1
|
Clark G, Tripathy MK, Roux SJ. Growth regulation by apyrases: Insights from altering their expression level in different organisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1323-1335. [PMID: 37947023 PMCID: PMC10904326 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Apyrase (APY) enzymes are nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) diphosphohydrolases that can remove the terminal phosphate from NTPs and nucleoside diphosphates but not from nucleoside monophosphates. They have conserved structures and functions in yeast, plants, and animals. Among the most studied APYs in plants are those in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; AtAPYs) and pea (Pisum sativum; PsAPYs), both of which have been shown to play major roles in regulating plant growth and development. Valuable insights on their functional roles have been gained by transgenically altering their transcript abundance, either by constitutively expressing or suppressing APY genes. This review focuses on recent studies that have provided insights on the mechanisms by which APY activity promotes growth in different organisms. Most of these studies have used transgenic lines that constitutively expressed APY in multiple different plants and in yeast. As APY enzymatic activity can also be changed post-translationally by chemical blockage, this review also briefly covers studies that used inhibitors to suppress APY activity in plants and fungi. It concludes by summarizing some of the main unanswered questions about how APYs regulate plant growth and proposes approaches to answering them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 100 E 24th Street, TX 78712, USA
| | | | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 100 E 24th Street, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Chen C, Huang S, Zhao M, Wang T, Jiang T, Wang C, Tao Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Tang Q, Li P. Inactivation of RPX1 in Arabidopsis confers resistance to Plutella xylostella through the accumulation of the homoterpene DMNT. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:946-961. [PMID: 36582057 PMCID: PMC10107731 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lepidopteran crop pest Plutella xylostella causes severe constraints on Brassica cultivation. Here, we report a novel role for RPX1 (resistance to P. xylostella) in resistance to this pest in Arabidopsis thaliana. The rpx1-1 mutant repels P. xylostella larvae, and feeding on the rpx1-1 mutant severely damages the peritrophic matrix structure in the midgut of the larvae, thereby negatively affecting larval growth and pupation. This resistance results from the accumulation of defence compounds, including the homoterpene (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), due to the upregulation of PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENE SYNTHASE 1 (PEN1), which encodes a key DMNT biosynthetic enzyme. P. xylostella infestation and wounding induce RPX1 protein degradation, which may confer a rapid response to insect infestation. RPX1 inactivation and PEN1 overexpression are not associated with negative trade-offs for plant growth but have much higher seed production than the wild-type in the presence of P. xylostella infestation. This study offers a new strategy for plant molecular breeding against P. xylostella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Chen
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chen Chen
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- Department of Microbiology, the Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, the Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions in Anhui, School of Basic Medical SciencesAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Shijie Huang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Tengyue Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Taoshan Jiang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Zhen Tao
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yunhe Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wanyi Wang
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Qingfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant ProtectionAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Peijin Li
- The National Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marszalek-Zenczak M, Satyr A, Wojciechowski P, Zenczak M, Sobieszczanska P, Brzezinski K, Iefimenko T, Figlerowicz M, Zmienko A. Analysis of Arabidopsis non-reference accessions reveals high diversity of metabolic gene clusters and discovers new candidate cluster members. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104303. [PMID: 36778696 PMCID: PMC9909608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) are groups of genes involved in a common biosynthetic pathway. They are frequently formed in dynamic chromosomal regions, which may lead to intraspecies variation and cause phenotypic diversity. We examined copy number variations (CNVs) in four Arabidopsis thaliana MGCs in over one thousand accessions with experimental and bioinformatic approaches. Tirucalladienol and marneral gene clusters showed little variation, and the latter was fixed in the population. Thalianol and especially arabidiol/baruol gene clusters displayed substantial diversity. The compact version of the thalianol gene cluster was predominant and more conserved than the noncontiguous version. In the arabidiol/baruol cluster, we found a large genomic insertion containing divergent duplicates of the CYP705A2 and BARS1 genes. The BARS1 paralog, which we named BARS2, encoded a novel oxidosqualene synthase. The expression of the entire arabidiol/baruol gene cluster was altered in the accessions with the duplication. Moreover, they presented different root growth dynamics and were associated with warmer climates compared to the reference-like accessions. In the entire genome, paired genes encoding terpene synthases and cytochrome P450 oxidases were more variable than their nonpaired counterparts. Our study highlights the role of dynamically evolving MGCs in plant adaptation and phenotypic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasiia Satyr
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel Wojciechowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Computing Science, Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Zenczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Tetiana Iefimenko
- Department of Biology, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zmienko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arnesen JA, Belmonte Del Ama A, Jayachandran S, Dahlin J, Rago D, Andersen AJC, Borodina I. Engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for the production of plant triterpenoids: Asiatic, madecassic, and arjunolic acids. Metab Eng Commun 2022; 14:e00197. [PMID: 35433265 PMCID: PMC9011116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2022.e00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several plant triterpenoids have valuable pharmaceutical properties, but their production and usage is limited since extraction from plants can burden natural resources, and result in low yields and purity. Here, we engineered oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce three valuable plant triterpenoids (asiatic, madecassic, and arjunolic acids) by fermentation. First, we established the recombinant production of precursors, ursolic and oleanolic acids, by expressing plant enzymes in free or fused versions in a Y. lipolytica strain previously optimized for squalene production. Engineered strains produced up to 11.6 mg/g DCW ursolic acid or 10.2 mg/g DCW oleanolic acid. The biosynthetic pathway from ursolic acid was extended by expressing the Centella asiatica cytochrome P450 monoxygenases CaCYP716C11p, CaCYP714E19p, and CaCYP716E41p, resulting in the production of trace amounts of asiatic acid and 0.12 mg/g DCW madecassic acid. Expressing the same C. asiatica cytochromes P450 in oleanolic acid-producing strain resulted in the production of oleanane triterpenoids. Expression of CaCYP716C11p in the oleanolic acid-producing strain yielded 8.9 mg/g DCW maslinic acid. Further expression of a codon-optimized CaCYP714E19p resulted in 4.4 mg/g DCW arjunolic acid. Lastly, arjunolic acid production was increased to 9.1 mg/g DCW by swapping the N-terminal domain of CaCYP714E19p with the N-terminal domain from a Kalopanax septemlobus cytochrome P450. In summary, we have demonstrated the production of asiatic, madecassic, and arjunolic acids in a microbial cell factory. The strains and fermentation processes need to be further improved before the production of these molecules by fermentation can be industrialized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Asmund Arnesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arian Belmonte Del Ama
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sidharth Jayachandran
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Dahlin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniela Rago
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aaron John Christian Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts plads 221, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roulé T, Christ A, Hussain N, Huang Y, Hartmann C, Benhamed M, Gutierrez-Marcos J, Ariel F, Crespi M, Blein T. The lncRNA MARS modulates the epigenetic reprogramming of the marneral cluster in response to ABA. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:840-856. [PMID: 35150931 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clustered organization of biosynthetic non-homologous genes is emerging as a characteristic feature of plant genomes. The co-regulation of clustered genes seems to largely depend on epigenetic reprogramming and three-dimensional chromatin conformation. In this study, we identified the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MARneral Silencing (MARS), localized inside the Arabidopsis marneral cluster, which controls the local epigenetic activation of its surrounding region in response to abscisic acid (ABA). MARS modulates the POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 1 (PRC1) component LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1) binding throughout the cluster in a dose-dependent manner, determining H3K27me3 deposition and chromatin condensation. In response to ABA, MARS decoys LHP1 away from the cluster and promotes the formation of a chromatin loop bringing together the MARNERAL SYNTHASE 1 (MRN1) locus and a distal ABA-responsive enhancer. The enrichment of co-regulated lncRNAs in clustered metabolic genes in Arabidopsis suggests that the acquisition of novel non-coding transcriptional units may constitute an additional regulatory layer driving the evolution of biosynthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roulé
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurelie Christ
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nosheen Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ying Huang
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Caroline Hartmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martin Crespi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Thomas Blein
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université de Paris, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vandepol N, Liber J, Yocca A, Matlock J, Edger P, Bonito G. Linnemannia elongata (Mortierellaceae) stimulates Arabidopsis thaliana aerial growth and responses to auxin, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261908. [PMID: 35413060 PMCID: PMC9004744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the plant microbiome has the potential to improve agricultural yields and protect plants against pathogens and/or abiotic stresses, while also relieving economic and environmental costs of crop production. While previous studies have gained valuable insights into the underlying genetics facilitating plant-fungal interactions, these have largely been skewed towards certain fungal clades (e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). Several different phyla of fungi have been shown to positively impact plant growth rates, including Mortierellaceae fungi. However, the extent of the plant growth promotion (PGP) phenotype(s), their underlying mechanism(s), and the impact of bacterial endosymbionts on fungal-plant interactions remain poorly understood for Mortierellaceae. In this study, we focused on the symbiosis between soil fungus Linnemannia elongata (Mortierellaceae) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae), as both organisms have high-quality reference genomes and transcriptomes available, and their lifestyles and growth requirements are conducive to research conditions. Further, L. elongata can host bacterial endosymbionts related to Mollicutes and Burkholderia. The role of these endobacteria on facilitating fungal-plant associations, including potentially further promoting plant growth, remains completely unexplored. We measured Arabidopsis aerial growth at early and late life stages, seed production, and used mRNA sequencing to characterize differentially expressed plant genes in response to fungal inoculation with and without bacterial endosymbionts. We found that L. elongata improved aerial plant growth, seed mass and altered the plant transcriptome, including the upregulation of genes involved in plant hormones and “response to oxidative stress”, “defense response to bacterium”, and “defense response to fungus”. Furthermore, the expression of genes in certain phytohormone biosynthetic pathways were found to be modified in plants treated with L. elongata. Notably, the presence of Mollicutes- or Burkholderia-related endosymbionts in Linnemannia did not impact the expression of genes in Arabidopsis or overall growth rates. Together, these results indicate that beneficial plant growth promotion and seed mass impacts of L. elongata on Arabidopsis are likely driven by plant hormone and defense transcription responses after plant-fungal contact, and that plant phenotypic and transcriptional responses are independent of whether the fungal symbiont is colonized by Mollicutes or Burkholderia-related endohyphal bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Vandepol
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Julian Liber
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Michigan Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alan Yocca
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jason Matlock
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Patrick Edger
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malovichko YV, Shikov AE, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Temporal Control of Seed Development in Dicots: Molecular Bases, Ecological Impact and Possible Evolutionary Ramifications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179252. [PMID: 34502157 PMCID: PMC8430901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, seeds serve as organs of both propagation and dispersal. The developing seed passes through several consecutive stages, following a conserved general outline. The overall time needed for a seed to develop, however, may vary both within and between plant species, and these temporal developmental properties remain poorly understood. In the present paper, we summarize the existing data for seed development alterations in dicot plants. For genetic mutations, the reported cases were grouped in respect of the key processes distorted in the mutant specimens. Similar phenotypes arising from the environmental influence, either biotic or abiotic, were also considered. Based on these data, we suggest several general trends of timing alterations and how respective mechanisms might add to the ecological plasticity of the families considered. We also propose that the developmental timing alterations may be perceived as an evolutionary substrate for heterochronic events. Given the current lack of plausible models describing timing control in plant seeds, the presented suggestions might provide certain insights for future studies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaufmann C, Stührwohldt N, Sauter M. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-dependent and -independent regulation of root development and signaling by PSK LRR receptor kinases in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5508-5521. [PMID: 34028532 PMCID: PMC8318253 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine-sulfated peptides are key regulators of plant growth and development. The disulfated pentapeptide phytosulfokine (PSK) mediates growth via leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, PSKR1 and PSKR2. PSK receptors (PSKRs) are part of a response module at the plasma membrane that mediates short-term growth responses, but downstream signaling of transcriptional regulation remains unexplored. In Arabidopsis, tyrosine sulfation is catalyzed by a single-copy gene (TPST; encoding tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase). We performed a microarray-based transcriptome analysis in the tpst-1 mutant background that lacks sulfated peptides to identify PSK-regulated genes and genes that are regulated by other sulfated peptides. Of the 169 PSK-regulated genes, several had functions in root growth and development, in agreement with shorter roots and a higher lateral root density in tpst-1. Further, tpst-1 roots developed higher numbers of root hairs, and PSK induced expression of WEREWOLF (WER), its paralog MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 23 (MYB23), and At1g66800 that maintain non-hair cell fate. The tpst-1 pskr1-3 pskr2-1 mutant showed even shorter roots, and higher lateral root and root hair density than tpst-1, revealing unexpected synergistic effects of ligand and PSKR deficiencies. While residual activities may exist, overexpression of PSKR1 in the tpst-1 background induced root growth, suggesting that PSKR1 may be active in the absence of sulfated ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kaufmann
- Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Stührwohldt
- Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Margret Sauter
- Plant Developmental Biology and Physiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Confalonieri M, Carelli M, Gianoglio S, Moglia A, Biazzi E, Tava A. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis of CYP93E2 Modulates the Triterpene Saponin Biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690231. [PMID: 34381478 PMCID: PMC8350446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the Medicago genus, triterpene saponins are a group of bioactive compounds extensively studied for their different biological and pharmaceutical properties. In this work, the CRISPR/Cas9-based approach with two single-site guide RNAs was used in Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) to knock-out the CYP93E2 and CYP72A61 genes, which are responsible for the biosynthesis of soyasapogenol B, the most abundant soyasapogenol in Medicago spp. No transgenic plants carrying mutations in the target CYP72A61 gene were recovered while fifty-two putative CYP93E2 mutant plant lines were obtained following Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Among these, the fifty-one sequenced plant lines give an editing efficiency of 84%. Sequencing revealed that these lines had various mutation patterns at the target sites. Four T0 mutant plant lines were further selected and examined for their sapogenin content and plant growth performance under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that all tested CYP93E2 knock-out mutants did not produce soyasapogenols in the leaves, stems and roots, and diverted the metabolic flux toward the production of valuable hemolytic sapogenins. No adverse influence was observed on the plant morphological features of CYP93E2 mutants under greenhouse conditions. In addition, differential expression of saponin pathway genes was observed in CYP93E2 mutants in comparison to the control. Our results provide new and interesting insights into the application of CRISPR/Cas9 for metabolic engineering of high-value compounds of plant origin and will be useful to investigate the physiological functions of saponins in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Confalonieri
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Carelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianoglio
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Plant Genetics and Breeding, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elisa Biazzi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| | - Aldo Tava
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bai Y, Fernández-Calvo P, Ritter A, Huang AC, Morales-Herrera S, Bicalho KU, Karady M, Pauwels L, Buyst D, Njo M, Ljung K, Martins JC, Vanneste S, Beeckman T, Osbourn A, Goossens A, Pollier J. Modulation of Arabidopsis root growth by specialized triterpenes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:228-243. [PMID: 33616937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are specialized belowground organs that spatiotemporally shape their development in function of varying soil conditions. This root plasticity relies on intricate molecular networks driven by phytohormones, such as auxin and jasmonate (JA). Loss-of-function of the NOVEL INTERACTOR OF JAZ (NINJA), a core component of the JA signaling pathway, leads to enhanced triterpene biosynthesis, in particular of the thalianol gene cluster, in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. We have investigated the biological role of thalianol and its derivatives by focusing on Thalianol Synthase (THAS) and Thalianol Acyltransferase 2 (THAA2), two thalianol cluster genes that are upregulated in the roots of ninja mutant plants. THAS and THAA2 activity was investigated in yeast, and metabolite and phenotype profiling of thas and thaa2 loss-of-function plants was carried out. THAA2 was shown to be responsible for the acetylation of thalianol and its derivatives, both in yeast and in planta. In addition, THAS and THAA2 activity was shown to modulate root development. Our results indicate that the thalianol pathway is not only controlled by phytohormonal cues, but also may modulate phytohormonal action itself, thereby affecting root development and interaction with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Bai
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Andrés Ritter
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stefania Morales-Herrera
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- VIB Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Keylla U Bicalho
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Michal Karady
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Maria Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Karen Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - José C Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, Korea
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Banf M, Zhao K, Rhee SY. METACLUSTER-an R package for context-specific expression analysis of metabolic gene clusters. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:3178-3180. [PMID: 30657869 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Plants and microbes produce numerous compounds to cope with their environments but the biosynthetic pathways for most of these compounds have yet to be elucidated. Some biosynthetic pathways are encoded by enzymes collocated in the chromosome. To facilitate a more comprehensive condition and tissue-specific expression analysis of metabolic gene clusters, we developed METACLUSTER, a probabilistic framework for characterizing metabolic gene clusters using context-specific gene expression information. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION METACLUSTER is freely available at https://github.com/mbanf/METACLUSTER. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Banf
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA.,EducatedGuess.ai, Siegen, Germany
| | - Kangmei Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung Y Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Almeida A, Dong L, Appendino G, Bak S. Plant triterpenoids with bond-missing skeletons: biogenesis, distribution and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1207-1228. [PMID: 32368768 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to December 2018 The polycyclic ABCD(E) framework of triterpenoids can miss a single endocyclic C-C bond as a result of a modification of the cyclization cascade that triggers their formation (interrupted- or diverted cascades), or can be the result of post-cyclization ring cleavage by late-stage oxidative modifications (seco-triterpenoids). Because of mechanistic and biogenetic differences, ring opening associated with loss of a skeletal fragment, as in nor-seco-triterpenoids (limonoids, quassinoids), will not be covered, nor will compounds where ring opening is part of a fragmentation cascade or of a multiple diversion from it. Even with these limitations, 342 bond-missing triterpenoids could be retrieved from the literature, with transversal distribution in the plant kingdom. Their structural diversity translates into a variety of biological targets, with dominance of potential applications in the realm of cancer, neuroprotection, and anti-infective therapy. In addition to the bioactivity and chemotaxonomic relevance of bond-missing triterpenoids, current knowledge on the genetic basis of interrupted- and diverted oxidosqualene cyclases will be summarized. This untapped source of enzymes could be useful to selectively modify triterpenoids by metabolic engineering, circumventing the bottlenecks of their isolation (poor yield or inadequate supply chain) to explore new areas of their chemical space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Almeida
- Section of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Section of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Søren Bak
- Section of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Krishnamurthy P, Fujisawa Y, Takahashi Y, Abe H, Yamane K, Mukaiyama K, Son HR, Hiraga S, Kaga A, Anai T, Tsukamoto C, Ishimoto M. High-Throughput Screening and Characterization of a High-Density Soybean Mutant Library Elucidate the Biosynthesis Pathway of Triterpenoid Saponins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1082-1097. [PMID: 30753604 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes (C30) constitute one of the diverse class of natural products with potential applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Soyasaponins are oleanane-type triterpenoids widespread among legumes and particularly abundant in soybean seeds. They have associated with various pharmacological implications and undesirable taste properties of soybean-based food products. Uncovering the biosynthetic genes of soyasaponins will provide new opportunities to control the pathway for human benefits. However, the pathway of soyasaponin biosynthesis has not been fully elucidated in part because of a paucity of natural mutants. Here, we applied a structured high-density soybean mutant library for the forward genetic screening of triterpenoid biosynthesis. The seed soyasaponin polymorphism in the mutant library was evaluated using a high-throughput thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. This screening identified 35 mutants (3.85% of 909 mutant lines) with seven unusual soyasaponin phenotypes (Categories 1-7), which was greater than the number of natural mutants reported previously (22 mutants, 0.18% of ∼12,428 accessions). Nine unique intermediates of soyasaponin biosynthesis were identified and their chemical structures were estimated based on their MS/MS fragment patterns. Based on published information, 19 mutants could be associated with loss of function of four individual soyasaponin biosynthesis genes identified through expressed sequence tag mining or positional cloning, whereas the remaining 16 mutants were novel and may facilitate discovery of the unknown biosynthetic genes of soyasaponins. Our approach and library may help to identify new phenotype materials and causative genes associated with specialized metabolite production and other traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuya Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hanako Abe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamane
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Hae-Reon Son
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Susumu Hiraga
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Loeschcke A, Dienst D, Wewer V, Hage-Hülsmann J, Dietsch M, Kranz-Finger S, Hüren V, Metzger S, Urlacher VB, Gigolashvili T, Kopriva S, Axmann IM, Drepper T, Jaeger KE. The photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as new hosts for cyclic plant triterpene biosynthesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189816. [PMID: 29281679 PMCID: PMC5744966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic triterpenes constitute one of the most diverse groups of plant natural products. Besides the intriguing biochemistry of their biosynthetic pathways, plant triterpenes exhibit versatile bioactivities, including antimicrobial effects against plant and human pathogens. While prokaryotes have been extensively used for the heterologous production of other classes of terpenes, the synthesis of cyclic triterpenes, which inherently includes the two-step catalytic formation of the universal linear precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene, is still a major challenge. We thus explored the suitability of the metabolically versatile photosynthetic α-proteobacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus SB1003 and cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as alternative hosts for biosynthesis of cyclic plant triterpenes. Therefore, 2,3-oxidosqualene production was implemented and subsequently combined with different cyclization reactions catalyzed by the representative oxidosqualene cyclases CAS1 (cycloartenol synthase), LUP1 (lupeol synthase), THAS1 (thalianol synthase) and MRN1 (marneral synthase) derived from model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. While successful accumulation of 2,3-oxidosqualene could be detected by LC-MS analysis in both hosts, cyclase expression resulted in differential production profiles. CAS1 catalyzed conversion to only cycloartenol, but expression of LUP1 yielded lupeol and a triterpenoid matching an oxidation product of lupeol, in both hosts. In contrast, THAS1 expression did not lead to cyclic product formation in either host, whereas MRN1-dependent production of marnerol and hydroxymarnerol was observed in Synechocystis but not in R. capsulatus. Our findings thus indicate that 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclization in heterologous phototrophic bacteria is basically feasible but efficient conversion depends on both the respective cyclase enzyme and individual host properties. Therefore, photosynthetic α-proteo- and cyanobacteria are promising alternative candidates for providing new bacterial access to the broad class of triterpenes for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
| | - Dennis Dienst
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Wewer
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- MS Platform, Department of Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hage-Hülsmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
| | - Maximilian Dietsch
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Kranz-Finger
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hüren
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Metzger
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- MS Platform, Department of Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vlada B. Urlacher
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tamara Gigolashvili
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilka M. Axmann
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Institute for Synthetic Microbiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (IMA); (TD)
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- * E-mail: (IMA); (TD)
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Insights into the functional properties of the marneral oxidase CYP71A16 from Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:2-10. [PMID: 28734978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding CYP71A16 is part of the gene cluster for the biosynthesis and modification of the triterpenoid marneral. Previous investigations of A. thaliana have revealed that CYP71A16 catalyzes marneral oxidation, while it also can accept marnerol as substrate. The aim of the present study was to investigate functional properties of CYP71A16 in vitro. For this purpose, heterologous expression of a N-terminally modified version of CYP71A16 was established in Escherichia coli, which yielded up to 50mgL-1 recombinant enzyme. The enzyme was purified and activity was reconstituted in vitro with different redox partners. A heterologous bacterial redox partner system consisting of the flavodoxin YkuN from Bacillus subtilis and the flavodoxin reductase Fpr from E. coli clearly outperformed the cytochrome P450 reductase ATR2 from A. thaliana in supporting the CYP71A16-mediated hydroxylation of marnerol. Substrate binding experiments with CYP71A16 revealed a dissociation constant KD of 225μM for marnerol. CYP71A16 catalyzed the hydroxylation of marnerol to 23-hydroxymarnerol with a KM of 142μM and a kcat of 3.9min-1. Furthermore, GC/MS analysis revealed an as of yet unidentified overoxidation product of this in vitro reaction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cytochrome P450 biodiversity and biotechnology, edited by Erika Plettner, Gianfranco Gilardi, Luet Wong, Vlada Urlacher, Jared Goldstone.
Collapse
|
16
|
An endoplasmic reticulum-engineered yeast platform for overproduction of triterpenoids. Metab Eng 2017; 40:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
17
|
Zhao Y, Tian X, Li Y, Zhang L, Guan P, Kou X, Wang X, Xin M, Hu Z, Yao Y, Ni Z, Sun Q, Peng H. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Wheat ARGOS Genes Influencing Plant Growth and Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:170. [PMID: 28228774 PMCID: PMC5296299 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Auxin Regulated Gene involved in Organ Size (ARGOS) is significantly and positively associated with organ size and is involved in abiotic stress responses in plants. However, no studies on wheat ARGOS genes have been reported to date. In the present study, three TaARGOS homoeologous genes were isolated and located on chromosomes 4A, 4B, and 4D of bread wheat, all of which are highly conserved in wheat and its wild relatives. Comparisons of gene expression in different tissues demonstrated that the TaARGOSs were mainly expressed in the stem. Furthermore, the TaARGOS transcripts were significantly induced by drought, salinity, and various phytohormones. Transient expression of the TaARGOS-D protein in wheat protoplasts showed that TaARGOS-D localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, overexpression of TaARGOS-D in Arabidopsis resulted in an enhanced germination rate, larger rosette diameter, increased rosette leaf area, and higher silique number than in wild-type (WT) plants. The roles of TaARGOS-D in the control of plant growth were further studied via RNA-seq, and it was found that 105 genes were differentially expressed; most of these genes were involved in 'developmental processes.' Interestingly, we also found that overexpression of TaARGOS-D in Arabidopsis improved drought and salinity tolerance and insensitivity to ABA relative to that in WT plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the TaARGOSs are involved in seed germination, seedling growth, and abiotic stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ghosh S. Triterpene Structural Diversification by Plant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1886. [PMID: 29170672 PMCID: PMC5684119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) represent the largest enzyme family of the plant metabolism. Plants typically devote about 1% of the protein-coding genes for the P450s to execute primary metabolism and also to perform species-specific specialized functions including metabolism of the triterpenes, isoprene-derived 30-carbon compounds. Triterpenes constitute a large and structurally diverse class of natural products with various industrial and pharmaceutical applications. P450-catalyzed structural modification is crucial for the diversification and functionalization of the triterpene scaffolds. In recent times, a remarkable progress has been made in understanding the function of the P450s in plant triterpene metabolism. So far, ∼80 P450s are assigned biochemical functions related to the plant triterpene metabolism. The members of the subfamilies CYP51G, CYP85A, CYP90B-D, CYP710A, CYP724B, and CYP734A are generally conserved across the plant kingdom to take part in plant primary metabolism related to the biosynthesis of essential sterols and steroid hormones. However, the members of the subfamilies CYP51H, CYP71A,D, CYP72A, CYP81Q, CYP87D, CYP88D,L, CYP93E, CYP705A, CYP708A, and CYP716A,C,E,S,U,Y are required for the metabolism of the specialized triterpenes that might perform species-specific functions including chemical defense toward specialized pathogens. Moreover, a recent advancement in high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptomes and genomes has resulted in identification of a large number of candidate P450s from diverse plant species. Assigning biochemical functions to these P450s will be of interest to extend our knowledge on triterpene metabolism in diverse plant species and also for the sustainable production of valuable phytochemicals.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nützmann HW, Osbourn A. Regulation of metabolic gene clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:503-10. [PMID: 25417931 PMCID: PMC4301183 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have revealed that the genes for the biosynthesis of a variety of plant specialized metabolites are organized in operon-like clusters within plant genomes. Here we identify a regulatory process that is required for normal expression of metabolic gene clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana. Comparative gene expression analysis of a representative clustered gene was performed in a set of chromatin mutant lines. Subsequently, metabolite levels were analysed by GC-MS and the local chromatin structure was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and nucleosome positioning. We show that the transcript levels of genes within two metabolic clusters are coordinately reduced in an arp6 and h2a.z background. We demonstrate that H2A.Z enrichment in the clusters is positively correlated with active cluster expression. We further show that nucleosome stability within the cluster regions is higher in the arp6 background compared with the wild-type. These results implicate ARP6 and H2A.Z in the regulation of metabolic clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana through localized chromatin modifications that enable the coordinate expression of groups of contiguous genes. These findings shed light on the complex process of cluster regulation, an area that could in the future open up new opportunities for the discovery and manipulation of specialized metabolic pathways in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moses T, Papadopoulou KK, Osbourn A. Metabolic and functional diversity of saponins, biosynthetic intermediates and semi-synthetic derivatives. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:439-62. [PMID: 25286183 PMCID: PMC4266039 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are widely distributed plant natural products with vast structural and functional diversity. They are typically composed of a hydrophobic aglycone, which is extensively decorated with functional groups prior to the addition of hydrophilic sugar moieties, to result in surface-active amphipathic compounds. The saponins are broadly classified as triterpenoids, steroids or steroidal glycoalkaloids, based on the aglycone structure from which they are derived. The saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates display a variety of biological activities of interest to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food sectors. Although their relevance in industrial applications has long been recognized, their role in plants is underexplored. Recent research on modulating native pathway flux in saponin biosynthesis has demonstrated the roles of saponins and their biosynthetic intermediates in plant growth and development. Here, we review the literature on the effects of these molecules on plant physiology, which collectively implicate them in plant primary processes. The industrial uses and potential of saponins are discussed with respect to structure and activity, highlighting the undoubted value of these molecules as therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Moses
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes CentreColney Lane, NorwichUK
| | | | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes CentreColney Lane, NorwichUK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boycheva S, Daviet L, Wolfender JL, Fitzpatrick TB. The rise of operon-like gene clusters in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:447-59. [PMID: 24582794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene clusters are common features of prokaryotic genomes also present in eukaryotes. Most clustered genes known are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Although horizontal gene transfer is a primary source of prokaryotic gene cluster (operon) formation and has been reported to occur in eukaryotes, the predominant source of cluster formation in eukaryotes appears to arise de novo or through gene duplication followed by neo- and sub-functionalization or translocation. Here we aim to provide an overview of the current knowledge and open questions related to plant gene cluster functioning, assembly, and regulation. We also present potential research approaches and point out the benefits of a better understanding of gene clusters in plants for both fundamental and applied plant science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Boycheva
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Daviet
- Biotechnology Department, Corporate R&D Division, FIRMENICH SA, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jin ML, Lee DY, Um Y, Lee JH, Park CG, Jetter R, Kim OT. Isolation and characterization of an oxidosqualene cyclase gene encoding a β-amyrin synthase involved in Polygala tenuifolia Willd. saponin biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:511-519. [PMID: 24420413 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Expression of PtBS (Polygala tenuifolia β-amyrin synthase) led to the production of β-amyrin as sole product. ABSTRACT Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow is a rich source of triterpene saponins, onjisaponins and polygalasaponins, used as herbal medicine to treat phlegms and for detumescence in traditional Asian healing. The Polygala saponins share the oleanane backbone structure and are, therefore, likely synthesized via β-amyrin as a common precursor. We hypothesized that, in analogy to diverse other plant species, this central intermediate should be formed by a β-amyrin synthase catalyzing the complex cyclization of oxidosqualene. This member of the oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) family of enzymes is thus defining an important branch point between primary and secondary metabolisms, and playing a crucial role in the control of oleanane-type triterpene saponin biosynthesis. From P. tenuifolia roots, we isolated an OSC cDNA containing a reading frame of 2,289 bp nucleotides. The predicted protein of 763 amino acids (molecular weight 87.353 kDa) showed particularly high amino acid sequence identities to known β-amyrin synthases (85-87 %) and was, therefore, named PtBS. Expression of PtBS in the triterpenoid synthase-deficient yeast mutant GIL77 led to the production of β-amyrin as sole product. qRT-PCR analysis of various P. tenuifolia organs showed that PtBS transcript levels were highest in the roots, consistent with onjisaponin accumulation patterns. Therefore, we conclude that PtBS is the β-amyrin synthase enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in the biosynthesis of onjisaponins and polygalasaponins in P. tenuifolia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan Jin
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 369-873, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thimmappa R, Geisler K, Louveau T, O'Maille P, Osbourn A. Triterpene biosynthesis in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:225-57. [PMID: 24498976 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes are one of the most numerous and diverse groups of plant natural products. They are complex molecules that are, for the most part, beyond the reach of chemical synthesis. Simple triterpenes are components of surface waxes and specialized membranes and may potentially act as signaling molecules, whereas complex glycosylated triterpenes (saponins) provide protection against pathogens and pests. Simple and conjugated triterpenes have a wide range of applications in the food, health, and industrial biotechnology sectors. Here, we review recent developments in the field of triterpene biosynthesis, give an overview of the genes and enzymes that have been identified to date, and discuss strategies for discovering new triterpene biosynthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesha Thimmappa
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kang NY, Cho C, Kim J. Inducible expression of Arabidopsis response regulator 22 (ARR22), a type-C ARR, in transgenic Arabidopsis enhances drought and freezing tolerance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79248. [PMID: 24244460 PMCID: PMC3828410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis two-component signaling system, which is comprised of sensor histidine kinases, histidine phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators, mediates cytokinin response as well as various other plant responses including abiotic stress responses. Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs) are classified into type-A, -B, and -C. Although the roles of type-A and -B ARRs are well established in Arabidopsis plant signaling, roles of type-C ARRs, ARR22 and ARR24, remain elusive. ARR22, a preferentially cytosolic protein, interacts with certain Arabidopsis histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHPs) and displays phosphatase activity on AHP5. ARR22 is induced by cold and dehydration. Here, we show that inducible overexpression of ARR22 in Arabidopsis enhanced dehydration, drought, and cold tolerance in a dexamethasone-dependent manner, whereas mutation of the putative phospho-accepting Asp to Asn in ARR22 (ARR22D74N) abolished these tolerance phenotypes. Overexpression of ARR22 decreased electrolyte leakage in dehydration-, drought-, or cold-stressed transgenic Arabidopsis plants compared with that of ARR22D74N or compared with wild-type plants. Transpiration rates and stomatal apertures were not affected by ARR22 overexpression. No significant difference in both dehydration and freezing tolerance was observed between wild-type and arr22 mutants with or without cytokinin preincubation, consistent with the lack of phenotypes of arr22 mutants in their vegetative development. Meta-profile analyses of the microarray data on ARR22-responsive genes indicate that ARR22 modulates expression of a variety of abiotic stress-responsive genes, which might contribute to increasing drought and freezing tolerance. Taken together, these results suggest that ARR22 plays a positive role in the stress tolerance response in part via enhancing cell membrane integrity and that phospho-histidine phosphatase activity of ARR22 may be required for this function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Kang
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chuloh Cho
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jungmook Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Castillo DA, Kolesnikova MD, Matsuda SPT. An Effective Strategy for Exploring Unknown Metabolic Pathways by Genome Mining. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5885-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja401535g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorianne A. Castillo
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mariya D. Kolesnikova
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Seiichi P. T. Matsuda
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|