1
|
Rams TE, Slots J. Elevated subgingival temperature infers high bacterial pathogen counts in severe periodontitis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e891. [PMID: 38706420 PMCID: PMC11070767 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontal inflammation may be assessed by bleeding on probing and subgingival temperature. This pilot study evaluated the intrapatient relationship between subgingival temperature and selected bacterial groups/species in deep periodontal pockets with bleeding on probing. MATERIALS AND METHODS In each of eight adults, an electronic temperature probe identified three "hot" pockets with elevated subgingival temperature and three "cool" pockets with normal subgingival temperature among premolars/molars with 6‒10 mm probing depths and bleeding on probing. Microbial samples collected separately from the hot and cool periodontal pockets were cultured for selected periodontal pathogens. RESULTS Hot compared to cool periodontal pockets revealed significantly higher absolute and normalized subgingival temperatures and yielded higher mean proportions of Porphyromonas gingivalis (10.2% for hot vs. 2.5% for cool, p = 0.030) and total red/orange complex periodontal pathogens (48.0% for hot vs. 24.6% for cool, p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Hot versus cool deep periodontal pockets harbored significantly higher levels of major periodontal pathogens. Subgingival temperature measurements may potentially be useful to assess risk of periodontitis progression and the efficacy of periodontal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral ImplantologyTemple University School of DentistryPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology and Diagnostic SciencesUniversity of Southern California School of DentistryLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thammasitboon K, Teanpaisan R, Pahumunto N. Prevalence and virulence factors of haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root filled teeth associated with periradicular lesions: A laboratory investigation in Thailand. Int Endod J 2024; 57:769-783. [PMID: 38483342 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM Previous endodontic research has provided limited understanding of the prevalence and roles of haemolytic and non-haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis strains in root filled teeth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these strains in root filled teeth with periradicular lesions and investigate their associated virulence factors. METHODOLOGY A total of 36 root canal samples were collected from 36 subjects. The prevalence of E. faecalis was determined using culture and PCR methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of haemolytic and non-haemolytic E. faecalis strains was assessed using the broth dilution assay. The cytokine stimulation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and neutrophil migration were evaluated using real-time PCR and migration assay, respectively. Cell invasion ability of the strains was assessed using a cell culture model. Additionally, the virulence gene expression of the haemolytic and non-haemolytic strains was investigated using real-time PCR. The Mann-Whitney U and Spearman's ρ tests were used to examine the significant difference between the two strains and to analyse the correlation between phenotype and gene expression, respectively. RESULTS Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 33.3% and 88.9% of samples by culture and real-time PCR, respectively. Haemolytic strains were found in 36.4% of subjects. Non-haemolytic strains exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin and varying susceptibility to tetracycline, while all haemolytic strains were resistant to both antibiotics. Haemolytic strains significantly upregulated the expression of IL-8, OPG and RANKL in PDL cells (p < .05). Notably, the fold increases in these genes were higher: IL-8 (556.1 ± 82.9 vs. 249.6 ± 81.8), OPG (2.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2) and RANKL (1.8 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1). Furthermore, haemolytic strains had a greater effect on neutrophil migration (68.7 ± 15.2% vs. 46.9 ± 11.4%) and demonstrated a higher level of internalization into oral keratinocyte cells (68.6 ± 0.4% vs. 33.8 ± 0.5%) (p < .05). They also showed enhanced expression of virulence genes associated with haemolysin, surface proteins, collagen-binding and aggregation substances. Gelatinase activity was only detectable in non-haemolytic strains. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that haemolytic strains E. faecalis possessed enhanced abilities in host invasion and a higher abundance of virulence factors, suggesting their potential contribution to more severe disease manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Thammasitboon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rams TE, Contreras A, Slots J. Aggressive periodontitis in southwestern American Indian adolescents. J Periodontol 2024; 95:594-602. [PMID: 37910464 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study determined the prevalence of aggressive (molar-incisor pattern) (Ag/MI) periodontitis and assessed the associated subgingival bacterial-herpesvirus microbiota in Pueblo Indian adolescents in the southwestern United States. METHODS The study included 240 Pueblo Indian adolescents, aged 13-20 years old, residing in three Rio Grande River villages in New Mexico and the Hopi Pueblo reservation in Arizona. Adolescents with Ag/MI periodontitis or periodontal health provided subgingival samples for culture of bacterial pathogens and for polymerase chain reaction detection of periodontal herpesviruses. RESULTS Ag/MI periodontitis was detected in 22 (9.2%) Pueblo Indian adolescents, with 21 exhibiting a localized molar-incisor breakdown pattern. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and other red/orange complex bacterial pathogens predominated in Ag/MI periodontitis, whereas periodontal health yielded mainly viridans streptococci and Actinomyces species. Periodontal herpesviruses demonstrated a 3.5 odds ratio relationship with Ag/MI periodontitis. The only adolescent with generalized Ag/MI periodontitis harbored viral co-infection by cytomegalovirus plus Epstein-Barr virus Type 1, in addition to A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and several other periodontopathic bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Pueblo Indian adolescents showed an unusually high prevalence of early-age Ag/MI periodontitis predominated by periodontopathic bacteria and herpesviruses suspected to be major etiologic agents of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adolfo Contreras
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group, Department of Periodontology, Universidad del Valle School of Dentistry, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Piwat S, Basic A, Pahumunto N, Teanpaisan R, Dahlen G. Periodontal diseases in Thai schoolchildren. Clinical and microbiological observations. Odontology 2024; 112:232-241. [PMID: 37154987 PMCID: PMC10776494 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of periodontitis among Thai schoolchildren is unknown. In a cross-sectional study, the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases, in a group of Thai schoolchildren, along with the presence and numbers of bacterial species commonly associated with periodontitis were investigated. A consent form was sent out to 192 schoolchildren in one school (Chanachanupathom School) in Chana, Southern Thailand (in the age range of 12-18 years) and 119 attended for a clinical and microbiological examination. Clinical recordings included number of teeth present, DMFT, plaque index, bleeding index, clinical attachment loss (CAL), and probing pocket depth (PPD). Pooled plaque samples were analyzed with culture and qPCR against bacteria associated with periodontitis. The children had low caries experience (DMFT = 3.2 ± 2.3), poor oral hygiene, high bleeding scores, and 67 (56.3%) had at least one interproximal site with CAL ≥ 1 mm. Thirty-seven (31.1%) of the children were diagnosed with periodontitis stage I, and sixteen (13.4%) were classified as periodontitis Stage II. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was sparsely found in all but the healthy clinical groups (gingivitis, periodontitis Stage I and II), while the groups showed a high prevalence of Fusobacterium spp., Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, and Campylobacter species as well as of the periodontitis-associated species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Thai schoolchildren have poor oral hygiene with abundant amounts of plaque and high presence of bleeding. Early onset periodontitis is common but mostly in its mild form and is not associated with the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supacharin Piwat
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiological Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Amina Basic
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Ododntology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 450, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiological Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Common Oral Diseases and Epidemiological Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Gunnar Dahlen
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Ododntology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 450, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Žiemytė M, Lopez-Roldan A, Carda-Diéguez M, Reglero-Santaolaya M, Rodriguez A, Ferrer MD, Mira A. Personalized antibiotic selection in periodontal treatment improves clinical and microbiological outputs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1307380. [PMID: 38179425 PMCID: PMC10765594 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1307380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated disease that is usually treated by non-surgical biofilm elimination with or without antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment in periodontal patients is typically selected empirically or using qPCR or DNA hybridization methods. These approaches are directed towards establishing the levels of different periodontal pathogens in periodontal pockets to infer the antibiotic treatment. However, current methods are costly and do not consider the antibiotic susceptibility of the whole subgingival biofilm. Methods In the current manuscript, we have developed a method to culture subgingival samples ex vivo in a fast, label-free impedance-based system where biofilm growth is monitored in real-time under exposure to different antibiotics, producing results in 4 hours. To test its efficacy, we performed a double-blind, randomized clinical trial where patients were treated with an antibiotic either selected by the hybridization method (n=32) or by the one with the best effect in the ex vivo growth system (n=32). Results Antibiotic selection was different in over 80% of the cases. Clinical parameters such as periodontal pocket depth, attachment level, and bleeding upon probing improved in both groups. However, dental plaque was significantly reduced only in the group where antibiotics were selected according to the ex vivo growth. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing showed a larger reduction in periodontal pathogens and a larger increase in health-associated bacteria in the ex vivo growth group. Discussion The results of clinical and microbiological parameters, together with the reduced cost and low analysis time, support the use of the impedance system for improved individualized antibiotic selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miglė Žiemytė
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrés Lopez-Roldan
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Carda-Diéguez
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Reglero-Santaolaya
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María D. Ferrer
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Genomics & Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO) Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rams TE, Sautter JD, van Winkelhoff AJ. Emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Porphyromonas gingivalis in United States Periodontitis Patients. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1584. [PMID: 37998786 PMCID: PMC10668829 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance patterns of the major human periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis were assessed over a 20-year period in the United States. Subgingival P. gingivalis was cultured pre-treatment from 2193 severe periodontitis patients during three time periods: 1999-2000 (936 patients), 2009-2010 (685 patients), and 2019-2020 (572 patients). The clinical isolates were tested for in vitro resistance to 4 mg/L for clindamycin and doxycycline, 8 mg/L for amoxicillin, and 16 mg/L for metronidazole, with a post hoc combination of data for metronidazole plus amoxicillin. Clindamycin-resistant P. gingivalis was significantly more prevalent in 2009-2010 (9.1% of patients) and 2019-2020 (9.3%; 15-fold increase) as compared to 1999-2000 (0.6%). P. gingivalis resistance to amoxicillin also significantly increased from 0.1% of patients in 1999-2000 to 1.3% in 2009-2010 and 2.8% (28-fold increase) in 2019-2020. P. gingivalis resistance to metronidazole, metronidazole plus amoxicillin, and doxycycline was low (≤0.5% prevalence), and statistically unchanged, over the 20-year period. These findings are the first to reveal marked increases over 20 years in clindamycin-resistant and amoxicillin-resistant P. gingivalis in United States periodontitis patients. Increased antibiotic resistance of P. gingivalis and other periodontitis-associated bacteria threatens the efficacy of periodontal antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Jacqueline D. Sautter
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Arie J. van Winkelhoff
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ichioka Y, Derks J, Larsson L, Berglundh T. Surface decontamination of explanted peri-implantitis-affected implants. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:1113-1122. [PMID: 37271864 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of air-polishing (AP) and a combination of AP and alkaline electrolysed water (AEW) in surface decontamination of explanted peri-implantitis-affected implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with 34 dental implants scheduled for explantation due to severe peri-implantitis were included. Following implant removal, the apical part of each implant was embedded in acrylic blocks. Implants were randomly allocated to surface decontamination using AP with or without AEW. Four implants were left untreated and used as negative controls. Specimens were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Area of residual bacteria was the primary outcome. RESULTS SEM analysis revealed that both treatment protocols were effective in biofilm removal and only small proportions of target areas of the implants showed residual bacterial or mineralized deposits. Although differences between the treatment protocols were small, implant thread loci (top/flank/valley), zones of the implant (apical/middle/coronal), implant surface characteristics and gender influenced the results. In addition, EDS analysis showed that zones influenced the atomic% of carbon and calcium and that implant surface characteristics affected the atomic% of titanium. CONCLUSIONS AP, with or without AEW, is an effective method in removing biofilm from peri-implantitis-affected implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ichioka
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Derks
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gomes BPFA, Berber VB, Chiarelli-Neto VM, Aveiro E, Chapola RC, Passini MRZ, Lopes EM, Chen T, Paster BJ. Microbiota present in combined endodontic-periodontal diseases and its risks for endocarditis. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:4757-4771. [PMID: 37401984 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infective endocarditis (IE) is an inflammatory disease usually caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and establish infections in the inner linings or valves of the heart, including blood vessels. Despite the availability of modern antimicrobial and surgical treatments, IE continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Oral microbiota is considered one of the most significant risk factors for IE. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiota present in root canal (RC) and periodontal pocket (PP) clinical samples in cases with combined endo-periodontal lesions (EPL) to detect species related to IE using NGS. METHODS Microbial samples were collected from 15 RCs and their associated PPs, also from 05 RCs with vital pulp tissues (negative control, NC). Genomic studies associated with bioinformatics, combined with structuring of a database (genetic sequences of bacteria reported for infective endocarditis), allowed for the assessment of the microbial community at both sites. Functional prediction was conducted using PICRUSt2. RESULTS Parvimonas, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus were the major genera detected in the RCs and PPs. A total of 79, 96, and 11 species were identified in the RCs, PPs, and NCs, respectively. From them, a total of 34 species from RCs, 53 from PPs, and 2 from NCs were related to IE. Functional inference demonstrated that CR and PP microbiological profiles may not be the only risk factors for IE but may also be associated with systemic diseases, including myocarditis, human cytomegalovirus infection, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Additionally, it was possible to predict antimicrobial resistance variants for broad-spectrum drugs, including ampicillin, tetracycline, and macrolides. CONCLUSION Microorganisms present in the combined EPL may not be the only risk factor for IE but also for systemic diseases. Antimicrobial resistance variants for broad-spectrum drugs were inferred based on PICRUSt-2. State-of-the-art sequencing combined with bioinformatics has proven to be a powerful tool for conducting studies on microbial communities and could considerably assist in the diagnosis of serious infections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Few studies have investigated the microbiota in teeth compromised by combined endo-periodontal lesions (EPL), but none have correlated the microbiological findings to any systemic condition, particularly IE, using NGS techniques. In such cases, the presence of apical periodontitis and periodontal disease can increase IE risk in susceptible patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda P F A Gomes
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa B Berber
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Vito M Chiarelli-Neto
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Emelly Aveiro
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Rafaela C Chapola
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Maicon R Z Passini
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Erica M Lopes
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Av. Limeira 901, Bairro Areao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce J Paster
- Microbiology Department, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rams TE, Slots J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Recalcitrant Severe Human Periodontitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020265. [PMID: 36830176 PMCID: PMC9951977 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated a combined systemic and topical anti-infective periodontal treatment of 35 adults who had experienced ongoing periodontal breakdown following conventional surgical periodontics. The prescribed anti-infective therapy, based on microbiological testing, consisted of a single course of metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin (23 patients), metronidazole plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (10 patients), and metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin followed by metronidazole plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2 patients). In addition, the study patients received 0.1% povidone-iodine subgingival disinfection during non-surgical root debridement and daily patient administered oral irrigation with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite. At 1 and 5 years post-treatment, all study patients showed gains in clinical periodontal attachment with no further attachment loss, and significant decreases in pocket probing depth, bleeding on probing, and subgingival temperature. The greatest disease resolution occurred in patients who at baseline harbored predominantly major periodontal pathogens which post-antibiotics became non-detectable and substituted by non-periodontopathic viridans streptococci. The personalized and minimally invasive anti-infective treatment regimen described here controlled periodontitis disease activity and markedly improved the clinical and microbiological status of the refractory periodontitis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Villanueva-Castellote Á, Llena Puy C, Carda-Diéguez M, Mira Á, Ferrer MD. Ex vivo evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity in samples from endodontic infections. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 15:2160536. [PMID: 36583208 PMCID: PMC9793940 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2160536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop an in vitro model for real-time monitoring of endodontic biofilm growth and evaluate the ex vivo effect of antibiotics on biofilm growth. Material and Methods Root canal samples were taken from 40 patients and inoculated into 96-well plates in a system that measures biofilm growth through electrical impedance. Biofilm bacterial composition at the genus and species level was analyzed by Illumina sequencing. ANCOM-BC corrected data were used to compare bacterial composition after antibiotic treatment through compositional analysis, and to compare microbiological with clinical data. Results The stationary phase was reached at 8 hours. The biofilm formed had a similar bacterial composition to the inoculum, and Enterococcus faecalis was virtually absent from the samples. The bacterial composition and the effect of antibiotics were sample-dependent. Metronidazole was the antibiotic that most inhibited biofilm formation and azithromycin the one that inhibited it in the highest percentage of cases. The antibiotic effect could not be related to the biofilm original bacterial composition. Conclusions The impedance system allowed real-time monitoring of endodontic biofilm formation, and we propose it as a model for ex vivo evaluation of the whole biofilm susceptibility to antimicrobials, as opposed to evaluating antibiotic sensitivity of specific bacterial isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Llena Puy
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain,CONTACT Carmen Llena Puy Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Carda-Diéguez
- Genomics&Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| | - Álex Mira
- Genomics&Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain,CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María D. Ferrer
- Genomics&Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rams TE, Sautter JD, Shin SS. Molecular Iodine Mouthrinse Antimicrobial Activity Against Periodontopathic Bacteria. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:1183-1189. [PMID: 37125513 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study compared two molecular iodine mouthrinses for their in vitro bactericidal effects against subgingival biofilm bacteria from severe periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a subgingival biofilm eradication assay, dilution aliquots of subgingival microbial specimens from 32 adults with severe periodontitis were mixed in vitro with either a mouthrinse containing 100 parts per million (ppm) molecular iodine (Iorinse®) or one containing 150 ppm molecular iodine (iClean®), followed by mouthrinse neutralization after 60 seconds with 3% sodium thiosulfate. The mixtures, along with unexposed subgingival biofilm aliquots, were inoculated onto enriched Brucella blood agar and incubated anaerobically for 7 days to quantitate total viable bacterial counts and selected red/orange complex periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum). RESULTS Both molecular iodine mouthrinses significantly reduced total viable bacterial counts in the subgingival biofilm samples, with iClean® providing significantly greater in vitro suppression than Iorinse®. Both molecular iodine mouthrinses also significantly reduced total red/orange complex periodontal pathogens, with significantly greater suppression also exhibited by iClean®. CONCLUSION The molecular iodine mouthrinses exerted marked bactericidal activity in vitro against human subgingival biofilm microbial species, including red/orange complex periodontal pathogens associated with severe periodontitis, with iClean® providing significantly better antimicrobial activity than Iorinse®. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest potential value of molecular iodine mouthrinses in the treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, Phone: +12157072941, e-mail:
| | - Jacqueline D Sautter
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seunghwa S Shin
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hbibi A, Bouziane A, Lyoussi B, Zouhdi M, Benazza D. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: From Basic to Advanced Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:45-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Thorbert-Mros S, Ali N, Ali M, Ayas M, Trullenque-Eriksson A, Dahlén G. A comparative study on periodontitis and periodontitis-associated bacteria in Somali and non-Somali children and adolescents living in Trollhättan, Sweden. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 130:e12843. [PMID: 34935215 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The reported prevalence of periodontitis in children and adolescents varies considerably between populations globally. This cross-sectional study compares clinical and microbiological findings on 83 Somali immigrants and 96 non-Somali children aged 10-17 years old living in Trollhättan, Sweden. The clinical examination included registration of bleeding on probing, plaque, and calculus on incisors and first molars. The distance between cemento-enamel junction and bone level was measured on bitewing radiographs. Pooled microbiological samples (1 μL) were taken from the mesial surface of 16, 11, 31, 36, and analyzed by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction for seven periodontal associated bacterial species. The Somali participants had poorer oral hygiene and more bleeding, plaque, and calculus. Ten of the Somali but none of the non-Somali participants showed periodontal breakdown (radiographical bone loss > 3 mm), corresponding to a prevalence of 12% (95% CI: 5.9, 21.0%). The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was almost exclusively associated with Somali participants. Further, the JP2 clone was found in five Somalis (including two periodontitis cases) confirming the association of this clone with African populations. The Somali group showed significantly higher frequencies and numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola, implying a mature and adult type of subgingival microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thorbert-Mros
- Specialist Clinic in Periodontology, Public Dental Health, Gothenburg, VGregion, Sweden
| | - Nawal Ali
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Meis Ali
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mert Ayas
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnar Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus in a Kenyan Maasai Adolescent Population and Inhibition of Leukotoxic Activity by Herbal Plants Used as Part of Oral Hygiene Procedures. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225402. [PMID: 34830683 PMCID: PMC8621963 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A virulent genotype (JP2) of the periodonto-pathogen, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), is widespread in North and West Africa, while its presence in East Africa has not been thoroughly investigated. This JP2 genotype is associated with periodontitis in adolescents and has a high leukotoxicity. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of Aa and its JP2 genotype, the prevalence of the oral, commensal Aggregatibacter aphrophilus in a Maasai adolescent population, and the effect of herbal plants for inhibition of leukotoxicity. METHODS A total of 284 adolescents from Maasai Mara, Kenya, underwent an oral examination and microbial sampling. The presence of Aa and A. aphrophilus was analyzed by quantitative PCR and cultivation (the 58 samples collected at the last day of field study). The collected Aa strains were characterized and leukotoxin promoter typed. Additionally, herbal plants commonly used for oral hygiene were assessed for the inhibition of leukotoxicity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Aa in stimulated whole saliva was high (71.8%), with the JP2 genotype detected in one individual, and A. aphrophilus in 99% of the sampled individuals. The commonly used herbal plant, Warburgia ugandensis, inactivated Aa leukotoxicity. The Aa virulence might be reduced through use of W. ugandensis and the high levels of A. aphrophilus.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zubizarreta-Macho Á, Rico-Romano C, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Mena-Álvarez J, Cabal B, Díaz LA, Torrecillas R, Moya JS, López-Píriz R. Adding Two Antimicrobial Glasses to an Endodontic Sealer to Prevent Bacterial Root Canal Reinfection: An In Vivo Pilot Study in Dogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101183. [PMID: 34680764 PMCID: PMC8532650 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current endodontic procedures continue to be unsuccessful for completely removing pathogens present inside the root canal system, which can lead to recurrent infections. In this study, we aimed to assess the antimicrobial capacity and tissue response of two inorganic bactericidal additives incorporated into a paste root canal sealer on contaminated root dentin in vivo. An experimental study was performed in 30 teeth of five Beagle dogs. After inducing microbiological contamination, root canal systems were treated by randomly incorporating one of two antimicrobial additives into a commercial epoxy-amine resin sealer (AH Plus), i.e., G3T glass-ceramic (n = 10) and ZnO-enriched glass (n = 10); 10 samples were randomized as a control group. After having sacrificed the animals, microbiological, radiological, and histological analyses were performed, which were complemented with an in vitro bactericidal test and characterization by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The tested groups demonstrated a non-significant microbiological reduction in the postmortem periapical index values between the control group and the bactericidal glass-ceramic group (p = 0.885), and between the control group and the ZnO-enriched glass group (p = 0.169). The histological results showed low values of inflammatory infiltrate, and a healing pattern characterized by fibrosis in 44.4% of the G3T glass-ceramic and 60.0% of ZnO-enriched glass. Bactericidal glassy additives incorporated in this root canal sealer are safe and effective in bacterial reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Zubizarreta-Macho
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (Á.Z.-M.); (C.R.-R.); (J.M.-Á.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Rico-Romano
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (Á.Z.-M.); (C.R.-R.); (J.M.-Á.)
| | | | - Jesús Mena-Álvarez
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X el Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain; (Á.Z.-M.); (C.R.-R.); (J.M.-Á.)
| | - Belén Cabal
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Centre (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), Principado de Asturias (PA), Avenida de la Vega 4-6, 33940 El Entrego, Spain; (L.A.D.); (R.T.); (J.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (R.L.-P.)
| | - Luis Antonio Díaz
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Centre (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), Principado de Asturias (PA), Avenida de la Vega 4-6, 33940 El Entrego, Spain; (L.A.D.); (R.T.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Ramón Torrecillas
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Centre (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), Principado de Asturias (PA), Avenida de la Vega 4-6, 33940 El Entrego, Spain; (L.A.D.); (R.T.); (J.S.M.)
| | - José Serafín Moya
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Centre (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), Principado de Asturias (PA), Avenida de la Vega 4-6, 33940 El Entrego, Spain; (L.A.D.); (R.T.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Roberto López-Píriz
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Centre (CINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Oviedo (UO), Principado de Asturias (PA), Avenida de la Vega 4-6, 33940 El Entrego, Spain; (L.A.D.); (R.T.); (J.S.M.)
- Advanced Oral Surgery Institute (ICOA), 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (R.L.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
McCawley TK, McCawley MN, Rams TE. Immediate effect of Nd:YAG laser monotherapy on subgingival periodontal pathogens: a pilot clinical study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2021; 52:77-87. [PMID: 35187875 PMCID: PMC8860761 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2100900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. McCawley
- McCawley Center for Laser Periodontics and Implants, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Mark N. McCawley
- McCawley Center for Laser Periodontics and Implants, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Antibiotic Resistance of Human Periodontal Pathogen Parvimonas micra Over 10 Years. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100709. [PMID: 33080856 PMCID: PMC7602954 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes were evaluated over 10 years in the in vitro resistance of human periodontopathic strains of Parvimonas micra to four antibiotics. Subgingival biofilms culture positive for P. micra from 300 United States adults with severe periodontitis in 2006, and from a similar group of 300 patients in 2016, were plated onto anaerobically incubated enriched Brucella blood agar alone, or supplemented with either doxycycline (4 mg/L), clindamycin (4 mg/L), amoxicillin (8 mg/L), or metronidazole (16 mg/L). P. micra growth on antibiotic-supplemented media indicated in vitro resistance to the evaluated antibiotic concentration. P. micra resistance was significantly more frequent among patients in 2016, as compared to 2006, for doxycycline (11.3% vs. 0.3% patients; 37.7-fold increase), and clindamycin (47.3% vs. 2.0% patients; 23.7-fold increase) (both p < 0.001), whereas resistance to amoxicillin (2.3% vs. 1.0% patients) and metronidazole (0% vs. 0.3% patients) remained low and statistically unchanged between the two patient groups (p-values > 0.05). No P. micra isolates in 2006 or 2016 were jointly resistant in vitro to both amoxicillin and metronidazole. The alarming increases in subgingival P. micra resistance to doxycycline and clindamycin raise serious questions about the empiric use of these antibiotics, either locally or systemically, in the treatment of United States periodontitis patients harboring subgingival P. micra.
Collapse
|
18
|
Selvarajan NB, Vasaviah SK, Krishnan R. A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effects of Probiotic Curd on Streptococcus mutans, Bifidobacterium dentium, and pH of Saliva in Caries-free Children: An In Vivo Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2020; 12:S129-S133. [PMID: 33149443 PMCID: PMC7595533 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_42_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is one of the commonest oral diseases that require early stages of prevention and intervention. The primary organisms related to dental caries are streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. In the past decades, some of the non-pathogenic bacteria called probiotics have been added to the food products for the beneficial effect of human health. Intake of probiotic food products has been shown to have beneficial effects on the oral tissues. Hence the present study aimed to compare the levels of salivary pH, S. mutans, B. dentium counts in children consuming probiotic and non-probiotic curd. METHODS AND MATERIAL 40 healthy caries free children were randomly allocated into two groups. First baseline salivary samples were collected from all the participants and tested for salivary pH, salivary B. dentium and S. mutans count. After collecting the baseline values test group of children were provided with probiotic curd whereas the control group were provided with non probiotic curd for 15 days. After 15 days of consumption of these dairy products, salivary samples were collected again and tested for salivary pH, salivary B. dentium and S. mutans count. RESULTS Probiotic curd was found to be more effective in reducing the colony counts of B.dentium and S.mutans. There was a marginal decrease in pH in both the groups but was well above the critical pH. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic curd showed considerable level of decrease in colony counts of B.dentium, S.mutans and salivary pH when compared to normal curd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini B Selvarajan
- Senior lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive dentistry, Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation-Deemed to be University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Vasaviah
- Professor, Head of the Department, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive dentistry, Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation-Deemed to be University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Krishnan
- Former Professor, Department of Pedodontics and preventive dentistry, Vinayaka Mission’s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation-Deemed to be University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ulin C, Magunacelaya-Barria M, Dahlén G, Kvist T. Immediate clinical and microbiological evaluation of the effectiveness of 0.5% versus 3% sodium hypochlorite in root canal treatment: A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J 2020; 53:591-603. [PMID: 31808947 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that in the daily routine of a specialist clinic in endodontics that irrigation during root canal preparation with 3.0% NaOCl will result in fewer postoperative samples with cultivable bacteria than irrigation with 0.5% buffered NaOCl but, at the same time, will not result in a higher frequency of postoperative pain nor swelling. METHODOLOGY Two hundred ninety-eight patients were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned into two groups - 0.5% NaOCl and 3% NaOCl. All endodontic diagnoses were included. Root canal treatment was performed, and bacterial sampling was carried out prior to root filling. The patients were requested to complete a form regarding pain and swelling seven days postoperatively. Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared and the chi-squared test with a significance level of P < 0.05 were used for statistical analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS In the 0.5% NaOCl group, 18 (13.4%) of the root canal samples were positive; in the 3% NaOCl group, the corresponding number was 24 (18.6%). The mean difference of -5.2% (95% CI: -14.8 to 4.4) was not significant (P = 0.33). In the 0.5% NaOCl group, 57 (53.8%) patients reported some pain; in the 3% group, the corresponding number was 56 (53.3%). The mean difference of 0.4 (95% CI: -14.0 to 14.8) was not significant (P = 1.0). In the 0.5% NaOCl group, 5 (5.1%) patients reported swelling; in the 3% NaOCl group, the corresponding number was 18 (17.8%). The mean difference was 12.7 (95% CI: 3.1-22.4), which was significant (P = 0.0084). CONCLUSIONS The difference in the concentration of NaOCl (0.5% vs 3%) had no significant impact on the number of positive cultures and did not influence either the frequency or the magnitude of postoperative pain. A significantly higher incidence of postoperative swelling was recorded for patients who received a greater concentration of NaOCl (3%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ulin
- Specialist Clinic of Endodontics, Public Dental Service, Västra Götaland, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M Magunacelaya-Barria
- Specialist Clinic of Endodontics, Public Dental Service, Västra Götaland, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - T Kvist
- Department of Endodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rørslett Hardersen L, Enersen M, Kristoffersen AK, Ørstavik D, Sunde PT. Maintenance of the aseptic working field during endodontic treatment. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:502-507. [PMID: 31094270 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1606935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this clinical quality study was to determine whether the aseptic working field is maintained during the endodontic procedure. Materials and methods: Bacterial samples were collected from the rubber dam of 27 patients during endodontic treatment performed by postgraduate students at the Department of Endodontics, University of Oslo. A bacterial sample was first obtained immediately after disinfection of the working field (A), and the second sample was collected just before obturation or dressing with calcium hydroxide cement (B). Aerobic cultivation technique and PCR were used for detection of bacterial growth and species. Results: All samples were negative on culturing except in one case, which showed positive results with cultivation in both sample A and B. Specie detected with cultivation technique were Streptococcus mitis. With PCR technique, 6 samples in 5 patients (11%), showed positive results. Species detected with PCR technique were Bacteroidales spp. Propionibacterium spp., Bacteroidetes spp., Prevotella nigrescens, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Neisseria elongata, Alloprevotella tannerae, Capnocytophaga granulosa, Cardiobacterium hominis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus mitis. Conclusion: The present study showed that an aseptic working field was maintained throughout the endodontic procedure in 81% (22/27) of the cases after disinfection of the rubber dam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Line Rørslett Hardersen
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Enersen
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dag Ørstavik
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pia Titterud Sunde
- Department of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Machado CAD, Souza ACA, Loureiro C, Martinho FC, Cintra LTÂ, Dezan Junior E, Jacinto RDC. Comparison of two rotary systems in bacteria/lps removal from endodontic infections: randomized clinical trial. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e039. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
22
|
Elamin A, Ali RW, Bakken V. Putative periodontopathic bacteria and herpes viruses interactions in the subgingival plaque of patients with aggressive periodontitis and healthy controls. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:183-190. [PMID: 29744199 PMCID: PMC5839261 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial profile of aggressive periodontitis patients is considered to be complex with variations among populations in different geographical areas. The aim of this study was to assess the presences of 4 putative periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) and 2 periodontal herpes viruses (Epstein-Barr virus type 1 [EBV-1] and human cytomegalovirus [HMCV]) in subgingival plaque of Sudanese subjects with aggressive periodontitis and healthy controls. The study group consisted of 34 subjects, 17 aggressive periodontitis patients and 17 periodontally healthy controls (14-19 years of age). Pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected and analyzed for detection of bacteria and viruses using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Prevalence of subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans, HCMV, and P. gingivalis were significantly higher among aggressive periodontitis patients than periodontally healthy controls. Coinfection with A. actinomycetemcomitans, HCMV, and/or EBV-1 was restricted to the cases. Increased risk of aggressive periodontitis was the highest when A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected together with EBV-1 (OD 49.0, 95% CI [2.5, 948.7], p = .01) and HCMV (OD 39.1, 95% CI [2.0, 754.6], p = .02). In Sudanese patients, A. actinomycetemcomitans and HCMV were the most associated test pathogens with aggressive periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Elamin
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health SciencesZayed UniversityDubaiUAE
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Raouf Wahab Ali
- Department of PeriodontologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyOmdurmanSudan
| | - Vidar Bakken
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Antibacterial Effect of Nd:YAG Laser Treatment of Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endod 2017; 43:857-863. [PMID: 28389075 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
24
|
Rams TE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Introduction to Clinical Microbiology for the General Dentist. Dent Clin North Am 2017; 61:179-197. [PMID: 28317561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical oral microbiology may help dental professionals identify infecting pathogenic species and evaluate their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Saliva, dental plaque biofilms, mucosal smears, abscess aspirates, and soft tissue biopsies are sources of microorganisms for laboratory testing. Microbial-based treatment end points may help clinicians better identify patients in need of additional or altered dental therapies before the onset of clinical treatment failure, and help improve patient oral health outcomes. Microbiological testing appears particularly helpful in periodontal disease treatment planning. Further research and technological advances are likely to increase the availability and clinical utility of microbiological analysis in modern dental practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, 3223 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Arie J van Winkelhoff
- Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen GZ 9713, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cardoso FGDR, Chung A, Martinho FC, Camargo CHR, Carvalho CAT, Gomes BPFDA, Valera MC. Investigation of Bacterial Contents From Persistent Endodontic Infection and Evaluation of Their Inflammatory Potential. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:412-8. [PMID: 27652703 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical study investigated and quantified cultivable bacteria and their levels of endotoxins in persistent endodontic infection, determining their antigenicity against macrophages and fibroblast cells by IL-1β and TNF-α secretion and evaluating their relationship with clinical and radiographic features. Samples from the root canals were obtained after root filling removal. Culture techniques were used to determine the bacterial count and the endotoxins were determined by LAL-assay. PCR analysis (16S rDNA) was used for bacterial detection. Raw 264.5 macrophages and V79 fibroblast were stimulated with endodontic contents. ELISA assay measured the amounts of IL-1ß/TNF-?#61537; secretion. Bacteria and endotoxin medians were 1.24x105 CFU/mL and 9.62 EU/mL, respectively. Porphyromonas endodontalis was the most frequently detected species. Higher levels of endotoxins were found in teeth with pain on palpation (23.56 EU/mL) rather than in its absence (8.21 EU/mL). Larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of endotoxins and IL-1β and TNF-α secretion. The study findings revealed the presence of Gram-negative bacteria species in persistent endodontic infection, with their endotoxins related to both severity of bone destruction and development of symptomatology. Moreover, larger areas of bone destruction were related to higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α secreted by macrophages and fibroblast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Goulart da Rosa Cardoso
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Odontology, Endodontic Division, UNITAU - Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Chung
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Frederico Canato Martinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Ribeiro Camargo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Antônio Talge Carvalho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Carneiro Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dahlen G, Preus H. Low antibiotic resistance among anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria in periodontitis 5 years following metronidazole therapy. Anaerobe 2017; 43:94-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
27
|
Larsson Wexell C, Ryberg H, Sjöberg Andersson WA, Blomqvist S, Colin P, Van Bocxlaer J, Dahlén G. Antimicrobial Effect of a Single Dose of Amoxicillin on the Oral Microbiota. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2015; 18:699-706. [PMID: 26047213 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amoxicillin is commonly used in oral surgery for antimicrobial prophylaxis against surgical-site infection and bacteremia because of its effect on oral streptococci. The aim of this study was to determine whether amoxicillin reaches the break-point concentrations in saliva and has any effect on the salivary microbiota, colonizing bacteria on mucosal membranes and on the gingival crevice after a single dose of amoxicillin. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty subjects received 2 g of amoxicillin, per os. The facultative and strictly anaerobic microflora, as well as the streptococcal microflora specifically, were followed from baseline and after 1, 4, and 24 hours. Samples were taken for microbial analysis from saliva, the dorsum of the tongue, and the gingival crevice, and were inoculated and cultured. Plasma samples and saliva samples were analyzed for amoxicillin concentrations (free and protein bound) using liquid chromatography and mass-spectrometry. RESULTS Amoxicillin was detected in concentrations over the break-point (>2 μg/mL) of amoxicillin in plasma after 1 and 4 hours but not after 24 hours. The dose had a significant effect on the streptococci in the gingival crevice. CONCLUSION A single dose given as prophylaxis to prevent a surgical-site infection results in a significant reducing effect on the oral streptococcal microflora in the gingival crevice and may have an impact on bacteria spreading into tissues and the bacteremia of streptococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Larsson Wexell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Borås, Sweden.,Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ryberg
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wivi-Anne Sjöberg Andersson
- Wivi-Anne Sjöberg-Andersson, Clinic of Oral Medicine and Special Care Dentistry, Östra Sjukhuset, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Blomqvist
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pieter Colin
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Van Bocxlaer
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gunnar Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Blomqvist S, Leonhardt Å, Arirachakaran P, Carlen A, Dahlén G. Phenotype, genotype, and antibiotic susceptibility of Swedish and Thai oral isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:26250. [PMID: 25911151 PMCID: PMC4409631 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.26250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study investigated phenotypes, virulence genotypes, and antibiotic susceptibility of oral Staphylococcus aureus strains in order to get more information on whether oral infections with this bacterium are associated with certain subtypes or related to an over-growth of the S. aureus variants normally found in the oral cavity of healthy carriers. Materials and methods A total number of 157 S. aureus strains were investigated. Sixty-two strains were isolated from Swedish adults with oral infections, 25 strains were from saliva of healthy Swedish dental students, and 45 strains were from tongue scrapings of HIV-positive subjects in Thailand, and 25 Thai strains from non-HIV controls. The isolates were tested for coagulase, nitrate, arginine, and hemolysin, and for the presence of the virulence genes: hlg, clfA, can, sdrC, sdrD, sdrE, map/eap (adhesins) and sea, seb, sec, tst, eta, etb, pvl (toxins). MIC90 and MIC50 were determined by E-test against penicillin V, oxacillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, fusidic acid, and cefoxitin. Results While the hemolytic phenotype was significantly (p<0.001) more common among the Thai strains compared to Swedish strains, the virulence genes were found in a similar frequency in the S. aureus strains isolated from all four subject groups. The Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genotype was found in 73–100% of the strains. More than 10% of the strains from Swedish oral infections and from Thai HIV-positives showed low antibiotic susceptibility, most commonly for clindamycin. Only three methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were identified, two from oral infections and one from a Thai HIV patient. Conclusions S. aureus is occasionally occurring in the oral cavity in both health and disease in Sweden and Thailand. It is therefore most likely that S. aureus in opportunistic oral infections originate from the oral microbiota. S. aureus should be considered in case of oral infections and complaints and the antibiotic susceptibility (including MRSA) should regularly be checked. The frequent presence of S. aureus, although in low numbers among students and staff, emphasizes the importance of standard infection control precautions and of using diagnostic test in the dental clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Blomqvist
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Leonhardt
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Anette Carlen
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rubio NA, Puia S, Toranzo S, Brusca MI. Invasión fúngica en tejido conectivo en pacientes con enfermedad gingivo-periodontal. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
30
|
Arirachakaran P, Poovorawan Y, Dahlén G. Highly-active antiretroviral therapy and oral opportunistic microorganisms in HIV-positive individuals of Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:158-67. [PMID: 25537925 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Oral mucosal lesions and opportunistic microorganisms in HIV-positive Thais treated with highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for more than 5 years were investigated. METHODS A total of 221 HIV-infected patients, comprising 148 HIV patients undergoing HAART for more than 5 years, 20 non-HAART HIV patients, 53 vertically-transmitted (VT) HAART HIV patients, and 30 HIV-negative controls, were examined for CD4+ counts, viral load, saliva secretion rate, and oral mucosal lesions. Samples from the tongue, gingival crevices, and mucosal lesions when present were cultured for the amounts of Candida, staphylococci, enterococci, and aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. RESULTS HAART (including HIV-VT) maintained oral microbial homeostasis predominated by alpha-hemolytic streptococci similar to the non-HIV controls and with a low prevalence of mucosal lesions. The HAART group had a reduced saliva secretion rate. The frequency and load of opportunistic microorganisms in the HAART group were similar to the non-HAART group, which was significantly higher than the HIV-negative controls. Candida spp. was found significantly more frequently on the tongue in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ counts <500 cells/mm(3). CONCLUSION Although we did not find lower levels of mucosal lesions among HAART compared to non-HAART individuals, HAART therapy could prolong the time before opportunistic oral pathogens overwhelm the commensal members of oral microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratanporn Arirachakaran
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Infectious Diseases Clinic and Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gunnar Dahlén
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pérez-Salcedo L, Herrera D, Esteban-Saltiveri D, León R, Jeusette I, Torre C, O'Connor A, González I, González I. Isolation and identification of Porphyromonas spp. and other putative pathogens from cats with periodontal disease. J Vet Dent 2014; 30:208-13. [PMID: 24660305 DOI: 10.1177/089875641303000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the subgingival microbiota and determine the most prevalent periodontal pathogens implicated in feline periodontal disease and to correlate these findings with the clinical periodontal status. Subgingival microbiological samples were taken under sedation from 50 cats with clinical signs of periodontal disease. Pooled paper point samples from 4 selected subgingival sites were cultured on blood agar and on Dentaid-1 medium. Suspected pathogens were identified, subcultured, and preserved. The association between the microbiological findings and the clinical status was studied using correlation coefficients (CC). In addition, cats were stratified in subgroups according to presence of putative pathogens, and comparisons were carried out using unpaired t-test. Three bacterial species were frequently detected including Porphyromonas gulae (86%), Porphyromonas circumdentaria (70%) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (90%). The mean proportion of total flora was high for P. gulae (32.54%), moderate for P. circundentaria (8.82%), and low for F. nucleatum (3.96%). Among the clinical variables, tooth mobility was correlated (CC > 0.50, p < 0.001) with recession, pocket depth, attachment level, gingival index, and calculus index (CC = 0.29, p = 0.04) as well as with total bacterial counts (CC = 0.38, p = 0.006). Cats with more than 10% of P. gulae showed significantly more mobility (p = 0.014) and recession (p = 0.038), and a tendency for deeper probing pocket depths (p = 0.084) and attachment loss (p = 0.087). The results from this cross-sectional study confirmed that P. gulae is the most relevant pathogen in periodontal disease in cats.
Collapse
|
32
|
Charalampakis G, Ramberg P, Dahlén G, Berglundh T, Abrahamsson I. Effect of cleansing of biofilm formed on titanium discs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2014; 26:931-936. [PMID: 24734854 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the combined effect of mechanical and chemical cleansing on a 4-day biofilm grown intra-orally on titanium discs with different surface characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty subjects used a splint with two metal plates in the upper jaw. Each plate was placed in the premolar-molar region and carried four titanium discs with four different surface characteristics (OsseoSpeed(™), TiOblast(™), experimental and turned surface). After 4 days of biofilm growth, the discs were cleaned mechanically and chemically with saline or chlorhexidine. Following cleansing, microbial samples were obtained and analysed by culture. The titanium discs were processed for scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The experiment was repeated 3 days later using delmopinol or a mixture of essential oils during cleansing. RESULTS The combination of mechanical and chemical cleansing was ineffective in complete biofilm removal from all four titanium discs. The microbiological analysis did not reveal any statistically significant differences between surface types or between cleaning agents regarding logarithmic mean counts of CFU for specific bacteria, aerobes, anaerobes or the TVC. Aerobes were more numerous than anaerobes on all surface types. The SEM analysis disclosed that the remaining biofilm on moderately rough surfaces (OsseoSpeed(™), TiOblast(™) and experimental) was complex and firmly attached, while the biofilm on turned surface had a pattern of spread bacteria forming less clusters. CONCLUSIONS Cleansing may call for prolonged time of chemomechanical debridement and/or more effective disinfectants to suppress biofilms on dental implant surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Charalampakis
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Ramberg
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Abrahamsson
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rams TE, Degener JE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Antibiotic Resistance in Human Chronic Periodontitis Microbiota. J Periodontol 2014; 85:160-9. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
34
|
Rams TE, Balkin BE, Roberts TW, Molzan AK. Microbiological Aspects of Human Mandibular Subperiosteal Dental Implants. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2013; 39:714-22. [DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-11-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, microbiological, and biochemical features of human mandibular subperiosteal dental implants exhibiting peri-implantitis were compared with those experiencing long-term peri-implant health. After evaluation of clinical parameters, submucosal plaque samples were obtained from permucosal implant abutment posts exhibiting probing depths ≥5 mm and bleeding on probing in subjects with peri-implantitis (n = 3) and from posts with peri-implant health in subjects with long-term subperiosteal implant health (n = 8). The microbial specimens were transported in VMGA III and plated onto enriched Brucella blood agar and Hammond's selective medium with anaerobic incubation, and onto selective TSBV with 5% CO2 incubation. Total anaerobic viable counts and selected bacterial species were identified using established phenotypic methods and criteria. In vitro resistance to doxycycline (2 μg/mL), amoxicillin (2 μg/mL), or metronidazole (4 μg/mL) was recorded per subject when bacterial pathogen growth was noted on antibiotic-supplemented isolation plates. Interleukin (IL)–1β levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in peri-implant crevicular fluid samples from 5 study subjects. Significantly higher Plaque Index scores, higher total anaerobic viable counts, more red complex species, and lower proportions of gram-positive facultative viridans streptococci and Actinomyces species were detected on peri-implantitis–affected subperiosteal implants as compared with subperiosteal implants with long-term peri-implant health. No in vitro resistance to the 3 test antibiotic breakpoint concentrations studied was found, except a Fusobacterium nucleatum strain resistant to doxycycline at 2 μg/mL from 1 peri-implantitis subject. Subperiosteal implants with peri-implantitis tended to yield higher peri-implant crevicular fluid IL-1β levels. The level of peri-implant supramucosal plaque control and the composition of the peri-implant submucosal microbiome may be important determinants of the long-term clinical status of mandibular subperiosteal dental implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, and Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Penn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn
| | - Burton E. Balkin
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, and Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Penn
- Private practice, Philadelphia, Penn
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brusca MI, Verdugo F, Amighini C, Albaina O, Moragues MD. Anabolic steroids affect human periodontal health and microbiota. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:1579-86. [PMID: 24221579 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate periodontal microbiological differences between systemically healthy nonsmoker males taking anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) and non-AAS users and to find associations between disease severity and AAS use. METHODS Ninety-two men practicing bodybuilding were included in the study. They were divided into AAS users and a matched control nonuser group and subgrouped based on their most severe periodontal condition. Pooled subgingival samples from each individual were cultured to evaluate specific periodontopathogen infection. RESULTS AAS users had significantly higher prevalence of severe periodontitis. AAS users had greater gingival inflammation and clinical attachment loss of ≥ 3 mm than nonusers (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4; p = 0.09; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.8-6.4). AAS users were 4.9 times more likely to be infected with Prevotella intermedia than AAS nonusers (OR = 4.9; p = 0.003; 95 % CI 1.6-14.7). The OR of presenting subgingival Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was 8.2 times higher in AAS users (OR = 8.2; p = 0.03; 95 % CI 0.9-70.8). AAS users were 5.6 times more likely to present subgingival Candida spp. than nonusers (OR = 5.6; p = 0.02; 95 % CI 1.1-27.1). AAS users were 14.8 times more likely to present subgingival Candida parapsilosis than nonusers (OR = 14.8; p < 0.0001; 95 % CI 3.1-69.2). The likelihood of AAS users presenting subgingival Candida tropicalis was 4.3 times higher than nonusers (OR = 4.3; p = 0.03; 95 % CI 1.1-16.9). A. actinomycetemcomitans was mostly isolated in individuals with severe periodontitis and was associated with subgingival Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. intermedia, and Candida spp. CONCLUSIONS AAS use may increase the risk for severe periodontitis and may cause a subgingival selection of certain Candida species. Specific periodontopathogens, such as Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans, seem to be negatively affected by AAS use. The higher risk for disease progression in AAS users may be explained by the significantly higher proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, and Candida species as compared to controls. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Data on the influence of AAS on subgingival periodontopathogens and disease progression are scarce. Higher proportions of specific periodontopathogens are plausible in AAS users. AAS users had a higher prevalence of severe periodontitis, gingival inflammation, and clinical attachment loss. Men taking AAS are at greater risk of periodontitis and specific periodontopathogen infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Brusca
- Department of Microbiology, University Abierta Interamericana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lombardo L, Ortan YÖ, Gorgun Ö, Panza C, Scuzzo G, Siciliani G. Changes in the oral environment after placement of lingual and labial orthodontic appliances. Prog Orthod 2013; 14:28. [PMID: 24326120 PMCID: PMC4384913 DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study compared the oral hygiene and caries risk of patients treated with labial and lingual orthodontic appliances throughout a prospective evaluation of the status of the oral environment before and after bracket placement. Methods A total of 20 orthodontic patients aged 19 to 23 years were included in the study and were divided into two groups: 10 patients wore Roth labial appliance (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA) and 10 patients wore STb lingual appliance (Ormco Corporation, Glendora, CA, USA). Plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), salivary flow rate, saliva buffer capacity, salivary pH, and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts in saliva were determined at three time points: before orthodontic appliance placement (T0), 4 weeks after bonding (T1), and 8 weeks after bonding (T2). After appliance placement, all patients were periodically educated to the oral hygiene procedures. Wilcoxon rank and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine intragroup and intergroup differences as regards qualitative data. To compare quantitative data between the groups, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were undertaken, while intragroup differences were tested with McNemar test. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Statistical analysis of the data obtained revealed a statistically significant difference between the data of T0 and T1 and the data of T0 and T2 of the PI scores and between T0 and T2 of the GBI scores in the group treated with the lingual appliance. The GBI value increased significantly between T0 and T1 but decreased significantly between T1 and T2 (p < 0.01) in the group treated with labial appliance. S. mutans counts increased significantly between T0 and T2 in the saliva samples of patients treated with lingual appliance. No statistically significant differences were found between S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts at the three terms of saliva collection in patients treated with labial appliance. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups at the three time points as regards the salivary flow rate and saliva buffer capacity. Conclusions Lingual and labial orthodontic appliances showed a different potential in modifying the investigated clinical parameters: patients wearing STb lingual orthodontic appliance had more plaque retention 4 and 8 weeks after bonding, while there were more gingival inflammation and more S. mutans counts 8 weeks after bonding. No differences were found between the two groups as regards the Lactobacillus counts, the salivary flow rate, and saliva buffer capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lombardo
- Postgraduate school of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Montebello, 31 Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rams TE, Degener JE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Antibiotic resistance in human peri-implantitis microbiota. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 25:82-90. [PMID: 23551701 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because antimicrobial therapy is often employed in the treatment of infectious dental implant complications, this study determined the occurrence of in vitro antibiotic resistance among putative peri-implantitis bacterial pathogens. METHODS Submucosal biofilm specimens were cultured from 160 dental implants with peri-implantitis in 120 adults, with isolated putative pathogens identified to species level, and tested in vitro for susceptibility to 4 mg/l of doxycycline, 8 mg/l of amoxicillin, 16 mg/l of metronidazole, and 4 mg/l of clindamycin. Findings for amoxicillin and metronidazole were combined post-hoc to identify peri-implantitis species resistant to both antibiotics. Gram-negative enteric rods/pseudomonads were subjected to ciprofloxacin disk diffusion testing. RESULTS One or more cultivable submucosal bacterial pathogens, most often Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens or Streptococcus constellatus, were resistant in vitro to clindamycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, or metronidazole in 46.7%, 39.2%, 25%, and 21.7% of the peri-implantitis subjects, respectively. Only 6.7% subjects revealed submucosal test species resistant in vitro to both amoxicillin and metronidazole, which were either S. constellatus (one subject) or ciprofloxacin-susceptible strains of gram-negative enteric rods/pseudomonads (seven subjects). Overall, 71.7% of the 120 peri-implantitis subjects exhibited submucosal bacterial pathogens resistant in vitro to one or more of the tested antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Peri-implantitis patients frequently yielded submucosal bacterial pathogens resistant in vitro to individual therapeutic concentrations of clindamycin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, or metronidazole, but only rarely to both amoxicillin and metronidazole. Due to the wide variation in observed drug resistance patterns, antibiotic susceptibility testing of cultivable submucosal bacterial pathogens may aid in the selection of antimicrobial therapy for peri-implantitis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, and Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Norder Grusell E, Dahlén G, Ruth M, Ny L, Quiding-Järbrink M, Bergquist H, Bove M. Bacterial flora of the human oral cavity, and the upper and lower esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26:84-90. [PMID: 22394217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This reference study aims to survey the bacterial flora of the healthy lower human esophagus and to compare it with that of the upper esophagus and oral mucosa. The use of biopsies, in addition to brush samples, allows inclusion of not only transient bacteria present on the surface but also bacteria residing in the epithelia, and the yield of the two methods can be compared. Forty patients scheduled for surgery for reasons with no known influence on esophageal flora and with no symptoms or endoscopic signs of esophageal disease were included. Samples were collected from the oral, upper esophageal, and lower esophageal mucosa using sealed brushes and biopsy forceps. Colonies cultivated on agar plates were classified and semiquantified. Twenty-three different bacterial species were identified, with similar strains present at the three sites. The most common group of bacteria was viridans streptococci, with an occurrence rate in brush samples and biopsies of 98% and 95%, respectively. The median number of species occurring in the oral cavity, upper esophagus, and lower esophagus was between 3 and 4 (range 0-7). The total number of species in the oral cavity was significantly higher when compared with either level in the esophagus, while the yields obtained by brush and biopsy sampling were highly correlated. Hence, the normal human esophagus is colonized with a resident bacterial flora of its own, which has similarities to that of the oral mucosa. There are diverse species that make up this flora, although in relatively low amounts. The most frequent inhabitants of the esophagus are streptococci, with an occurrence rate in brush samples and biopsies of 95-98%. Comparative studies of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Norder Grusell
- The Department of ENT and Maxillofacial Surgery, NÄL Medical Centre Hospital, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Microbiological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of infected root canals associated with periapical abscesses. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 32:573-80. [PMID: 23224675 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to identify microorganisms from root canals with periapical abscesses and assess the susceptibility of specific anaerobic bacteria to selected antimicrobials and their β-lactamase production. Sixty root canals were microbiologically investigated. The susceptibility of Anaerococcus prevotii, Fusobacterium necrophorum, F. nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, and Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens to antimicrobials was evaluated with the Etest, whereas β-lactamase production was assessed with nitrocefin. A total of 287 different bacterial strains were recovered, including 201 strict anaerobes. The most frequently strict isolated anaerobes were A. prevotii, P. micra, and F. necrophorum. The selected bacteria were susceptible to all the tested antibiotics, except A. prevotii and Fusobacterium species to azithromycin and erythromycin, as well as A. prevotii and F. necrophorum to metronidazole. None of the microorganisms produced β-lactamase. Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria predominated in the root canals with periapical abscesses. All microorganisms tested were susceptible to benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, cefaclor, and clindamycin, producing no β-lactamase.
Collapse
|
41
|
Rüdiger SG, Dahlén G, Carlén A. Pellicle and early dental plaque in periodontitis patients before and after surgical pocket elimination. Acta Odontol Scand 2012; 70:615-21. [PMID: 22214204 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2011.645061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gingival inflammation may affect the composition of the dental pellicle and initial acquisition of bacteria, which in turn could affect the healing of the periodontal pocket. The aim of this study was to examine the dental pellicle and early supragingival biofilms in periodontitis patients with an established subgingival infiltrate before and after surgical pocket elimination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven patients with remaining pockets were selected. Samples were taken before and after surgical pocket elimination and after subsequent experimental gingivitis. Pellicle proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and image analysis and 4-h supragingival plaque by culturing. RESULTS The inflammatory status affected to a greater extent the concentration of plasma proteins than salivary proteins in the dental pellicle. The highest plasma protein concentrations were observed at remaining periodontal pockets where also the highest bacterial counts were found. The TVC was reduced on the gingival tooth surfaces (p < 0.05) after pocket elimination and increased slightly during experimental gingivitis. The finding of streptococci was highest on the incisal tooth surfaces and increased after surgery. Gram-negative anaerobes were sparse but seen more often before than after pocket elimination and on gingival than on incisal surfaces. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that increased amounts of plasma proteins in the pellicle formed in the presence of remaining periodontal pockets may foster the acquisition of bacteria, including proteolytic Gram-negative species. This, in turn, results in an increased de novo plaque formation rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Rüdiger
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rams TE, Degener JE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Prevalence of β-lactamase-producing bacteria in human periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:493-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology and Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory; Temple University School of Dentistry; Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
- Department of Oral Microbiology; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. E. Degener
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - A. J. van Winkelhoff
- Department of Oral Microbiology; Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dahlén G, Charalampakis G, Abrahamsson I, Bengtsson L, Falsen E. Predominant bacterial species in subgingival plaque in dogs. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:354-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Gomes BPFA, Jacinto RC, Montagner F, Sousa ELR, Ferraz CCR. Analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from endodontic infections in Brazil during a period of nine years. J Endod 2011; 37:1058-62. [PMID: 21763894 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to analyze the susceptibility of some anaerobic species isolated from a Brazilian population at different periods of time by determining a pattern of development of resistance to frequently prescribed antibiotics in endodontics. METHODS Root canal samples were collected from infected teeth at different periods of time (2000-2002, 2003-2005, and 2007-2008) and microbiologically identified with conventional culture techniques. The susceptibility of Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, P. oralis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and P. micra isolated strains was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, benzylpenicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and metronidazole by using the E-test method. RESULTS Amoxicillin and amoxicillin + clavulanate were effective against the majority of species at the different periods of study. Overall, there were low statistical differences regarding the microbial susceptibility between the experimental periods. However, an increase in the anaerobic resistance to penicillin G and clindamycin was observed. Resistance to erythromycin was observed in all species, and there were statistically significant differences between 2000-2002 and 2003-2005 periods for F. nucleatum (P < .05) and between 2003-2005 and 2007-2008 periods for P. intermedia/nigrescens and P. oralis (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The antimicrobial resistance of anaerobes isolated from primary endodontic infections showed an increase throughout a period of time regarding a specific Brazilian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Charalampakis G, Leonhardt Å, Rabe P, Dahlén G. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of peri-implantitis cases: a retrospective multicentre study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 23:1045-54. [PMID: 22092339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to follow patient cases retrospectively in a longitudinal manner from the time of implant placement to the time they were diagnosed with peri-implant disease, and to identify associated clinical and microbiological features of peri-implant disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 281 patient cases were chosen from the archives of the Oral Microbiological Diagnostic Laboratory, Gothenburg, Sweden, based on bacterial samples taken from diseased implants. A form was designed and filled in separately for each case including data on patient, implant and disease profile. RESULTS Most cases were severe peri-implantitis cases (91.4%). In 41.3% of the patients, peri-implantitis was developed early, already after having implants in function less than 4 years. The type of implant surface was significantly associated with the time in years implants were in function, before disease was developed (P < 0.05). The microbiological results by both culture and checkerboard analysis, although failed to fully correspond to the severity of the disease in terms of magnitude, proved to show that peri-implantitis is a polymicrobial anaerobic infection with increased number of AGNB (aerobic Gram-negative bacilli) in 18.6% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Peri-implantitis is a biological complication of implants in function that poses a threat to their long-term survival. It may develop earlier around implants with rough surfaces and it may represent a true infection. Microbiological sampling methods should be improved and uniformed so as to fully unveil the microbiological profile of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Charalampakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rams TE, Dujardin S, Sautter JD, Degener JE, van Winkelhoff AJ. Spiramycin resistance in human periodontitis microbiota. Anaerobe 2011; 17:201-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Charalampakis G, Rabe P, Leonhardt Å, Dahlén G. A follow-up study of peri-implantitis cases after treatment. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:864-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
48
|
Elamin A, Albandar JM, Poulsen K, Ali RW, Bakken V. Prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Sudanese patients with aggressive periodontitis: a case-control study. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:285-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
49
|
Vidana R, Sullivan A, Billström H, Ahlquist M, Lund B. Enterococcus faecalis infection in root canals - host-derived or exogenous source? Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 52:109-15. [PMID: 21155997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Enterococcus faecalis is associated with a significant number of refractory endodontic infections. Previous studies report a prevalence of Ent. faecalis ranging from 24% up to 77% in teeth with failed endodontic treatment. The origin of the micro-organism remains unclear, as enterococci do not belong to the normal oral microflora. The aim of this study was to determine whether these enterococci were of endogenous or exogenous origin. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty consecutive patients with apical periodontitis in need of endodontic orthograde re-treatment were included. Samples were collected from root canals, saliva and faeces and subjected to microbiological culturing. The genetic relationship between Ent. faecalis from root canals and isolates from the different host sources was determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In 16% (8/50) of the patients, enterococci were collected from the root canal samples. The genetic analysis showed that the isolates from the root canals were not related to those from the normal gastrointestinal microflora. None of these patients had enterococci in their saliva samples. CONCLUSIONS Endodontic infections with Ent. faecalis are probably not derived from the patient's own normal microflora, which indicates that these infections ent. faecalis are of exogenous origin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to genetically compare endodontic infectious Ent. faecalis isolates with isolates from the hosts' own normal microflora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Vidana
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dahlén G, Nauclér C, Nordwall S, Suksu-art N. Oral microflora in betel-chewing adults of the Karen tribe in Thailand. Anaerobe 2010; 16:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|