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Chen J, Wang Q, Zhong B, Zheng H, Wang D, Huang X, Liu L, Liu T. Activation of the RIG-I/MAVS Signaling Pathway during Human Adenovirus Type 3 Infection Impairs the Pro-Inflammatory Response Induced by Secondary Infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4178. [PMID: 38673764 PMCID: PMC11049948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The exacerbation of pneumonia in children with human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3E) is secondary to a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. The influence of host-pathogen interactions on disease progression remains unclear. It is important to note that S. aureus infections following an HAdV-3E infection are frequently observed in clinical settings, yet the underlying susceptibility mechanisms are not fully understood. This study utilized an A549 cell model to investigate secondary infection with S. aureus following an HAdV-3E infection. The findings suggest that HAdV-3E exacerbates the S. aureus infection by intensifying lung epithelial cell damage. The results highlight the role of HAdV-3E in enhancing the interferon signaling pathway through RIG-I (DDX58), resulting in the increased expression of interferon-stimulating factors like MX1, RSAD2, and USP18. The increase in interferon-stimulating factors inhibits the NF-κB and MAPK/P38 pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. These findings reveal new mechanisms of action for HAdV-3E and S. aureus in secondary infections, enhancing our comprehension of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (J.C.); (Q.W.); (B.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (X.H.)
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China; (J.C.); (Q.W.); (B.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (X.H.)
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Dengler Haunreiter V, Tarnutzer A, Bär J, von Matt M, Hertegonne S, Andreoni F, Vulin C, Künzi L, Menzi C, Kiefer P, Christen P, Vorholt JA, Zinkernagel AS. C-di-AMP levels modulate Staphylococcus aureus cell wall thickness, response to oxidative stress, and antibiotic resistance and tolerance. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0278823. [PMID: 37948390 PMCID: PMC10715141 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02788-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance and tolerance are substantial healthcare-related problems, hampering effective treatment of bacterial infections. Mutations in the phosphodiesterase GdpP, which degrades cyclic di-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), have recently been associated with resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. In this study, we show that high c-di-AMP levels decreased the cell size and increased the cell wall thickness in S. aureus mutant strains. As a consequence, an increase in resistance to cell wall targeting antibiotics, such as oxacillin and fosfomycin as well as in tolerance to ceftaroline, a cephalosporine used to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections, was observed. These findings underline the importance of investigating the role of c-di-AMP in the development of tolerance and resistance to antibiotics in order to optimize treatment in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Dengler Haunreiter
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Tarnutzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Bär
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela von Matt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanne Hertegonne
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Andreoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clément Vulin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Künzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Menzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Kiefer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Christen
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia A. Vorholt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gao L, Tang Z, Li T, Wang J. Myricetin exerts anti-biofilm activity and attenuates osteomyelitis by inhibiting the TLR2/MAPK pathway in experimental mice. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106165. [PMID: 37224983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the potential of Myricetin against S.aureus induced osteomyelitis. BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is infected condition of bone by micro-organisms. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) pathway are mainly involved in osteomyelitis. Myricetin is a plant-food derived flavonoid which shows anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we evaluated the potential of Myricetin against S.aureus induced osteomyelitis. MC3T3-E1 cells were used for in vitro studies. METHOD Murine model of osteomyelitis was developed in BALB/c mice by injecting S.aureus in the medullary cavity of the femur. The mice were studied for bone destruction, anti-biofilm activity, osteoblast growth markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OCN) and collagen type-I (COLL-1) were studied by RT-PCR, ELISA analysis for levels of proinflammatory factors CRP, IL-6 and IL-1β. Expression of proteins by Western blot analysis and anti-biofilm effect by Sytox green dye fluorescence assay. Target confirmation was done by performing in silico docking analysis. RESULTS Myricetin reduced bone destruction in osteomyelitis induced mice. The treatment decreased bone levels of ALP, OCN, COLL-1 and TLR2. Myricetin decreased serum levels of CRP, IL-6 and IL-1β. The treatment suppressed activation of MAPK pathway and showed anti-biofilm effect. Docking studies suggested high binding affinity of Myricetin with MAPK protein in silico, by showing lower binding energies. CONCLUSION Myricetin suppresses osteomyelitis by inhibiting ALP, OCN, COLL-1 via the TLR2 and MAPK pathway involving inhibition of biofilm formation. In silico studies suggested MAPK as potential binding protein for myricetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Zhiping Tang
- Clinical Lab, He Bei General Hospital, Shi Jia Zhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Tianbo Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Jiangning Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, 100038, China.
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Francis D, Bhairaddy A, Joy A, Hari GV, Francis A. Secretory proteins in the orchestration of microbial virulence: The curious case of Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:271-350. [PMID: 36707204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial virulence showcases an excellent model for adaptive changes that enable an organism to survive and proliferate in a hostile environment and exploit host resources to its own benefit. In Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of the human host, known for the diversity of the disease conditions it inflicts and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance, virulence is a consequence of having a highly plastic genome that is amenable to quick reprogramming and the ability to express a diverse arsenal of virulence factors. Virulence factors that are secreted to the host milieu effectively manipulate the host conditions to favor bacterial survival and growth. They assist in colonization, nutrient acquisition, immune evasion, and systemic spread. The structural and functional characteristics of the secreted virulence proteins have been shaped to assist S. aureus in thriving and disseminating effectively within the host environment and exploiting the host resources to its best benefit. With the aim of highlighting the importance of secreted virulence proteins in bacterial virulence, the present chapter provides a comprehensive account of the role of the major secreted proteins of S. aureus in orchestrating its virulence in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anusha Bhairaddy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Atheene Joy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ashik Francis
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Wang C, Lu Y, Hu J, Yang Y, Cheng J, Jiang S, Guo M. Comparative proteomics of human milk casein fraction collected from women of Korean and Han ethnic groups in China. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1078355. [PMID: 36755990 PMCID: PMC9901581 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1078355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human breast milk provides neonates with indispensable nutrition and function. Milk protein is one of the main constituents of breast milk. Human milk profiles can be influenced by many factors. Methods The present study aimed to investigate the difference in casein isolated from mature milk of healthy mothers of Korean and Han ethnic groups in China using data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics. Results A total of 535 proteins were identified and quantified in casein fraction samples from both groups. A total of 528 proteins were annotated to 52 Gene Ontology (GO) terms, the majority (94.13%) of which were distributed in the cell and cell parts of the cellular component. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that 106 proteins were involved in 23 pathways, the greatest (36.79%) in carbohydrate metabolism. There were 39 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs)-10 upregulated and 29 downregulated-between Korean and Han milk. The GO function of blood microparticles and KEGG pathway of Staphylococcus aureus infection for DEPs were the most significantly enriched (p < 0.05). Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed a network with 23 DEPs in 47 interactions, and the fibrinogen alpha chain ranked first as the hub protein. Discussion These data may provide useful technical guidance for the development of specific infant foods for certain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuina Wang
- Department of Food Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingcong Lu
- Department of Food Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Department of Food Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Food Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- R&D Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Mingruo Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States,*Correspondence: Mingruo Guo,
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Hu H, Liu S, Hon K, Psaltis AJ, Wormald PJ, Vreugde S. Staphylococcal protein A modulates inflammation by inducing interferon signaling in human nasal epithelial cells. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:251-262. [PMID: 36527461 PMCID: PMC9925485 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the leading causes of human respiratory tract infections. The function of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA), expressed on the S. aureus bacterial membrane and released in the environment, on human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we tested the SpA expression in S. aureus from chronic rhinosinusitis patients and investigated the effects of SpA on HNECs inflammation through Interferon Gamma Receptor 1(IFNGR1)/phosphorylated Janus Kinase 2 (p-JAK2) pathway. METHODS RNA profiling was performed to investigate inflammatory activation in a S. aureus chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) mouse model. SpA release by S. aureus clinical isolates was determined using ELISA. The effect of purified SpA and SpA enriched conditioned media from S. aureus clinical isolates on HNECs cytotoxicity, apoptosis and release of inflammatory cytokines was evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase assays, and flow cytometry. SpA dependent IFNGR1 and p-JAK2 expression were assessed by qPCR, immunofluorescence and western blot in HNECs. RESULTS 49 genes were significantly induced in S. aureus CRS mice indicative of activation of interferon signaling. SpA release was significantly higher in S. aureus clinical isolates from chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients. Purified SpA significantly increased IFNGR1 mRNA and protein expression in HNECs. SpA induced cytotoxic effects and induced the release of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 in an IFNGR1 dependent way. CONCLUSION SpA induces interferon signaling through activation of the IFNGR1-JAK-2 pathway, which provides an understanding of how S. aureus SpA affects the inflammatory process in the upper airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Hu
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA Australia ,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia ,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA Australia ,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Karen Hon
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA Australia ,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Alkis J. Psaltis
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA Australia ,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Peter John Wormald
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA Australia ,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville, SA, Australia. .,Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Intracellular Habitation of Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Mechanisms and Prospects for Antimicrobial Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081804. [PMID: 36009351 PMCID: PMC9405036 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections pose a global health threat, especially with the continuous development of antibiotic resistance. As an opportunistic pathogen, MRSA infections have a high mortality rate worldwide. Although classically described as an extracellular pathogen, many studies have shown over the past decades that MRSA also has an intracellular aspect to its infectious cycle, which has been observed in vitro in both non-professional as well as professional phagocytes. In vivo, MRSA has been shown to establish an intracellular niche in liver Kupffer cells upon bloodstream infection. The staphylococci have evolved various evasion strategies to survive the antimicrobial environment of phagolysosomes and use these compartments to hide from immune cells and antibiotics. Ultimately, the host cells get overwhelmed by replicating bacteria, leading to cell lysis and bacterial dissemination. In this review, we describe the different intracellular aspects of MRSA infection and briefly mention S. aureus evasion strategies. We discuss how this intracellular niche of bacteria may assist in antibiotic tolerance development, and lastly, we describe various new antibacterial strategies that target the intracellular bacterial niche.
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Ferrer L, García-Fonticoba R, Pérez D, Viñes J, Fàbregas N, Madroñero S, Meroni G, Martino PA, Martínez S, Maté ML, Sánchez-Bruni S, Cuscó A, Migura-García L, Francino O. Whole genome sequencing and de novo assembly of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: a pangenome approach to unravelling pathogenesis of canine pyoderma. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:654-663. [PMID: 34796561 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the main aetiological agent of canine pyoderma. Whole genome sequencing is the most comprehensive way of obtaining relevant genomic information about micro-organisms. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Oxford Nanopore technology enables quality sequencing and de novo assembly of the whole genome of S. pseudintermedius. Whole genome analysis of S. pseudintermedius may help to better understand the pathogenesis of canine pyodermas. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-two strains of S. pseudintermedius isolated from the skin of five healthy dogs and 33 strains isolated from skin of 33 dogs with pyoderma were analysed. DNA was extracted and sequenced using Oxford Nanopore MinION, a new technology that delivers longer reads in a hand-held device. The pangenome was analysed and visualised with Anvi'o 6.1. RESULTS Nanopore technology allowed the sequencing and de novo assembly of the genomes of 55 S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from healthy dogs and from dogs with pyoderma. The average genome size of S. pseudintermedius was 2.62 Mbp, with 48% being core genome. Pyoderma isolates contained a higher number of antimicrobial resistance genes, yet the total number of virulence factors genes did not change between isolates from healthy dogs and from dogs with pyoderma. Genomes of meticillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains were larger than those of meticillin-susceptible (MSSP) strains (2.80 Mbp versus 2.59 Mbp), as a consequence of a greater presence of antimicrobial resistance genes, phages and prophages. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This technique allows much more precise and easier characterisation of canine S. pseudintermedius populations and may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of canine pyodermas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Ferrer
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Fonticoba
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Viñes
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Vetgenomics, PRUAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Madroñero
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Meroni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Piera A Martino
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences - One Health Unit, Via Pascal 36, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Sofía Martínez
- Hospital Escuela de Pequeños Animales (HEPA), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Grupo de Medicina Veterinaria Traslacional (MEVET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - M Laura Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sánchez-Bruni
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Anna Cuscó
- Vetgenomics, PRUAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Olga Francino
- Servei Veterinari de Genètica Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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The impact of TiO 2 nanoparticle exposure on transmembrane cholesterol transport and enhanced bacterial infectivity in HeLa cells. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:606-616. [PMID: 34400307 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) reduces the resistance of HeLa cells to bacterial infection. Here we demonstrate that the increased infectivity is associated with enhanced asymmetry in the cholesterol distribution. We applied a live cell imaging method which uses tunable orthogonal cholesterol sensors to visualize and quantify in-situ cholesterol distribution between the two leaflets of the plasma membrane (PM). In the control culture, we found marked transbilayer asymmetry of cholesterol, with the concentration in the outer plasma membrane (OPM) being 13 ± 2-fold higher than that in the inner plasma membrane (IPM). Exposure of the culture to 0.1 mg/mL of rutile TiO2 NPs increased the asymmetry such that the concentration in the OPM was 51 ± 10 times higher, while the total cholesterol content increased only 21 ± 2%. This change in cholesterol gradient may explain the increase in bacterial infectivity in HeLa cells exposed to TiO2 NPs since many pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus used in the present study, require cholesterol for proper membrane attachment and virulence. RT-PCR indicated that exposure to TiO2 was responsible for upregulation of the ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNAs, which are responsible for the production of the cholesterol transporter proteins that facilitate cholesterol transport across cellular membranes. This was confirmed by the observation of an overall decrease in bacterial infection in ABCA1 knockout or methyl-β-cyclodextrin-treated HeLa cells, as regardless of TiO2 NP exposure. Hence rather than preventing bacterial infection, TiO2 nanoparticles upregulate genes associated with membrane cholesterol production and distribution, hence increasing infectivity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A great deal of work has been done regarding the toxicology of the particles, especially focusing on detrimental outcomes associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this paper we show unambiguously a very surprising result, namely the ability of these particles to enhance bacterial infection even at very small exposure levels, where none of the deleterious effects of ROS products can yet be detected. Using a new imaging technique, we are able to demonstrate, in operando, the effect of the particles on cholesterol generation and distribution in live HeLa cells. This paper also represents the first in a series where we explore other consequences of increased membrane cholesterol, due to particle exposure, which are known to have multiple other consequences on human tissue function and development.
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Five major two components systems of Staphylococcus aureus for adaptation in diverse hostile environment. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105119. [PMID: 34339796 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an eminent and opportunistic human pathogen that can colonize in the intestines, skin tissue and perineal regions of the host and cause severe infectious diseases. The presence of complex regulatory network and existence of virulent gene expression along with tuning metabolism enables the S. aureus to adopt the diversity of environments. Two component system (TCS) is a widely distributed mechanism in S. aureus that permit it for changing gene expression profile in response of environment stimuli. TCS usually consist of transmembrane histidine kinase (HK) and cytosolic response regulator. S. aureus contains totally 16 conserved pairs of two component systems, involving in different signaling mechanisms. There is a connection among these regulatory circuits and they can easily have effect on each other's expression. This review has discussed five major types of TCS in S. aureus and covers the recent knowledge of their virulence gene expression. We can get more understanding towards staphylococcal pathogenicity by getting insights about gene regulatory pathways via TCS, which can further provide implications in vaccine formation and new ways for drug design to combat serious infections caused by S. aureus in humans.
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Yi Y, Wang H, Su L, Wang H, Zhang B, Su Y. A comparative investigation on the role and interaction of EsxA and EsxB in host immune response. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104843. [PMID: 33691174 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a frequent and major cause of bovine mastitis; it poses a tremendous economic burden to dairy industries of numerous countries. Early-secretion antigen-6 secretion system (ESS) has been viewed as an essential virulence and pathogenic factor of S. aureus. EsxA and EsxB are small acidic proteins secreted by ESS and identified as potential T-cell antigens of S. aureus. Unlike those of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the EsxA and EsxB of S. aureus do not form a dimer. Instead, EsxA dimerizes with itself or EsaC. Therefore, the interaction of EsxA and EsxB remains incompletely understood. In this study, to explore their interactions, EsxA and EsxB were expressed and used for immunization, alone or in combination, of murine infection models. Both components can interact with each other. Through the analysis of the immune response by immunological method, EsxB could significantly enhance the EsxA-specific IgG2a antibody level and increase the proliferation proportion of CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that when vaccinated with EsxA, EsxB can play a critical role in stimulating T helper 1 immunity by activating IgG2a and CD8+ T cells. We further show that vaccination with the combination of EsxA and EsxB resulted in enhanced stimulation of TLR-4 and improved protection against S. aureus. The findings may help us better understand the role of EsxB in the virulence and pathogenesis of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hanqing Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lingling Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Baojiang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Wu Z, Hai E, Di Z, Ma R, Shang F, Wang Y, Wang M, Liang L, Rong Y, Pan J, Wu W, Su R, Wang Z, Wang R, Zhang Y, Li J. Using WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) to identify the hub genes of skin hair follicle development in fetus stage of Inner Mongolia cashmere goat. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243507. [PMID: 33351808 PMCID: PMC7755285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mature hair follicles represent an important stage of hair follicle development, which determines the stability of hair follicle structure and its ability to enter the hair cycle. Here, we used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify hub genes of mature skin and hair follicles in Inner Mongolian cashmere goats. METHODS We used transcriptome sequencing data for the skin of Inner Mongolian cashmere goats from fetal days 45-135 days, and divided the co expressed genes into different modules by WGCNA. Characteristic values were used to screen out modules that were highly expressed in mature skin follicles. Module hub genes were then selected based on the correlation coefficients between the gene and module eigenvalue, gene connectivity, and Gene Ontology (GO)/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The results were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Ten modules were successfully defined, of which one, with a total of 3166 genes, was selected as a specific module through sample and gene expression pattern analyses. A total of 584 candidate hub genes in the module were screened by the correlation coefficients between the genes and module eigenvalue and gene connectivity. Finally, GO/KEGG functional enrichment analyses detected WNT10A as a key gene in the development and maturation of skin hair follicles in fetal Inner Mongolian cashmere goats. qPCR showed that the expression trends of 13 genes from seven fetal skin samples were consistent with the sequencing results, indicating that the sequencing results were reliable.n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Erhan Hai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhengyang Di
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fangzheng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lili Liang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Youjun Rong
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jianfeng Pan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Zhenlai Hehe Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd, Baicheng, China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- * E-mail: (JL); , (YZ)
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, China
- Engineering Research Center for Goat Genetics and Breeding, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- * E-mail: (JL); , (YZ)
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Jin Y, Yu X, Zhang S, Kong X, Chen W, Luo Q, Zheng B, Xiao Y. Comparative Analysis of Virulence and Toxin Expression of Vancomycin-Intermediate and Vancomycin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:596942. [PMID: 33193280 PMCID: PMC7661696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) have mainly focused on drug resistance, the evolution of differences in virulence between VISA and vancomycin-sensitive S. aureus (VSSA) requires further investigation. To address this issue, in this study, we compared the virulence and toxin profiles of pair groups of VISA and VSSA strains, including a series of vancomycin-resistant induced S. aureus strains—SA0534, SA0534-V8, and SA0534-V16. We established a mouse skin infection model to evaluate the invasive capacity of VISA strains, and found that although mice infected with VISA had smaller-sized abscesses than those infected with VSSA, the abscesses persisted for a longer period (up to 9 days). Infection with VISA strains was associated with a lower mortality rate in Galleria mellonella larvae compared to infection with VSSA strains (≥ 40% vs. ≤ 3% survival at 28 h). Additionally, VISA were more effective in colonizing the nasal passage of mice than VSSA, and in vitro experiments showed that while VISA strains were less virulent they showed enhanced intracellular survival compared to VSSA strains. RNA sequencing of VISA strains revealed significant differences in the expression levels of the agr, hla, cap, spa, clfB, and sbi genes and suggested that platelet activation is only weakly induced by VISA. Collectively, our findings indicate that VISA is less virulent than VSSA but has a greater capacity to colonize human hosts and evade destruction by the host innate immune system, resulting in persistent and chronic S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuntian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhang G, Sun J, Guo L, Jiang M, Ou B, Zhang W, Si H. Transcriptomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Under the Stress Condition Caused by Litsea cubeba L. Essential Oil via RNA Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1693. [PMID: 33013718 PMCID: PMC7509438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Litsea cubeba L. essential oil (LCEO) is a natural essential oil with considerable antimicrobial activity, and it can gradually replace some chemical additives in the food industry. However, the genetic evidences of stress response of bacteria under sub-lethal treatment with LCEO is limited. To this end, transcriptomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus 29213 under a low concentration of LCEO was performed. Bacterial RNA samples were extracted from 1/4 MIC (0.07 μL/mL) of LCEO-treated and non-treated S. aureus 29213. The transcriptional results were obtained by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). After treated with LCEO of S. aureus 29213, 300, and 242 genes were significantly up and down-regulated. Up-regulated genes were mainly related to cell membrane (wall) stress stimulon including genes related to two-component regulatory system (VraS), histidine metabolism (hisABCD etc.) and L-lysine biosynthesis (thrA, lysC, asd etc.). Significant differences were also founded between LCEO-treated and non-treated groups in peptidoglycan biosynthesis related pathways. Down-regulated genes were related to nitrogen metabolism (NarGHIJ etc.), carotenoid biosynthesis (all) and pyruvate metabolism (phdA, pflB, pdhC etc.) of S. aureus 29213 in an LCEO-existing environment compared to the control. At the same time, we confirmed that LCEO can significantly affect the staphyloxanthin level of S. aureus 29213 for the first time, which is closely related to the redox state of S. aureus 29213. These evidences expanded the knowledge of stress response of S. aureus 29213 strain under sub-lethal concentration of LCEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiao Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunru Chen
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Geyin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Junying Sun
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bingming Ou
- College of Life Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Khan FU, Khan Z, Ahmed N, Rehman A. A General Overview of Incidence, Associated Risk Factors, and Treatment Outcomes of Surgical Site Infections. Indian J Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-020-02071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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16
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Analysis of Cytoplasmic and Secreted Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus Revealed Adaptive Metabolic Homeostasis in Response to Changes in the Environmental Conditions Representative of the Human Wound Site. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071082. [PMID: 32698515 PMCID: PMC7409162 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus is mainly attributed to its capability to adjust to changes in environmental conditions, including those present on human skin or within a wound site. This study investigated the changes in the cytoplasmic and secreted proteins in S. aureus that occurred in response to alterations in the environmental parameters that could be found in the human wound site. In total, sixty differentially regulated cytoplasmic proteins were detected using a label-free quantification approach, and these proteins were classified into ten molecular functions: protein biosynthesis, glycolysis, signal transduction, metabolism, cell cycle, transport, energy generation, cell anchorage, nucleotide biosynthesis and unknown. These changes represented characteristic protein profiles when evaluated by principal component analysis. The bacterium responded to elevated NaCl at pH 6 by decreasing the abundance of the majority of cytoplasmic proteins, while at pH 8 there was an increase in the levels of cytoplasmic proteins in comparison to the untreated cells. The analysis of the secreted proteins showed that there was a high degree of difference in both the intensity and the distribution of many individual protein bands in response to environmental challenges. From these results, it was deduced that specific metabolic homeostasis occurred under each combination of defined environmental conditions.
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17
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Synergistic Effects of Thiosemicarbazides with Clinical Drugs against S. aureus. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102302. [PMID: 32422899 PMCID: PMC7288171 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance spurred by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics is a major global health concern, and of the Gram positive bacteria, S. aureus is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Alternative strategies to treat S. aureus infections, such as combination therapy, are urgently needed. In this study, a checkerboard method was used to evaluate synergistic interactions between nine thiosemicarbazides (4-benzoyl-1-(2,3-dichloro-benzoyl)thiosemicarbazides 1-5 and 4-aryl-1-(2-fluorobenzoyl)thiosemicarbazides 6-9) and conventional antibiotics against S. aureus ATCC 25923, which were determined as the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs). For these experiments, amoxicillin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, linezolid, and vancomycin were selected to represent the five antimicrobial classes most commonly used in clinical practice. With one exception of 7-vancomycin combination, none of the forty-five thiosemicarbazide-antibiotic combinations tested had an antagonistic effect, showing promising results with respect to a combination therapy. The synergic effect was observed for the 2-linezolid, 4-levofloxacin, 5-linezolid, 6-gentamicin, 6-linezolid, and 7-levofloxacin combinations. No interactions were seen in combination of the thiosemicarbazide with gentamicin or vancomycin, whereas all combinations with linezolid acted in additive or synergism, except for 6-gentamicin and 7-linezolid. The 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-fluorobenzoyl)thiosemicarbazide 6 showed a clear preference for the potency; it affected synergistically in combinations with gentamicin or linezolid and additively in combinations with amoxicillin, levofloxacin, or vancomycin. In further studies, the inhibitory potency of the thiosemicarbazides against S. aureus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV was examined to clarify the molecular mechanism involved in their synergistic effect in combination with levofloxacin. The most potent synergist 6 at concentration of 100 µM was able to inhibit ~50% activity of S. aureus DNA gyrase, thereby suggesting that its anti-gyrase activity, although weak, may be a possible factor contributing to its synergism effect in combination with linezolid or gentamycin.
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18
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Kozajda A, Jeżak K, Kapsa A. Airborne Staphylococcus aureus in different environments-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:34741-34753. [PMID: 31654301 PMCID: PMC6900272 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the literature review was to describe the environments where the presence of airborne Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed and to catalogue the most often used methods and conditions of bioaerosol sampling to identify the bacteria. The basis for searching of studies on S. aureus in the bioaerosol in different environments was PubMed database resources from the years 1990-2019 (May). The review included studies which were carried on in selected environments: hospitals and other health care facilities, large-scale animal breeding, wastewater treatment plants, residential areas, educational institutions, and other public places. The highest concentrations and genetic diversity of identified S. aureus strains, including MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus), have been shown in large-scale animal breeding. The role of the airborne transmission in dissemination of infection caused by these pathogens is empirically confirmed in environmental studies. Commonly available, well-described, and relatively inexpensive methods of sampling, identification, and subtyping guarantee a high reliability of results and allow to obtain fast and verifiable outcomes in environmental studies on air transmission routes of S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozajda
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str, 91-348, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Karolina Jeżak
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kapsa
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Teresy Str, 91-348, Łódź, Poland
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The msaABCR Operon Regulates the Response to Oxidative Stress in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00417-19. [PMID: 31427392 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00417-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has evolved a complex regulatory network that controls a multitude of defense mechanisms against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress stimuli, subsequently leading to the pathogen's survival and persistence in the hosts. Previously, we characterized the msaABCR operon as a regulator of virulence, antibiotic resistance, and the formation of persister cells in S. aureus Deletion of the msaABCR operon resulted in the downregulation of several genes involved in resistance against oxidative stress. Notably, those included carotenoid biosynthetic genes and the ohr gene, which is involved in resistance against organic hydroperoxides. These findings led us to hypothesize that the msaABCR operon is involved in resisting oxidative stress generated in the presence of both H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides. Here, we report that a protein product of the msaABCR operon (MsaB) transcriptionally regulates the expression of the crtOPQMN operon and the ohr gene to resist in vitro oxidative stresses. In addition to its direct regulation of the crtOPQMN operon and ohr gene, we also show that MsaB is the transcriptional repressor of sarZ (repressor of ohr). Taken together, these results suggest that the msaABCR operon regulates an oxidative stress defense mechanism, which is required to facilitate persistent and recurrent staphylococcal infections. Moving forward, we plan to investigate the role of msaABCR in the persistence of S. aureus under in vivo conditions.IMPORTANCE This study shows the involvement of the msaABCR operon in resisting oxidative stress by Staphylococcus aureus generated under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. We show that MsaB regulates the expression and production of a carotenoid pigment, staphyloxanthin, which is a potent antioxidant in S. aureus We also demonstrate that MsaB regulates the ohr gene, which is involved in defending against oxidative stress generated by organic hydroperoxides. This study highlights the importance of msaABCR in the survival of S. aureus in the presence of various environmental stimuli that mainly exert oxidative stress. The findings from this study indicate the possibility that msaABCR is involved in the persistence of staphylococcal infections and therefore could be a potential antimicrobial target to overcome recalcitrant staphylococcal infections.
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Epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and outcomes of infection-associated glomerulonephritis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 16:32-50. [PMID: 31399725 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For over a century, acute 'post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis' (APSGN) was the prototypical form of bacterial infection-associated glomerulonephritis, typically occurring after resolution of infection and a distinct infection-free latent period. Other less common forms of infection-associated glomerulonephritides resulted from persistent bacteraemia in association with subacute bacterial endocarditis and shunt nephritis. However, a major paradigm shift in the epidemiology and bacteriology of infection-associated glomerulonephritides has occurred over the past few decades. The incidence of APSGN has sharply declined in the Western world, whereas the number of Staphylococcus infection-associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) cases increased owing to a surge in drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, both in the hospital and community settings. These Staphylococcus infections range from superficial skin infections to deep-seated invasive infections such as endocarditis, which is on the rise among young adults owing to the ongoing intravenous drug use epidemic. SAGN is markedly different from APSGN in terms of its demographic profile, temporal association with active infection and disease outcomes. The diagnosis and management of SAGN is challenging because of the lack of unique histological features, the frequently occult nature of the underlying infection and the older age and co-morbidities in the affected patients. The emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacterial strains further complicates patient treatment.
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Immunization with a peptide mimicking Lipoteichoic acid protects mice against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Vaccine 2019; 37:4325-4335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gao C, Dai Y, Chang W, Fang C, Wang Z, Ma X. VraSR has an important role in immune evasion of Staphylococcus aureus with low level vancomycin resistance. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:361-367. [PMID: 31009806 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and heterogeneous VISA (hVISA) are increasingly being reported as associated with treatment failure. Previous studies indicated that VISA/hVISA resists clearance by the host immune system, thereby allowing persistence within the host. VraSR is a vancomycin-resistance-associated sensor/regulator that is highly expressed in VISA/hVISA strains. Whether VraSR plays an important role in immune escape by VISA/hVISA strains is unclear. Here, we constructed a vraSR deletion mutant strain (ΔvraSR) and complementary strain (CΔvraSR) in Mu3 to investigate the effect of VraSR on S. aureus viability in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The ΔvraSR strain was more susceptible to phagocytosis by PMNs and reduced the ability of S. aureus to survive within PMNs. ΔvraSR showed phenotypic changes, including a thinner cell wall, reduced adhesion, and decreased biofilm-forming ability. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the transcript levels of cell wall synthesis-related genes (cap5K, cap5N, nanA, tagA, murD) and adhesion-associated genes (fnbA, fnbB, clfA, ebps, sbi) were significantly decreased in the ΔvraSR strain compared with Mu3. In summary, VraSR promotes the survival of S. aureus in the host, which may be associated with an increase in the thickness of the cell wall, adhesion, and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wenjiao Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ziran Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui, PR China.
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Surgical site infection in elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries in developing countries. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 80:34-45. [PMID: 30639405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) is both the most frequently studied healthcare-associated infection and the most common healthcare-associated infection in the developing world. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the relative size of this burden and to estimate the prevalence of SSI in clean and clean-contaminated surgeries in a large sample of countries in the developing world. METHODS A systematic search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases was conducted to identify studies providing the prevalence of SSI in elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries in 39 countries or regions around the world. Data of interest were limited to publications from January 2000 to December 2017. Studies with information on the number of cases of SSI and number of total elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries during the same period were included in this evaluation. Studies lacking clear definition of the total number of exposed patients were excluded. RESULTS Based on the combined data from the 99 articles evaluated in this analysis, the overall prevalence of SSI in elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries was estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5-7%). This increased to 15% (95% CI 6-27%) when considering only those reports with post-discharge surveillance data. The overall prevalence of SSI in Africa/Middle East, Latin America, Asia, and China was 10% (95% CI 6-15%), 7% (95% CI 5-10%), 4% (95% CI 4-5%), and 4% (95% CI 2-6%), respectively. Significant variability in the data was confirmed by both the funnel plot and the Egger test (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS Although the data are variable, it is clear that the incidence of SSI in the developing world is higher than that in the developed world.
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Potential Bacterial Contaminants in the Handles of Car Doors. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Liu J, Yang L, Hou Y, Soteyome T, Zeng B, Su J, Li L, Li B, Chen D, Li Y, Wu A, Shirtliff ME, Harro JM, Xu Z, Peters BM. Transcriptomics Study on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Under Low Concentration of Ampicillin. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2413. [PMID: 30425687 PMCID: PMC6218852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the representative foodborne pathogens which forms biofilm. Antibiotics are widely applied in livestock husbandry to maintain animal health and productivity, thus contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant livestock and human pathogens, and pose a significant public health threat. Effect of antibiotic pressure on S. aureus biofilm formation, as well as the mechanism, remains unclear. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of low concentration of ampicillin on S. aureus biofilm formation was elucidated. The viability and biomass of biofilm with and without 1/4 MIC ampicillin treatment for 8 h were determined by XTT and crystal violet straining assays, respectively. Transcriptomics analysis on ampicillin-induced and non-ampicillin-induced biofilms were performed by RNA-sequencing, differentially expressed genes identification and annotation, GO functional and KEGG pathway enrichment. The viability and biomass of ampicillin-induced biofilm showed dramatical increase compared to the non-ampicillin-induced biofilm. A total of 530 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with 167 and 363 genes showing up- and down-regulation, respectively, were obtained. Upon GO functional enrichment, 183, 252, and 21 specific GO terms in biological process, molecular function and cellular component were identified, respectively. Eight KEGG pathways including "Microbial metabolism in diverse environments", "S. aureus infection", and "Monobactam biosynthesis" were significantly enriched. In addition, "beta-lactam resistance" pathway was also highly enriched. In ampicillin-induced biofilm, the significant up-regulation of genes encoding multidrug resistance efflux pump AbcA, penicillin binding proteins PBP1, PBP1a/2, and PBP3, and antimicrobial resistance proteins VraF, VraG, Dlt, and Aur indicated the positive response of S. aureus to ampicillin. The up-regulation of genes encoding surface proteins ClfB, IsdA, and SasG and genes (cap5B and cap5C) which promote the adhesion of S. aureus in ampicillin induced biofilm might explain the enhanced biofilm viability and biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bingbing Zeng
- Zhuhai Encode Medical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianyu Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingqiang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aiwu Wu
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Janette M. Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou, China
| | - Brian M. Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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26
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Zhu Q, Wen W, Wang W, Sun B. Transcriptional regulation of virulence factors Spa and ClfB by the SpoVG-Rot cascade in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 309:39-53. [PMID: 30392856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can produce numerous surface proteins involved in the adhesion and internalization of host cells, immune evasion, and inflammation initiation. Among these surface proteins, the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules contain many crucial cell wall-anchored virulence factors. The Sar-family regulatory protein Rot has been reported to regulate many important extracellular virulence factors at the transcriptional level, including Spa and clumping factor B. SpoVG, a global regulator in S. aureus, is known to control the expression of numerous genes. Here, we demonstrate that SpoVG can positively regulate the transcription of rot by directly binding to its promoter. SpoVG can also positively regulate the transcription of spa and clfB through direct-binding to their promoters and in a Rot-mediated manner. Furthermore, SpoVG can positively modulate the human fibrinogen-binding ability of S. aureus. In addition, phosphorylation of SpoVG by the serine/threonine kinase, Stk1, can positively regulate its binding to the promoters of rot, spa, and clfB. The human cell infection assay showed that the adhesion and internalization abilities were reduced in the spoVG mutant strain in comparison to those in the wild-type strain. Collectively, our data reveal a SpoVG-Rot regulatory cascade and novel molecular mechanisms in the virulence control in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Wanying Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Baolin Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China.
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27
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Gurtman A, Begier E, Mohamed N, Baber J, Sabharwal C, Haupt RM, Edwards H, Cooper D, Jansen KU, Anderson AS. The development of a staphylococcus aureus four antigen vaccine for use prior to elective orthopedic surgery. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:358-370. [PMID: 30215582 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1523093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a challenging bacterial pathogen which can cause a range of diseases, from mild skin infections, to more serious and invasive disease including deep or organ space surgical site infections, life-threatening bacteremia, and sepsis. S. aureus rapidly develops resistance to antibiotic treatments. Despite current infection control measures, the burden of disease remains high. The most advanced vaccine in clinical development is a 4 antigen S. aureus vaccine (SA4Ag) candidate that is being evaluated in a phase 2b/3 efficacy study in patients undergoing elective spinal fusion surgery (STaphylococcus aureus suRgical Inpatient Vaccine Efficacy [STRIVE]). SA4Ag has been shown in early phase clinical trials to be generally safe and well tolerated, and to induce high levels of bactericidal antibodies in healthy adults. In this review we discuss the design of SA4Ag, as well as the proposed clinical development plan supporting licensure of SA4Ag for the prevention of invasive disease caused by S. aureus in elective orthopedic surgical populations. We also explore the rationale for the generalizability of the results of the STRIVE efficacy study (patients undergoing elective open posterior multilevel instrumented spinal fusion surgery) to a broad elective orthopedic surgery population due to the common pathophysiology of invasive S. aureus disease and commonalties of patient and procedural risk factors for developing postoperative S. aureus surgical site infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gurtman
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pfizer, Inc ., Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - E Begier
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pfizer, Inc ., Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - N Mohamed
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pfizer, Inc ., Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - J Baber
- b Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - C Sabharwal
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pfizer, Inc ., Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - R M Haupt
- c Medical Development, Scientific and Clinical Affairs , Pfizer, Inc ., Collegeville , PA , USA
| | - H Edwards
- d World Wide Regulatory Affairs , Pfizer Inc ., Walton Oaks , UK
| | - D Cooper
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pfizer, Inc ., Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - K U Jansen
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pfizer, Inc ., Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - A S Anderson
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pfizer, Inc ., Pearl River , NY , USA
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28
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Phumthanakorn N, Fungwithaya P, Chanchaithong P, Prapasarakul N. Enterotoxin gene profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs, humans and the environment. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:866-873. [PMID: 29724270 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to detect and identify staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains from different sources, and to investigate the relationship between their sequence types (STs) and SE gene patterns. METHODOLOGY The profiles of 17 SE genes in 93 MRSP strains isolated from dogs (n=43), humans (n=18) and the environment (n=32) were detected by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), SCCmec typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to analyse the clonal relatedness between the molecular type and SE gene profiles.Results/Key findings. The human MRSP strains harboured the greatest number of SE genes (12/17; sea, sec, seg, sei, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq and tst-1) compared to those from dogs (5/17; sec, sel, sem, seq and tst-1) and environmental sources (3/17; sec, seq and tst-1). Using MLST and PFGE, different SE gene profiles were found within the same clonal type. CONCLUSION We show that isolates of MRSP vary in their virulence gene profiles, depending on the source from which they have been isolated. This insight should encourage the development of appropriate monitoring and mitigation strategies to reduce the transmission of MRSP in veterinary hospitals and households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathita Phumthanakorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Punpichaya Fungwithaya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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29
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Askarian F, Lapek JD, Dongre M, Tsai CM, Kumaraswamy M, Kousha A, Valderrama JA, Ludviksen JA, Cavanagh JP, Uchiyama S, Mollnes TE, Gonzalez DJ, Wai SN, Nizet V, Johannessen M. Staphylococcus aureus Membrane-Derived Vesicles Promote Bacterial Virulence and Confer Protective Immunity in Murine Infection Models. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515544 PMCID: PMC5826277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces membrane-derived vesicles (MVs), which share functional properties to outer membrane vesicles. Atomic force microscopy revealed that S. aureus-derived MVs are associated with the bacterial surface or released into the surrounding environment depending on bacterial growth conditions. By using a comparative proteomic approach, a total of 131 and 617 proteins were identified in MVs isolated from S. aureus grown in Luria-Bertani and brain-heart infusion broth, respectively. Purified S. aureus MVs derived from the bacteria grown in either media induced comparable levels of cytotoxicity and neutrophil-activation. Administration of exogenous MVs increased the resistance of S. aureus to killing by whole blood or purified human neutrophils ex vivo and increased S. aureus survival in vivo. Finally, immunization of mice with S. aureus-derived MVs induced production of IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b resulting in protection against subcutaneous and systemic S. aureus infection. Collectively, our results suggest S. aureus MVs can influence bacterial-host interactions during systemic infections and provide protective immunity in murine models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John D Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mitesh Dongre
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Monika Kumaraswamy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Armin Kousha
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - J Andrés Valderrama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Jorunn P Cavanagh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tom E Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,Faculty of Health Sciences, K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sun N Wai
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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30
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Hoppenbrouwers T, Sultan AR, Abraham TE, Lemmens-den Toom NA, Hansenová Maňásková S, van Cappellen WA, Houtsmuller AB, van Wamel WJB, de Maat MPM, van Neck JW. Staphylococcal Protein A Is a Key Factor in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:165. [PMID: 29459871 PMCID: PMC5807341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus are strong inducers of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a defense mechanism of neutrophils against pathogens. Our aim was to explore the role of Protein A in S. aureus-induced NETosis. We determined the Protein A production of four different S. aureus strains and found a direct relationship between the degree of NETosis induction and Protein A production: strains producing higher concentrations of Protein A evoke significantly more NETs. A S. aureus strain in which Protein A as well as a second binding protein for immunoglobulins (Sbi) have been knocked-out (ΔSpA ΔSbi) induced significantly less NETosis than the wild-type strain. NETosis induction by this knockout strain can be rescued by the addition of purified Protein A. Dead S. aureus did not induce NETosis. In conclusion, Protein A is a determinant for NETosis induction by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hoppenbrouwers
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andi R Sultan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tsion E Abraham
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Center, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem J B van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan W van Neck
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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31
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Wu T, Weng Z, Xu J, Wen G, Yu Y, Chai Y. Baicalin alleviates osteomyelitis by regulating TLR2 in the murine model. Pathog Dis 2017; 76:4739365. [PMID: 29253124 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200033, China
| | - Zhenjun Weng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200033, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200033, China
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200033, China
| | - Yaling Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200033, China
| | - Yimin Chai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200033, China
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32
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Daub JT, Moretti S, Davydov II, Excoffier L, Robinson-Rechavi M. Detection of Pathways Affected by Positive Selection in Primate Lineages Ancestral to Humans. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1391-1402. [PMID: 28333345 PMCID: PMC5435107 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene set enrichment approaches have been increasingly successful in finding signals of recent polygenic selection in the human genome. In this study, we aim at detecting biological pathways affected by positive selection in more ancient human evolutionary history. Focusing on four branches of the primate tree that lead to modern humans, we tested all available protein coding gene trees of the Primates clade for signals of adaptation in these branches, using the likelihood-based branch site test of positive selection. The results of these locus-specific tests were then used as input for a gene set enrichment test, where whole pathways are globally scored for a signal of positive selection, instead of focusing only on outlier "significant" genes. We identified signals of positive selection in several pathways that are mainly involved in immune response, sensory perception, metabolism, and energy production. These pathway-level results are highly significant, even though there is no functional enrichment when only focusing on top scoring genes. Interestingly, several gene sets are found significant at multiple levels in the phylogeny, but different genes are responsible for the selection signal in the different branches. This suggests that the same function has been optimized in different ways at different times in primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Daub
- CMPG, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Moretti
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I I Davydov
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Excoffier
- CMPG, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Robinson-Rechavi
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Phumthanakorn N, Chanchaithong P, Prapasarakul N. Development of a set of multiplex PCRs for detection of genes encoding cell wall-associated proteins in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs, humans and the environment. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 142:90-95. [PMID: 28888869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius commonly colonizes the skin of dogs, whilst nasal carriage may occur in humans who are in contact with dogs or the environment of veterinary hospitals. Genes encoding cell wall-associated (CWA) proteins have been described in Staphylococcus aureus but knowledge of their occurrence in S. pseudintermedius is still limited. The aim of the study was to develop a method to detect S. pseudintermedius surface protein genes (sps) encoding CWA proteins, and to examine the distribution of the genes in isolates from different sources. Four multiplex PCR assays (mPCR) were developed for detection of 18 sps genes, with 4-5 genes detected per mPCR. These were applied to 135 S. pseudintermedius isolates from carriage sites (n=35) and infected sites (n=35) in dogs, from the nasal cavity of humans (n=25), and from the environment of a veterinary hospital (n=40). The mPCRs were shown to detect all 18 known sps genes, and no discrepancies were found between uniplex and mPCR results. The mPCRs could detect at least 1pg/μl of DNA template. A total of 23 sps gene profiles were found among the 135 isolates, with diverse gene combinations. Only spsD, spsF, spsI, spsO, spsP, and spsQ were not detected in all isolates. spsP and spsQ were more frequently detected in the canine isolates from infected sites than from carriage sites. This finding suggests that these two genes may play a role in pathogenicity, whereas the presence of the 12 sps genes may contribute to adherence function at all surfaces where carriage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathita Phumthanakorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; STAR Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; STAR Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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34
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Dai Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Gao Q, Lu H, Meng H, Qin J, Hu M, Li M. A Novel ESAT-6 Secretion System-Secreted Protein EsxX of Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Lineage ST398 Contributes to Immune Evasion and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:819. [PMID: 28529509 PMCID: PMC5418362 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESAT-6 secretion system (ESS) has been reported to contribute to the virulence and pathogenicity of several Staphylococcus aureus strains such as USA300 and Newman. However, the role of the ESS in community-associated S. aureus (CA-SA) lineage ST398 in China is not well understood. By comparing the ess locus of ST398 with the published S. aureus sequence in the NCBI database, we found one gene in the ess locus encoding a novel WXG superfamily protein that is highly conserved only in ST398. LC-MS/MS and Western blot analysis revealed that this protein is a novel secreted protein controlled by the ST398 ESS, and we named the protein EsxX. Although EsxX was not under the control of the accessory gene regulator like many other virulence factors and had no influence on several phenotypes of ST398, such as growth, hemolysis, and biofilm formation, it showed important impacts on immune evasion and virulence in ST398. An esxX deletion mutant led to significantly reduced resistance to neutrophil killing and decreased virulence in murine skin and blood infection models, indicating its essential contribution to the evasion of innate host defense and virulence to support the pathogenesis of ST398 infections. The function of this novel secreted protein EsxX might help us better understand the role of the ESS in the virulence and epidemic success of the CA-SA lineage ST398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Huiying Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Juanxiu Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Mo Hu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
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35
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Dharmaraja AT. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Therapeutics and Drug Resistance in Cancer and Bacteria. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3221-3240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allimuthu T. Dharmaraja
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Comprehensive Cancer
Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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36
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Satoskar AA, Suleiman S, Ayoub I, Hemminger J, Parikh S, Brodsky SV, Bott C, Calomeni E, Nadasdy GM, Rovin B, Hebert L, Nadasdy T. Staphylococcus Infection-Associated GN - Spectrum of IgA Staining and Prevalence of ANCA in a Single-Center Cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12:39-49. [PMID: 27821389 PMCID: PMC5220658 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.05070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus infection-associated GN (SAGN) is a well recognized disease entity, particularly because of the frequent IgA-dominant glomerular immunoglobulin staining on kidney biopsy. Biopsy features can resemble two other disease entities - primary IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis - posing a diagnostic pitfall. This is clinically relevant because of the crucial difference in the therapeutic approach. The diagnosis of SAGN is further complicated by the variability in the degree of glomerular IgA (and C3) staining, the extent of electron dense immune-type deposits, and positive ANCA serology in some patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We performed a thorough histopathologic review of our single-center cohort of 78 culture-proven SAGN biopsies to assess the spectrum of IgA staining, prevalence of ANCA serology, prevalence of subepithelial "humps," and other histologic features to distinguish from primary IgA nephropathy. RESULTS Among the 78 SAGN biopsies, IgA staining was trace in 25%, mild in 19%, moderate in 44%, and strong in 12% of the cases. C3 was frequently moderate-to-strong but was trace in 14% of the biopsies. Concomitantly trace IgA, IgG, and C3 (pauci-immune pattern) was seen in 13%. Crescents were present in 35% of the SAGN biopsies. Out of 41 patients tested for ANCA, nine (22%) were positive, including patients with endocarditis and other infections. Subepithelial humps were identified in only 31% of the SAGN biopsies. CONCLUSIONS SAGN biopsies show marked variability in IgA immunofluorescence staining and low frequency of subepithelial humps compared with poststreptococcal GN. Occasional ANCA positivity is present in cases of SAGN, even in infections other than endocarditis. Therefore, biopsy diagnosis can be difficult particularly when clinical symptoms of infection are subtle. Both the pathologist and the nephrologist should be aware of these diagnostic pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Ayoub
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Samir Parikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Brad Rovin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lee Hebert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Characterization of a vraG Mutant in a Genetically Stable Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variant and Preliminary Assessment for Use as a Live-Attenuated Vaccine against Intrammamary Infections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166621. [PMID: 27855187 PMCID: PMC5113970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine intramammary infections (IMIs) that can evolve into difficult-to-treat chronic mastitis. To date, no vaccine formulation has shown high protective efficacy against S. aureus IMI, partly because this bacterium can efficiently evade the immune system. For instance, S. aureus small colony variants (SCVs) have intracellular abilities and can persist without producing invasive infections. As a first step towards the development of a live vaccine, this study describes the elaboration of a novel attenuated mutant of S. aureus taking advantage of the SCV phenotype. A genetically stable SCV was created through the deletion of the hemB gene, impairing its ability to adapt and revert to the invasive phenotype. Further attenuation was obtained through inactivation of gene vraG (SACOL0720) which we previously showed to be important for full virulence during bovine IMIs. After infection of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), the double mutant (ΔvraGΔhemB) was less internalized and caused less cell destruction than that seen with ΔhemB and ΔvraG, respectively. In a murine IMI model, the ΔvraGΔhemB mutant was strongly attenuated, with a reduction of viable counts of up to 5-log10 CFU/g of mammary gland when compared to the parental strain. A complete clearance of ΔvraGΔhemB from glands was observed whereas mortality rapidly (48h) occurred with the wild-type strain. Immunization of mice using subcutaneous injections of live ΔvraGΔhemB raised a strong immune response as judged by the high total IgG titers measured against bacterial cell extracts and by the high IgG2a/IgG1 ratio observed against the IsdH protein. Also, ΔvraGΔhemB had sufficient common features with bovine mastitis strains so that the antibody response also strongly recognized strains from a variety of mastitis associated spa types. This double mutant could serve as a live-attenuated component in vaccines to improve cell-mediated immune responses against S. aureus IMIs.
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38
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A point mutation in AgrC determines cytotoxic or colonizing properties associated with phenotypic variants of ST22 MRSA strains. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31360. [PMID: 27511873 PMCID: PMC4980769 DOI: 10.1038/srep31360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections. One of the highly successful and rapidly disseminating clones is MRSA ST22 commonly associated with skin tropism. Here we show that a naturally occurring single amino acid substitution (tyrosine to cysteine) at position 223 of AgrC determines starkly different ST22 S. aureus virulence phenotypes, e.g. cytotoxic or colonizing, as evident in both in vitro and in vivo skin infections. Y223C amino acid substitution destabilizes AgrC-AgrA interaction leading to a colonizing phenotype characterized by upregulation of bacterial surface proteins. The colonizing phenotype strains cause less severe skin tissue damage, show decreased susceptibility towards the antimicrobial LL-37 and induce autophagy. In contrast, cytotoxic strains with tyrosine at position 223 of AgrC cause infections characterized by inflammasome activation and severe skin tissue pathology. Taken together, the study demonstrates how a single amino acid substitution in the histidine kinase receptor AgrC of ST22 strains determines virulence properties and infection outcome.
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39
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Benito D, Aspiroz C, Gilaberte Y, Sanmartín R, Hernández-Martin Á, Alonso M, Gómez P, Lozano C, Torres C. Genetic lineages and antimicrobial resistance genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus from children with atopic dermatitis: detection of clonal complexes CC1, CC97 and CC398. J Chemother 2016; 28:359-66. [PMID: 26027683 DOI: 10.1179/1973947815y.0000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to analyse the genetic lineages of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nasal and skin samples of atopic dermatitis (AD) paediatric patients, and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance phenotype-genotype and the immune-evasion-cluster (IEC) type of isolates. Forty S. aureus isolates from 35 patients (skin: 26; nasal samples: 14) were characterized. Isolates were submitted to spa-, agr- and multilocus sequence typing. All S. aureus strains analyzed were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). High genetic diversity was detected among the 40 MSSA isolates (especially among skin isolates), with detection of 27 different spa-types, 20 sequence-types and 16 clonal complexes (CCs). Lineages CC30 and CC5 were predominant among nasal isolates (71% vs 23% skin). Thirteen different CCs were detected among skin isolates, with detection of clades CC1, CC9 and CC398. Antimicrobial resistance rates detected were higher in skin than in nasal isolates, especially for macrolides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides and mupirocin. MSSA strains were characterized into five IEC-types, being A, B and F the predominant ones. MSSA strains of lineages CC45 and CC5 were detected in almost all cases in AD patients with severe Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) and lineages CC8, and CC30 in those with mild or moderate one. As conclusion, high-clonal-diversity was detected among MSSA from AD patients, especially in skin-isolates. Colonization with S. aureus of some CCs seems more associated with AD severity than other lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benito
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
| | - Carmen Aspiroz
- b Department of Microbiology , Hospital Royo Villanova , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- c Department of Dermatology , Hospital San Jorge, Huesca , Spain.,d Aragon Health Sciences Institute , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Rosalía Sanmartín
- c Department of Dermatology , Hospital San Jorge, Huesca , Spain.,d Aragon Health Sciences Institute , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Ángela Hernández-Martin
- e Department of Dermatology , Hospital Infantil Universitario del Niño Jesús , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- f Department of Microbiology , Hospital Infantil del Niño Jesús , Madrid , Spain
| | - Paula Gómez
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- a Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of La Rioja , Logroño , Spain
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40
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Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans related to a livestock farm in Spain, with detection of MRSA-CC130 carrying mecC gene: A zoonotic case? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Xu Y, Wei MT, Ou-Yang HD, Walker SG, Wang HZ, Gordon CR, Guterman S, Zawacki E, Applebaum E, Brink PR, Rafailovich M, Mironava T. Exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles increases Staphylococcus aureus infection of HeLa cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:34. [PMID: 27102228 PMCID: PMC4840899 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most common nanoparticles found in industry ranging from food additives to energy generation. Approximately four million tons of TiO2 particles are produced worldwide each year with approximately 3000 tons being produced in nanoparticulate form, hence exposure to these particles is almost certain. Results Even though TiO2 is also used as an anti-bacterial agent in combination with UV, we have found that, in the absence of UV, exposure of HeLa cells to TiO2 nanoparticles significantly increased their risk of bacterial invasion. HeLa cells cultured with 0.1 mg/ml rutile and anatase TiO2 nanoparticles for 24 h prior to exposure to bacteria had 350 and 250 % respectively more bacteria per cell. The increase was attributed to bacterial polysaccharides absorption on TiO2 NPs, increased extracellular LDH, and changes in the mechanical response of the cell membrane. On the other hand, macrophages exposed to TiO2 particles ingested 40 % fewer bacteria, further increasing the risk of infection. Conclusions In combination, these two factors raise serious concerns regarding the impact of exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on the ability of organisms to resist bacterial infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0184-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Tzo Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - H Daniel Ou-Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Stephen G Walker
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Hong Zhan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chris R Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Emma Zawacki
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter R Brink
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Tatsiana Mironava
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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42
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Searching for Beta-Haemolysin hlb Gene in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius with Species-Specific Primers. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:148-52. [PMID: 27086303 PMCID: PMC4899483 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of 51 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius clinically isolated strains from humans and from animals. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains’ ability to produce β-haemolysin was evaluated with phenotypic methods (hot–cold effect, reverse CAMP test). In order to determine the hlb gene presence (coding for β-haemolysin) in a genomic DNA, PCR reactions were conducted with two different pairs of primers: one described in the literature for Staphylococcus aureus and recommended for analysing SIG group staphylococci and newly designed one in CLC Main Workbench software. Only reactions with newly designed primers resulted in product amplification, the presence of which was fully compatible with the results of phenotypic β-haemolysin test. Negative results for S. aureus and S. intermedius reference ATCC strains suggest that after further analysis the fragment of hlb gene amplified with primers described in this study might be included in the process of S. pseudintermedius strains identification.
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43
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Günther J, Czabanska A, Bauer I, Leigh JA, Holst O, Seyfert HM. Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from the bovine mammary gland evade immune recognition by mammary epithelial cells, but not of macrophages. Vet Res 2016; 47:13. [PMID: 26738804 PMCID: PMC4704416 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is frequently isolated from the mammary gland of dairy cattle. Infection with some strains can induce mild subclinical inflammation whilst others induce severe inflammation and clinical mastitis. We compared here the inflammatory response of primary cultures of bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMEC) towards S. uberis strains collected from clinical or subclinical cases (seven strains each) of mastitis with the strong response elicited by Escherichia coli. Neither heat inactivated nor live S. uberis induced the expression of 10 key immune genes (including TNF, IL1B, IL6). The widely used virulent strain 0140J and the avirulent strain, EF20 elicited similar responses; as did mutants defective in capsule (hasA) or biofilm formation (sub0538 and sub0539). Streptococcus uberis failed to activate NF-κB in pbMEC or TLR2 in HEK293 cells, indicating that S. uberis particles did not induce any TLR-signaling in MEC. However, preparations of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from two strains strongly induced immune gene expression and activated NF-κB in pbMEC, without the involvement of TLR2. The immune-stimulatory LTA must be arranged in the intact S. uberis such that it is unrecognizable by the relevant pathogen receptors of the MEC. The absence of immune recognition is specific for MEC, since the same S. uberis preparations strongly induced immune gene expression and NF-κB activity in the murine macrophage model cell RAW264.7. Hence, the sluggish immune response of MEC and not of professional immune cells to this pathogen may aid establishment of the often encountered belated and subclinical phenotype of S. uberis mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Anna Czabanska
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Isabel Bauer
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - James A Leigh
- Department Animal Health and Welfare, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Otto Holst
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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44
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Garciarena CD, McHale TM, Watkin RL, Kerrigan SW. Coordinated Molecular Cross-Talk between Staphylococcus aureus, Endothelial Cells and Platelets in Bloodstream Infection. Pathogens 2015; 4:869-82. [PMID: 26690226 PMCID: PMC4693168 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen often carried asymptomatically on the human body. Upon entry to the otherwise sterile environment of the cardiovascular system, S. aureus can lead to serious complications resulting in organ failure and death. The success of S. aureus as a pathogen in the bloodstream is due to its ability to express a wide array of cell wall proteins on its surface that recognise host receptors, extracellular matrix proteins and plasma proteins. Endothelial cells and platelets are important cells in the cardiovascular system and are a major target of bloodstream infection. Endothelial cells form the inner lining of a blood vessel and provide an antithrombotic barrier between the vessel wall and blood. Platelets on the other hand travel throughout the cardiovascular system and respond by aggregating around the site of injury and initiating clot formation. Activation of either of these cells leads to functional dysregulation in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we will illustrate how S. aureus establish intimate interactions with both endothelial cells and platelets leading to cardiovascular dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina D Garciarena
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Tony M McHale
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca L Watkin
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Steven W Kerrigan
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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45
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Merghni A, Ben Nejma M, Dallel I, Tobji S, Ben Amor A, Janel S, Lafont F, Aouni M, Mastouri M. High potential of adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces by opportunistic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from orthodontic appliances. Microb Pathog 2015; 91:61-7. [PMID: 26620082 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic and other oral appliances act as reservoir of opportunistic pathogens that can easily become resistant to antibiotics and cause systemic infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from healthy patients with orthodontic appliances, to adhere to biotic (HeLa cells) and abiotic surfaces (polystyrene and dental alloy). Adhesive ability to polystyrene was tested by crystal violet staining and quantitative biofilm production on dental alloy surfaces was evaluated by MTT reduction assay. In addition, the presence of icaA and icaD genes was achieved by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Qualitative biofilm production revealed that 70.6% of strains were slime producers. The metabolic activity of S. aureus biofilms on dental alloy surfaces was high and did not differ between tested strains. Moreover, all the isolates were adhesive to HeLa cells and 94% of them harbor icaA and icaD genes. Considerable adhesion and internalization capacity to the epithelial HeLa cells and strong biofilm production abilities together, with a high genotypic expression of icaA/icaD genes are an important equipment of S. aureus to colonize orthodontic appliances and eventually to disseminate towards other body areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmen Merghni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mouna Ben Nejma
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ines Dallel
- Dento-Facial Orthopedics Department of Monastir Dental Clinic, Laboratory of Oral Health and Orofacial Rehabilitation (LR12ES11), Tunisia
| | - Samir Tobji
- Dento-Facial Orthopedics Department of Monastir Dental Clinic, Laboratory of Oral Health and Orofacial Rehabilitation (LR12ES11), Tunisia
| | - Adel Ben Amor
- Dento-Facial Orthopedics Department of Monastir Dental Clinic, Laboratory of Oral Health and Orofacial Rehabilitation (LR12ES11), Tunisia
| | | | - Frank Lafont
- BioImaging Center Lille-FR3642, Lille, France; Cellular Microbiology and Physics of Infection Group, Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille: CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University, France
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital of Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
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46
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Wladyka B, Piejko M, Bzowska M, Pieta P, Krzysik M, Mazurek Ł, Guevara-Lora I, Bukowski M, Sabat AJ, Friedrich AW, Bonar E, Międzobrodzki J, Dubin A, Mak P. A peptide factor secreted by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius exhibits properties of both bacteriocins and virulence factors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14569. [PMID: 26411997 PMCID: PMC4585962 DOI: 10.1038/srep14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common commensal bacterium colonizing the skin and mucosal surfaces of household animals. However, it has recently emerged as a dangerous opportunistic pathogen, comparable to S. aureus for humans. The epidemiological situation is further complicated by the increasing number of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius infections and evidence of gene transmission driving antibiotic resistance between staphylococci colonizing human and zoonotic hosts. In the present study, we describe a unique peptide, BacSp222, that possesses features characteristic of both bacteriocins and virulence factors. BacSp222 is secreted in high quantities by S. pseudintermedius strain 222 isolated from dog skin lesions. This linear, fifty-amino-acid highly cationic peptide is plasmid-encoded and does not exhibit significant sequence similarities to any other known peptides or proteins. BacSp222 kills gram-positive bacteria (at doses ranging from 0.1 to several micromol/l) but also demonstrates significant cytotoxic activities towards eukaryotic cells at slightly higher concentrations. Moreover, at nanomolar concentrations, the peptide also possesses modulatory properties, efficiently enhancing interferon gamma-induced nitric oxide release in murine macrophage-like cell lines. BacSp222 appears to be one of the first examples of multifunctional peptides that breaks the convention of splitting bacteriocins and virulence factors into two unrelated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedykt Wladyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Piejko
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,3rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Pieta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Krzysik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Mazurek
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ibeth Guevara-Lora
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Bukowski
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur J Sabat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Bonar
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Dubin
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Mak
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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47
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A Multiple Antigenic Peptide Mimicking Peptidoglycan Induced T Cell Responses to Protect Mice from Systemic Infection with Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136888. [PMID: 26317210 PMCID: PMC4552945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the enormous capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to acquire antibiotic resistance, it becomes imperative to develop vaccines for decreasing the risk of its life-threatening infections. Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a conserved and major component of S. aureus cell wall. However, it has not been used as a vaccine candidate since it is a thymus-independent antigen. In this study, we synthesized a multiple antigenic peptide, named MAP27, which comprised four copies of a peptide that mimics the epitope of PGN. After immunization with MAP27 five times and boosting with heat-inactivated bacterium one time, anti-MAP27 serum bound directly to S. aureus or PGN. Immunization with MAP27 decreased the bacterial burden in organs of BALB/c mice and significantly prolonged their survival time after S. aureus lethal-challenge. The percentage of IFN-γ+CD3+ T cells and IL-17+CD4+ T cells in spleen, as well as the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A/F and CCL3 in spleen and lung, significantly increased in the MAP27-immunized mice after infection. Moreover, in vitro incubation of heat-inactivated S. aureus with splenocytes isolated from MAP27-immunized mice stimulated the production of IFN-γ and IL-17A/F. Our findings demonstrated that MAP27, as a thymus-dependent antigen, is efficient at eliciting T cell-mediated responses to protect mice from S. aureus infection. This study sheds light on a possible strategy to design vaccines against S. aureus.
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Andrey DO, Jousselin A, Villanueva M, Renzoni A, Monod A, Barras C, Rodriguez N, Kelley WL. Impact of the Regulators SigB, Rot, SarA and sarS on the Toxic Shock Tst Promoter and TSST-1 Expression in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135579. [PMID: 26275216 PMCID: PMC4537247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen manifesting virulence through diverse disease forms, ranging from acute skin infections to life-threatening bacteremia or systemic toxic shock syndromes. In the latter case, the prototypical superantigen is TSST-1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1), encoded by tst(H), and carried on a mobile genetic element that is not present in all S. aureus strains. Transcriptional regulation of tst is only partially understood. In this study, we dissected the role of sarA, sarS (sarH1), RNAIII, rot, and the alternative stress sigma factor sigB (σB). By examining tst promoter regulation predominantly in the context of its native sequence within the SaPI1 pathogenicity island of strain RN4282, we discovered that σB emerged as a particularly important tst regulator. We did not detect a consensus σB site within the tst promoter, and thus the effect of σB is likely indirect. We found that σB strongly repressed the expression of the toxin via at least two distinct regulatory pathways dependent upon sarA and agr. Furthermore rot, a member of SarA family, was shown to repress tst expression when overexpressed, although its deletion had no consistent measurable effect. We could not find any detectable effect of sarS, either by deletion or overexpression, suggesting that this regulator plays a minimal role in TSST-1 expression except when combined with disruption of sarA. Collectively, our results extend our understanding of complex multifactorial regulation of tst, revealing several layers of negative regulation. In addition to environmental stimuli thought to impact TSST-1 production, these findings support a model whereby sporadic mutation in a few key negative regulators can profoundly affect and enhance TSST-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O. Andrey
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Ambre Jousselin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maite Villanueva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Renzoni
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Monod
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Christine Barras
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William L. Kelley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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49
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Dysregulation of the endothelium following Staphylococcus aureus infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:715-9. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20140309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is typically a sterile environment; however entry of a microorganism into the circulation can cause potentially life threatening cardiac and/or vascular disease. Staphylococcus aureus endothelial cell interactions are arguably the most important interactions in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular infection. These interactions can trigger cardiac valve destruction in the case of endocarditis, multi-organ dysfunction in the case of sepsis and coagulopathy. Here, we review the interactions between S. aureus and endothelial cells and discuss the implications of these interactions in the progression of cardiovascular infection.
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Paneth A, Plech T, Kaproń B, Hagel D, Kosikowska U, Kuśmierz E, Dzitko K, Paneth P. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-benzoyl-1-dichlorobenzoylthiosemicarbazides as potent Gram-positive antibacterial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:434-40. [PMID: 25897586 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1036050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve 4-benzoyl-1-dichlorobenzoylthiosemicarbazides have been tested as potential antibacterials. All the compounds had MICs between 0.49 and 15.63 µg/ml toward Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis indicating, in most cases, equipotent or even more effective action than cefuroxime. In order to clarify if the observed antibacterial effects are universal, further research were undertaken to test inhibitory potency of two most potent compounds 3 and 11 on clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Compound 11 inhibited the growth of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) at MICs of 1.95-7.81 µg/ml, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) at MICs of 0.49-1.95 µg/ml and MDR-MRSA at MIC of 0.98 and 3.90 µg/ml, respectively. Finally, inhibitory efficacy of 3 and 11 on planktonic cells and biofilms formation in clinical isolates of S. aureus and Haemophilus parainfluenzae was tested. The majority of cells in biofilm populations of MSSA and MRSA were eradicated at low level of 3, with MBICs in the range of 7.82-15.63 µg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Urszula Kosikowska
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- c Department of Immunoparasitology , University of Łódź , Łódź , Poland , and
| | - Piotr Paneth
- d Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
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