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Johnson BN, Peters HE, Lambalk CB, Dolan CV, Willemsen G, Ligthart L, Mijatovic V, Hottenga JJ, Ehli EA, Boomsma DI. Male microchimerism in females: a quantitative study of twin pedigrees to investigate mechanisms. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2529-2537. [PMID: 34293108 PMCID: PMC8373473 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does having a male co-twin, older brothers, or sons lead to an increased probability of persistent male microchimerism in female members of twin pedigrees? SUMMARY ANSWER The presence of a male co-twin did not increase risk of male microchimerism and the prevalence of male microchimerism was not explained by having male offspring or by having an older brother. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Microchimerism describes the presence of cells within an organism that originate from another zygote and is commonly described as resulting from pregnancy in placental mammals. It is associated with diseases with a female predilection including autoimmune diseases and pregnancy-related complications. However, microchimerism also occurs in nulliparous women; signifying gaps in the understanding of risk factors contributing to persistent microchimerism and the origin of the minor cell population. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This cross-sectional study composed of 446 adult female participants of the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants included in the study were female monozygotic (MZ) twins, female dizygotic same-sex twins and females of dizygotic opposite-sex twin pairs, along with the mothers and sisters of these twins. Peripheral blood samples collected from adult female participants underwent DNA extraction and were biobanked prior to the study. To detect the presence of male-origin microchimerism, DNA samples were tested for the relative quantity of male specific Y chromosome gene DYS14 compared to a common β-globin gene using a highly sensitive quantitative PCR assay. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We observed a large number of women (26.9%) having detectable male microchimerism in their peripheral blood samples. The presence of a male co-twin did not increase risk of male microchimerism (odds ratio (OR) = 1.23: SE 0.40, P = 0.61) and the prevalence of male microchimerism was not explained by having male offspring (OR 0.90: SE 0.19, P = 0.63) or by having an older brother (OR = 1.46: SE 0.32, P = 0.09). The resemblance (correlation) for the presence of microchimerism was similar (P = 0.66) in MZ pairs (0.27; SE 0.37) and in first-degree relatives (0.091; SE 0.092). However, age had a positive relationship with the presence of male microchimerism (P = 0.02). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION After stratifying for variables of interest, some participant groups resulted in a low numbers of subjects. We investigated microchimerism in peripheral blood due to the proposed mechanism of cell acquisition via transplacental blood exchange; however, this does not represent global chimerism in the individual and microchimerism may localize to numerous other tissues. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Immune regulation during pregnancy is known to mitigate allosensitization and support tolerance to non-inherited antigens found on donor cells. While unable to identify a specific source that promotes microchimerism prevalence within pedigrees, this study points to the underlying complexities of natural microchimerism in the general population. These findings support previous studies which have identified the presence of male microchimerism among women with no history of pregnancy, suggesting alternative sources of microchimerism. The association of detectable male microchimerism with age is suggestive of additional factors including time, molecular characteristics and environment playing a critical role in the prevalence of persistent microchimerism. The present study necessitates investigation into the molecular underpinnings of natural chimerism to provide insight into women’s health, transplant medicine and immunology. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work is funded by Royal Netherlands Academy of Science Professor Award (PAH/6635 to D.I.B.); The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)—Genotype/phenotype database for behavior genetic and genetic epidemiological studies (ZonMw 911-09-032); Biobanking and Biomolecular Research Infrastructure (BBMRI–NL, 184.021.007; 184.033.111); The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)—Netherlands Twin Registry Repository (NWO-Groot 480-15-001/674); the National Institutes of Health—The Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository cooperative agreement (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), Grand Opportunity grants Integration of genomics and transcriptomics in normal twins and major depression (NIMH 1RC2 MH089951-01), and Developmental trajectories of psychopathology (NIMH 1RC2 MH089995); and European Research Council—Genetics of Mental Illness (ERC 230374). C.B.L. declares a competing interest as editor-in-chief of Human Reproduction and his department receives unrestricted research grants from Ferring, Merck and Guerbet. All remaining authors have no conflict-of-interest to declare in regards to this work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Johnson
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H E Peters
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C B Lambalk
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C V Dolan
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Ligthart
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Mijatovic
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Kumar D, Talluri TR, Selokar NL, Hyder I, Kues WA. Perspectives of pluripotent stem cells in livestock. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1-29. [PMID: 33584977 PMCID: PMC7859985 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in derivation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from farm animals opens new approaches not only for reproduction, genetic engineering, treatment and conservation of these species, but also for screening novel drugs for their efficacy and toxicity, and modelling of human diseases. Initial attempts to derive PSCs from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stages in farm animals were largely unsuccessful as either the cells survived for only a few passages, or lost their cellular potency; indicating that the protocols which allowed the derivation of murine or human embryonic stem (ES) cells were not sufficient to support the maintenance of ES cells from farm animals. This scenario changed by the innovation of induced pluripotency and by the development of the 3 inhibitor culture conditions to support naïve pluripotency in ES cells from livestock species. However, the long-term culture of livestock PSCs while maintaining the full pluripotency is still challenging, and requires further refinements. Here, we review the current achievements in the derivation of PSCs from farm animals, and discuss the potential application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Thirumala R Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner 334001, India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Department of Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram 521102, India
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Institute of Animal Health, Neustadt 31535, Germany
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3
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Babochkina TI, Gerlinskaya LA, Moshkin MP. Generation of donor organs in chimeric animals via blastocyst complementation. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:913-921. [PMID: 35088005 PMCID: PMC8763716 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of organs for transplantation is an important problem in medicine today. The growth of organs
in chimeric animals may be the solution of this. The proposed technology is the interspecific blastocyst complementation method in combination with genomic editing for obtaining “free niches” and pluripotent stem cell
production methods. The CRISPR/Cas9 method allows the so-called “free niches” to be obtained for blastocyst
complementation. The technologies of producing induced pluripotent stem cells give us the opportunity to obtain human donor cells capable of populating a “free niche”. Taken together, these technologies allow interspecific
blastocyst complementation between humans and other animals, which makes it possible in the future to grow
human organs for transplantations inside chimeric animals. However, in practice, in order to achieve successful
interspecific blastocyst complementation, it is necessary to solve a number of problems: to improve methods for
producing “chimeric competent” cells, to overcome specific interspecific barriers, to select compatible cell developmental stages for injection and the corresponding developmental stage of the host embryo, to prevent apoptosis of donor cells and to achieve effective proliferation of the human donor cells in the host animal. Also, it is
very important to analyze the ethical aspects related to developing technologies of chimeric organisms with the
participation of human cells. Today, many researchers are trying to solve these problems and also to establish new
approaches in the creation of interspecific chimeric organisms in order to grow human organs for transplantation.
In the present review we described the historical stages of the development of the blastocyst complementation
method, examined in detail the technologies that underlie modern blastocyst complementation, and analyzed
current progress that gives us the possibility to grow human organs in chimeric animals. We also considered the
barriers and issues preventing the successful implementation of interspecific blastocyst complementation in practice, and discussed the further development of this method
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Babochkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - L A Gerlinskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Choi EJ, Kim SR, Kim YJ, Kang SM, Kim GY, Kim JH, Lee YJ. Clinical and Genetic Analysis of an Infertile Male with 46,XX/46,XY Chimerism. Andrologia 2018; 51:e13215. [PMID: 30536450 DOI: 10.1111/and.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sex chromosome-discordant chimerism 46,XX/46,XY is rarely found in humans with a phenotypically normal appearance, and this lack of phenotypic changes and the rarity of chimerism make it difficult to identify its exact incidence. Here, we report a case of this sex chromosome-discordant chimerism diagnosed by cytogenic and molecular analyses of peripheral blood in a phenotypically normal male who was referred to our facility for infertility. Based on the karyotype, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and short tandem repeat (STR) analyses, the type of this chimerism was determined to be tetragametic presenting four alleles at two loci on chromosomes 16 and 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Choi
- iDream Research Center, Mizmedi Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Young Joo Kim
- iDream Research Center, Mizmedi Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Man Kang
- iDream Research Center, Mizmedi Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Young Kim
- Department of Urology, Mizmedi Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Urology, Mizmedi Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jin Lee
- iDream Research Center, Mizmedi Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Dauber EM, Mayr WR, Hustinx H, Schönbacher M, Budde H, Legler TJ, König M, Haas OA, Fritsch G, Körmöczi GF. Somatic mosaicisms of chromosome 1 at two different stages of ontogenetic development detected by Rh blood group discrepancies. Haematologica 2018; 104:632-638. [PMID: 30237270 PMCID: PMC6395338 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.201293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous Rh blood group changes are a striking sign, reported to occur mainly in patients with hematologic disorders. Upon routine blood grouping, 2 unrelated individuals showed unexplained mixed red cell phenotype regarding the highly immunogenic c antigen (RH4), clinically relevant for blood transfusion and fetomaternal incompatibility. About half of their red cells were c-positive, whereas the other half were c-negative. These apparently hematologically healthy females had no history of transfusion or transplantation, and they tested negative for chimerism. Genotyping of flanking chromosome 1 microsatellites in blood, finger nails, hair, leukocyte subpopulations, and erythroid progenitor cells showed partial loss of heterozygosity encompassing the RHD/RHCE loci, spanning a 1p region of 26.7 or 42.4 Mb, respectively. Remarkably, in one case this was detected in all investigated tissues, whereas in the other, exclusively myeloid cells showed loss of heterozygosity. Both carried the RhD-positive haplotypes CDe and the RhD-negative haplotype cde. RHD/RHCE genotypes of single erythroid colonies and dual-color fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses indicated loss of the cde haplotype and duplication of the CDe haplotype in the altered cell line. Accordingly, red cell C antigen (RH2) levels of both propositae were higher than those of heterozygous controls. Taken together, the Rhc phenotype splitting appeared to be caused by deletion of a part of 1p followed by duplication of homologous stretches of the sister chromosome. In one case, this phenomenon was confined to myeloid stem cells, while in the other, a pluripotent stem cell line was affected, demonstrating somatic mosaicism at different stages of ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Dauber
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Mayr
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Hein Hustinx
- Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross (SRK), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marlies Schönbacher
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Budde
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Legler
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Margit König
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar A Haas
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Fritsch
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther F Körmöczi
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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6
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Laursen RJ, Alsbjerg B, Vogel I, Gravholt CH, Elbaek H, Lildballe DL, Humaidan P, Vestergaard EM. Case of successful IVF treatment of an oligospermic male with 46,XX/46,XY chimerism. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1325-1328. [PMID: 29713857 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We present a case of an infertile male with 46,XX/46,XYchimerism fathering a child after ICSI procedure. METHODS Conventional cytogenetic analysis on chromosomes, derived from lymphocytes, using standard Q-banding procedures with a 450-550-band resolution and short-tandem-repeat analysis of 14 loci. RESULTS Analysis of 20 metaphases from lymphocytes indicated that the proband was a karyotypic mosaic with an almost equal distribution between male and female cell lines. In total, 12 of 20 (60%) metaphases exhibited a normal female karyotype 46,XX, while 8 of 20 (40%) metaphases demonstrated a normal male karyotype 46,XY. No structural chromosomal abnormalities were present. Out of 14 STR loci, two loci (D18S51 and D21S11) showed four different alleles in peripheral blood, buccal mucosal cells, conjunctival mucosal cells, and seminal fluid. In three loci (D2S1338, D7S820, and vWA), three alleles were detected with quantitative differences that indicated presence of four alleles. In DNA extracted from washed semen, four alleles were detected in one locus, and three alleles were detected in three loci. This pattern is consistent with tetragametic chimerism. There were no quantitative significant differences in peak heights between maternal and paternal alleles. STR-analysis on DNA from the son confirmed paternity. CONCLUSION We report a unique case with 46,XX/46,XY chimerism confirmed to be tetragametic, demonstrated in several tissues, with male phenotype and no genital ambiguity with oligospermia fathering a healthy child after IVF with ICSI procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Laursen
- The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark.
| | - B Alsbjerg
- The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark.,Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - I Vogel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C H Gravholt
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Elbaek
- The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark
| | - D L Lildballe
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P Humaidan
- The Fertility Clinic, Skive Regional Hospital, Skive, Denmark.,Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E M Vestergaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Abstract
As chimeras transform from beasts of Greek mythology into tools of contemporary bioscience, secrets of developmental biology and evolutionary divergence are being revealed. Recent advances in stem cell biology and interspecies chimerism have generated new models with extensive basic and translational applications, including generation of transplantable, patient-specific organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
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8
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9
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Palacios-González C. The ethics of killing human/great-ape chimeras for their organs: a reply to Shaw et al. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2016; 19:215-25. [PMID: 26294174 PMCID: PMC4880624 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-015-9658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to critically examine David Shaw, Wybo Dondorp, and Guido de Wert's arguments in favour of the procurement of human organs from human/nonhuman-primate chimeras, specifically from great-ape/human chimeras. My main claim is that their arguments fail and are in need of substantial revision. To prove this I first introduce the topic, and then reconstruct Shaw et al.'s position and arguments. Next, I show that Shaw et al.: (1) failed to properly apply the subsidiarity and proportionality principles; (2) neglected species overlapping cases in their ethical assessment; (3) ignored the ethics literature on borderline persons; and (4) misunderstood McMahan's two-tiered moral theory. These mistakes render an important part of their conclusions either false or problematic to the point that they would no longer endorse them. Finally I will briefly mention a possible multipolar solution to the human organ shortage problem that would reduce the need for chimeras' organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Palacios-González
- Institute for Science Ethics and Innovation, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL Stopford Building, Room 3.383, Manchester, UK.
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10
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Palacios-González C. Human dignity and the creation of human-nonhuman chimeras. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2015; 18:487-499. [PMID: 25981681 PMCID: PMC4591198 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-015-9644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work I present a detailed critique of the dignity-related arguments that have been advanced against the creation of human-nonhuman chimeras that could possess human-like mental capacities. My main claim is that the arguments so far advanced are incapable of grounding a principled objection against the creation of such creatures. I conclude that these arguments have one, or more, of the following problems: (a) they confuse the ethical assessment of the creation of chimeras with the ethical assessment of how such creatures would be treated in specific contexts (e.g. in the laboratory), (b) they misrepresent how a being could be treated solely as means towards others' ends,
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Affiliation(s)
- César Palacios-González
- Institute for Science Ethics and Innovation, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Stopford Building, Room 3.383, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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11
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Nomura R, Miyai K, Okada M, Kajiwara M, Ono M, Ogata T, Onishi I, Sato M, Sekine M, Akashi T, Mizutani S, Kashimada K. A 45,X/46,XY DSD (Disorder of Sexual Development) case with an extremely uneven distribution of 46,XY cells between lymphocytes and gonads. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 24:11-4. [PMID: 25678755 PMCID: PMC4322288 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.24.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In 45,X/46,XY DSDs, the proportion of the two cell lineages is uneven in different organs
and tissues, and 45,X and 46,XY cells can be found throughout the body. The gonadal
development of 45,X/46,XY patients depends on the population of 46,XY cells in the gonads
and the clinical features are variable. We had a 45,X/46,XY DSD patient whose 46,XY
population in peripheral blood was extremely low, less than 0.2%, and was not detected by
FISH analysis. However, the patient showed bilateral testicular development and more than
50% of the cells in the gonads had the 46,XY karyotype. This case suggests that a
drastically imbalanced distribution could occur in 45,X/46,XY DSD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nomura
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyai
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Kajiwara
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ono
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Iichiro Onishi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Mana Sato
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaki Sekine
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Takumi Akashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuki Mizutani
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Andreani M, Testi M, Lucarelli G. Mixed chimerism in haemoglobinopathies: from risk of graft rejection to immune tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 83:137-46. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Andreani
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology; IME Foundation at Polyclinic of Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - M. Testi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology; IME Foundation at Polyclinic of Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - G. Lucarelli
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia; IME Foundation at Polyclinic of Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
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13
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Sugawara N, Kimura Y, Araki Y. A successful second delivery outcome using refrozen thawed testicular sperm from an infertile male true hermaphrodite with a 46, XX/46, XY karyotype: case report. Hum Cell 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-012-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Dreger DL, Schmutz SM. A case of canine chimerism diagnosed using coat color tests. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:253-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Yu Q, Li Q, Gao S, Su Y, Deng Z. Congenital Tetragametic Blood Chimerism Explains a Case of Questionable Paternity*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:1346-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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K¨orm¨oczi G. I06 Unusual RhD phenotypes recent advances and clinical implications. Blood Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0268-960x(07)70007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Bluth MH, Reid ME, Manny N. Chimerism in the immunohematology laboratory in the molecular biology era. Transfus Med Rev 2007; 21:134-46. [PMID: 17397763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dual or multiple cell populations, induced by chimeras, have been the subject of many studies. This long-standing fascination with chimeras has revealed a good deal of knowledge about human inheritance. Although historically most chimeras were caused by natural events, certain current medical intervention therapies are increasing the number of situations that can lead to a mixed cell population, that is, the chimeric condition, in humans. Medical therapies such as transfusion, stem cell transplantation, kidney transplantation, and artificial insemination induce temporary and sometimes permanent chimeras. Such natural or therapeutically induced presentations of chimerism can present challenging issues to the clinical immunohematology laboratory with regard to interpretation of results and subsequent patient management. The purpose of this review was to highlight some of these chimeric states and hypothesize how testing DNA from various tissues can cause apparent discrepancies between phenotype and genotype results.
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Cho D, Lee SK, Yazer MH, Shin MG, Shin JH, Suh SP, Song JW, Jeon MJ, Kim JY, Park JT, Ryang DW. A dispermic chimera with mixed field blood group B and mosaic 46,XY/47,XYY karyotype. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:553-6. [PMID: 17596670 PMCID: PMC2693654 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.3.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimerism in humans is a rare phenomenon often initially identified in the resolution of an ABO blood type discrepancy. We report a dispermic chimera who presented with mixed field in his B antigen typing that might have been mistaken for the B3 subtype. The propositus is a healthy Korean male blood donor. Neither his clinical history nor initial molecular investigation of his ABO gene explained his mixed field agglutination with murine anti-B. Chimerism was suspected, and 9 short tandem repeat (STR) loci were analyzed on DNA extracted from blood, buccal swabs, and hair from this donor and on DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes from his parents. The propositus' red blood cells demonstrated mixed field agglutination with anti-B. Exon 6 and 7 and flanking intronic regions of his ABO gene were sequenced and revealed an O01/O02 genotype. B allele haplotype-specific PCR, along with exon 6 and 7 cloning and sequencing demonstrated a third ABO allele, B101. Four STR loci demonstrated a pattern consistent with a double paternal chromosome contribution in the propositus, thus confirming chimerism. His karyotype revealed a mosaic pattern: 32/50 metaphases were 46,XY and 18/50 metaphases demonstrated 47,XYY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang Ku Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mark Harris Yazer
- The Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, U.S.A
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soon Pal Suh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Ryang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital & Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Martin A. The chimera of liberal individualism: how cells became selves in human clinical genetics. OSIRIS 2007; 22:205-222. [PMID: 18175469 DOI: 10.1086/521749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using Ian Hacking's notion of "making up people", this paper argues that human chimeras--people who contain more than one genetically distinct cell population--have been made up. As with multiple personality, the discourse surrounding the phenomenon of chimerism offers a novel vantage point for examining the socio-political processes of subject formation. Evidence from archives, interviews with cell scientists, and popular sources will show that, in a strange leap that has come to seem self-evident, journalists, laypeople, and even scientists have come to equate genomes with selves and hence conclude that chimeras are more than one person. Thus far, the challenge that chimeras pose to the simple alignment of genome-body-person has been limited both by relegating chimeras to freak show status and by liberal institutions' demands that individuals be singular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryn Martin
- Department of Sociology, York University, 2150 Vari Hall, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Mosebach M, Parkner A, Jakubiczka S, Wieacker P, Heim MU. Dispermic chimerism identified during blood group determination and HLA typing. Transfusion 2006; 46:1978-81. [PMID: 17076853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimerism is the presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations in one organism. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We report the identification of dispermic chimerism in a 19-year-old female volunteer blood donor. During routine ABO blood grouping strong reactions of the blood donors red blood cells (RBCs) with anti-A reagents and mixed-field reactions with anti-B reagents were observed, while serum-testing showed the absence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies. AB0 blood group genotyping, HLA-typing and microsatellite analysis were performed using blood-samples, buccal mucosa and fibroblasts of the blood-donor and blood-samples of her parents. RESULTS AB0 blood group genotyping showed three ABO blood group alleles (0(1), A(2) and B) in the DNA-samples of the blood-donor. The evidence of chimerism was supported by the detection of three alleles for the HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 loci. Microsatellite analysis with ten markers revealed three alleles for loci D7S821 and D19S412. All studies carried out, the third allele was always of paternal origin. CONCLISION: The results suggested a case of a human dispermic chimerism. Our proposed explanation for the development of chimerism in the reported case is the fertilization of an oocyte and the corresponding second polar body by two different sperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Mosebach
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology and the Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Human spontaneous chimerism, with one body built from cells of both twins of a dizygotic (DZ) pair, is supposed to be extremely rare, arising from the exchange of blood cells through placental anastomoses. Mosaicism is supposed to be far more common, arising from single zygotes by embryonic mutation. Because typical diagnosis of mosaicism can neither identify nor exclude chimerism, 'mosaicism' may often be chimerism undiscovered. Evidence shows chimerism arises primarily from DZ embryo fusion and is not rare, although it has negligible probability under the hypothesis of independent double ovulation and independent embryogenesis. If, instead, DZ twin embryos begin development as a single cell mass, chimerism is likely. This would be consistent with observations that DZ twins develop as differently from singletons as monozygotic twins do with regard to embryogenic establishment of asymmetries of midline neural-crest-driven structures of brain, face and heart. Chimerism is a significant component of human embryonic development that deserves closer attention as a mechanism of developmental variation. The 'common knowledge' understanding of twinning mechanisms is at best inadequate. The importance of the difference lies in what we can learn from chimerism about human embryogenesis and the cellular origins of structures and functions basic to the business of becoming human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Boklage
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, 3N72 Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville NC 27834, USA.
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22
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McCann SR, Crampe M, Molloy K, Lawler M. Hemopoietic chimerism following stem cell transplantation. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 32:55-61. [PMID: 15737874 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic chimerism is a measure of the number of donor and recipient cells in the host following stem cell transplantation (SCT). The type of conditioning therapy prior to SCT has a major impact on the chimeric status in the recipient. Different techniques of measurement have varying sensitivities. The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of short tandem repeats (STR) using fluorescent amplification permits quantification using Genescan analysis. When SCT is used for malignant haematological disorders, measurement of chimeric status may indicate early relapse and in aplastic anemia graft rejection. Reduced intensity or T-cell depletion is associated with mixed haemopoietic chimerism. SCT for benign haematological disorders does not require complete donor chimerism for a successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun R McCann
- Department of Hematology, St James's Hospital/University of Dublin, Trinity College, Durkan Building, Trinity Center, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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23
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Sugawara N, Tokunaga Y, Maeda M, Komaba R, Araki Y. A successful pregnancy outcome using frozen testicular sperm from a chimeric infertile male with a 46, XX/46, XY karyotype: Case report. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:147-8. [PMID: 15513973 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a very rare case of the successful delivery of a healthy infant fathered by an infertile chimera. METHODS ICSI was performed using frozen sperm. The karyotypes of peripheral lymphocytes were examined with a G-banding stain. RESULTS Chromosomal analysis prior to ICSI revealed a 46, XX [28]/46, XY [2] karyotype chimera. As an infant, the subject was diagnosed as a true hermaphrodite, and underwent a hysterectomy and oophorectomy. A small number of sperm were found in minced testicular tissue, and they were stored for ICSI. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a successful pregnancy and delivery of a healthy infant fathered by an infertile chimera (46, XX/46, XY) following ICSI using frozen testicular sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sugawara
- Iwaki Women's Clinic, 3-2, Ookishita, Uchigo, Iwaki, Fukushima, 973-8403, Japan.
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24
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Williams CA, Wallace MR, Drury KC, Kipersztok S, Edwards RK, Williams RS, Haller MJ, Schatz DA, Silverstein JH, Gray BA, Zori RT. Blood lymphocyte chimerism associated with IVF and monochorionic dizygous twinning: Case report. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:2816-21. [PMID: 15375077 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on dizygotic (DZ) twins, conceived by IVF and ICSI with assisted hatching, who each had a mixture of 46,XX and 46,XY cells in blood lymphocytes. The female twin had mild genitalia abnormalities but further study revealed anatomically normal reproductive anatomy. Chromosome and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies of buccal, skin and ovarian tissue were normal, as were buccal tissue DNA studies. Fetal ultrasound and fetal membrane pathology were consistent with a monochorionic, diamniotic placenta (MCDAP). These twins thus have blood chimerism but are not chimeric in the other tissues studied. The mechanism for the chimerism could be due to either placental vascular anastamoses (after the development of the haematoblast stem cells) or due to an admixture of trophoblast cells during early blastocyst development. Such trophoblast cell admixtures would be restricted to the extraembryonic tissues so that general physical development in the fetus is normal and without somatic cell chimerism. This case in combination with others previously reported suggests that in IVF conceptions, the prevalence of blood chimerism associated with twinning, and the occurrence of DZ twinning associated with MCDAP, may be higher than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Williams
- The R.C.Philips Unit, Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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25
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McKinney-Freeman S, Goodell MA. Circulating hematopoietic stem cells do not efficiently home to bone marrow during homeostasis. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:868-76. [PMID: 15345289 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), normally resident in bone marrow, can be detected in the murine and human circulation. It is thought that HSC move in and out of bone marrow daily and that returning HSC are generally equivalent to their bone marrow counterparts in phenotype and function. However, large numbers of mononuclear blood cells are required to rescue animals from lethal irradiation, indicating either that the prevalence of circulating HSC is low, or they are inherently deficient in their repopulating ability. Accordingly, recent data suggest that circulating HSC may be unable to stably engraft WBM under homeostatic conditions. The purpose of this study was to explore these dynamics in detail using parabiosis and bone marrow transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The WBM and skeletal muscle HSC stem cell compartments of parabiosed CD45 congenic mice were analyzed functionally (via bone marrow transplantation) and phenotypically (via flow cytometry) for circulating stem cells at specific time points postparabiosis and after surgical separation. RESULTS Surprisingly, we find that stem cells trafficking out of bone marrow and into the circulation do not stably return to bone marrow, although long-lived lymphoid precursors do stably re-engraft. Circulating HSC do, however, take up residence in skeletal muscle, wherein they account for HSC activity. CONCLUSION Circulating HSC are not in flux with the bone marrow HSC and can persist in peripheral tissues.
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Simon-Bouy B, Plachot M, Mokdad A, Muti C, Bazin A, Vialard F, Belaisch-Allart J. Diagnostic prénatal d’une probable chimère humaine après fécondation in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 32:143-6. [PMID: 15123138 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chimerism is the coexistence of more than one cell line in an individual, due to the fusion of originally separate zygotes. It has been very rarely described in humans. A 36-year-old woman referred for in vitro fertilization (IVF) had three embryos transferred leading to a monofetal pregnancy. Ultrasound examination at 17 weeks showed severe intrauterine growth retardation. Amniocentesis revealed a mixture of 46,XY and 46,XX clones. Histopathologic examination showed a dysmorphic fetus with female phenotype and severe growth retardation. Fusion of two of the three embryos (one male and one female) seems to be the most probable mechanism that could explain both cytogenetic and histopathologic observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Simon-Bouy
- Laboratoire SESEP, université de Versailles, 45, avenue des Etats-Unis, 78000 Versailles, France.
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27
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Souter VL, Kapur RP, Nyholt DR, Skogerboe K, Myerson D, Ton CC, Opheim KE, Easterling TR, Shields LE, Montgomery GW, Glass IA. A report of dizygous monochorionic twins. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:154-8. [PMID: 12853588 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne L Souter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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28
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Glock B, Wagner T, Dauber E, Reisacher R, Stadlbacher S, Tröscher D, Rennhofer S, Lanzer G, Mayr W. Investigation of chimerism in a healthy, adult female by means of minisatellite and microsatellite typing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5131(02)00298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yu N, Kruskall MS, Yunis JJ, Knoll JHM, Uhl L, Alosco S, Ohashi M, Clavijo O, Husain Z, Yunis EJ, Yunis JJ, Yunis EJ. Disputed maternity leading to identification of tetragametic chimerism. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1545-52. [PMID: 12015394 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa013452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neng Yu
- American Red Cross Blood Services, New England Region, Dedham, Mass, USA
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31
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Sudik R, Jakubiczka S, Nawroth F, Gilberg E, Wieacker PF. Chimerism in a fertile woman with 46,XY karyotype and female phenotype. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:56-58. [PMID: 11139536 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/16.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the unexpected finding of a 46,XY karyotype in a 30 year-old woman with normal ovarian function and a former pregnancy at 17 years of age. Chromosome analysis was performed prior to intracyoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), due to infertility of her husband. Repeated chromosome analysis in lymphocytes of the female resulted in a normal male karyotype. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of cultured lymphocyte interphase nuclei detected in 99% of the cells one X and one Y chromosome-specific signal respectively, whereas two X chromosome-specific signals were observed in only 1% of the nuclei. Chromosome analysis of fibroblasts of ovarian and muscular tissues as well as of skin revealed a normal female karyotype (46,XX). Chimerism could be proven by variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis. Since the case history of the patient revealed that her twin brother died shortly after birth, it can be assumed that chimerism is caused by feto-fetal transfusion during pregnancy and delivery of the proposita.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sudik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Neubrandenburg, Germany
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32
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Viëtor HE, Hamel BC, van Bree SP, van der Meer EM, Smeets DF, Otten BJ, Holl RA, Claas FH. Immunological tolerance in an HLA non-identical chimeric twin. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:190-2. [PMID: 10689108 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Blood group chimeric twins offer a unique opportunity to study immunological tolerance in humans. Although this condition is not as rare as previously considered, detailed immunological studies of blood group chimeras are lacking. We describe here a case of secondary chimerism in a dizygotic twin of opposite gender. The karyotypes of the cultured fibroblast confirmed the sex of each twin, all cells in the boy were 46, XY and all cells in the girl were 46, XX. Molecular HLA typing on fibroblasts revealed HLA-DR, DQ and DP disparities between the two siblings. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) revealed a mutual absence of alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Viëtor
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Barta A, Bátai A, Kelemen E, Lengyel L, Reményi P, Sipos A, Torbágyi E, Avalos M, Fekete E, Földi J, Páldi-Haris P, Tamáska J, Gyódi E, Rajczy K, Hoffer I, Jakab J, Petrányi GG, Pálóczi K. Immunological importance of chimerism in transplantation: new conditioning protocol in BMT and the development of chimeric state. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:101-10. [PMID: 10717801 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chimerism is an exceptional immunogenetic state, characterized by the survival and collaboration of cell populations originated from two different individuals. The prerequisits to induce chimerism are immuno-suppression, myeloablation, or severe immunodeficiency of the recipients on the one side and donor originated immuno-hematopoietic cells in the graft on the other. The pathologic or special immunogenetic conditions to establish chimerism are combined with bone marrow transplantation, transfusion, and various kinds of solid organ grafting. Different types of chimerism are known including complete, mixed and mosaic, or split chimerism. There are various methods used to detect the type of chimera state, depending on the immunogenetic differences between the donor and recipient. The induction of complete or mixed chimerism is first determinated by the effect of myeloablative therapy. The chimera state seems to be one of the leading factors to influence the course of the post-transplant period, the frequency and severity of GVHD, and the rate of relapse. However, the most important contribution of the chimeric state is in development of graft versus leukemia effect. A new conditioning protocol (DBM/Ara-C/Cy) for allogeneic BMT in CML patients and its consequence on chimera state and GVL effect is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barta
- National Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Budapest, Hungary
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Anan K, Suzuki H, Iwasaki M, Kobayashi K. Genomic analysis of ABO chimeras and mosaics using hematopoietic colony-derived DNA. Transfusion 1999; 39:1247-55. [PMID: 10604253 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1999.39111247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there are many case reports dealing with ABO mosaicism and chimerism, there have been few attempts to determine the patient's genotype. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Peripheral blood and buccal mucosa were obtained from three persons with ABO mosaicism or chimerism. DNA extracted from hematopoietic progenitor cell-derived colonies and from peripheral blood and buccal mucosa were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. In addition, analyses of short tandem repeat markers were carried out. RESULTS Hematopoietic progenitor cell-derived DNA analysis revealed that, in two of the three persons there were 2 apparently distinct progenitor cell lineages whose percentages were close to those in the peripheral blood of the patients, as analyzed by flow cytometry; the exception was Subject 3, who had myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Short tandem repeat analysis showed that the former two subjects had two pairs of ABO alleles and the latter subject, with MDS, had loss of heterozygosity in some colony-derived DNA as well as blood DNA. CONCLUSION The subjects without MDS had two distinct hematopoietic cell lineages that led to their ABO chimeric status. The subject with MDS was assumed to have an ABO mosaicism caused by the somatic deletion of the ABO gene in the hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anan
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
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35
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Abstract
Twin blood group chimerism seems to be very rare in humans. The 30-40 previously reported cases usually were found by mere coincidence during routine blood grouping in hospitals or blood banks. Usually in these cases frank blood group mixtures of, for example, 50/50%, 25/75%, or 5/95% at most were seen. Smaller percentages are very difficult to notice during routine work-up. Using a sensitive fluorescence technique (sensitivity > 0.01%) we detected blood group chimerism in 32/415 (8%) twin pairs and 12/57 (21%) triplet pairs, respectively, which is a higher incidence than reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van Dijk
- Blood Transfusion Department, University Hospital St. Radboud, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Turner
- Department of Haematology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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37
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Verp MS, Harrison HH, Ober C, Oliveri D, Amarose AP, Lindgren V, Talerman A. Chimerism as the etiology of a 46,XX/46,XY fertile true hermaphrodite. Fertil Steril 1992; 57:346-9. [PMID: 1735486 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the conceptional events resulting in a 46,XX/46,XY true hermaphrodite and to report the first pregnancy in a 46,XX/46,XY true hermaphrodite with an ovotestis. DESIGN Chromosome studies were performed on patient lymphocytes and fibroblasts. Red cell antigens, human leukocyte antigens, and presence of Y-chromosome deoxyribonucleic acid were analyzed. Findings were compared with parental and sibling blood group data. SETTING Genetics clinic and laboratories of a university hospital. RESULTS These studies demonstrated that our patient is a chimera, with dual maternal and paternal contributions. In addition, despite the presence of an ovotestis, she conceived and delivered a child. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism for chimerism in this case could be fertilization of (1) the secondary oocyte and first polar body; (2) the ovum and first polar body; (3) the ovum and second polar body; or (4) fusion of two embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Verp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Lying-In Hospital, Illinois
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38
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Van de Leur SJ, Zeilmaker GH. Double fertilization in vitro and the origin of human chimerism. Fertil Steril 1990; 54:539-40. [PMID: 2397800 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)53780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A human embryo consisting of two cells, each containing two pronuclei, was found in the IVF laboratory. The most likely explanation for this phenomenon is a parthenogenetic activation of an oocyte leading to immediate cleavage and followed by double fertilization. Human chimerism may originate in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Van de Leur
- Department of Endocrinology, Growth, and Reproduction, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zuffardi O, Gargantini L, Lambiase S, Lo Curto F, Maraschio P, Ford CE. Presumptive mosaic origin of an XX/XY female with ambiguous genitalia. J Med Genet 1987; 24:177-80. [PMID: 3573003 PMCID: PMC1049955 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.24.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A child with ambiguous genitalia had an XX/XY karyotype in all tissues examined. Analyses of 11 informative polymorphisms, both chromosomal and genetic (Rh and HLA), showed no difference between the two cell lines. It is unlikely that the child originated from fertilisation of the egg and the second polar body by two sperms; therefore, we hypothesise that the child originated from an XXY zygote after mitotic errors during cleavage. Recent findings of differences in the chromosome constitution between the extra-embryonic tissues and the fetus support this view.
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Goudie RB, Jack AS, Goudie BM. Genetic and developmental aspects of pathological pigmentation patterns. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1985; 74:103-39. [PMID: 3882345 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69574-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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