relation to, for example, developmental maturity, degree of desiccation tolerance, or dormancy status. In this review, we describe how sorption isotherms can help us understand how the longevity of viable seeds depends upon how they are dried and the conditions under which they are stored. We describe different ways in which isotherms can be determined, how the data are modeled using various theoretical and non-theoretical equations, and how they can be interpreted in relation to storage stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R. Hay
- Department of Agroecology, University of Aarhus, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Shabnam Rezaei
- Department of Agroecology, University of Aarhus, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Julia Buitink
- Université d'Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Acquisition of desiccation tolerance in Haematococcus pluvialis requires photosynthesis and coincides with lipid and astaxanthin accumulation. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Gerna D, Ballesteros D, Arc E, Stöggl W, Seal CE, Marami-Zonouz N, Na CS, Kranner I, Roach T. Does oxygen affect ageing mechanisms of Pinus densiflora seeds? A matter of cytoplasmic physical state. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2631-2649. [PMID: 35084458 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During desiccation, the cytoplasm of orthodox seeds solidifies into an intracellular glass with highly restricted diffusion and molecular mobility. Temperature and water content govern seed ageing rates, while oxygen (O2) can promote deteriorative reactions. However, whether the cytoplasmic physical state affects involvement of O2 in seed ageing remains unresolved. We aged Pinus densiflora seeds by controlled deterioration (CD) at 45 °C and distinct relative humidity (RH), resulting in cells with a glassy (11% and 30% RH) or fluid (60% and 80% RH) cytoplasm. Hypoxic conditions (0.4% O2) during CD delayed seed deterioration, lipid peroxidation, and decline of antioxidants (glutathione, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol), but only when the cytoplasm was glassy. In contrast, when the cytoplasm was fluid, seeds deteriorated at the same rate regardless of O2 availability, while being associated with limited lipid peroxidation, detoxification of lipid peroxide products, substantial loss of glutathione, and resumption of glutathione synthesis. Changes in metabolite profiles provided evidence of other O2-independent enzymatic reactions in a fluid cytoplasm, including aldo-keto reductase and glutamate decarboxylase activities. Biochemical profiles of seeds stored under seed bank conditions resembled those obtained after CD regimes that maintained a glassy cytoplasm. Overall, O2 contributed more to seed ageing when the cytoplasm was glassy, rather than fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gerna
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Erwann Arc
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Stöggl
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Nicki Marami-Zonouz
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Chae Sun Na
- Seed Conservation Research Division, Department of Seed Vault, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, 2160-53 Munsu-ro, Chunyang-myeon, Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Impe D, Ballesteros D, Nagel M. Impact of drying and cooling rate on the survival of the desiccation-sensitive wheat pollen. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:447-461. [PMID: 35099612 PMCID: PMC8850252 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fast-drying and cooling induce fast intracellular water loss and reduced ice-crystal formation, which may promote the formation of intracellular glasses that might improve the likelihood of wheat pollen survival. Long-term storage of pollen is important for the fertilization of spatially or temporally isolated female parents, especially in hybrid breeding. Wheat pollen is dehydration-sensitive and rapidly loses viability after shedding. To preserve wheat pollen, we hypothesized that fast-drying and cooling rates would increase the rate of intracellular water content (WC) removal, decrease intracellular ice-crystal formation, and increase viability after exposure to ultra-low temperatures. Therefore, we compared slow air-drying with fast-drying (dry air flow) and found significant correlations between pollen WC and viability (r = 0.92, P < 0.001); significant differences in WCs after specific drying times; and comparable viabilities after drying to specific WCs. Fast-drying to WCs at which ice melting events were not detected (ΔH = 0 J mg-1 DW, < 0.28 mg H2O mg-1 DW) reduced pollen viability to 1.2 ± 1.0%, but when drying to 0.39 mg H2O mg-1 DW, some viable pollen was detected (39.4 ± 17.9%). Fast cooling (150 °C min-1) of fast-dried pollen to 0.91 ± 0.11 mg H2O mg-1 DW induced less and a delay of ice-crystal formation during cryomicroscopic-video-recordings compared to slow cooling (1 °C min-1), but viability was low (4.5-6.1%) and comparable between cooling rates. Our data support that the combination of fast-drying and cooling rates may enable the survival of wheat pollen likely due to (1) a reduction of the time pollen would be exposed to drying-related deleterious biochemical changes and (2) an inhibition of intracellular ice-crystal formation, but additional research is needed to obtain higher pollen survival after cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Leibniz-IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, RH17 6TN, UK
- Universitat de Valencia, Facultad de Farmacia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Manuela Nagel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Leibniz-IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Seed and the Metabolism Regulation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020168. [PMID: 35205035 PMCID: PMC8869448 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Seeds are the reproductive units of higher plants. They have a significant place in agriculture and plant diversity maintenance. Because they are dehydrated, they can remain viable in the environment for centuries. This review explores the dry seed as a metabolically inactive organism, but well organized to protect its components and enter intensive repair to restore metabolic activities upon imbibition for the completion of germination. Metabolism regulation is also critical for the most important seed traits, dormancy, and ageing recovery capacity. Abstract The seed represents a critical stage in the life cycle of flowering plants. It corresponds to a dry structure carrying the plant embryo in dormant or quiescent state. Orthodox seeds possess a very low water content, preventing biochemical reactions, especially respiration. If the desiccation of living organisms leads to a loss of homeostasis, structure, and metabolism, the seeds go through it successfully thanks to their structure, cellular organization, and growth regulation. Seeds set up a certain number of sophisticated molecules to protect valuable macromolecules or organelles from dehydration/rehydration cycles. Moreover, dormancy takes place in a coordinated process with environmental cues in order to ensure embryo development at the most appropriate conditions for the establishment of the new plant. Moreover, repair processes are programmed to be ready to operate to maximize germination success and seed longevity. This review focuses on the physiology of the seed as related to hydration forces, respiration, and biochemical reactions in the transition from thermodynamically undefined dry state to self-sustained living system. Such processes are of importance for basic knowledge of the regulation of metabolism of living organisms, but also for the control of germination in the context of climate change due to global warming.
Collapse
|
18
|
Matilla AJ. The Orthodox Dry Seeds Are Alive: A Clear Example of Desiccation Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:plants11010020. [PMID: 35009023 PMCID: PMC8747232 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To survive in the dry state, orthodox seeds acquire desiccation tolerance. As maturation progresses, the seeds gradually acquire longevity, which is the total timespan during which the dry seeds remain viable. The desiccation-tolerance mechanism(s) allow seeds to remain dry without losing their ability to germinate. This adaptive trait has played a key role in the evolution of land plants. Understanding the mechanisms for seed survival after desiccation is one of the central goals still unsolved. That is, the cellular protection during dry state and cell repair during rewatering involves a not entirely known molecular network(s). Although desiccation tolerance is retained in seeds of higher plants, resurrection plants belonging to different plant lineages keep the ability to survive desiccation in vegetative tissue. Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in desiccation tolerance through tight control of the synthesis of unstructured late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, heat shock thermostable proteins (sHSPs), and non-reducing oligosaccharides. During seed maturation, the progressive loss of water induces the formation of a so-called cellular "glass state". This glassy matrix consists of soluble sugars, which immobilize macromolecules offering protection to membranes and proteins. In this way, the secondary structure of proteins in dry viable seeds is very stable and remains preserved. ABA insensitive-3 (ABI3), highly conserved from bryophytes to Angiosperms, is essential for seed maturation and is the only transcription factor (TF) required for the acquisition of desiccation tolerance and its re-induction in germinated seeds. It is noteworthy that chlorophyll breakdown during the last step of seed maturation is controlled by ABI3. This update contains some current results directly related to the physiological, genetic, and molecular mechanisms involved in survival to desiccation in orthodox seeds. In other words, the mechanisms that facilitate that an orthodox dry seed is a living entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Departamento de Biología Funcional (Área Fisiología Vegetal), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Michalak M, Plitta-Michalak BP, Nadarajan J, Colville L. Volatile signature indicates viability of dormant orthodox seeds. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:788-804. [PMID: 34008870 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All seeds eventually die even under optimal storage conditions. The moment of viability loss is difficult to predict and detect. In order to differentiate between dead and viable dormant orthodox seeds, GC-MS analysis was used to non-invasively evaluate the volatile signature of seeds of Pyrus communis L. and Sorbus aucuparia L. Dormant seeds are capable of extended metabolic depression. However, their low metabolic rate remains largely unquantified, and there are no measurements of metabolites, i.e. volatile organic compounds (VOC) for physiologically dormant seeds during storage. Therefore, to address this issue, seeds were stored at a broad range of moisture content (MC) ranging from 2 to 30% under cryogenic (-196°C), cool (5°C) and elevated (40°C) temperatures. Volatile emission was highly dependent on seed MC and storage temperature and was higher under conditions associated with seed viability loss. However, changes in the emission of volatiles entrapped in seeds and released during 24 h after storage were detected for all conditions, providing insight into the processes occurring in dry dormant seeds. Among the 36 volatiles identified, three (acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethyl acetate) were highly correlated with seed germinability and show potential for the non-invasive screening of viability. Significantly, all three VOC are derived mostly from glycolysis and peroxidation and were detected even under very low moisture and temperature storage conditions. This is the first study to report on VOC accumulation and emission from physiologically dormant seeds and provide a broader view into their viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Beata P Plitta-Michalak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Jayanthi Nadarajan
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Fitzherbert Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Louise Colville
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characterization of the Heat-Stable Proteome during Seed Germination in Arabidopsis with Special Focus on LEA Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158172. [PMID: 34360938 PMCID: PMC8347141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During seed germination, desiccation tolerance is lost in the radicle with progressing radicle protrusion and seedling establishment. This process is accompanied by comprehensive changes in the metabolome and proteome. Germination of Arabidopsis seeds was investigated over 72 h with special focus on the heat-stable proteome including late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins together with changes in primary metabolites. Six metabolites in dry seeds known to be important for seed longevity decreased during germination and seedling establishment, while all other metabolites increased simultaneously with activation of growth and development. Thermo-stable proteins were associated with a multitude of biological processes. In the heat-stable proteome, a relatively similar proportion of fully ordered and fully intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) was discovered. Highly disordered proteins were found to be associated with functional categories development, protein, RNA and stress. As expected, the majority of LEA proteins decreased during germination and seedling establishment. However, four germination-specific dehydrins were identified, not present in dry seeds. A network analysis of proteins, metabolites and amino acids generated during the course of germination revealed a highly connected LEA protein network.
Collapse
|
21
|
Guzzon F, Gianella M, Velazquez Juarez JA, Sanchez Cano C, Costich DE. Seed longevity of maize conserved under germplasm bank conditions for up to 60 years. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:775-785. [PMID: 33580665 PMCID: PMC8103804 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The long-term conservation of seeds of plant genetic resources is of key importance for food security and preservation of agrobiodiversity. Nevertheless, there is scarce information available about seed longevity of many crops under germplasm bank conditions. METHODS Through germination experiments as well as the analysis of historical monitoring data, we studied the decline in viability manifested by 1000 maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) seed accessions conserved for an average of 48 years at the CIMMYT germplasm bank, the largest maize seedbank in the world, under two cold storage conditions: an active (-3 °C; intended for seed distribution) and a base conservation chamber (-15 °C; for long-term conservation). KEY RESULTS Seed lots stored in the active chamber had a significantly lower and more variable seed germination, averaging 81.4 %, as compared with the seed lots conserved in the base chamber, averaging 92.1 %. The average seed viability detected in this study was higher in comparison with that found in other seed longevity studies on maize conserved under similar conditions. A significant difference was detected in seed germination and longevity estimates (e.g. p85 and p50) among accessions. Correlating seed longevity with seed traits and passport data, grain type showed the strongest correlation, with flint varieties being longer lived than floury and dent types. CONCLUSIONS The more rapid loss of seed viability detected in the active chamber suggests that the seed conservation approach, based on the storage of the same seed accessions in two chambers with different temperatures, might be counterproductive for overall long-term conservation and that base conditions should be applied in both. The significant differences detected in seed longevity among accessions underscores that different viability monitoring and regeneration intervals should be applied to groups of accessions showing different longevity profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Guzzon
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico State, Mexico
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Maraeva Gianella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Cesar Sanchez Cano
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Denise E Costich
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Texcoco, Mexico State, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fernández-Marín B, Roach T, Verhoeven A, García-Plazaola JI. Shedding light on the dark side of xanthophyll cycles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1336-1344. [PMID: 33452715 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophyll cycles are broadly important in photoprotection, and the reversible de-epoxidation of xanthophylls typically occurs in excess light conditions. However, as presented in this review, compiling evidence in a wide range of photosynthetic eukaryotes shows that xanthophyll de-epoxidation also occurs under diverse abiotic stress conditions in darkness. Light-driven photochemistry usually leads to the pH changes that activate de-epoxidases (e.g. violaxanthin de-epoxidase), but in darkness alternative electron transport pathways and luminal domains enriched in monogalactosyl diacyl glycerol (which enhance de-epoxidase activity) likely enable de-epoxidation. Another 'dark side' to sustaining xanthophyll de-epoxidation is inactivation and/or degradation of epoxidases (e.g. zeaxanthin epoxidase). There are obvious benefits of such activity regarding stress tolerance, and indeed this phenomenon has only been reported in stressful conditions. However, more research is required to unravel the mechanisms and understand the physiological roles of dark-induced formation of zeaxanthin. Notably, the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin in darkness is still a frequently ignored process, perhaps because it questions a previous paradigm. With that in mind, this review seeks to shed some light on the dark side of xanthophyll de-epoxidation, and point out areas for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38200, Spain
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Amy Verhoeven
- Department of Biology, University of St Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, St Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - José Ignacio García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hincha DK, Zuther E, Popova AV. Stabilization of Dry Sucrose Glasses by Four LEA_4 Proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050615. [PMID: 33919135 PMCID: PMC8143093 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of many organisms and organs can withstand an (almost) total water loss (anhydrobiosis). Sugars play an essential role in desiccation tolerance due to their glass formation ability during dehydration. In addition, intrinsically disordered LEA proteins contribute to cellular survival under such conditions. One possible mechanism of LEA protein function is the stabilization of sugar glasses. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here we used FTIR spectroscopy to investigate sucrose (Suc) glass stability dried from water or from two buffer components in the presence of four recombinant LEA and globular reference proteins. Buffer ions influenced the strength of the Suc glass in the order Suc < Suc/Tris < Suc/NaP. LEA proteins strengthened the sugar H-bonded network and the molecular structure in the glassy state. The position of νOH peak and the wavenumber–temperature coefficient (WTCg) provided similar information about the H-bonded network. Protein aggregation of LEA proteins was reduced in the desiccation-induced Suc glassy state. Detailed knowledge about the role of LEA proteins in the stabilization of dry sugar glasses yields information about their role in anhydrobiosis. This may open the possibility to use such proteins in biotechnical applications requiring dry storage of biologicals such as proteins, cells or tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk K. Hincha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Antoaneta V. Popova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (A.V.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Han B, Fernandez V, Pritchard HW, Colville L. Gaseous environment modulates volatile emission and viability loss during seed artificial ageing. PLANTA 2021; 253:106. [PMID: 33864524 PMCID: PMC8053187 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the gaseous environment using oxygen absorbers and/or silica gel shows potential for enhancing seed longevity through trapping toxic volatiles emitted by seeds during artificial ageing. Volatile profiling using non-invasive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry provides insight into the specific processes occurring during seed ageing. Production of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, derived from processes such as alcoholic fermentation, lipid peroxidation and Maillard reactions, are known to be dependent on storage temperature and relative humidity, but little is known about the potential modulating role of the gaseous environment, which also affects seed lifespan, on volatile production. Seeds of Lolium perenne (Poaceae), Agrostemma githago (Caryophyllaceae) and Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) were aged under normal atmospheric oxygen conditions and in sealed vials containing either oxygen absorbers, oxygen absorbers and silica gel (equilibrated at 60% RH), or silica gel alone. Seeds of A. githago that were aged in the absence of oxygen maintained higher viability and produced fewer volatiles than seeds aged in air. In addition, seeds of A. githago and L. perenne aged in the presence of silica gel were longer lived than those aged without silica, with no effect on seed moisture content or oxygen concentration in the storage containers, but with silica gel acting as a volatile trap. These results indicate that the use of inexpensive oxygen absorbers and silica gel could improve seed longevity in storage for some species and suggests a potential, and previously unidentified, role for silica gel in ultra-dry storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Han
- Shandong Forest Germplasm Resources Center, Ji’nan City, China
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Louise Colville
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Śmigała M, Winiarczyk K, Dąbrowska A, Domaciuk M, Gancarz M. Determination of the Influence of Mechanical Properties of Capsules and Seeds on the Susceptibility to Feeding of Mononychus pubctumalbum in Endangered Plant Species Iris aphylla L. and Iris sibirica L. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21062209. [PMID: 33809837 PMCID: PMC8004143 DOI: 10.3390/s21062209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the correlation between the mechanical resistance of iris seed capsules and seeds to Mononychus punctumalbum foraging. The principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the first main component referred to the variety type in 68%, and the second main component described the stage of the ontogenetic development of the plant in 26%. As indicated by the values of each parameter measured, all the parameters were found to exert a strong impact on the variability of the analyzed system. The occurrence of weevil infestation was also strongly but negatively correlated with seed wall thickness and capsule wall thickness. There was a correlation of seed max load and seed mass with the occurrence of the weevil. The analysis of the mechanical resistance of iris seed capsules (in June 9.28 N and September 6.27 N for I. sibirica and in June 6.59 N and September 2.94 N for I. aphylla) and seeds (in June 15.97 N and September 344.90 N for I. sibirica and in June 16.60 N and September 174.46 N for I. aphylla) showed significant differences between the terms and species. The PCA analysis revealed that the first variable was correlated with the occurrence of weevil foraging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Śmigała
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.D.)
| | - Krystyna Winiarczyk
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (M.G.); Tel.: +48-81-744-50-61 (M.G.); Fax: +48-744-50-67 (M.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Dąbrowska
- Botanical Garden, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Sławinkowska 3, 20-810 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Domaciuk
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.Ś.); (M.D.)
| | - Marek Gancarz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (M.G.); Tel.: +48-81-744-50-61 (M.G.); Fax: +48-744-50-67 (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gerna D, Arc E, Holzknecht M, Roach T, Jansen-Dürr P, Weiss AK, Kranner I. AtFAHD1a: A New Player Influencing Seed Longevity and Dormancy in Arabidopsis? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2997. [PMID: 33804275 PMCID: PMC8001395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) proteins form a superfamily found in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. However, few fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain (FAHD)-containing proteins have been studied in Metazoa and their role in plants remains elusive. Sequence alignments revealed high homology between two Arabidopsis thaliana FAHD-containing proteins and human FAHD1 (hFAHD1) implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction-associated senescence. Transcripts of the closest hFAHD1 orthologue in Arabidopsis (AtFAHD1a) peak during seed maturation drying, which influences seed longevity and dormancy. Here, a homology study was conducted to assess if AtFAHD1a contributes to seed longevity and vigour. We found that an A. thaliana T-DNA insertional line (Atfahd1a-1) had extended seed longevity and shallower thermo-dormancy. Compared to the wild type, metabolite profiling of dry Atfahd1a-1 seeds showed that the concentrations of several amino acids, some reducing monosaccharides, and δ-tocopherol dropped, whereas the concentrations of dehydroascorbate, its catabolic intermediate threonic acid, and ascorbate accumulated. Furthermore, the redox state of the glutathione disulphide/glutathione couple shifted towards a more reducing state in dry mature Atfahd1a-1 seeds, suggesting that AtFAHD1a affects antioxidant redox poise during seed development. In summary, AtFAHD1a appears to be involved in seed redox regulation and to affect seed quality traits such as seed thermo-dormancy and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gerna
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.); (T.R.); (I.K.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (P.J.-D.)
| | - Erwann Arc
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.); (T.R.); (I.K.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (P.J.-D.)
| | - Max Holzknecht
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (P.J.-D.)
- Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.); (T.R.); (I.K.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (P.J.-D.)
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (P.J.-D.)
- Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander K.H. Weiss
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (P.J.-D.)
- Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.); (T.R.); (I.K.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.H.); (P.J.-D.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Candotto Carniel F, Fernandez-Marín B, Arc E, Craighero T, Laza JM, Incerti G, Tretiach M, Kranner I. How dry is dry? Molecular mobility in relation to thallus water content in a lichen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1576-1588. [PMID: 33165603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lichens can withstand extreme desiccation to water contents of ≤ 0.1 g H2O g-1 DW, and in the desiccated state are among the most extremotolerant organisms known. Desiccation-tolerant life-forms such as seeds, mosses and lichens survive 'vitrification', that is the transition of their cytoplasm to a 'glassy' state, which causes metabolism to cease. However, our understanding of the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance is hindered by poor knowledge of what reactions occur in the desiccated state. Using Flavoparmelia caperata as a model lichen, we determined at what water contents vitrification occurred upon desiccation. Molecular mobility was assessed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and the de- and re-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle pigments (measured by HPLC) was used as a proxy to assess enzyme activity. At 20 °C vitrification occurred between 0.12-0.08 g H2O g-1 DW and enzymes were active in a 'rubbery' state (0.17 g H2O g-1 DW) but not in a glassy state (0.03 g H2O g-1 DW). Therefore, desiccated tissues may appear to be 'dry' in the conventional sense, but subtle differences in water content will have substantial consequences on the types of (bio)chemical reactions that can occur, with downstream effects on longevity in the desiccated state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Candotto Carniel
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Marín
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Erwann Arc
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Craighero
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guido Incerti
- Department of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Małecka A, Ciszewska L, Staszak A, Ratajczak E. Relationship between mitochondrial changes and seed aging as a limitation of viability for the storage of beech seed ( Fagus sylvatica L.). PeerJ 2021; 9:e10569. [PMID: 33552713 PMCID: PMC7821764 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the most fundamental biological processes occurring in all forms of eukaryotic life. Beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) produce seeds in intervals of 5–10 years. Its yearly seed yield is usually very low, so there is a need for long-term seed storage to enable propagation of this species upon demand. Seeds for sowing must be of high quality but they are not easy to store without viability loss. Understanding the mechanism responsible for seed aging is therefore very important. We observed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria of embryonic axes and cotyledons of beech seeds during natural aging. The presence of ROS led to changes in compromised mitochondrial membrane integrity and in mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. In this study, we pointed to the involvement of mitochondria in the natural aging process of beech seeds, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this involvement are still unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arleta Małecka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Liliana Ciszewska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Staszak
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Analysis of Stored mRNA Degradation in Acceleratedly Aged Seeds of Wheat and Canola in Comparison to Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121707. [PMID: 33291562 PMCID: PMC7761881 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Seed aging has become a topic of renewed interest but its mechanism remains poorly understood. Our recent analysis of stored mRNA degradation in aged Arabidopsis seeds found that the stored mRNA degradation rates (estimated as the frequency of breakdown per nucleotide per day or β value) were constant over aging time under stable conditions. However, little is known about the generality of this finding to other plant species. We expanded the analysis to aged seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and canola (Brassica napus). It was found that wheat and canola seeds required much longer periods than Arabidopsis seeds to lose seed germination ability completely under the same aging conditions. As what had been observed for Arabidopsis, stored mRNA degradation (∆Ct value in qPCR) in wheat and canola seeds correlated linearly and tightly with seed aging time or mRNA fragment size, while the quality of total RNA showed little change during seed aging. The generated β values reflecting the rate of stored mRNA degradation in wheat or canola seeds were similar for different stored mRNAs assayed and constant over seed aging time. The overall β values for aged seeds of wheat and canola showed non-significant differences from that of Arabidopsis when aged under the same conditions. These results are significant, allowing for better understanding of controlled seed aging for different species at the molecular level and for exploring the potential of stored mRNAs as seed aging biomarkers.
Collapse
|
30
|
Buijs G, Willems LAJ, Kodde J, Groot SPC, Bentsink L. Evaluating the EPPO method for seed longevity analyses in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110644. [PMID: 33218622 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seed longevity (storability) is an important seed quality trait. High seed quality is important in agriculture, for the industry, and for safeguarding biodiversity as many species are stored as seeds in genebanks. To ensure ex-situ seed survival, seeds are mostly stored at low relative humidity and low temperature. Oxidation is the main cause of seed deterioration in these dry storage conditions. The molecular mechanisms underlying dry seed survival remain poorly understood. Research on seed longevity is hampered by the lack of an experimental ageing method that mimics dry ageing well. Here, we propose the Elevated Partial Pressure of Oxygen (EPPO) method as the best available method to mimic and accelerate dry seed ageing. We have tested seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana after EPPO storage at two different relative humidity (RH) conditions and confirm the large effect of oxygen and the seed moisture content on ageing during dry storage. Comparative Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis shows that EPPO at 55 % RH mimics dry ageing better than the commonly used Artificial Ageing and Controlled Deterioration tests at higher moisture levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonda Buijs
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A J Willems
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Kodde
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven P C Groot
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Science Centre, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Barbosa Batista T, Javier Fernandez G, Alexandre da Silva T, Maia J, Amaral da Silva EA. Transcriptome analysis in osmo-primed tomato seeds with enhanced longevity by heat shock treatment. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa041. [PMID: 32968476 PMCID: PMC7494243 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seed priming is widely used in commercial seeds and its main function is to accelerate and synchronize seed germination. Undesirably, primed seeds show reduced longevity and treatments like heat shock have been shown to improve longevity in primed seeds. Nonetheless, the effect of heat shock treatment on primed seeds at the mRNA level is not known. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of heat shock treatment on the longevity of primed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seeds at the physiological and transcriptome levels. Tomato seeds were primed and dried (control). Alternatively, primed seeds were subjected to heat shock treatment (38 °C/32 % relative humidity) before drying. Germination, vigor and longevity were evaluated. Transcriptome analysis was performed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from biological samples collected immediately after priming and another samples collected from primed seeds followed by the heat shock treatments. The gene expression was validated by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). We showed that applying heat shock treatment after priming increased germination speed, enhanced seed longevity and preserved the vigor during storage of primed tomato seeds. Through transcriptome analysis, 368 differentially expressed genes were identified, from which 298 genes were up-regulated and 70 were down-regulated. We showed the increase of mRNA levels of HEAT SHOCK FACTOR-like and HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN-like chaperone genes, suggesting the involvement of the proteins coded by these transcripts in the enhancement of longevity in primed tomato seeds. The heat shock treatment after priming enhances and preserves the vigor of tomato primed seeds during storage. In addition, improves seed longevity through the increase in the expression of transcripts related to protection by response to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Barbosa Batista
- Department of Plant Production, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlio Maia
- Department of Plant Production, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Renard J, Niñoles R, Martínez-Almonacid I, Gayubas B, Mateos-Fernández R, Bissoli G, Bueso E, Serrano R, Gadea J. Identification of novel seed longevity genes related to oxidative stress and seed coat by genome-wide association studies and reverse genetics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2523-2539. [PMID: 32519347 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seed longevity is a polygenic trait of relevance for agriculture and for understanding the effect of environment on the ageing of biological systems. In order to identify novel longevity genes, we have phenotyped the natural variation of 270 ecotypes of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, for natural ageing and for three accelerated ageing methods. Genome-wide analysis, using publicly available single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) data sets, identified multiple genomic regions associated with variation in seed longevity. Reverse genetics of 20 candidate genes in Columbia ecotype resulted in seven genes positive for seed longevity (PSAD1, SSLEA, SSTPR, DHAR1, CYP86A8, MYB47 and SPCH) and five negative ones (RBOHD, RBOHE, RBOHF, KNAT7 and SEP3). In this uniform genetic background, natural and accelerated ageing methods provided similar results for seed-longevity in knock-out mutants. The NADPH oxidases (RBOHs), the dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR1) and the photosystem I subunit (PSAD1) highlight the important role of oxidative stress on seed ageing. The cytochrome P-450 hydroxylase, CYP86A8, and the transcription factors, MYB47, KNAT7 and SEP3, support the protecting role of the seed coat during seed ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Renard
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - Regina Niñoles
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Almonacid
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gayubas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Mateos-Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - Gaetano Bissoli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bueso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Serrano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| | - José Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-C.S.I.C., Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Han Q, Chen K, Yan D, Hao G, Qi J, Wang C, Dirk LMA, Bruce Downie A, Gong J, Wang J, Zhao T. ZmDREB2A regulates ZmGH3.2 and ZmRAFS, shifting metabolism towards seed aging tolerance over seedling growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:268-282. [PMID: 32662115 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seed aging tolerance and rapid seedling growth are important agronomic traits for crop production; however, how these traits are controlled at the molecular level remains largely unknown. The unaged seeds of two independent maize DEHYDRATION-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING2A mutant (zmdreb2a) lines, with decreased expression of GRETCHEN HAGEN3.2 (ZmGH3.2, encoding indole-3-acetic acid [IAA] deactivating enzyme), and increased IAA in their embryo, produced longer seedling shoots and roots, than the null segregant (NS) controls. However, the zmdreb2a seeds, with decreased expression of RAFFINOSE SYNTHASE (ZmRAFS) and less raffinose in their embryo, exhibit decreased seed aging tolerance, than the NS controls. Overexpression of ZmDREB2A in maize protoplasts increased the expression of ZmGH3.2, ZmRAFS genes and that of a Rennila LUCIFERASE reporter (Rluc) gene, which was controlled by either the ZmGH3.2- or ZmRAFS-promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that ZmDREB2A directly binds to the DRE motif of the promoters of both ZmGH3.2 and ZmRAFS. Exogenous supplementation of IAA to the unaged, germinating NS seeds increased subsequent seedling growth making them similar to the zmdreb2a seedlings from unaged seeds. These findings provide evidence that ZmDREB2A regulates the longevity of maize seed by stimulating the production of raffinose while simultaneously acting to limit auxin-mediated cell expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kelu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guanglong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Junlong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- The Biology Teaching and Research Core Facility, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lynnette M A Dirk
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - A Bruce Downie
- Department of Horticulture, Seed Biology Group, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Center of Seed Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Innovation Center for Seed Technology (Ministry of Agriculture), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Center of Seed Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Innovation Center for Seed Technology (Ministry of Agriculture), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tianyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Arid Areas of the Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Molecular and environmental factors regulating seed longevity. Biochem J 2020; 477:305-323. [PMID: 31967650 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Seed longevity is a central pivot of the preservation of biodiversity, being of main importance to face the challenges linked to global climate change and population growth. This complex, quantitative seed quality trait is acquired on the mother plant during the second part of seed development. Understanding what factors contribute to lifespan is one of the oldest and most challenging questions in plant biology. One of these challenges is to recognize that longevity depends on the storage conditions that are experimentally used because they determine the type and rate of deleterious conditions that lead to cell death and loss of viability. In this review, we will briefly review the different storage methods that accelerate the deteriorative reactions during storage and argue that a minimum amount of information is necessary to interpret the longevity data. Next, we will give an update on recent discoveries on the hormonal factors regulating longevity, both from the ABA signaling pathway but also other hormonal pathways. In addition, we will review the effect of both maternal and abiotic factors that influence longevity. In the last section of this review, we discuss the problems in unraveling cause-effect relationship between the time of death during storage and deteriorative reactions leading to seed ageing. We focus on the three major types of cellular damage, namely membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation and RNA integrity for which germination data on seed stored in dedicated seed banks for long period times are now available.
Collapse
|
35
|
Fernández-Marín B, López-Pozo M, Perera-Castro AV, Arzac MI, Sáenz-Ceniceros A, Colesie C, de los Ríos A, Sancho LG, Pintado A, Laza JM, Pérez-Ortega S, García-Plazaola JI. Symbiosis at its limits: ecophysiological consequences of lichenization in the genus Prasiola in Antarctica. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 124:1211-1226. [PMID: 31549137 PMCID: PMC6943718 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between at least one fungal and one photosynthetic partner. The association between the lichen-forming fungus Mastodia tessellata (Verrucariaceae) and different species of Prasiola (Trebouxiophyceae) has an amphipolar distribution and represents a unique case study for the understanding of lichen symbiosis because of the macroalgal nature of the photobiont, the flexibility of the symbiotic interaction and the co-existence of free-living and lichenized forms in the same microenvironment. In this context, we aimed to (1) characterize the photosynthetic performance of co-occurring populations of free-living and lichenized Prasiola and (2) assess the effect of the symbiosis on water relations in Prasiola, including its tolerance of desiccation and its survival and performance under sub-zero temperatures. METHODS Photochemical responses to irradiance, desiccation and freezing temperature and pressure-volume curves of co-existing free-living and lichenized Prasiola thalli were measured in situ in Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica). Analyses of photosynthetic pigment, glass transition and ice nucleation temperatures, surface hydrophobicity extent and molecular analyses were conducted in the laboratory. KEY RESULTS Free-living and lichenized forms of Prasiola were identified as two different species: P. crispa and Prasiola sp., respectively. While lichenization appears to have no effect on the photochemical performance of the alga or its tolerance of desiccation (in the short term), the symbiotic lifestyle involves (1) changes in water relations, (2) a considerable decrease in the net carbon balance and (3) enhanced freezing tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our results support improved tolerance of sub-zero temperature as the main benefit of lichenization for the photobiont, but highlight that lichenization represents a delicate equilibrium between a mutualistic and a less reciprocal relationship. In a warmer climate scenario, the spread of the free-living Prasiola to the detriment of the lichen form would be likely, with unknown consequences for Maritime Antarctic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), La Laguna, Canarias, Spain
| | - Marina López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) - Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Miren Irati Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Sáenz-Ceniceros
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Claudia Colesie
- Global Change Institute, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Leo G Sancho
- Botany Section, Fac. Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pintado
- Botany Section, Fac. Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Laza
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry (Labquimac), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Colville L, Pritchard HW. Seed life span and food security. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:557-562. [PMID: 31225902 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Much is known about the inter-specific distribution of life span in a wide diversity of vertebrates and in adult plants, but not for seeds, yet the functional trait seed life span underpins global agriculture, plant species conservation and seed persistence in the soil. We sourced data for five storage conditions (soil seed bank; high temperature - high humidity accelerated ageing; temperate, cooler, open storage; cool, dry, refrigerator; and cold, dry, freezer); and analysed the distribution of orthodox seed life span amongst crop and wild species. In all cases, whether for maximum known in situ life span in the soil seed bank (417 species), or for half-lives (P50s) ex situ (732 species), the distribution is right-skewed. The finding that seeds of > 50% of species are likely to have life spans ≤ 20% of the longest recorded under the same conditions has implications for future research on the evolution of seed traits and gene bank collections management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Colville
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
López-Pozo M, Ballesteros D, Laza JM, García-Plazaola JI, Fernández-Marín B. Desiccation Tolerance in Chlorophyllous Fern Spores: Are Ecophysiological Features Related to Environmental Conditions? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1130. [PMID: 31616448 PMCID: PMC6764020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fern spores of most species are desiccation tolerant (DT) and, in some cases, are photosynthetic at maturation, the so-called chlorophyllous spores (CS). The lifespan of CS in the dry state is very variable among species. The physiological, biochemical, and biophysical mechanisms underpinning this variability remain understudied and their interpretation from an ecophysiological approach virtually unexplored. In this study, we aimed at fulfilling this gap by assessing photochemical, hydric, and biophysical properties of CS from three temperate species with contrasting biological strategies and longevity in the dry state: Equisetum telmateia (spore maturation and release in spring, ultrashort lifespan), Osmunda regalis (spore maturation and release in summer, medium lifespan), Matteuccia struthiopteris (spore maturation and release in winter, medium-long lifespan). After subjection of CS to controlled drying treatments, results showed that the three species displayed different extents of DT. CS of E. telmateia rapidly lost viability after desiccation, while the other two withstood several dehydration-rehydration cycles without compromising viability. The extent of DT was in concordance with water availability in the sporulation season of each species. CS of O. regalis and M. struthiopteris carried out the characteristic quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, widely displayed by other DT cryptogams during drying, and had higher tocopherol and proline contents. The turgor loss point of CS is also related to the extent of DT and to the sporulation season: lowest values were found in CS of M. struthiopteris and O. regalis. The hydrophobicity of spores in these two species was higher and probably related to the prevention of water absorption under unfavorable conditions. Molecular mobility, estimated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, confirmed an unstable glassy state in the spores of E. telmateia, directly related to the low DT, while the DT species entered in a stable glassy state when dried. Overall, our data revealed a DT syndrome related to the season of sporulation that was characterized by higher photoprotective potential, specific hydric properties, and lower molecular mobility in the dry state. Being unicellular haploid structures, CS represent not only a challenge for germplasm preservation (e.g., as these spores are prone to photooxidation) but also an excellent opportunity for studying mechanisms of DT in photosynthetic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Pozo
- Depatment of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Ballesteros
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry (Labquimac), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Depatment of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wolkis D, Deans S. Picking from the Past in Preparation for a Pest: Seed Banks Outperform Herbaria as Sources of Preserved 'Ōhi'a Seed. Biopreserv Biobank 2019; 17:583-590. [PMID: 31429591 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2019.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed banks serve the purpose of maintaining germplasm for ex situ species preservation. Herbarium vouchers may be a viable source of unique and/or additional seeds for restoration as they can sometimes be from larger and more representative populations compared with seed banks. Rapid 'ōhi'a death (ROD) has emerged as a serious threat against Hawaii's most iconic and foundational forest tree (Metrosideros spp.), and seed banking has been identified as an important strategy in preserving the genetic diversity of 'ōhi'a. With respect to 'ōhi'a we ask the following: (1) what is the long-term viability of 'ōhi'a seeds stored in herbarium conditions, (2) how do herbarium curation practices affect seed viability, and (3) how long do seeds survive using conventional storage methods? We placed fresh 'ōhi'a seeds in a herbarium dryer (57°C/5% relative humidity) for 5 days, freezer (-18°C/95% RH) for 2 weeks, and dryer then freezer, and compared against fresh control seeds. Seeds were harvested from a chronosequence of herbarium specimens, withdrawn from conventional storage conditions up to 3.75 and 6.5 years before experiments began, and germination assessed. There was no difference in the proportion germinated among treatments and control testing for herbarium entry (p = 0.56). Although no seeds from herbarium specimens germinated, freshly collected dried and frozen seeds germinated at a level equivalent to the control (p = 0.76). For seeds stored using conventional storage methods at 3.75 and 6.5 years, germination was equivalent to freshly harvested seeds. This suggests that seeds can survive the extreme climate conditions necessary to enter herbaria, but lose viability after storage at ambient conditions in 4 years or less. Although 'ōhi'a seeds may be plentiful in herbaria, we recommend using seeds deposited into seed banks using conventional storage methods for orthodox seeds for postdisturbance restoration, and to combat ROD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Wolkis
- Department of Science and Conservation, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalāheo, Hawaii
| | - Susan Deans
- Department of Science and Conservation, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalāheo, Hawaii.,Department of Plant Science, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois.,Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ballesteros D, Walters C. Solid-State Biology and Seed Longevity: A Mechanical Analysis of Glasses in Pea and Soybean Embryonic Axes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:920. [PMID: 31379902 PMCID: PMC6646689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasm of anhydrobiotes (organisms that persist in the absence of water) solidifies during drying. Despite this stabilization, anhydrobiotes vary in how long they persist while dry. In this paper, we call upon concepts currently used to explain stability of amorphous solids (also known as glasses) in synthetic polymers, foods, and pharmaceuticals to the understand variation in longevity of biological systems. We use embryonic axes of pea (Pisum sativum) and soybean (Glycine max) seeds as test systems that have relatively long and short survival times, respectively, but similar geometries and water sorption behaviors. We used dynamic mechanical analysis to gain insights on structural and mobility properties that relate to stability of other organic systems with controlled composition. Changes of elastic and loss moduli, and the dissipation function, tan δ, in response to moisture and temperature were compared in pea and soybean axes containing less than 0.2 g H2O g-1 dry mass. The work shows high complexity of structure-regulated molecular mobility within dried seed matrices. As was previously observed for pea cotyledons, there were multiple relaxations of structural constraints to molecular movement, which demonstrate substantial localized, "fast" motions within solidified cytoplasm. There was detected variation in the coordination among long-range slow, diffusive and short-range fast, vibrational motions in glasses of pea compared to soybean, which suggest higher constraints to motion in pea and greater "fragility" in soybean. We are suggesting that differences in fragility contribute to variation of seed longevity. Indeed, fragility and coordination of short and long range motions are linked to stability and physical aging of synthetic polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Walters
- National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fleming MB, Hill LM, Walters C. The kinetics of ageing in dry-stored seeds: a comparison of viability loss and RNA degradation in unique legacy seed collections. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1133-1146. [PMID: 30566591 PMCID: PMC6613187 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Determining seed longevity by identifying chemical changes that precede, and may be linked to, seed mortality, is an important but difficult task. The standard assessment, germination proportion, reveals seed longevity by showing that germination proportion declines, but cannot be used to predict when germination will be significantly compromised. Assessment of molecular integrity, such as RNA integrity, may be more informative about changes in seed health that precede viability loss, and has been shown to be useful in soybean. METHODS A collection of seeds stored at 5 °C and 35-50 % relative humidity for 1-30 years was used to test how germination proportion and RNA integrity are affected by storage time. Similarly, a collection of seeds stored at temperatures from -12 to +32 °C for 59 years was used to manipulate ageing rate. RNA integrity was calculated using total RNA extracted from one to five seeds per sample, analysed on an Agilent Bioanalyzer. RESULTS Decreased RNA integrity was usually observed before viability loss. Correlation of RNA integrity with storage time or storage temperature was negative and significant for most species tested. Exceptions were watermelon, for which germination proportion and storage time were poorly correlated, and tomato, which showed electropherogram anomalies that affected RNA integrity number calculation. Temperature dependencies of ageing reactions were not significantly different across species or mode of detection. The overall correlation between germination proportion and RNA integrity, across all experiments, was positive and significant. CONCLUSIONS Changes in RNA integrity when ageing is asymptomatic can be used to predict onset of viability decline. RNA integrity appears to be a metric of seed ageing that is broadly applicable across species. Time and molecular mobility of the substrate affect both the progress of seed ageing and loss of RNA integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Fleming
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lisa M Hill
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chigwedere CM, Njoroge DM, Van Loey AM, Hendrickx ME. Understanding the Relations Among the Storage, Soaking, and Cooking Behavior of Pulses: A Scientific Basis for Innovations in Sustainable Foods for the Future. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1135-1165. [PMID: 33337000 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The world faces challenges that require sustainable solutions: food and nutrition insecurity; replacement of animal-based protein sources; and increasing demand for convenient, nutritious, and health-beneficial foods; as well as functional ingredients. The irrefutable potential of pulses as future sustainable food systems is undermined by the hardening phenomenon that develops upon their storage under adverse conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Occurrence of this phenomenon indicates storage instability. In this review, the application of a material science approach, in particular the glass transition temperature concept, is presented to explain phenomena of storage instability such as the occurrence of hardening and loss of viability under adverse storage conditions. In addition to storage (in)stability, application of this concept during processing of pulses is discussed. The state-of-the-art on how hardening occurs, that is, mechanistic insights, is provided, including a critical evaluation of some of the existing postulations using recent research findings. Moreover, the influence of hardening on the properties and processing of pulses is included. Prevention of hardening and curative actions for pulses affected by the hardening phenomenon are described in addition to the current trends on uses of pulses and pulse-derived products. Based on the knowledge progress presented in this review, suggestions for the future include: first, the need for innovation toward implementation of recommended solutions for the prevention of hardening; second, the optimization of the identified most effective and efficient curative action against hardening; and third, areas to focus on for elucidation of mechanisms of hardening, although existing analytical methods require advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Chigwedere
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Dept. of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Daniel M Njoroge
- Inst. of Food Bioresources Technology, Dedan Kimathi Univ. of Technology, Private Bag, Dedan Kimathi, Nyeri, Kenya
| | - Ann M Van Loey
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Dept. of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marc E Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Dept. of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nagel M, Seal CE, Colville L, Rodenstein A, Un S, Richter J, Pritchard HW, Börner A, Kranner I. Wheat seed ageing viewed through the cellular redox environment and changes in pH. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:641-654. [PMID: 31092082 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1620226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate biochemical mechanisms leading to seed deterioration, we studied 23 wheat genotypes after exposure to seed bank storage for 6-16 years compared to controlled deterioration (CD) at 45 °C and 14 (CD14) and 18% (CD18) moisture content (MC) for up to 32 days. Under two seed bank storage conditions, seed viability was maintained in cold storage (CS) at 0 °C and 9% seed MC, but significantly decreased in ambient storage (AS) at 20 °C and 9% MC. Under AS and CS, organic free radicals, most likely semiquinones, accumulated, detected by electron paramagnetic resonance, while the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) was partly lost and partly converted to glutathione disulphide (GSSG), detected by HPLC. Under AS the glutathione half-cell reduction potential (EGSSG/2GSH) shifted towards more oxidising conditions, from -186 to -141 mV. In seeds exposed to CD14 or CD18, no accumulation of organic free radicals was observed, GSH and seed viability declined within 32 and 7 days, respectively, GSSG hardly changed (CD14) or decreased (CD18) and EGSSG/2GSH shifted to -116 mV. The pH of extracts prepared from seeds subjected to CS, AS and CD14 decreased with viability, and remained high under CD18. Across all treatments, EGSSG/2GSH correlated significantly with seed viability (r = 0.8, p<.001). Data are discussed with a view that the cytoplasm is in a glassy state in CS and AS, but during the CD treatments, underwent transition to a liquid state. We suggest that enzymes can be active during CD but not under the seed bank conditions tested. However, upon CD, enzyme-based repair processes were apparently outweighed by deteriorative reactions. We conclude that seed ageing by CD and under seed bank conditions are accompanied by different biochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise Colville
- b Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology , Kew , UK
| | - Axel Rodenstein
- c Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , University Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Sun Un
- d Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology , Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-yvette , France
| | | | | | | | - Ilse Kranner
- e Department of Botany and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ratajczak E, Małecka A, Ciereszko I, Staszak AM. Mitochondria Are Important Determinants of the Aging of Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1568. [PMID: 30925807 PMCID: PMC6479606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeds enable plant survival in harsh environmental conditions, and via seeds, genetic information is transferred from parents to the new generation; this stage provides an opportunity for sessile plants to settle in new territories. However, seed viability decreases over long-term storage due to seed aging. For the effective conservation of gene resources, e.g., in gene banks, it is necessary to understand the causes of decreases in seed viability, not only where the aging process is initiated in seeds but also the sequence of events of this process. Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, so they are more quickly and strongly exposed to oxidative damage than other organelles. The mitochondrial antioxidant system is also less active than the antioxidant systems of other organelles, thus such mitochondrial 'defects' can strongly affect various cell processes, including seed aging, which we discuss in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Ratajczak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Arleta Małecka
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Plant Physiology Department, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra M Staszak
- Plant Physiology Department, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ballesteros D, Hill LM, Lynch RT, Pritchard HW, Walters C. Longevity of Preserved Germplasm: The Temperature Dependency of Aging Reactions in Glassy Matrices of Dried Fern Spores. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:376-392. [PMID: 30398653 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the temperature dependency of the aging rate in dry cells over a broad temperature range encompassing the fluid to solid transition (Tg) and well below. Spores from diverse species of eight families of ferns were stored at temperatures ranging from +45�C to approximately -176�C (vapor phase above liquid nitrogen), and viability was monitored periodically for up to 4,300 d (∼12 years). Accompanying measurements using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provide insights into structural changes that occur, such as Tg between +45 and -20�C (depending on moisture), and triacylglycerol (TAG) crystallization between -5 and -35�C (depending on species). We detected aging even at cryogenic temperatures, which we consider analogous to unscheduled degradation of pharmaceuticals stored well below Tg caused by a shift in the nature of molecular motions that dominate chemical reactivity. We occasionally observed faster aging of spores stored at -18�C (conventional freezer) compared with 5�C (refrigerator), and linked this with mobility and crystallization within TAGs, which probably influences molecular motion of dried cytoplasm in a narrow temperature range. Temperature dependency of longevity was remarkably similar among diverse fern spores, despite widely disparate aging rates; this provides a powerful tool to predict deterioration of germplasm preserved in the solid state. Future work will increase our understanding of molecular organization and composition contributing to differences in longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ballesteros
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW), Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Lisa M Hill
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan T Lynch
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hugh W Pritchard
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wellcome Trust Millennium Building, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, UK
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fernández-Marín B, Neuner G, Kuprian E, Laza JM, García-Plazaola JI, Verhoeven A. First evidence of freezing tolerance in a resurrection plant: insights into molecular mobility and zeaxanthin synthesis in the dark. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:472-489. [PMID: 29345751 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Edith Kuprian
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jose M Laza
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amy Verhoeven
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biology (OWS352), University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pereira Lima JJ, Buitink J, Lalanne D, Rossi RF, Pelletier S, da Silva EAA, Leprince O. Molecular characterization of the acquisition of longevity during seed maturation in soybean. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180282. [PMID: 28700604 PMCID: PMC5507495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed longevity, defined as the ability to remain alive during storage, is an important agronomic factor. Poor longevity negatively impacts seedling establishment and consequently crop yield. This is particularly problematic for soybean as seeds have a short lifespan. While the economic importance of soybean has fueled a large number of transcriptome studies during embryogenesis and seed filling, the mechanisms regulating seed longevity during late maturation remain poorly understood. Here, a detailed physiological and molecular characterization of late seed maturation was performed in soybean to obtain a comprehensive overview of the regulatory genes that are potentially involved in longevity. Longevity appeared at physiological maturity at the end of seed filling before maturation drying and progressively doubled until the seeds reached the dry state. The increase in longevity was associated with the expression of genes encoding protective chaperones such as heat shock proteins and the repression of nuclear and chloroplast genes involved in a range of chloroplast activities, including photosynthesis. An increase in the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO)/sucrose ratio together with changes in RFO metabolism genes was also associated with longevity. A gene co-expression network analysis revealed 27 transcription factors whose expression profiles were highly correlated with longevity. Eight of them were previously identified in the longevity network of Medicago truncatula, including homologues of ERF110, HSF6AB, NFXL1 and members of the DREB2 family. The network also contained several transcription factors associated with auxin and developmental cell fate during flowering, organ growth and differentiation. A transcriptional transition occurred concomitant with seed chlorophyll loss and detachment from the mother plant, suggesting the activation of a post-abscission program. This transition was enriched with AP2/EREBP and WRKY transcription factors and genes associated with growth, germination and post-transcriptional processes, suggesting that this program prepares the seed for the dry quiescent state and germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Joice Pereira Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Julia Buitink
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - David Lalanne
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Rubiana Falopa Rossi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Olivier Leprince
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fleming MB, Richards CM, Walters C. Decline in RNA integrity of dry-stored soybean seeds correlates with loss of germination potential. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2219-2230. [PMID: 28407071 PMCID: PMC6055530 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between germination ability and damage to RNA in soybean seeds (cv 'Williams 82') stored dry at 5 °C for 1-27 years. Total germination of 14 age cohorts harvested between 2015 and 1989 ranged from 100% to 3%. Germination decline followed classic seed viability kinetics, with symptomatic seed aging beginning after 17 years of storage. RNA integrity was assessed in dry seeds by electrophoresis of total RNA, followed by calculation of the RNA integrity number (RIN, Agilent Bioanalyzer software), which evaluates RNA fragment size distributions. Analysis of RNA extracted from cotyledons, embryonic axes, plumules, and seed coats across the range of age cohorts showed consistent RNA degradation: older seeds had over-representation of small RNAs compared with younger seeds, which had nearly a 2:1 ratio of 25S and 18S rRNAs. RIN values for cotyledons and embryonic axes from the same seed were correlated. Decline in RIN tracked reduced germination, with a pronounced decrease in RIN after 17 years of storage. This led to a high correlation between the mean RIN of cotyledon RNA and the total germination percentage (R2=0.91, P<0.0001). Despite this relationship, germinable and non-germinable seeds within cohorts could not be distinguished unless the RIN was <3.5, indicating substantial deterioration. Our work demonstrates that seed RNA incurs damage over time, observable in fragment size distributions. Under the experimental conditions used here, RIN appears to be a promising surrogate for germination tests used to monitor viability of stored seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Fleming
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ballesteros D, Hill LM, Walters C. Variation of desiccation tolerance and longevity in fern spores. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 211:53-62. [PMID: 28152418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This work contributes to the understanding of plant cell responses to extreme water stress when it is applied at different intensity and duration. Fern spores are used to explore survival at relative humidity (RH)<85% because their unicellular nature eliminates complexities that may arise in multicellular organisms from slower drying and variable responses of different cell types. Fern spore cytoplasm solidifies between 30 and 60% RH and spores survive this transition, but subsequently lose viability. We characterized the kinetics of viability loss in terms of the fluid to solid transition using concepts of water activity (i.e., sorption) and glass transition (Tg), two concepts that dominate studies of food and pharmaceutical stability. For all fern species studied, longest survival times were observed in spores placed at about 10-25% RH and mortality rates increased sharply above and below this moisture level. A RH of 10-25% corresponds well to sorption behavior parameters and is below the glass transition, measured using differential scanning calorimetry. Though response to RH was similar among species, the kinetics of deterioration varied considerably among species and this implies differences in the structure or mobility of molecules within the solidified cytoplasm. Our work suggests that desiccation damage occurs in desiccation tolerant cells, and that it is expressed as a time-dependent response, otherwise known as aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ballesteros
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Lisa M Hill
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Christina Walters
- USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Genetic Resources Preservation, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhavoronok ES, Senchikhin IN, Roldughin VI. Physical aging and relaxation processes in epoxy systems. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x17020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
50
|
Leprince O, Pellizzaro A, Berriri S, Buitink J. Late seed maturation: drying without dying. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:827-841. [PMID: 28391329 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Besides the deposition of storage reserves, seed maturation is characterized by the acquisition of functional traits including germination, desiccation tolerance, dormancy, and longevity. After seed filling, seed longevity increases up to 30-fold, concomitant with desiccation that brings the embryo to a quiescent state. The period that we define as late maturation phase can represent 10-78% of total seed development time, yet it remains overlooked. Its importance is underscored by the fact that in the seed production chain, the stage of maturity at harvest is the primary factor that influences seed longevity and seedling establishment. This review describes the major events and regulatory pathways underlying the acquisition of seed longevity, focusing on key indicators of maturity such as chlorophyll degradation, accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, and heat shock proteins. We discuss how these markers are correlated with or contribute to seed longevity, and highlight questions that merit further attention. We present evidence suggesting that molecular players involved in biotic defence also have a regulatory role in seed longevity. We also explore how the concept of plasticity can help understand the acquisition of longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Leprince
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue George Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anthoni Pellizzaro
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue George Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Souha Berriri
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue George Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Julia Buitink
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 Quasav, 42 rue George Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| |
Collapse
|