1
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Pedagogical Ecology for an Alternative Sustainability: With Insights from Francis of Assisi and Contemporary Life Sciences. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sustainability is a widely discussed issue nowadays. The “human factor” appears to be the key to a suitable theory of sustainable development and, even more, to understanding the real scope of the issue at stake. We begin by highlighting that the issue of sustainability and the related ecological crisis ultimately stem from the fundamental view of the human–environment relationships. We tackle such a fundamental view from two apparently distant but converging perspectives: the one of Francis of Assisi (the patron saint of ecologists) and the one of contemporary advancements in evolutionary biology known as the “extended evolutionary theory” (EES). This will allow us to highlight how current life sciences ground a strong form of organism–environment complementarity—a core point for any allegedly comprehensive approach to sustainability and ecology. After that, we focus on recent developments in cultural evolution studies that see culture both as the driving force of (recent) human evolution and as the general context where the human–environment relationships take place and develop. Therefore, we argue that the environment exerts a powerful pedagogical influence on the human being and on humanity as a whole. We conclude by proposing a pedagogical criterion for ecology and sustainable development, according to which the modifications caused by the human being to the environment must be assessed (also) for their pedagogical import.
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Split it up and see: using proxies to highlight divergent inter-populational performances in aquaculture standardised conditions. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:206. [PMID: 34809572 PMCID: PMC8607704 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering wild inter-populational phenotypic differentiation can facilitate domestication and subsequent production of new species. However, comparing all populations across a species range to identify those exhibiting suitable key traits for aquaculture (KTA; i.e. important for domestication and subsequent production) expressions is not feasible. Therefore, proxies highlighting inter-populational divergences in KTA are needed. The use of such proxies would allow to identify, prior to bioassays, the wild population pairs which are likely to present differentiations in KTA expressions in aquaculture conditions. Here, we assessed the relevance of three alternative proxies: (i) genetic distance, (ii) habitat divergence, and (iii) geographic/hydrologic distances. We performed this evaluation on seven allopatric populations of Perca fluviatilis for which divergences in KTA had already been shown. Results We showed differences in the correlation degree between the alternative proxy-based and KTA-based distance matrices, with the genetic proxy being correlated to the highest number of KTA. However, no proxy was correlated to all inter-populational divergences in KTA. Conclusion For future domestication trials, we suggest using a multi-proxy assessment along with a prioritisation strategy to identify population pairs which are of interest for further evaluation in bioassays. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01937-z.
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Baker HK, Hankins DC, Shurin JB. Introgressive hybridization erodes morphological divergence between lentic and lotic habitats in an endangered minnow. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13593-13600. [PMID: 34646492 PMCID: PMC8495819 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introgressive hybridization may erode phenotypic divergence along environmental gradients, collapsing locally adapted populations into a hybrid swarm. Alternatively, introgression may promote phenotypic divergence by providing variation on which natural selection can act. In freshwater fishes, water flow often selects for divergent morphological traits in lake versus stream habitats. We tested the effects of introgression on lake-stream morphological divergence in the minnow Owens Tui Chub (Siphateles bicolor snyderi), which has been rendered endangered by introgession from the introduced Lahontan Tui Chub (Siphateles bicolor obesa). Using geometric morphometric analysis of 457 individual Tui Chub from thirteen populations, we found that both native and introgressing parent taxa exhibited divergent body and caudal fin shapes in lake versus stream habitats, but their trajectories of divergence were distinct. In contrast, introgressed populations exhibited intermediate body and caudal fin shapes that were not differentiated by habitat type, indicating that introgression has eroded phenotypic divergence along the lentic-lotic gradient throughout the historic range of the Owens Tui Chub. Individuals within hybrid populations were less morphologically variable than those within parent populations, suggesting hybrid adaptation to selective agents other than water flow or loss of variance by drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry K. Baker
- Section of Ecology, Behavior, and EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Danielle C. Hankins
- Section of Ecology, Behavior, and EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior, and EvolutionUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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4
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Searle PC, Mercer M, Habit E, Belk MC. Ontogenetic shape trajectory of Trichomycterus areolatus varies in response to water velocity environment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252780. [PMID: 34115773 PMCID: PMC8195363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Body and head shape among fishes both vary between environments influenced by water velocity and across ontogeny. Although the shape changes associated with variation in average water velocity and ontogeny are well documented, few studies have tested for the interaction between these two variables (i.e., does ontogenetic shape variation differ between velocity environments). We use geometric morphometrics to characterize shape differences in Trichomycterus areolatus, a freshwater catfish found in high and low-velocity environments in Chile. We identify a significant interaction between velocity environment and body size (i.e., ontogeny). Ontogenetic patterns of shape change are consistent with other studies, but velocity environment differentially affects the ontogenetic trajectory of shape development in T. areolatus. Shape change over ontogeny appears more constrained in high-velocity environments compared to low-velocity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Searle
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Margaret Mercer
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Evelyn Habit
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Departmento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mark C. Belk
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
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5
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Oda Y, Nakamura H, Tokishita S, Mano H, Chang K, Sakamoto M. Phenotypic changes in
Daphnia pulex
under oxygen deficiency, resource limitation and predation risk. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oda
- Department of Science and Technology Shinshu University Suwa Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- School of Life Sciences Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science Hachioji Japan
| | - Shinichi Tokishita
- School of Life Sciences Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science Hachioji Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mano
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kwang‐Hyeon Chang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin Republic of Korea
| | - Masaki Sakamoto
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering Toyama Prefectural University Imizu Japan
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6
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Azad KN, Sarower-E-Mahfuj M, Iqbal T, Azad KN, Shafaq MAI. Differentiation of intraspecific phenotypic plasticity of elongate glassy perchlet, Chanda nama: Insights into landmark-based truss morphometric and meristic variations. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:585-596. [PMID: 33409301 PMCID: PMC7774793 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding intraspecific phenotypic plasticity is a prerequisite to fish stock identification and sustainable fisheries management. In this study, we assessed intraspecific phenotypic plasticity in terms of meristic and morphometric characters of wild populations of elongate glassy perchlet, Chanda nama from two different rivers, namely Madhumati River - Narail (MRN) and Tulshiganga River - Jaypurhat (TRJ), and an ox-bow lake, Jhapa Baor - Jashore (JBJ) in Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, six meristics, 15 conventional morphometrics, and 23-truss-based morphometrics were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey-HSD test. The mean values of three meristic counts and nine conventional and 12 truss-based morphometrics demonstrated significant differences in the ANOVA test. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and discrimination function analysis (DFA) were performed separately using conventional and truss-based morphometric data. RESULTS In PCA analysis, four principal components were extracted and cumulatively demonstrated 51.848%. On the contrary, two discriminant functions (DF1, 63.5%; DF2, 36.5%) resulted from DFA analysis. In the bi-plot alignment from the discriminant space, all individuals were exceedingly separated among the three inhabitants. A dendrogram developed using conventional and truss morphometric characters confirmed that two clusters were formed among three populations. The TRJ population formed a distinct cluster, and the JBJ population formed a different cluster with a subcluster of MRN. In the discriminant function analysis, precise classification outcomes displayed 82% of individuals into their unique populations, whereas 66.9% of individuals were categorized as a cross-validated assemblage. CONCLUSION The baseline information resulting from the current study would be useful for environmental studies and further conservation of glassy perchlet populations in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamrun Naher Azad
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sarower-E-Mahfuj
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Towsif Iqbal
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Khairun Naher Azad
- Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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7
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Márquez F, Trovant B, Van der Molen S, Sepúlveda RD, Doña J, Johnson KP, Vierna J. Two evolutionary units on the South American razor clam Ensis macha (Bivalvia: Pharidae): genetic and morphometric evidence. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Price SA, Friedman ST, Corn KA, Martinez CM, Larouche O, Wainwright PC. Building a Body Shape Morphospace of Teleostean Fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:716-730. [PMID: 31241147 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a dataset that quantifies body shape in three dimensions across the teleost phylogeny. Built by a team of researchers measuring easy-to-identify, functionally relevant traits on specimens at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History it contains data on 16,609 specimens from 6144 species across 394 families. Using phylogenetic comparative methods to analyze the dataset we describe the teleostean body shape morphospace and identify families with extraordinary rates of morphological evolution. Using log shape ratios, our preferred method of body-size correction, revealed that fish width is the primary axis of morphological evolution across teleosts, describing a continuum from narrow-bodied laterally compressed flatfishes to wide-bodied dorsoventrally flattened anglerfishes. Elongation is the secondary axis of morphological variation and occurs within the more narrow-bodied forms. This result highlights the importance of collecting shape on three dimensions when working across teleosts. Our analyses also uncovered the fastest rates of shape evolution within a clade formed by notothenioids and scorpaeniforms, which primarily thrive in cold waters and/or have benthic habits, along with freshwater elephantfishes, which as their name suggests, have a novel head and body shape. This unprecedented dataset of teleostean body shapes will enable the investigation of the factors that regulate shape diversification. Biomechanical principles, which relate body shape to performance and ecology, are one promising avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - S T Friedman
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K A Corn
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C M Martinez
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - O Larouche
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - P C Wainwright
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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9
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Vanegas-Ríos JA, Britzke R, Mirande JM. Geographic variation of Moenkhausia bonita (Characiformes: Characidae) in the rio de la Plata basin, with distributional comments on M. intermedia. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Moenkhausia bonita occurs in numerous additional localities from the Bermejo, Paraná, Paraguay, and Uruguay river basins. Given that this finding greatly expands the distributional range of M. bonita, we carried out an intraspecific comparison, using multivariate methods for 18 morphometric and eight meristic characters taken from a comprehensive sample of 536 specimens. All localities were distributed in four major geographic groups as follows: Bermejo, Paraná, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Results of the morphometric comparisons showed significant differences among the studied groups except between the Paraguay and Uruguay groups. Statistical differences in meristic values were found for most between-group comparisons, especially in those resulting from discriminant canonical analyses (DCA). Specimens from the Bermejo basin were the most distinct group in most morphological comparisons. However, the overall subtle differences found in body morphology likely reflect intraspecific variation within M. bonita and seem to be mainly influenced by spatial and environmental features of drainages. As M. bonita was previously identified as M. intermedia in the río de La Plata basin, distributional comments on the latter species in that basin are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Britzke
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil; Universidad Técnica de Machala, Ecuador
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10
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Velotta JP, McCormick SD, Jones AW, Schultz ET. Reduced Swimming Performance Repeatedly Evolves on Loss of Migration in Landlocked Populations of Alewife. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:814-825. [PMID: 29381120 DOI: 10.1086/696877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Whole-organism performance tasks are accomplished by the integration of morphological traits and physiological functions. Understanding how evolutionary change in morphology and physiology influences whole-organism performance will yield insight into the factors that shape its own evolution. We demonstrate that nonmigratory populations of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) have evolved reduced swimming performance in parallel, compared with their migratory ancestor. In contrast to theoretically and empirically based predictions, poor swimming among nonmigratory populations is unrelated to the evolution of osmoregulation and occurs despite the fact that nonmigratory alewives have a more fusiform (torpedo-like) body shape than their ancestor. Our results suggest that elimination of long-distance migration from the life cycle has shaped performance more than changes in body shape and physiological regulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Velotta
- 1 University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- 2 US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376
| | - Andrew W Jones
- 3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Eric T Schultz
- 1 University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
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11
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Nyboer EA, Chapman LJ. Cardiac plasticity influences aerobic performance and thermal tolerance in a tropical, freshwater fish at elevated temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.178087. [PMID: 29895683 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.178087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fishes faced with novel thermal conditions often modify physiological functioning to compensate for elevated temperatures. This physiological plasticity (thermal acclimation) has been shown to improve metabolic performance and extend thermal limits in many species. Adjustments in cardiorespiratory function are often invoked as mechanisms underlying thermal plasticity because limitations in oxygen supply have been predicted to define thermal optima in fishes; however, few studies have explicitly linked cardiorespiratory plasticity to metabolic compensation. Here, we quantified thermal acclimation capacity in the commercially harvested Nile perch (Lates niloticus) of East Africa, and investigated mechanisms underlying observed changes. We reared juvenile Nile perch for 3 months under two temperature regimes, and then measured a series of metabolic traits (e.g. aerobic scope) and critical thermal maximum (CTmax) upon acute exposure to a range of experimental temperatures. We also measured morphological traits of heart ventricles, gills and brains to identify potential mechanisms for compensation. We found that long-term (3 month) exposure to elevated temperature induced compensation in upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) and metabolic performance (standard and maximum metabolic rate, and aerobic scope), and induced cardiac remodeling in Nile perch. Furthermore, variation in heart morphology influenced variations in metabolic function and thermal tolerance. These results indicate that plastic changes enacted over longer exposures lead to differences in metabolic flexibility when organisms are acutely exposed to temperature variation. Furthermore, we established functional links between cardiac plasticity, metabolic performance and thermal tolerance, providing evidence that plasticity in cardiac capacity may be one mechanism for coping with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Nyboer
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Office N3/11, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - Lauren J Chapman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Office N3/11, Stewart Biology Building, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
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12
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Sharpe DMT, Chapman LJ. Contemporary phenotypic change in correlated characters in the African cyprinid, Rastrineobola argentea. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M T Sharpe
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
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13
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Zastavniouk C, Weir LK, Fraser DJ. The evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation: Body morphology and coloration differentiation among brook trout populations of varying size. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6850-6862. [PMID: 28904765 PMCID: PMC5587476 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A reduction in population size due to habitat fragmentation can alter the relative roles of different evolutionary mechanisms in phenotypic trait differentiation. While deterministic (selection) and stochastic (genetic drift) mechanisms are expected to affect trait evolution, genetic drift may be more important than selection in small populations. We examined relationships between mature adult traits and ecological (abiotic and biotic) variables among 14 populations of brook trout. These naturally fragmented populations have shared ancestry but currently exhibit considerable variability in habitat characteristics and population size (49 < Nc < 10,032; 3 < Nb < 567). Body size, shape, and coloration differed among populations, with a tendency for more variation among small populations in both trait means and CV when compared to large populations. Phenotypic differences were more frequently and directly linked to habitat variation or operational sex ratio than to population size, suggesting that selection may overcome genetic drift at small population size. Phenotype-environment associations were also stronger in females than males, suggesting that natural selection due to abiotic conditions may act more strongly on females than males. Our results suggest that natural and sexual-selective pressures on phenotypic traits change during the process of habitat fragmentation, and that these changes are largely contingent upon existing habitat conditions within isolated fragments. Our study provides an improved understanding of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation and lends insight into the ability of some small populations to respond to selection and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura K Weir
- Department of Biology Saint Mary's University Halifax NS Canada
| | - Dylan J Fraser
- Department of Biology Concordia University Montreal QC Canada
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14
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Bruckerhoff LA, Magoulick DD. Hydrologic regimes as potential drivers of morphologic divergence in fish. Evol Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-017-9897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Climatic variability in combination with eutrophication drives adaptive responses in the gills of Lake Victoria cichlids. Oecologia 2016; 182:1187-1201. [PMID: 27628222 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Textbook examples of adaptive radiation often show rapid morphological changes in response to environmental perturbations. East Africa's Lake Victoria, famous for its stunning adaptive radiation of cichlids, has suffered from human-induced eutrophication over the past decades. This cultural eutrophication is thought to be partly responsible for the dramatically reduced cichlid biodiversity, but climatic variability in itself might also have contributed to the eutrophication which resulted in low oxygen levels and decreased water transparency. To determine how recent environmental changes have influenced the lake and its cichlids over the past 50 years, we gathered environmental and meteorological variables and compared these with gill surface area of four cichlid species. We found that during the period of severe eutrophication and temperature increase (1980s), reduced wind speeds coincided with a reduction in oxygen levels and a decrease in both water temperature and transparency. The gill surface area in three out of the four cichlid species increased during this period which is consistent with adaptive change in response to increased hypoxia. During the 2000s, wind speeds, oxygen levels, water transparency and water temperature increased again, while cichlid gill surface area decreased. Our results imply that climatic changes and especially wind speed and direction might play a crucial role in tropical lake dynamics. The changes in Lake Victoria's water quality coincide with fluctuations in cichlid gill surface area, suggesting that these fish can respond rapidly to environmental perturbations, but also that climatic variability, together with continued eutrophication, might be detrimental to the lake's cichlid biodiversity.
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16
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Lostrom S, Evans JP, Grierson PF, Collin SP, Davies PM, Kelley JL. Linking stream ecology with morphological variability in a native freshwater fish from semi-arid Australia. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3272-87. [PMID: 26380663 PMCID: PMC4569025 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental variation is a potent force affecting phenotypic expression. While freshwater fishes have provided a compelling example of the link between the environment and phenotypic diversity, few studies have been conducted with arid-zone fishes, particularly those that occur in geographically isolated regions where species typically inhabit intermittent and ephemeral creeks. We investigated morphological variation of a freshwater fish (the western rainbowfish, Melanotaenia australis) inhabiting creeks in the Pilbara region of northwest Australia to determine whether body shape variation correlated with local environmental characteristics, including water velocity, habitat complexity, predator presence, and food availability. We expected that the geographic isolation of creeks within this arid region would result in habitat-specific morphological specializations. We used landmark-based geometric morphometrics to quantify the level of morphological variability in fish captured from 14 locations within three distinct subcatchments of a major river system. Western rainbowfish exhibited a range of morphologies, with variation in body depth accounting for a significant proportion (>42%) of the total variance in shape. Sexual dimorphism was also apparent, with males displaying deeper bodies than females. While the measured local habitat characteristics explained little of the observed morphological variation, fish displayed significant morphological differentiation at the level of the subcatchment. Local adaptation may partly explain the geographic patterns of body shape variation, but fine-scale genetic studies are required to disentangle the effects of genetic differentiation from environmentally determined phenotypic plasticity in body shape. Developing a better understanding of environment-phenotype relationships in species from arid regions will provide important insights into ecological and evolutionary processes in these unique and understudied habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lostrom
- School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia ; Ecosystems Research Group and West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Evans
- School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Pauline F Grierson
- Ecosystems Research Group and West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Shaun P Collin
- School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia ; UWA Oceans Institute (M470), The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Peter M Davies
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, The University of Western Australia Albany, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Kelley
- School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia ; Ecosystems Research Group and West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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17
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Sharpe DMT, Langerhans RB, Low-Décarie E, Chapman LJ. Little evidence for morphological change in a resilient endemic species following the introduction of a novel predator. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2054-67. [PMID: 26278629 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human activities, such as species introductions, are dramatically and rapidly altering natural ecological processes and often result in novel selection regimes. To date, we still have a limited understanding of the extent to which such anthropogenic selection may be driving contemporary phenotypic change in natural populations. Here, we test whether the introduction of the piscivorous Nile perch, Lates niloticus, into East Africa's Lake Victoria and nearby lakes coincided with morphological change in one resilient native prey species, the cyprinid fish Rastrineobola argentea. Drawing on prior ecomorphological research, we predicted that this novel predator would select for increased allocation to the caudal region in R. argentea to enhance burst-swimming performance and hence escape ability. To test this prediction, we compared body morphology of R. argentea across space (nine Ugandan lakes differing in Nile perch invasion history) and through time (before and after establishment of Nile perch in Lake Victoria). Spatial comparisons of contemporary populations only partially supported our predictions, with R. argentea from some invaded lakes having larger caudal regions and smaller heads compared to R. argentea from uninvaded lakes. There was no clear evidence of predator-associated change in body shape over time in Lake Victoria. We conclude that R. argentea have not responded to the presence of Nile perch with consistent morphological changes and that other factors are driving observed patterns of body shape variation in R. argentea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M T Sharpe
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - R B Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - E Low-Décarie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - L J Chapman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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18
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Collin H, Fumagalli L. The role of geography and ecology in shaping repeated patterns of morphological and genetic differentiation between European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) from the Pyrenees and the Alps. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Collin
- Département d'Ecologie et Evolution; Laboratoire de Biologie de la Conservation, Biophore; Université de Lausanne; Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; Department of Evolution; Ecology and Behaviour; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 7ZB UK
| | - Luca Fumagalli
- Département d'Ecologie et Evolution; Laboratoire de Biologie de la Conservation, Biophore; Université de Lausanne; Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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19
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Martínez M, Mullin V, Schulte-Hostedde A. Variation in sperm morphometry of the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri (Neumayer’s barb). CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored variation in sperm morphometry of the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri Fischer, 1884 (Neumayer’s barb) across seven sites with a wide range in dissolved oxygen, from hypoxic swamps to intermittent normoxic streams to well-oxygenated rivers. We explore whether fish physiological condition (K) or hypoxia can affect the reproductive traits, and whether condition–hypoxia dependence of sperm traits including head length (LH), head width (WH), flagellum length (LF), and hydrodynamic ratio (HR) vary across sampling sites. Significant differences were found in fish total length (P = 0.0212), as well as in K, left and right testis masses, total gonad mass, and gonadosomatic index (P < 0.0001 for all traits). Total gonad mass was lower in hypoxic sites than in well-oxygenated sites. Interestingly, the left and right testes from normoxic environments were double the size of testes from hypoxic environments. Despite little variation in sperm flagellum length, sperm heads were longer in swamps than in streams or rivers, giving the sperm head a more hydrodynamic shape. This variation in HR may be beneficial in the more stagnant waters of the swamp compared with the other environments. Future studies are necessary to understand whether variation in sperm morphology correlates with sperm swimming performance and male reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Martínez
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - V. Mullin
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - A. Schulte-Hostedde
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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20
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Lailvaux SP, Husak JF. The life history of whole-organism performance. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2015; 89:285-318. [PMID: 25510077 DOI: 10.1086/678567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For almost 40 years, studies of whole-organism performance have formed a cornerstone of evolutionary physiology. Although its utility as a heuristic guide is beyond question, and we have learned much about morphological evolution from its application, the ecomorphological paradigm has frequently been applied to performance evolution in ways that range from unsatisfactory to inappropriate. More importantly, the standard ecomorphological paradigm does not account for tradeoffs among performance and other traits, nor between performance traits that are mediated by resource allocation. A revised paradigm that includes such tradeoffs, and the possible ways that performance and fitness-enhancing traits might affect each other, could potentially revivify the study of phenotypic evolution and make important inroads into understanding the relationships between morphology and performance and between performance and Darwinian fitness. We describe such a paradigm, and discuss the various ways that performance and key life-history traits might interact with and affect each other. We emphasize both the proximate mechanisms potentially linking such traits, and the likely ultimate factors driving those linkages, as well as the evolutionary implications for the overall, multivariate phenotype. Finally, we highlight several research directions that will shed light on the evolution and ecology of whole-organism performance and related life-history traits.
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21
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Developmental variation among Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricius (Diptera: Calliphoridae) populations from three ecoregions of Texas, USA. Int J Legal Med 2014; 128:709-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-014-1014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Michel MJ, Chevin LM, Knouft JH. EVOLUTION OF PHENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATIONS BY GENETIC RESPONSES TO SELECTION AND PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN A TEMPORALLY AUTOCORRELATED ENVIRONMENT. Evolution 2014; 68:1374-84. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Michel
- Department of Biology; Saint Louis University; St. Louis Missouri 63103
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology; University of North Carolina; Wilmington North Carolina 28401
| | | | - Jason H. Knouft
- Department of Biology; Saint Louis University; St. Louis Missouri 63103
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23
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Tobler M, Bertrand N. Morphological variation in vanishing Mexican desert fishes of the genus Characodon (Goodeidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:283-296. [PMID: 24405441 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a rapidly vanishing group of fishes in the genus Characodon (including Characodon lateralis and Characodon audax) from the upper Rio Mezquital drainage in Mexico. Using specimens from museum collections, morphological variation was assessed to quantify body shape differentiation among historic (i.e. extirpated and extant) collection sites. In both sexes, body shape (particularly head shape, the proportion of the caudal peduncle and the position and size of dorsal and anal fins) varied significantly among populations and species. Variation among collection sites could at least partially be attributed to geography, as the presence of distinct hydrographic units and a major waterfall coincided with major body shape differences. These results are discussed in the light of previously published molecular genetic analyses, as they have direct implications for taxonomic problems and the need for conservation measures for these endangered fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tobler
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
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24
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WIENS KE, CRISPO E, CHAPMAN LJ. Phenotypic plasticity is maintained despite geographical isolation in an African cichlid fish,Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor. Integr Zool 2014; 9:85-96. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E. WIENS
- Department of Pathology; New York University School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Erika CRISPO
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences; Pace University; New York NY USA
| | - Lauren J. CHAPMAN
- Department of Biology; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Bronx New York USA
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25
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McGee MD, Schluter D, Wainwright PC. Functional basis of ecological divergence in sympatric stickleback. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:277. [PMID: 24380474 PMCID: PMC3890603 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of ecological divergence in closely related species is a key component of adaptive radiation. However, in most examples of adaptive radiation the mechanistic basis of ecological divergence remains unclear. A classic example is seen in the young benthic and limnetic stickleback species pairs of British Columbia. In each pair the benthic species feeds on littoral macroinvertebrates whereas the limnetic feeds on pelagic zooplankton. Previous studies indicate that in both short-term feeding trials and long-term enclosure studies, benthics and limnetics exhibit enhanced performance on their own resource but fare more poorly on the other species’ resource. We examined the functional basis of ecological divergence in the stickleback species pair from Paxton Lake, BC, using biomechanical models of fish feeding applied to morphological traits. We examined the consequences of morphological differences using high speed video of feeding fish. Results Benthic stickleback possess morphological traits that predict high suction generation capacity, including greatly hypertrophied epaxial musculature. In contrast, limnetic stickleback possess traits thought to enhance capture of evasive planktonic prey, including greater jaw protrusion than benthics and greater displacement advantage in both the lower jaw-opening lever system and the opercular four-bar linkage. Kinematic data support the expectations from the morphological analysis that limnetic stickleback exhibit faster strikes and greater jaw protrusion than benthic fish, whereas benthics exert greater suction force on attached prey. Conclusions We reveal a previously unknown suite of complex morphological traits that affect rapid ecological divergence in sympatric stickleback. These results indicate that postglacial divergence in stickleback involves many functional systems and shows the value of investigating the functional consequences of phenotypic divergence in adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D McGee
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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26
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Franssen NR, Stewart LK, Schaefer JF. Morphological divergence and flow-induced phenotypic plasticity in a native fish from anthropogenically altered stream habitats. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4648-57. [PMID: 24363894 PMCID: PMC3867901 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding population-level responses to human-induced changes to habitats can elucidate the evolutionary consequences of rapid habitat alteration. Reservoirs constructed on streams expose stream fishes to novel selective pressures in these habitats. Assessing the drivers of trait divergence facilitated by these habitats will help identify evolutionary and ecological consequences of reservoir habitats. We tested for morphological divergence in a stream fish that occupies both stream and reservoir habitats. To assess contributions of genetic-level differences and phenotypic plasticity induced by flow variation, we spawned and reared individuals from both habitats types in flow and no flow conditions. Body shape significantly and consistently diverged in reservoir habitats compared with streams; individuals from reservoirs were shallower bodied with smaller heads compared with individuals from streams. Significant population-level differences in morphology persisted in offspring but morphological variation compared with field-collected individuals was limited to the head region. Populations demonstrated dissimilar flow-induced phenotypic plasticity when reared under flow, but phenotypic plasticity in response to flow variation was an unlikely explanation for observed phenotypic divergence in the field. Our results, together with previous investigations, suggest the environmental conditions currently thought to drive morphological change in reservoirs (i.e., predation and flow regimes) may not be the sole drivers of phenotypic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Franssen
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico 167 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Laura K Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Jacob F Schaefer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
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27
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Phenotypic and transgenerational plasticity promote local adaptation to sun and shade environments. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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He Y, Li R, Wang J, Blanchet S, Lek S. Morphological variation among wild populations of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus): deciphering the role of evolutionary processes. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:475-83. [PMID: 23721472 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gobiocypris rarus Ye et Fu ( 1983 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish in China, and is considered to be an endangered species. From a conservation perspective, its population structure is interesting. In the present study, morphological variation, including morphometric and meristic traits, was assessed among wild samples collected in the upper Yangtze River basin. There were no significant meristic differences between sexes or among populations, except for scales in lateral line (LS). However, there were significant morphometric differences not only between sexes but also among populations. In discriminant function analysis, the first four discriminant functions explained 75.5% and 78% of the among-population morphometric variation for males and females, respectively. Almost all the truss network morphometric traits significantly contributed to population discrimination. By using all of the truss network morphometric traits, overall random assignments of male and female individuals into their original population were both 73.5%. In addition, the degree of differentiation in phenotypic traits (PST) significantly exceeds that in neutral molecular markers (FST). However, no significant correlation between PST and FST was found in males or females. Overall, these results suggest that two evolutionary processes, including phenotypic plasticity and natural selection, may contribute to the morphological patterns observed in G. rarus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng He
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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29
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Nyboer EA, Chapman LJ. Ontogenetic shifts in phenotype-environment associations in Nile perch,Lates niloticus(Perciformes: Latidae) from Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Nyboer
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Avenue de Docteur-Penfield; Montréal; QC; H3A 1B1; Canada
| | - Lauren J. Chapman
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Avenue de Docteur-Penfield; Montréal; QC; H3A 1B1; Canada
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30
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Siwertsson A, Knudsen R, Adams CE, Præbel K, Amundsen PA. Parallel and non-parallel morphological divergence among foraging specialists in European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1590-602. [PMID: 23789070 PMCID: PMC3686194 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel phenotypic evolution occurs when independent populations evolve similar traits in response to similar selective regimes. However, populations inhabiting similar environments also frequently show some phenotypic differences that result from non-parallel evolution. In this study, we quantified the relative importance of parallel evolution to similar foraging regimes and non-parallel lake-specific effects on morphological variation in European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus). We found evidence for both lake-specific morphological characteristics and parallel morphological divergence between whitefish specializing in feeding on profundal and littoral resources in three separate lakes. Foraging specialists expressed similar phenotypes in different lakes in both overall body shape and selected measured morphological traits. The morphology of the two whitefish specialists resembled that predicted from other fish species, supporting the conclusion of an adaptive significance of the observed morphological characteristics. Our results indicate that divergent natural selection resulting from foraging specialization is driving and/or maintaining the observed parallel morphological divergence. Whitefish in this study may represent an early stage of divergence towards the evolution of specialized morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Siwertsson
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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31
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Harniman R, Merritt TJS, Chapman LJ, Lesbarrères D, Martinez ML. Population differentiation of the African cyprinid Barbus neumayeri across dissolved oxygen regimes. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1495-506. [PMID: 23789062 PMCID: PMC3686186 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Population level response to hypoxia has become an issue of global significance because of increased frequency and intensity of hypoxic events worldwide, and the potential for global warming to exacerbate hypoxic stress. In this study, we sequenced two nuclear intronic regions and a single mitochondrial region across seven populations of the African cyprinid, Barbus neumayeri from two river drainages in Uganda: the Rwembaita Swamp-Njuguta River System and the Dura River. We then examined two indices of population structure, G ST and Jost's D, to detect links between oxygen availability and genetic variation and to determine if population genetic structure was associated with (i) dissolved oxygen regime (hypoxia or normoxia), (ii) geographical distance, or (iii) a combination of dissolved oxygen regime and geographical distance. Our results indicate that over a large scale (between drainages), geographical distance significantly affects the genetic structure of populations. However, within a single drainage, dissolved oxygen regime plays a key role in determining the genetic structure of populations. Within the Rwembaita-Njuguta system, gene flow was high between locations of similar oxygen regimes, but low between areas characterized by divergent oxygen regimes. Interestingly, G ST analyses appear to yield less realistic measures of population structure than Jost's D, suggesting that caution must be taken when interpreting and comparing the results from different studies. These results support the idea that aquatic dissolved oxygen can act as a selective force limiting gene flow among populations of aquatic species and therefore should be considered when implementing conservation plans and assessing environmental impact of human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Harniman
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
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32
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Idaszkin YL, Márquez F, Nocera AC. Habitat-specific shape variation in the carapace of the crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. L. Idaszkin
- Centro Nacional Patagónico CENPAT - CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - F. Márquez
- Centro Nacional Patagónico CENPAT - CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - A. C. Nocera
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco; Puerto Madryn Argentina
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33
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Franssen NR, Harris J, Clark SR, Schaefer JF, Stewart LK. Shared and unique morphological responses of stream fishes to anthropogenic habitat alteration. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122715. [PMID: 23235710 PMCID: PMC3574318 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding population-level responses to novel selective pressures can elucidate evolutionary consequences of human-altered habitats. Stream impoundments (reservoirs) alter riverine ecosystems worldwide, exposing stream fishes to uncommon selective pressures. Assessing phenotypic trait divergence in reservoir habitats will be a first step in identifying the potential evolutionary and ecological consequences of stream impoundments. We tested for body shape divergence in four stream-adapted fishes found in both habitats within three separate basins. Shape variation among fishes was partitioned into shared (exhibited by all species) and unique (species-specific) responses to reservoir habitats. All fishes demonstrated consistent significant shared and unique morphological responses to reservoir habitats. Shared responses were linked to fin positioning, decreased body depths and larger caudal areas; traits likely related to locomotion. Unique responses were linked to head shape, suggesting species-specific responses to abiotic conditions or changes to their trophic ecology in reservoirs. Our results highlight how human-altered habitats can simultaneously drive similar and unique trait divergence in native populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Franssen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
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34
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O'Connor CM, Reardon EE, Chapman LJ. Shorter Gills in Mouth-brooding Females of the Cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor. COPEIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-10-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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36
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Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Suárez-Rodríguez M, Espinosa-Pérez H, Johnson JB. Morphological and reproductive variation among populations of the Pacific molly Poecilia butleri. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:1029-1046. [PMID: 21967588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In viviparous organisms, pregnant females typically experience an increase in body mass and body volume. In this study, the prediction that variation in reproductive traits among populations of viviparous organisms should be related to variation among populations in body shape was tested in the Pacific molly Poecilia butleri, a viviparous fish that inhabits western Mexico and northern Central America. Variation among 10 populations in four reproductive traits was examined: brood size, individual embryo mass, total reproductive allotment and degree of maternal provisioning of nutrients to developing embryos. Variation among these populations in body shape was also examined. Significant variation among populations was observed in both brood size and reproductive allotment but not in embryo mass or degree of maternal provisioning. Significant variation among populations was also observed in body shape. After correcting for female size, however, reproductive traits and body shape were not associated among populations. This suggests that selective pressures acting on reproduction do not necessarily affect morphology and vice versa. Several factors might contribute to this unexpected lack of association between reproductive traits and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, Distrito Federal, México.
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37
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FRUCIANO CARMELO, TIGANO CONCETTA, FERRITO VENERA. Geographical and morphological variation within and between colour phases inCoris julis(L. 1758), a protogynous marine fish. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Convergent Patterns of Body Shape Differentiation in Four Different Clades of Poeciliid Fishes Inhabiting Sulfide Springs. Evol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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SCHAEFER JACOB, DUVERNELL DAVID, KREISER BRIAN. Shape variability in topminnows (Fundulus notatus species complex) along the river continuum. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Webster MM, Atton N, Hart PJB, Ward AJW. Habitat-specific morphological variation among threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) within a drainage basin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21060. [PMID: 21698269 PMCID: PMC3115991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat-specific morphological variation, often corresponding to resource specialization, is well documented in freshwater fishes. In this study we used landmark based morphometric analyses to investigate morphological variation among threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) from four interconnected habitat types within a single lowland drainage basin in eastern England. These included the upper and lower reaches of the river, the estuary, a connected ditch network and a coastal salt marsh. We found significant habitat-specific differences in morphology, with three axes of variation describing differences in orbit diameter, body depth, caudal peduncle shape and pectoral fin positioning as well as variation in relative dorsal and pelvic spine size. Interestingly, the ditch system, an artificial and heavily managed habitat, is populated by sticklebacks with a characteristic morphology, suggesting that human management of habitats can in some circumstances lead to morphological variation among the animals that inhabit them. We discuss the mechanisms that conceivably underlie the observed morphological variation and the further work necessary to identify them. Finally, we consider the implications of habitat-specific body shape variation for the behavioural ecology of this ecologically generalist species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike M Webster
- School of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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41
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Binning SA, Chapman LJ. Is intraspecific variation in diet and morphology related to environmental gradients? Exploring Liem's paradox in a cichlid fish. Integr Zool 2011; 5:241-55. [PMID: 21392342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific studies have demonstrated that trophic morphology and ecology are not always tightly matched: a phenomenon rarely reported at the intraspecific level. In the present study, we explored relationships among diet, morphology and the environment in a widespread cichlid fish, Astatoreochromis alluaudi (Pellegrin 1904), from 6 sites in southern Uganda to test for evidence of eco-morphological matching at the interdemic level. Previous studies of Astatoreochromis alluaudi have demonstrated developmental plasticity in trophic morphology in response to diet: a mollusk diet produces specimens with large pharyngeal jaws and muscles, whereas a soft-food diet produces smaller pharyngeal jaws and corresponding changes in musculature. Sites were chosen to maximize variability in environmental variables that might directly or indirectly affect trophic morphology. We found significant differences in pharyngeal jaw and muscle morphology among populations. Similarly, we found differences in diets among sites: mollusks were found in the stomachs of fish from only 2 populations sampled, despite the presence of mollusks in 5 of the 6 sites. Although trophic morphology did match the observed diet in 2 sites, diet did not correlate with either morphology or environmental variables across sites, nor were environmental variables correlated with morphological variation among sites. These results suggest that mismatch can occur among different populations of a single species for reasons such as seasonality in resources, developmental plasticity and/or complex indirect interactions. Intraspecific mechanisms should be further studied in order to better understand the complex relationships between morphological specialization and ecological generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Binning
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1.
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Martínez ML, Raynard EL, Rees BB, Chapman LJ. Oxygen limitation and tissue metabolic potential of the African fish Barbus neumayeri: roles of native habitat and acclimatization. BMC Ecol 2011; 11:2. [PMID: 21251277 PMCID: PMC3037293 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxygen availability in aquatic habitats is a major environmental factor influencing the ecology, behaviour, and physiology of fishes. This study evaluates the contribution of source population and hypoxic acclimatization of the African fish, Barbus neumayeri, in determining growth and tissue metabolic enzyme activities. Individuals were collected from two sites differing dramatically in concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), Rwembaita Swamp (annual average DO 1.35 mgO2 L-1) and Inlet Stream West (annual average DO 5.58 mgO2 L-1) in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and reciprocally transplanted using a cage experiment in the field, allowing us to maintain individuals under natural conditions of oxygen, food availability, and flow. Fish were maintained under these conditions for four weeks and sampled for growth rate and the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) in four tissues, liver, heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. Results Acclimatization to the low DO site resulted in lower growth rates, lower activities of the aerobic enzyme CCO in heart, and higher activities of the glycolytic enzyme PFK in heart and skeletal muscle. The activity of LDH in liver tissue was correlated with site of origin, being higher in fish collected from a hypoxic habitat, regardless of acclimatization treatment. Conclusions Our results suggest that the influence of site of origin and hypoxic acclimatization in determining enzyme activity differs among enzymes and tissues, but both factors contribute to higher glycolytic capacity and lower aerobic capacity in B. neumayeri under naturally-occurring conditions of oxygen limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery L Martínez
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada.
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Michel MJ. Spatial dependence of phenotype-environment associations for tadpoles in natural ponds. Evol Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-010-9441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Crispo E, Chapman LJ. Geographic variation in phenotypic plasticity in response to dissolved oxygen in an African cichlid fish. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2091-2103. [PMID: 20722894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are two ways in which organisms can adapt to local environmental conditions. We examined genetic and plastic variation in gill and brain size among swamp (low oxygen; hypoxic) and river (normal oxygen; normoxic) populations of an African cichlid fish, Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae. Larger gills and smaller brains should be advantageous when oxygen is low, and we hypothesized that the relative contribution of local genetic adaptation vs. phenotypic plasticity should be related to potential for dispersal between environments (because of gene flow's constraint on local genetic adaptation). We conducted a laboratory-rearing experiment, with broods from multiple populations raised under high-oxygen and low-oxygen conditions. We found that most of the variation in gill size was because of plasticity. However, both plastic and genetic effects on brain mass were detected, as were genetic effects on brain mass plasticity. F(1) offspring from populations with the highest potential for dispersal between environments had characteristically smaller and more plastic brains. This phenotypic pattern might be adaptive in the face of gene flow, if smaller brains and increased plasticity confer higher average fitness across environment types.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Crispo
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Binning SA, Chapman LJ, Dumont J. Feeding and breathing: trait correlations in an African cichlid fish. J Zool (1987) 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Binning
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - L. J. Chapman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J. Dumont
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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TOBLER M, CARSON EW. Environmental variation, hybridization, and phenotypic diversification in Cuatro Ciénegas pupfishes. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1475-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pamponet VDCC, Carneiro PLS, Affonso PRADM, Miranda VS, Silva Júnior JC, Oliveira CGD, Gaiotto FA. A multi-approach analysis of the genetic diversity in populations of Astyanax aff. bimaculatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei: Characidae) from Northeastern Brazil. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252008000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Few reports are available about the ichthyofauna of typical semi-arid rivers, although the regional diversity has been constantly threatened by human activities, mainly related to impoundment and construction of dams. The goal of the present work was to evaluate using different methods, the population genetic structure of a characin fish, Astyanax aff. bimaculatus, widespread throughout hydrographic basins of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Morphological (meristic and morphometric data), cytogenetic (karyotype and Ag-NOR), and molecular (RAPD and SPAR) analyses were carried out in specimens collected upstream and downstream of Pedra Dam, in the main channel of Contas River (Contas River Basin), and in the Mineiro stream, which belongs to the adjacent Recôncavo Sul basin. Few external differences were detected among populations, where the individuals collected upstream of Pedra Dam were slightly larger than the others. Cytogenetic data also showed a similar karyotypic pattern (2n=50; 6m+28sm+12st+4a; FN= 96) and NORs located on the short arms of up to two chromosome pairs, with numerical inter- and intra-populational variation. Nonetheless, RAPD and SPAR analyses differentiated reliably the three populations, revealing striking differences in the allele frequencies among the localities studied and a significant difference in population structure index (Fst=0.1868, P<0.0001). The differences between populations within a same river were as significant as those between distinct hydrographic basins, indicating that the dam/reservoir represents an effective barrier to gene flow. Additionally, environmental peculiarities from each locality are also believed to influence the genetic patterns detected herein. On the other hand, the similarity between samples from Contas River and Recôncavo Sul basins could be related to a common evolutionary history, since both basins are geographically close to each other. Finally, the present study shows that a multi-approach analysis is particularly useful in identifying the population structure of widely distributed species and to evaluate the impacts of human activities on natural fish populations.
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Langerhans RB. Predictability of phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes. Integr Comp Biol 2008; 48:750-68. [PMID: 21669830 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icn092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish inhabit environments greatly varying in intensity of water velocity, and these flow regimes are generally believed to be of major evolutionary significance. To what extent does water flow drive repeatable and predictable phenotypic differentiation? Although many investigators have examined phenotypic variation across flow gradients in fishes, no clear consensus regarding the nature of water velocity's effects on phenotypic diversity has yet emerged. Here, I describe a generalized model that produces testable hypotheses of morphological and locomotor differentiation between flow regimes in fishes. The model combines biomechanical information (describing how fish morphology determines locomotor abilities) with ecological information (describing how locomotor performance influences fitness) to yield predictions of divergent natural selection and phenotypic differentiation between low-flow and high-flow environments. To test the model's predictions of phenotypic differentiation, I synthesized the existing literature and conducted a meta-analysis. Based on results gathered from 80 studies, providing 115 tests of predictions, the model produced some accurate results across both intraspecific and interspecific scales, as differences in body shape, caudal fin shape, and steady-swimming performance strongly matched predictions. These results suggest that water flow drives predictable phenotypic variation in disparate groups of fish based on a common, generalized model, and that microevolutionary processes might often scale up to generate broader, interspecific patterns. However, too few studies have examined differentiation in body stiffness, muscle architecture, or unsteady-swimming performance to draw clear conclusions for those traits. The analysis revealed that, at the intraspecific scale, both genetic divergence and phenotypic plasticity play important roles in phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes, but we do not yet know the relative importance of these two sources of phenotypic variation. Moreover, while major patterns within and between species were predictable, we have little direct evidence regarding the role of water flow in driving speciation or generating broad, macroevolutionary patterns, as too few studies have addressed these topics or conducted analyses within a phylogenetic framework. Thus, flow regime does indeed drive some predictable phenotypic outcomes, but many questions remain unanswered. This study establishes a general model for predicting phenotypic differentiation across flow regimes in fishes, and should help guide future studies in fruitful directions, thereby enhancing our understanding of the predictability of phenotypic variation in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brian Langerhans
- *Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Tobler M, DeWitt TJ, Schlupp I, García de León FJ, Herrmann R, Feulner PG, Tiedemann R, Plath M. TOXIC HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND DARK CAVES: PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC DIVERGENCE ACROSS TWO ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS INPOECILIA MEXICANA. Evolution 2008; 62:2643-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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