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Ewald VAM, Trapp NT, Sarrett ME, Pace BD, Wendt L, Richards JG, Gala IK, Miller JN, Wessel JR, Magnotta VA, Wemmie JA, Boes AD, Parker KL. Supra-second interval timing in bipolar disorder: examining the role of disorder sub-type, mood, and medication status. Int J Bipolar Disord 2023; 11:32. [PMID: 37779127 PMCID: PMC10542629 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-023-00312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widely reported by bipolar disorder (BD) patients, cognitive symptoms, including deficits in executive function, memory, attention, and timing are under-studied. Work suggests that individuals with BD show impairments in interval timing tasks, including supra-second, sub-second, and implicit motor timing compared to the neuronormative population. However, how time perception differs within individuals with BD based on disorder sub-type (BDI vs II), depressed mood, or antipsychotic medication-use has not been thoroughly investigated. The present work administered a supra-second interval timing task concurrent with electroencephalography (EEG) to patients with BD and a neuronormative comparison group. As this task is known to elicit frontal theta oscillations, signal from the frontal (Fz) lead was analyzed at rest and during the task. RESULTS Results suggest that individuals with BD show impairments in supra-second interval timing and reduced frontal theta power during the task compared to neuronormative controls. However, within BD sub-groups, neither time perception nor frontal theta differed in accordance with BD sub-type, depressed mood, or antipsychotic medication use. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that BD sub-type, depressed mood status or antipsychotic medication use does not alter timing profile or frontal theta activity. Together with previous work, these findings point to timing impairments in BD patients across a wide range of modalities and durations indicating that an altered ability to assess the passage of time may be a fundamental cognitive abnormality in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas T Trapp
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W276GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1057, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin D Pace
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W276GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1057, USA
| | - Linder Wendt
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jenny G Richards
- Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ilisa K Gala
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W276GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1057, USA
| | | | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vincent A Magnotta
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W276GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1057, USA
- Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John A Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W276GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1057, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W276GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1057, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Krystal L Parker
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive W276GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1057, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Chrobak AA, Siuda-Krzywicka K, Soltys Z, Bielak S, Nowaczek D, Żyrkowska A, Fafrowicz M, Marek T, Pęcherzewska E, Kużdżał J, Starowicz-Filip A, Gorostowicz A, Dudek D, Siwek M. When practice does not make a perfect - paradoxical learning curve in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder revealed by different serial reaction time task variants. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1238473. [PMID: 37766926 PMCID: PMC10521726 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our previous studies identified a paradoxical implicit motor learning curve in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) patients. This study aimed to verify whether those previously observed deficits may be captured by a new version of the ambidextrous serial reaction time task (SRTT), prepared for use in the MRI. Methods This study involved 186 participants. A total of 97 participants (33 BD, 33 SZ, and 31 healthy controls, HCs) completed the original, unlimited time response variant of SRTT. A total of 90 individuals (30 BD, 30 SZ, and 30 HCs) underwent a newer, limited response time version of this procedure. Results There was no significant difference in terms of implicit motor learning indices between both limited and unlimited response time SRTT. Compared to HCs, SZ, and BD patients presented decreased indices of implicit motor learning. Both clinical groups showed a paradoxical learning pattern that differed significantly from the HCs. Moreover, in the SZ group, the pattern depended on the hand performing SRTT. Discussion The limited response time SRTT variant allowed us to replicate the findings of disrupted implicit motor learning in SZ and BD. The use of this paradigm in further neuroimaging studies may help to determine the neuronal underpinnings of this cognitive dysfunction in the abovementioned clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zbigniew Soltys
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bielak
- Department of Adult, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Żyrkowska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Marek
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Jan Kużdżał
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Starowicz-Filip
- Medical Psychology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Dominika Dudek
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwek
- Department of Affective Disorders, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Saleem A, Harmata G, Jain S, Voss MW, Fiedorowicz JG, Williams AJ, Shaffer JJ, Richards JG, Barsotti EJ, Sathyaputri L, Schmitz SL, Christensen GE, Long JD, Xu J, Wemmie JA, Magnotta VA. Functional connectivity of the cerebellar vermis in bipolar disorder and associations with mood. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1147540. [PMID: 37215681 PMCID: PMC10196126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1147540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies of the neural underpinnings of bipolar type I disorder have focused on the emotional control network. However, there is also growing evidence for cerebellar involvement, including abnormal structure, function, and metabolism. Here, we sought to assess functional connectivity of the cerebellar vermis with the cerebrum in bipolar disorder and to assess whether connectivity might depend on mood. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 128 participants with bipolar type I disorder and 83 control comparison participants who completed a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, which included anatomical as well as resting state Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) imaging. Functional connectivity of the cerebellar vermis to all other brain regions was assessed. Based on quality control metrics of the fMRI data, 109 participants with bipolar disorder and 79 controls were included in the statistical analysis comparing connectivity of the vermis. In addition, the data was explored for the potential impacts of mood, symptom burden, and medication in those with bipolar disorder. Results Functional connectivity between the cerebellar vermis and the cerebrum was found to be aberrant in bipolar disorder. The connectivity of the vermis was found to be greater in bipolar disorder to regions involved in motor control and emotion (trending), while reduced connectivity was observed to a region associated with language production. In the participants with bipolar disorder, past depression symptom burden affected connectivity; however, no effects of medication were observed. Functional connectivity between the cerebellar vermis and all other regions revealed an inverse association with current mood ratings. Conclusion Together the findings may suggest that the cerebellum plays a compensatory role in bipolar disorder. The proximity of the cerebellar vermis to the skull may make this region a potential target for treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshaq Saleem
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gail Harmata
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Shivangi Jain
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Michelle W. Voss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jess G. Fiedorowicz
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joseph J. Shaffer
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | | | | | - Leela Sathyaputri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Embracing the World, Elburn, IL, United States
| | - Samantha L. Schmitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - Gary E. Christensen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Long
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - John A. Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vincent A. Magnotta
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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4
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Saleem A, Harmata G, Jain S, Voss MW, Fiedorowicz JG, Williams A, Shaffer JJ, Richards JG, Barsotti EJ, Sathyaputri L, Schmitz SL, Christensen GE, Long JD, Xu J, Wemmie JA, Magnotta VA. Functional Connectivity of the Cerebellar Vermis in Bipolar Disorder and Associations with Mood. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526878. [PMID: 36778335 PMCID: PMC9915674 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Studies of the neural underpinnings of bipolar type I disorder have focused on the emotional control network. However, there is also growing evidence for cerebellar involvement, including abnormal structure, function, and metabolism. Here, we sought to assess functional connectivity of the cerebellum with the cerebrum in bipolar disorder and to assess whether any effects might depend on mood. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 128 participants with bipolar type I disorder and 83 control comparison participants who completed a 3T MRI scan, which included anatomical imaging as well as resting state BOLD imaging. Functional connectivity of the cerebellar vermis to all other brain regions was assessed. Based on quality control metrics of the fMRI data, 109 participants with bipolar disorder and 79 controls were used to in the statistical analysis comparing connectivity of the vermis as well as associations with mood. Potential impacts of medications were also explored. Results Functional connectivity of the cerebellar vermis in bipolar disorder was found to differ significantly between brain regions known to be involved in the control of emotion, motor function, and language. While connections with emotion and motor control areas were significantly stronger in bipolar disorder, connection to a region associated language production was significantly weaker. In the participants with bipolar disorder, ratings of depression and mania were inversely associated with vermis functional connectivity. No effect of medications on these connections were observed. Conclusion Together the findings suggest cerebellum may play a compensatory role in bipolar disorder and when it can no longer fulfill this role, depression and mania develop. The proximity of the cerebellar vermis to the skull may make this region a potential target for treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshaq Saleem
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Gail Harmata
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Shivangi Jain
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Michelle W. Voss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Jess G. Fiedorowicz
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Research Institute, Ottawa ON Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Aislinn Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | | | | | | | - Leela Sathyaputri
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Samantha L. Schmitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Gary E. Christensen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Jeffrey D. Long
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242,Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - John A. Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Vincent A. Magnotta
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242,Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242
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Ciullo V, Piras F, Banaj N, Vecchio D, Piras F, Sani G, Ducci G, Spalletta G. Internal clock variability, mood swings and working memory in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 315:48-56. [PMID: 35907479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distortions in time processing may be regarded as an endophenotypic marker of neuropsychiatric diseases; however, investigations addressing Bipolar Disorder (BD) are still scarce. METHODS The present study compared timing abilities in 30 BD patients and 30 healthy controls (HC), and explored the relationship between time processing and affective-cognitive symptoms in BD, with the aim to determine whether timing difficulties are primary in bipolar patients or due to comorbid cognitive impairment. Four tasks measuring external timing were administered: a temporal and spatial orienting of attention task and a temporal and colour discrimination task, for assessing the ability to evaluate temporal properties of external events; two other tasks assessed the speed of the internal clock (i.e. temporal bisection and temporal production tasks). Attentional, executive and working memory (WM) demands were equated for controlling additional cognitive processes. RESULTS BD patients did not show differences in external timing accuracy compared to HC; conversely, we found increased variability of the internal clock in BD and this performance was related to Major Depressive Episodes recurrence and WM functioning. Hence, variability of the internal clock is influenced by the progressive course of BD and impacted by variations in WM. LIMITATIONS Future studies including BD patients stratified by mood episode will further specify timing alterations conditional to the current affective state. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed new light on the clinical phenotypes of BD, suggesting that timing might be used as a model system of the ongoing pathophysiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciullo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ducci
- Department of Mental Health, ASL, Roma 1, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Cutando L, Puighermanal E, Castell L, Tarot P, Belle M, Bertaso F, Arango-Lievano M, Ango F, Rubinstein M, Quintana A, Chédotal A, Mameli M, Valjent E. Cerebellar dopamine D2 receptors regulate social behaviors. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:900-911. [PMID: 35710984 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum, a primary brain structure involved in the control of sensorimotor tasks, also contributes to higher cognitive functions including reward, emotion and social interaction. Although the regulation of these behaviors has been largely ascribed to the monoaminergic system in limbic regions, the contribution of cerebellar dopamine signaling in the modulation of these functions remains largely unknown. By combining cell-type-specific transcriptomics, histological analyses, three-dimensional imaging and patch-clamp recordings, we demonstrate that cerebellar dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in mice are preferentially expressed in Purkinje cells (PCs) and regulate synaptic efficacy onto PCs. Moreover, we found that changes in D2R levels in PCs of male mice during adulthood alter sociability and preference for social novelty without affecting motor functions. Altogether, these findings demonstrate novel roles for D2R in PC function and causally link cerebellar D2R levels of expression to social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutando
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France. .,Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Emma Puighermanal
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laia Castell
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Tarot
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Fabrice Ango
- IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France.,INM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcelo Rubinstein
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, CONICET; FCEN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Albert Quintana
- Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France
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Lu F, Cui Q, He Z, Tang Q, Chen Y, Sheng W, Yang Y, Luo W, Yu Y, Chen J, Li D, Deng J, Hu S, Chen H. Superficial white-matter functional networks changes in bipolar disorder patients during depressive episodes. J Affect Disord 2021; 289:151-159. [PMID: 33984685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by insufficient or ineffective connections associated with white-matter (WM) abnormalities. Previous studies have detected the structural attributes of WM using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or diffusion tensor imaging, however, they failed to disentangle the dysfunctional organization within the WM. METHODS This study aimed to uncover the WM functional connectivity (FC) in 45 bipolar disorder patients during depressive episodes (BDD) and 45 healthy controls based on resting-state functional MRI. Eight WM functional networks were identified by using a clustering analysis of voxel-based correlation profiles, which were further classified into superficial, middle and deep layers of networks. RESULTS Group comparisons on the FCs among 8 WM networks showed that the superficial tempofrontal network (TFN) in BDD patients had increased FC with the superficial cerebellar network (CN) and with the superficial pre/post-central network (PCN). Further, support vector regression prediction analysis results revealed that the increased FCs of CN-TFN and PCN-TFN could be served as features to predict the numbers of depressive episode in BDD patients. CONCLUSIONS The current study extended our knowledge about the impaired WM functional connections associated with emotional and sensory-motor perception processing in BDD, which may facilitate the interpretation of the pathophysiology mechanisms underlying BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Lu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Qian Cui
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zongling He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Qin Tang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Yuyan Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Wei Sheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Wei Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Yue Yu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Di Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China
| | - Jiaxin Deng
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Hu
- School of Public Affairs and Administration, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P R China; MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P R China.
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Polarity- and Intensity-Independent Modulation of Timing During Delay Eyeblink Conditioning Using Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:383-391. [PMID: 32036562 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01114-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) is widely used to assess cerebellar-dependent associative motor learning, including precise timing processes. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), noninvasive brain stimulation used to indirectly excite and inhibit select brain regions, may be a promising tool for understanding how functional integrity of the cerebellum influences dEBC behavior. The aim of this study was to assess whether tDCS-induced inhibition (cathodal) and excitation (anodal) of the cerebellum differentially impact timing of dEBC. A standard 10-block dEBC paradigm was administered to 102 healthy participants. Participants were randomized to stimulation conditions in a double-blind, between-subjects sham-controlled design. Participants received 20-min active (anodal or cathodal) stimulation at 1.5 mA (n = 20 anodal, n = 22 cathodal) or 2 mA (n = 19 anodal, n = 21 cathodal) or sham stimulation (n = 20) concurrently with dEBC training. Stimulation intensity and polarity effects on percent conditioned responses (CRs) and CR peak and onset latency were examined using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Acquisition of CRs increased over time at a similar rate across sham and all active stimulation groups. CR peak and onset latencies were later, i.e., closer to air puff onset, in all active stimulation groups compared to the sham group. Thus, tDCS facilitated cerebellar-dependent timing of dEBC, irrespective of stimulation intensity and polarity. These findings highlight the feasibility of using tDCS to modify cerebellar-dependent functions and provide further support for cerebellar contributions to human eyeblink conditioning and for exploring therapeutic tDCS interventions for cerebellar dysfunction.
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9
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Hamidian S, Pourshahbaz A, Bozorgmehr A, Ananloo ES, Dolatshahi B, Ohadi M. How obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders meet each other? An integrative gene-based enrichment approach. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2020; 19:31. [PMID: 32411272 PMCID: PMC7211339 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-020-00280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel approaches to psychiatric classification assume that disorders, contrary to what was previously thought, are not completely separate phenomena. In this regard, in addition to symptom-based criteria, disturbances are also considered on the basis of lower level components. With this viewpoint, identifying common biochemical markers would be beneficial in adopting a comprehensive strategy for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. MAIN BODY One of the problematic areas in clinical settings is the coexistence of both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and bipolar disorder (BD) that is challenging and difficult to manage. In this study, using a system biologic approach we aimed to assess the interconnectedness of OCD and BD at different levels. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) method was used to identify the shared biological network between the two disorders. The results of the analysis revealed 34 common genes between the two disorders, the most important of which were CACNA1C, GRIA1, DRD2, NOS1, SLC18A1, HTR2A and DRD1. Dopaminergic synapse and cAMP signaling pathway as the pathways, dopamine binding and dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity as the molecular functions, dendrite and axon part as the cellular component and cortex and striatum as the brain regions were the most significant commonalities. SHORT CONCLUSION The results of this study highlight the role of multiple systems, especially the dopaminergic system in linking OCD and BD. The results can be used to estimate the disease course, prognosis, and treatment choice, particularly in the cases of comorbidity. Such perspectives, going beyond symptomatic level, help to identify common endophenotypes between the disorders and provide diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on biological in addition to the symptomatic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Hamidian
- 1Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Pourshahbaz
- 1Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Bozorgmehr
- 2Iran Psychiatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Shahsavand Ananloo
- 3Department of Psychosomatic, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Dolatshahi
- 1Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Ohadi
- 4Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran
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10
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Allen M, Handy J, Miller D, Servatius R. Avoidance learning and classical eyeblink conditioning as model systems to explore a learning diathesis model of PTSD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:370-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Johnson CP, Christensen GE, Fiedorowicz JG, Mani M, Shaffer JJ, Magnotta VA, Wemmie JA. Alterations of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in bipolar disorder mood states detected by quantitative T1ρ mapping. Bipolar Disord 2018; 20:381-390. [PMID: 29316081 PMCID: PMC5995598 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Quantitative mapping of T1 relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ρ) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique sensitive to pH and other cellular and microstructural factors, and is a potentially valuable tool for identifying brain alterations in bipolar disorder. Recently, this technique identified differences in the cerebellum and cerebral white matter of euthymic patients vs healthy controls that were consistent with reduced pH in these regions, suggesting an underlying metabolic abnormality. The current study built upon this prior work to investigate brain T1ρ differences across euthymic, depressed, and manic mood states of bipolar disorder. METHODS Forty participants with bipolar I disorder and 29 healthy control participants matched for age and gender were enrolled. Participants with bipolar disorder were imaged in one or more mood states, yielding 27, 12, and 13 imaging sessions in euthymic, depressed, and manic mood states, respectively. Three-dimensional, whole-brain anatomical images and T1ρ maps were acquired for all participants, enabling voxel-wise evaluation of T1ρ differences between bipolar mood state and healthy control groups. RESULTS All three mood state groups had increased T1ρ relaxation times in the cerebellum compared to the healthy control group. Additionally, the depressed and manic groups had reduced T1ρ relaxation times in and around the basal ganglia compared to the control and euthymic groups. CONCLUSIONS The study implicated the cerebellum and basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and its mood states, the roles of which are relatively unexplored. These findings motivate further investigation of the underlying cause of the abnormalities, and the potential role of altered metabolic activity in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary E. Christensen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jess G. Fiedorowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Merry Mani
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Vincent A. Magnotta
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Corresponding Authors: Vincent A. Magnotta, PhD, L311 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, Tel: 319-335-5482, Fax: 319-353-6275, ; John A. Wemmie, MD, PhD, 1314 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, Tel: 319-384-3174, Fax: 319-384-3176,
| | - John A. Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA,Corresponding Authors: Vincent A. Magnotta, PhD, L311 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, Tel: 319-335-5482, Fax: 319-353-6275, ; John A. Wemmie, MD, PhD, 1314 PBDB, 169 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, Tel: 319-384-3174, Fax: 319-384-3176,
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12
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Shaffer JJ, Johnson CP, Fiedorowicz JG, Christensen GE, Wemmie JA, Magnotta VA. Impaired sensory processing measured by functional MRI in Bipolar disorder manic and depressed mood states. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 12:837-847. [PMID: 28674759 PMCID: PMC5752628 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring episodes of depression and mania. Defining differences in brain function during these states is an important goal of bipolar disorder research. However, few imaging studies have directly compared brain activity between bipolar mood states. Herein, we compare functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses during a flashing checkerboard stimulus between bipolar participants across mood states (euthymia, depression, and mania) in order to identify functional differences between these states. 40 participants with bipolar I disorder and 33 healthy controls underwent fMRI during the presentation of the stimulus. A total of 23 euthymic-state, 16 manic-state, 15 depressed-state, and 32 healthy control imaging sessions were analyzed in order to compare functional activation during the stimulus between mood states and with healthy controls. A reduced response was identified in the visual cortex in both the depressed and manic groups compared to euthymic and healthy participants. Functional differences between bipolar mood states were also observed in the cerebellum, thalamus, striatum, and hippocampus. Functional differences between mood states occurred in several brain regions involved in visual and other sensory processing. These differences suggest that altered visual processing may be a feature of mood states in bipolar disorder. The key limitations of this study are modest mood-state group size and the limited temporal resolution of fMRI which prevents the segregation of primary visual activity from regulatory feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Shaffer
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- , PBDB L420, 169 Newton Rd., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Casey P Johnson
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jess G Fiedorowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gary E Christensen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John A Wemmie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vincent A Magnotta
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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13
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Allen MT, Handy JD, Blankenship MR, Servatius RJ. The distressed (Type D) personality factor of social inhibition, but not negative affectivity, enhances eyeblink conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2018; 345:93-103. [PMID: 29486267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has focused on a learning diathesis model in which specific personality factors such as behavioral inhibition (BI) may influence associative learning and in turn increase risk for the development of anxiety disorders. We have found in a series of studies that individuals self-reporting high levels of BI exhibit enhanced acquisition of conditioned eyeblinks. In the study reported here, hypotheses were extended to include distressed (Type D) personality which has been found to be related to BI. Type D personality is measured with the DS-14 scale which includes two subscales measuring negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI). We hypothesized that SI, which is similar to BI, would result in enhanced acquisition while the effect of NA is unclear. Eighty nine participants completed personality inventories including the Adult Measure of Behavioral Inhibition (AMBI) and DS-14. All participants received 60 acquisition trials with a 500 ms, 1000 Hz, tone CS and a co-terminating 50 ms, 5 psi corneal airpuff US. Participants received either 100% CS-US paired trials or a schedule of partial reinforcement where 50% US alone trials were intermixed into CS-US training. Acquisition of CRs did not differ between the two training protocols. Whereas BI was significantly related to Type D, SI, and NA, only BI and SI individuals exhibited enhanced acquisition of conditioned eyeblinks as compared to non-inhibited individuals. Personality factors now including social inhibition can be used to identify individuals who express enhanced associative learning which lends further support to a learning diathesis model of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Allen
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, United States; Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Central New York Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - J D Handy
- Central New York Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse NY, United States
| | - M R Blankenship
- Department of Psychology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL, United States
| | - R J Servatius
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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14
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Chrobak AA, Siuda-Krzywicka K, Siwek GP, Tereszko A, Janeczko W, Starowicz-Filip A, Siwek M, Dudek D. Disrupted implicit motor sequence learning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder revealed with ambidextrous Serial Reaction Time Task. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28648566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of implicit motor sequence learning was shown in schizophrenia (SZ) and, most recently, in bipolar disorder (BD), and was connected to cerebellar abnormalities. The goal of this study was to compare implicit motor sequence learning in BD and SZ. METHODS We examined 33 patients with BD, 33 patients with SZ and 31 healthy controls with a use of ambidextrous Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT), which allows exploring asymmetries in performance depending on the hand used. RESULTS BD and SZ patients presented impaired implicit motor sequence learning, although the pattern of their impairments was different. While BD patients showed no signs of implicit motor sequence learning for both hands, the SZ group presented some features of motor learning when performing with the right, but not with the left hand. CONCLUSIONS To our best knowledge this is the first study comparing implicit motor sequence learning in BD and SZ. We show that both diseases share impairments in this domain, however in the case of SZ this impairment differs dependently on the hand performing SRTT. We propose that implicit motor sequence learning impairments constitute an overlapping symptom in BD and SZ and suggest further neuroimaging studies to verify cerebellar underpinnings as its cause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Siuda-Krzywicka
- Department of Psychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Tereszko
- Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Weronika Janeczko
- Students' Scientific Association of Affective Disorders, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Starowicz-Filip
- Medical Psychology Department, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwek
- Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dominika Dudek
- Department of Affective Disorders, Chair of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Krukow P, Szaniawska O, Harciarek M, Plechawska-Wójcik M, Jonak K. Cognitive inconsistency in bipolar patients is determined by increased intra-individual variability in initial phase of task performance. J Affect Disord 2017; 210:222-225. [PMID: 28063384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar patients show high intra-individual variability during cognitive processing. However, it is not known whether there are a specific fluctuations of variability contributing to the overall high cognitive inconsistency. The objective was to compare dynamic profiles of patients and healthy controls to identify hypothetical differences and their associations with overall variability and processing speed. METHODS Changes of reaction times iSD during processing speed test performance over time was measured by dividing the iSD for whole task into four consecutive parts. Motor speed and cognitive effort were controlled. RESULTS Patients with BD exhibited significantly lower results regarding processing speed and higher intra-individual variability comparing with HC. The profile of intra-individual variability changes over time of performance was significantly different in BD versus HC groups: F(3, 207)=8.60, p<0.0001, ηp2=0.11. iSD of BD patients in the initial phase of performance was three times higher than in the last. There was no significant differences between four intervals in HC group. Inter-group difference in the initial part of the profiles was significant also after controlling for several cognitive and clinical variables. LIMITATIONS Applied computer version of Cognitive Speed Test was relatively new and, thus, replication studies are needed. Effect seen in the present study is driven mainly by the BD type I. CONCLUSIONS Patients with BD exhibits problems with setting a stimulus-response association in starting phase of cognitive processing. This deficit may negatively interfere with the other cognitive functions, decreasing level of psychosocial functioning, therefore should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krukow
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ola Szaniawska
- Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Kamil Jonak
- Institute of Technological Systems of Information, Lublin University of Technology, Poland
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16
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Atagun MI, Balaban OD, Lordoglu DY, Evren EC. Lithium and Valproate May Affect Motor and Sensory Speed in Patients with Bipolar Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20130304010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ilhan Atagun
- Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Ankara - Turkey
| | - Ozlem Devrim Balaban
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Dilek Yesilbas Lordoglu
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Ekrem Cuneyt Evren
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Alcohol and Drug Research, Treatment and Training Center (AMATEM), Istanbul - Turkey
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17
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Neurological and cerebellar soft signs do not discriminate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:96-101. [PMID: 26241859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share subtle motor abnormalities called the neurological soft signs (NSS). Since in both diseases there is evidence for alterations in cerebellar functions, structure and connectivity, we expected that the cerebellar soft signs (CSS), analogue of NSS focusing strictly on cerebellar symptoms, would be also a common trait in SZ and BD. We examined 30 patients with BD, 30 patients with SZ and 28 control subjects using the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES, for NSS) and International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS, for CSS). SZ and BD did not differ in total and subscales' scores in both NES and ICARS. Subscale analysis revealed that SZ performed significantly worse than controls in all the subscales of both NES and ICARS. BD patients scored significantly worse than controls in all NES subscales and in oculomotor and kinetic subscales of the ICARS, while other ICARS subscales did not differentiate those two groups. To our knowledge this is the first study to show that CSS constitute common symptoms in BD and SZ. We recommend a special focus on those diseases in further research regarding structural and functional changes of cerebellum and their clinical outcome.
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18
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Bolbecker AR, Petersen IT, Kent JS, Howell JM, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. New Insights into the Nature of Cerebellar-Dependent Eyeblink Conditioning Deficits in Schizophrenia: A Hierarchical Linear Modeling Approach. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26834653 PMCID: PMC4725217 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia has mounted over the past several decades, emerging from neuroimaging, neuropathological, and behavioral studies. Consistent with these findings, cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) deficits have been identified in schizophrenia. While repeated-measures analysis of variance is traditionally used to analyze dEBC data, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) more reliably describes change over time by accounting for the dependence in repeated-measures data. This analysis approach is well suited to dEBC data analysis because it has less restrictive assumptions and allows unequal variances. The current study examined dEBC measured with electromyography in a single-cue tone paradigm in an age-matched sample of schizophrenia participants and healthy controls (N = 56 per group) using HLM. Subjects participated in 90 trials (10 blocks) of dEBC, during which a 400 ms tone co-terminated with a 50 ms air puff delivered to the left eye. Each block also contained 1 tone-alone trial. The resulting block averages of dEBC data were fitted to a three-parameter logistic model in HLM, revealing significant differences between schizophrenia and control groups on asymptote and inflection point, but not slope. These findings suggest that while the learning rate is not significantly different compared to controls, associative learning begins to level off later and a lower ultimate level of associative learning is achieved in schizophrenia. Given the large sample size in the present study, HLM may provide a more nuanced and definitive analysis of differences between schizophrenia and controls on dEBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Isaac T Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Josselyn M Howell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, IN , USA
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Huh I, Kwon MS, Park T. An Efficient Stepwise Statistical Test to Identify Multiple Linked Human Genetic Variants Associated with Specific Phenotypic Traits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138700. [PMID: 26406920 PMCID: PMC4583484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genotyping methodologies have allowed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to accurately identify genetic variants that associate with common or pathological complex traits. Although most GWAS have focused on associations with single genetic variants, joint identification of multiple genetic variants, and how they interact, is essential for understanding the genetic architecture of complex phenotypic traits. Here, we propose an efficient stepwise method based on the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test (for stratified categorical data) to identify causal joint multiple genetic variants in GWAS. This method combines the CMH statistic with a stepwise procedure to detect multiple genetic variants associated with specific categorical traits, using a series of associated I × J contingency tables and a null hypothesis of no phenotype association. Through a new stratification scheme based on the sum of minor allele count criteria, we make the method more feasible for GWAS data having sample sizes of several thousands. We also examine the properties of the proposed stepwise method via simulation studies, and show that the stepwise CMH test performs better than other existing methods (e.g., logistic regression and detection of associations by Markov blanket) for identifying multiple genetic variants. Finally, we apply the proposed approach to two genomic sequencing datasets to detect linked genetic variants associated with bipolar disorder and obesity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iksoo Huh
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Göbel A, Heldmann M, Göttlich M, Dirk AL, Brabant G, Münte TF. Effect of Experimental Thyrotoxicosis on Brain Gray Matter: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:113-8. [PMID: 26601082 PMCID: PMC4640290 DOI: 10.1159/000398793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyper-as well hypothyroidism have an effect on behavior and brain function. Moreover, during development thyroid hormones influence brain structure. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to demonstrate an effect of experimentally induced hyperthyroidism on brain gray matter in healthy adult humans. METHODS High-resolution 3D T1-weighted images were acquired in 29 healthy young subjects prior to as well as after receiving 250 µg of T4 per day for 8 weeks. Voxel-based morphometry analysis was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 (SPM8). RESULTS Laboratory testing confirmed the induction of hyperthyroidism. In the hyperthyroid condition, gray matter volumes were increased in the right posterior cerebellum (lobule VI) and decreased in the bilateral visual cortex and anterior cerebellum (lobules I-IV) compared to the euthyroid condition. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that short periods of hyperthyroidism induce distinct alterations in brain structures of cerebellar regions that have been associated with sensorimotor functions as well as working memory in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna-Luise Dirk
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Thomas F. Münte, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, DE-23538 Lübeck (Germany), E-Mail
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Brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder detected by quantitative T1ρ mapping. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:201-6. [PMID: 25560762 PMCID: PMC4346383 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism has been reported in bipolar disorder, however, these studies have been limited to specific regions of the brain. To investigate whole-brain changes potentially associated with these processes, we applied a magnetic resonance imaging technique novel to psychiatric research, quantitative mapping of T1 relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ρ). This method is sensitive to proton chemical exchange, which is affected by pH, metabolite concentrations and cellular density with high spatial resolution relative to alternative techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography. Study participants included 15 patients with bipolar I disorder in the euthymic state and 25 normal controls balanced for age and gender. T1ρ maps were generated and compared between the bipolar and control groups using voxel-wise and regional analyses. T1ρ values were found to be elevated in the cerebral white matter and cerebellum in the bipolar group. However, volumes of these areas were normal as measured by high-resolution T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Interestingly, the cerebellar T1ρ abnormalities were normalized in participants receiving lithium treatment. These findings are consistent with metabolic or microstructural abnormalities in bipolar disorder and draw attention to roles of the cerebral white matter and cerebellum. This study highlights the potential utility of high-resolution T1ρ mapping in psychiatric research.
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Ryu V, Kook S, Lee SJ, Ha K, Cho HS. Effects of emotional stimuli on time perception in manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:39-45. [PMID: 25101544 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time perception, which plays a fundamental role in decision-making and the evaluation of the environment, is also influenced by emotions. Patients with bipolar disorder have impairments in emotional processing as well as interval timing. We investigated the effects of emotional stimuli on time estimation and reproduction in manic and euthymic bipolar patients compared with healthy controls. METHODS We recruited 22 manic bipolar patients, 24 euthymic bipolar patients and 24 healthy controls. Each subject performed time estimation and reproduction tasks using standardized affective pictures that were classified into 4 stimulus groups according to valence and level of arousal and presented for durations of 2, 4, and 6s. We analyzed temporal performance on these tasks using transformed data expressed as a proportion of the target period. RESULTS The interactions between arousal and valence were different in manic patients compared with euthymic patients and healthy controls in both time estimation and reproduction tasks. Manic patients showed no effect of positive valence low arousal stimuli in the time estimation task compared to euthymic patients and healthy controls. In the time reproduction task, the effect of emotional stimuli was reversed in manic patients compared to euthymic patients and healthy controls. Significant correlations between the severity of manic symptoms or illness severity and average temporal performance scores were found in manic patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that altered emotion-related time judgments may be a state-dependent phenomenon observed in manic patients only. This difference in time perception for emotional stimuli may be related to the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the manic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sodahm Kook
- Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyooseob Ha
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sang Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Trouble bipolaire déclenché par une hydrocéphalie par lésion cérébelleuse. Eur Psychiatry 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nous rapportons le cas d’un homme de 38 ans ayant présenté un épisode maniaque franc, dans les suites de l’ablation d’une tumeur kystique bénigne de l’hémisphère cérébelleux droit, compliquée d’hydrocéphalie. Cette lésion fut découverte suite à de violentes céphalées et des troubles de l’équilibre. Le tableau maniaque débuta progressivement dans la semaine suivant l’opération, alors que les suites opératoires furent simples. Un traitement associant olanzapine et divalproate améliora rapidement la symptomatologie. Si des lésions cérébelleuses ont déjà pu être décrites dans le déclenchement de troubles de l’humeur, dans notre cas, l’imagerie fonctionnelle (scintigraphie cérébrale) a suggéré l’implication de lésions frontales. Le syndrome frontal modéré a été confirmé par les tests neuropsychologiques, et par la présence à l’IRM de petites lésions en avant des ventricules latéraux, attribuées à une effusion de liquide céphalorachidien lors de l’hydrocéphalie. Au-delà de l’étiologie organique du syndrome maniaque, le cas clinique est particulièrement intéressant car le patient a présenté au décours de l’épisode maniaque un épisode dépressif majeur avec symptômes psychotiques congruents à l’humeur, alors que nous n’avons pas retrouvé d’antécédent de trouble de l’humeur.Nous discutons ainsi différentes hypothèses :– existence d’un trouble de l’humeur subsyndromique décompensé à la suite de la lésion, et particulièrement par le syndrome frontal ;– déclenchement par une lésion cérébrale d’un trouble psychiatrique épisodique et alternant ;– survenue du syndrome dépressif de manière consécutive à l’épisode maniaque, la physiopathologie de l’épisode maniaque incluant la survenue de la dépression sévère.Ces différentes hypothèses sont discutées sur des arguments neuropsychologiques, neuroanatomiques et psychopathologiques.
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Bolbecker AR, Kent JS, Petersen IT, Klaunig MJ, Forsyth JK, Howell JM, Westfall DR, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Impaired cerebellar-dependent eyeblink conditioning in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1001-10. [PMID: 23962891 PMCID: PMC4133656 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with reports of cerebellar structural, functional, and neurochemical anomalies in schizophrenia, robust cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) deficits have been observed in the disorder. Impaired dEBC is also present in schizotypal personality disorder, an intermediate phenotype of schizophrenia. The present work sought to determine whether dEBC deficits exist in nonpsychotic first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. A single-cue tone dEBC paradigm consisting of 10 blocks with 10 trials each (9 paired and 1 unpaired trials) was used to examine the functional integrity of cerebellar circuitry in schizophrenia participants, individuals with a first-degree relative diagnosed with schizophrenia, and healthy controls with no first-degree relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia. The conditioned stimulus (a 400ms tone) coterminated with the unconditioned stimulus (a 50ms air puff to the left eye) on paired trials. One relative and 2 healthy controls were removed from further analysis due to declining conditioned response rates, leaving 18 schizophrenia participants, 17 first-degree relatives, and 16 healthy controls. Electromyographic data were subsequently analyzed using growth curve models in hierarchical linear regression. Acquisition of dEBC conditioned responses was significantly impaired in schizophrenia and first-degree relative groups compared with controls. This finding that cerebellar-mediated associative learning deficits are present in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia provides evidence that dEBC abnormalities in schizophrenia may not be due to medication or course of illness effects. Instead, the present results are consistent with models of schizophrenia positing cerebellar-cortical circuit abnormalities and suggest that cerebellar abnormalities represent a risk marker for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerillyn S. Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Isaac T. Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William P. Hetrick
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, US; tel: 812-855-2620, fax: 812-856-4544, e-mail:
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Sun X, Pinacho R, Saia G, Punko D, Meana JJ, Ramos B, Gill G. Transcription factor Sp4 regulates expression of nervous wreck 2 to control NMDAR1 levels and dendrite patterning. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:93-108. [PMID: 25045015 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamatergic signaling through N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is important for neuronal development and plasticity and is often dysregulated in psychiatric disorders. Mice mutant for the transcription factor Sp4 have reduced levels of NMDAR subunit 1 (NR1) protein, but not mRNA, and exhibit behavioral and memory deficits (Zhou et al., [2010] Human Molecular Genetics 19: 3797-3805). In developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), Sp4 controls dendrite patterning (Ramos et al., [2007] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9882-9887). Sp4 target genes that regulate dendrite pruning or NR1 levels are not known. Here we report that Sp4 activates transcription of Nervous Wreck 2 (Nwk2; also known as Fchsd1) and, further, that Nwk2, an F-BAR domain-containing protein, mediates Sp4-dependent regulation of dendrite patterning and cell surface expression of NR1. Knockdown of Nwk2 in CGNs increased primary dendrite number, phenocopying Sp4 knockdown, and exogenous expression of Nwk2 in Sp4-depleted neurons rescued dendrite number. We observed that acute Sp4 depletion reduced levels of surface, but not total, NR1, and this was rescued by Nwk2 expression. Furthermore, expression of Nr1 suppressed the increase in dendrite number in Sp4- or Nwk2- depleted neurons. We previously reported that Sp4 protein levels were reduced in cerebellum of subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) (Pinacho et al., [2011] Bipolar Disorders 13: 474-485). Here we report that Nwk2 mRNA and NR1 protein levels were also reduced in postmortem cerebellum of BD subjects. Our data suggest a role for Sp4-regulated Nwk2 in NMDAR trafficking and identify a Sp4-Nwk2-NMDAR1 pathway that regulates neuronal morphogenesis during development and may be disrupted in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Sun
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111; Genetics Program, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02111
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26
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Bolbecker AR, Westfall DR, Howell JM, Lackner RJ, Carroll CA, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Increased timing variability in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97964. [PMID: 24848559 PMCID: PMC4029800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that impaired time perception and the neural circuitry underlying internal timing mechanisms may contribute to severe psychiatric disorders, including psychotic and mood disorders. The degree to which alterations in temporal perceptions reflect deficits that exist across psychosis-related phenotypes and the extent to which mood symptoms contribute to these deficits is currently unknown. In addition, compared to schizophrenia, where timing deficits have been more extensively investigated, sub-second timing has been studied relatively infrequently in bipolar disorder. The present study compared sub-second duration estimates of schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective disorder (SA), non-psychotic bipolar disorder (BDNP), bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BDP), and healthy non-psychiatric controls (HC) on a well-established time perception task using sub-second durations. Participants included 66 SZ, 37 BDNP, 34 BDP, 31 SA, and 73 HC who participated in a temporal bisection task that required temporal judgements about auditory durations ranging from 300 to 600 milliseconds. Timing variability was significantly higher in SZ, BDP, and BDNP groups compared to healthy controls. The bisection point did not differ across groups. These findings suggest that both psychotic and mood symptoms may be associated with disruptions in internal timing mechanisms. Yet unexpected findings emerged. Specifically, the BDNP group had significantly increased variability compared to controls, but the SA group did not. In addition, these deficits appeared to exist independent of current symptom status. The absence of between group differences in bisection point suggests that increased variability in the SZ and bipolar disorder groups are due to alterations in perceptual timing in the sub-second range, possibly mediated by the cerebellum, rather than cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Westfall
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Josselyn M. Howell
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Lackner
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christine A. Carroll
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kent JS, Michael Bailey D, Vollmer JM, Newman SD, Bolbecker AR, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. A magnetic resonance imaging-safe method for the study of human eyeblink conditioning. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 216:16-21. [PMID: 23500969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a widely used translational probe of cerebellar function in both humans and non-human animals. Decades of animal research have identified the cerebellum as critical for EBC. While there is evidence for the involvement of the cerebellum in human EBC, the neural circuitry of EBC in healthy humans has yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a highly customisable system for EBC stimulus presentation and response recording using infrared (IR) reflectance suitable for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) environments; in this way, the neural activity of EBC could be investigated using fMRI in humans. Four participants underwent delay EBC and simultaneous fMRI. The results indicate (1) a high signal-to-noise ratio in the IR reflectance data that effectively quantifies the eyeblink morphology and timing and (2) evidence of conditioning in the fMRI environment. The quality of the data, the feasibility of conducting EBC experiments in the fMRI environment, and the customisability of the current system to fit a variety of EBC experimental design parameters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Bolbecker AR, Steinmetz AB, Mehta CS, Forsyth JK, Klaunig MJ, Lazar EK, Steinmetz JE, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Exploration of cerebellar-dependent associative learning in schizophrenia: effects of varying and shifting interstimulus interval on eyeblink conditioning. Behav Neurosci 2012; 125:687-98. [PMID: 21942432 DOI: 10.1037/a0025150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eyeblink conditioning abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia, but the extent to which these anomalies are evident across a range of delay intervals (i.e., interstimulus intervals; ISIs) is unknown. In addition, the effects of ISI shifts on learning are unknown, though such manipulations can be informative about the plasticity of cerebellar timing functions. Therefore, the primary purpose of the present study was to investigate the interactions between ISI manipulations and learning in schizophrenia. A standard delay eyeblink conditioning procedure with four different interstimulus intervals (ISIs; 250, 350, 550, 850 ms) was employed. Each eyeblink conditioning experiment was immediately followed by another with a different ISI, thus permitting the characterization of conditioned response (CR) learning at one ISI and the extent to which CRs could be generated at a different latency following an ISI shift. Collapsing across all conditions, the schizophrenia group (n = 55) had significantly fewer conditioned responses and longer onset latencies than age-matched controls (n = 55). Surprisingly, shifting to a new ISI had negligible effects on conditioned response rates in both groups. These findings contribute to evidence of robust eyeblink conditioning abnormalities in schizophrenia and suggest impaired cerebellar function, but underscore the need for more research to clarify the source of these abnormalities and their relationship to clinical manifestations of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Evaluation of bidirectional interstimulus interval (ISI) shift in auditory delay eye-blink conditioning in healthy humans. Learn Behav 2012; 39:358-70. [PMID: 21562779 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-011-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Delay eye-blink conditioning is an associative learning task that can be utilized to probe the functional integrity of the cerebellum and related neural circuits. Typically, a single interstimulus interval (ISI) is utilized, and the amplitude of the conditioned response (CR) is the primary dependent variable. To study the timing of the CR, an ISI shift can be introduced (e.g., shifting the ISI from 350 to 850 ms). In each phase, a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a 400- or 900-ms tone) coterminates with a 50-ms corneal air puff unconditioned stimulus. The ability of a subject to adjust the CR to the changing ISI constitutes a critical timing shift. The feasibility of this procedure was examined in healthy human participants (N = 58) using a bidirectional ISI shift procedure while cortical event-related brain potentials were measured. CR acquisition was faster and the responses better timed when a short ISI was used. After the ISI shift, additional training was necessary to allow asymptotic responding at the new ISI. Interestingly, auditory event-related potentials to the CR were not associated with conditioning measures at either ISI.
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Reeb-Sutherland BC, Levitt P, Fox NA. The predictive nature of individual differences in early associative learning and emerging social behavior. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30511. [PMID: 22291971 PMCID: PMC3264617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the first year of life, infants achieve remarkable success in their ability to interact in the social world. The hierarchical nature of circuit and skill development predicts that the emergence of social behaviors may depend upon an infant's early abilities to detect contingencies, particularly socially-relevant associations. Here, we examined whether individual differences in the rate of associative learning at one month of age is an enduring predictor of social, imitative, and discriminative behaviors measured across the human infant's first year. One-month learning rate was predictive of social behaviors at 5, 9, and 12 months of age as well as face-evoked discriminative neural activity at 9 months of age. Learning was not related to general cognitive abilities. These results underscore the importance of early contingency learning and suggest the presence of a basic mechanism underlying the ontogeny of social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C. Reeb-Sutherland
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pat Levitt
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute & Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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O'Halloran CJ, Kinsella GJ, Storey E. The cerebellum and neuropsychological functioning: a critical review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011; 34:35-56. [PMID: 22047489 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.614599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum, while once considered a brain region principally involved in motor control and coordination, is increasingly becoming associated with a range of neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric presentations. This paper reviews the dominant neuropsychological domains and neuropsychiatric conditions for which cerebellar involvement has been demonstrated, including visuospatial functioning, learning and memory, language, executive functioning, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia. The paper concludes with a discussion of a potential neuropsychological localization model within the cerebellum and a discussion of prognosis and rates of recovery that can be expected, following localized cerebellar lesions.
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Soontornniyomkij B, Everall IP, Chana G, Tsuang MT, Achim CL, Soontornniyomkij V. Tyrosine kinase B protein expression is reduced in the cerebellum of patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2011; 133:646-54. [PMID: 21612826 PMCID: PMC3163025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the cerebellum in coordinating mental activity is supported by its connections with cerebral regions involved in cognitive/affective functioning, with decreased activities on functional neuroimaging observed in the cerebellum of schizophrenia patients performing mental tasks. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced activation of tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) is essential to synaptic plasticity. We hypothesized that alterations in BDNF and TrkB expression in the cerebellum were associated with schizophrenia and affective disorders. METHODS We employed immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting to quantify protein expression of BDNF and TrkB in the cerebellum of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression compared to controls (n=15 each). RESULTS While TrkB immunoreactivity in each of the molecular and granule-cell layers was reduced in all 3 disease groups (12-34%) compared to the control (P=0.018 and 0.038, respectively, ANOVA), only the reduction in bipolar disorder remained statistically significant upon Tukey-Kramer post hoc analyses (P=0.019 and 0.021, respectively). Apparent decreases in BDNF immunoreactivity in all 3 disease groups (12-30%) compared to the control were not statistically significant. TrkB immunoreactivity was not significantly associated with any of the demographic, clinical, and postmortem variables. Immunoblotting displayed an 85-kDa TrkB-immunoreactive band, consistent with a truncated isoform, in all 60 cases. LIMITATIONS On immunoblotting, apparent decreases in 85-kDa-TrkB levels in all 3 disease groups compared to the control were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of reduced TrkB expression in bipolar disorder suggests that dysregulation of TrkB-mediated neurotrophin signaling in the cerebellum may play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian P. Everall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gursharan Chana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cristian L. Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, Corresponding author: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA. Tel.: +1 858 822 4546; fax: +1 858 534 4484. (V. Soontornniyomkij)
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Pinacho R, Villalmanzo N, Lalonde J, Haro JM, Meana JJ, Gill G, Ramos B. The transcription factor SP4 is reduced in postmortem cerebellum of bipolar disorder subjects: control by depolarization and lithium. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:474-85. [PMID: 22017217 PMCID: PMC3202296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulation of gene expression is important for the development and function of the nervous system. However, the transcriptional programs altered in psychiatric diseases are not completely characterized. Human gene association studies and analysis of mutant mice suggest that the transcription factor specificity protein 4 (SP4) may be implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. We hypothesized that SP4 levels may be altered in the brain of bipolar disorder (BD) subjects and regulated by neuronal activity and drug treatment. METHODS We analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of SP4 and SP1 in the postmortem prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of BD subjects (n = 10) and controls (n = 10). We also examined regulation of SP4 mRNA and protein levels by neuronal activity and lithium in rat cerebellar granule neurons. RESULTS We report a reduction of SP4 and SP1 proteins, but not mRNA levels, in the cerebellum of BD subjects. SP4 protein and mRNA levels were also reduced in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, we found in rat cerebellar granule neurons that under non-depolarizing conditions SP4, but not SP1, was polyubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome while lithium stabilized SP4 protein. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence of altered SP4 protein in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex in BD subjects supporting a possible role of transcription factor SP4 in the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, our finding that SP4 stability is regulated by depolarization and lithium provides a pathway through which neuronal activity and lithium could control gene expression suggesting that normalization of SP4 levels could contribute to treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pinacho
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Villalmanzo
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmin Lalonde
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bizkaia,CIBERSAM, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Grace Gill
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Belén Ramos
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rampello L, Casolla B, Rampello L, Pignatelli M, Battaglia G, Gradini R, Orzi F, Nicoletti F. The conditioned eyeblink reflex: a potential tool for the detection of cerebellar dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2011; 17:1155-61. [PMID: 21613334 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511406311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The delayed conditioned eyeblink reflex, in which an individual learns to close the eyelid in response to a conditioned stimulus (e.g. a tone) relies entirely on the functional integrity of a cerebellar motor circuitry that involves the contingent activation of Purkinje cells by parallel and climbing fibres. Molecular changes that disrupt the function of this circuitry, in particular a loss of type-1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 receptors), occur in Purkinje cells of patients with multiple sclerosis and in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a result of neuroinflammation. mGlu1 receptors are required for cerebellar motor learning associated with the conditioned eyeblink reflex. We propose that the delayed paradigm of the eyeblink conditioning might be particularly valuable for the detection of subtle abnormalities of cerebellar motor learning that are clinically silent and are not associated with demyelinating lesions or axonal damage. In addition, the test might have predictive value following a clinically isolated syndrome, and might be helpful for the evaluation of the efficacy of drug treatment in multiple sclerosis.
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Bolbecker AR, Hong SL, Kent JS, Klaunig MJ, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Postural control in bipolar disorder: increased sway area and decreased dynamical complexity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19824. [PMID: 21611126 PMCID: PMC3097205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural, neurochemical, and functional abnormalities have been identified in
the brains of individuals with bipolar disorder, including in key brain
structures implicated in postural control, i.e. the cerebellum, brainstem, and
basal ganglia. Given these findings, we tested the hypothesis that postural
control deficits are present in individuals with bipolar disorder. Sixteen
participants with bipolar disorder (BD) and 16 age-matched non-psychiatric
healthy controls were asked to stand as still as possible on a force platform
for 2 minutes under 4 conditions: (1) eyes open-open base; (2) eyes closed-open
base; (3) eyes open-closed base; and (4) eyes closed-closed base. Postural sway
data were submitted to conventional quantitative analyses of the magnitude of
sway area using the center of pressure measurement. In addition, data were
submitted to detrended fluctuation analysis, a nonlinear dynamical systems
analytic technique that measures complexity of a time-series, on both the
anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions. The bipolar disorder group had
increased sway area, indicative of reduced postural control. Decreased
complexity in the medio-lateral direction was also observed for the bipolar
disorder group, suggesting both a reduction in dynamic range available to them
for postural control, and that their postural corrections were primarily
dominated by longer time-scales. On both of these measures, significant
interactions between diagnostic group and visual condition were also observed,
suggesting that the BD participants were impaired in their ability to make
corrections to their sway pattern when no visual information was available.
Greater sway magnitude and reduced complexity suggest that individuals with
bipolar disorder have deficits in sensorimotor integration and a reduced range
of timescales available on which to make postural corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of
America
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital,
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - S. Lee Hong
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University,
Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jerillyn S. Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of
America
| | - Mallory J. Klaunig
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital,
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian F. O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of
America
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital,
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University
School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of
America
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital,
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University
School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Miyata M, Kishimoto Y, Tanaka M, Hashimoto K, Hirashima N, Murata Y, Kano M, Takagishi Y. A role for myosin Va in cerebellar plasticity and motor learning: a possible mechanism underlying neurological disorder in myosin Va disease. J Neurosci 2011; 31:6067-78. [PMID: 21508232 PMCID: PMC6632970 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5651-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the myosin Va gene cause the neurological diseases Griscelli syndrome type 1 and Elejalde syndrome in humans and dilute phenotypes in rodents. To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the neurological disorders in myosin Va diseases, we conducted an integrated analysis at the molecular, cellular, electrophysiological, and behavioral levels using the dilute-neurological (d-n) mouse mutant. These mice manifest an ataxic gait and clonic seizures during postnatal development, but the neurological disorders are ameliorated in adulthood. We found that smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) rarely extended into the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells (PCs) of young d-n mice, and there were few, if any, IP(3) receptors. Moreover, long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber-PC synapses was abolished, consistent with our previous observations in juvenile lethal dilute mutants. Young d-n mice exhibited severe impairment of cerebellum-dependent motor learning. In contrast, adult d-n mice showed restoration of motor learning and LTD, and these neurological changes were associated with accumulation of SER and IP(3) receptors in some PC spines and the expression of myosin Va proteins in the PCs. RNA interference-mediated repression of myosin Va caused a reduction in the number of IP(3) receptor-positive spines in cultured PCs. These findings indicate that myosin Va function is critical for subsequent processes in localization of SER and IP(3) receptors in PC spines, LTD, and motor learning. Interestingly, d-n mice had defects of motor coordination from young to adult ages, suggesting that the role of myosin Va in PC spines is not sufficient for motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Miyata
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
- Department of Information Physiology, National Institute Physiology Science, Okazaki, Aichi 445-8585, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, and
| | - Yasushi Kishimoto
- Department of Biophysics, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hashimoto
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, and
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takagishi
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Bolbecker AR, Hong SL, Kent JS, Forsyth JK, Klaunig MJ, Lazar E, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Paced finger-tapping abnormalities in bipolar disorder indicate timing dysfunction. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:99-110. [PMID: 21320257 PMCID: PMC3079233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that impaired time perception and the neural circuitry contributing to internal timing mechanisms may contribute to severe psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders. The structures that are involved in subsecond timing, i.e., cerebellum and basal ganglia, have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. However, the timing of subsecond intervals has infrequently been studied in this population. METHODS Paced finger-tapping tasks have been used to characterize internal timing processes in neuropsychiatric disorders. A total of 42 bipolar disorder patients (25 euthymic, 17 manic) and 42 age-matched healthy controls completed a finger-tapping task in which they tapped in time with a paced (500-ms intertap interval) auditory stimulus (synchronization), then continued tapping without auditory input while attempting to maintain the same pace (continuation). This procedure was followed using the dominant index finger, then with alternating thumbs. RESULTS Bipolar disorder participants showed greater timing variability relative to controls regardless of pacing stimulus (synchronization versus continuation) or condition (dominant index finger versus alternating thumbs). Decomposition of timing variance into internal clock versus motor implementation components using the Wing-Kristofferson model showed higher clock variability in the bipolar disorder groups compared to controls, with no differences between groups on motor implementation variability. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that internal timing mechanisms are disrupted in bipolar disorder patients, independent of symptom status. Increased clock variability in bipolar disorder may be related to abnormalities in cerebellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis
| | - S Lee Hong
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | | | | | - Emily Lazar
- Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Butler University, Indianapolis
| | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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38
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Tesli M, Athanasiu L, Mattingsdal M, Kähler AK, Gustafsson O, Andreassen BK, Werge T, Hansen T, Mors O, Mellerup E, Koefoed P, Jönsson EG, Agartz I, Melle I, Morken G, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA. Association analysis of PALB2 and BRCA2 in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in a scandinavian case-control sample. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1276-82. [PMID: 20872766 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) found significant association between the PALB2 SNP rs420259 and bipolar disorder (BD). The intracellular functions of the expressed proteins from the breast cancer risk genes PALB2 and BRCA2 are closely related. Therefore, we investigated the relation between genetic variants in PALB2 and BRCA2 and BD. Due to increasing evidence of genetic overlap between BD and schizophrenia (SCZ), we also investigated association with SCZ. In a Scandinavian case-control sample (n = 686/2,538) we found the BRCA2 SNP rs9567552 to be significantly associated with BD (Nominal P = 0.00043). Additionally, we replicated the association between PALB2 SNP rs420259 and BD (Nominal P = 0.025). We then combined our sample with another Nordic case-control sample (n = 435/11,491) from Iceland, and added results from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) (n = 1,868/2,938) and the STEP-UCL/ED-DUB-STEP2 study (n = 2,558/3,274) in a meta-analysis which revealed a P-value of 1.2 × 10(-5) for association between PALB2 SNP rs420259 and BD (n = 5,547/20,241). Neither the PALB2 SNP rs420259 nor the BRCA2 SNP rs9567552 were nominally significantly associated with the SCZ phenotype in our Scandinavian sample (n = 781/2,839). Our findings support PALB2 and BRCA2 as risk genes specifically for BD, and suggest that altered DNA repair related to neurogenesis may be involved in BD pathophysiology. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tesli
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Eye-blink conditioning deficits indicate temporal processing abnormalities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009; 111:182-91. [PMID: 19351577 PMCID: PMC2702657 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models suggest that symptoms of schizophrenia may be due to a dysfunctional modulatory system associated with the cerebellum. Although it has long been known that the cerebellum plays a critical role in associative learning and motor timing, recent evidence suggests that it also plays a role in nonmotor psychological processes. Indeed, cerebellar anomalies in schizophrenia have been linked to cognitive dysfunction and poor long-term outcome. To test the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with cerebellar dysfunction, cerebellar-dependent, delay eye-blink conditioning was examined in 62 individuals with schizophrenia and 62 age-matched non-psychiatric comparison subjects. The conditioned stimulus was a 400 ms tone, which co-terminated with a 50 ms unconditioned stimulus air puff. A subset of participants (25 with schizophrenia and 29 controls) also completed the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Participants with schizophrenia exhibited lower rates of eye-blink conditioning, including earlier (less adaptively timed) conditioned response latencies. Cognitive functioning was correlated with the rate of conditioned responsing in the non-psychiatric comparison subjects but not among those with schizophrenia, and the magnitude of these correlations significantly differed between groups. These findings are consistent with models of schizophrenia in which disruptions within the cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical (CCTC) brain circuit are postulated to underlie the cognitive fragmentation that characterizes the disorder.
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