1
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Bidart GN, Hyeuk S, Alter TB, Yang L, Welner DH. A growth selection system for sucrose synthases (SuSy): design and test. AMB Express 2024; 14:70. [PMID: 38865019 PMCID: PMC11169191 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
High throughput screening (HTS) methods of enzyme variants are essential for the development of robust biocatalysts suited for low impact, industrial scale, biobased synthesis of a myriad of compounds. However, for the majority of enzyme classes, current screening methods have limited throughput, or need expensive substrates in combination with sophisticated setups. Here, we present a straightforward, high throughput selection system that couples sucrose synthase activity to growth. Enabling high throughput screening of this enzyme class holds the potential to facilitate the creation of robust variants, which in turn can significantly impact the future of cost effective industrial glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo N Bidart
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Se Hyeuk
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Tobias Benedikt Alter
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
- RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lei Yang
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
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2
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Kataoka H, Akiyoshi T, Uchida Y, Imaoka A, Terasaki T, Ohtani H. The Effects of N-Glycosylation on the Expression and Transport Activity of OATP1A2 and OATP2B1. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1376-1384. [PMID: 38432624 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1A2 and OATP2B1 have potential N-glycosylation sites, but their influence remains unclear. This study aimed to identify the N-glycosylation sites of OATP1A2/2B1 and investigate their impact on the expression and function of OATP1A2/2B1. Human embryonic kidney cells expressing OATP1A2 or OATP2B1 (HEK293-OATP1A2/2B1) were exposed to tunicamycin, an N-glycosylation inhibitor, and a plasma membrane fraction (PMF) Western blot assay and an estrone 3-sulfate (E3S) uptake study were conducted. HEK293-OATP1A2/OATP2B1 cell lines with mutation(s) at potential N-glycosylation sites were established, and the Western blotting and uptake study were repeated. Tunicamycin reduced the PMF levels and E3S uptake of OATP1A2/OATP2B1. The Asn124Gln, Asn135Gln, and Asn492Gln mutations in OATP1A2 and Asn176Gln and Asn538Gln mutations in OATP2B1 reduced the molecular weights of the OATP molecules and their PMF levels. The PMF levels of OATP1A2 Asn124/135Gln, OATP1A2 Asn124/135/492Gln, and OATP2B1 Asn176/538Gln were further reduced. The maximum transport velocities of OATP1A2 Asn124Gln, OATP1A2 Asn135Gln, and OATP2B1 Asn176/538Gln were markedly reduced to 10 %, 4 %, and 10 % of the wild-type level, respectively. In conclusion, the N-glycans at Asn124 and Asn135 of OATP1A2 and those at Asn176 and Asn538 of OATP2B1 are essential for the plasma membrane expression of these molecules and also affect their transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kataoka
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akiyoshi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima city 734-0037, Japan
| | - Ayuko Imaoka
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hisakazu Ohtani
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Keio University Hospital, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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3
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Hatvany JB, Liyanage OT, Gallagher ES. Effect of pH on In-Electrospray Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange of Carbohydrates and Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:441-448. [PMID: 38323552 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are critical for cellular functions as well as an important class of metabolites. Characterizing carbohydrate structures is a difficult analytical challenge due to the presence of isomers. In-electrospray hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (in-ESI HDX-MS) is a method of HDX that samples the solvated structure of carbohydrates during the ESI process and requires little to no instrument modification. Traditionally, solution-phase HDX is utilized with proteins to sample conformational differences, and pH is a critical parameter to monitor and control due to the presence of both acid- and base-catalyzed mechanisms of exchange. For In-ESI HDX, the pH surrounding the analyte changes before and during labeling, which has the potential to affect the rate of labeling for analytes. Herein, we alter the pH of spray solutions containing model carbohydrates and peptides, perform in-ESI HDX-MS, and characterize the deuterium uptake trends. Varying pH results in altered D uptake, though the overall trends differ from the expected bulk-solution trends due to the electrospray process. These findings show the utility of varying pH prior to in-ESI HDX-MS for establishing different extents of HDX as well as distinguishing labile functional groups that are present in different analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - O Tara Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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4
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Dong W, Chen L, Jia L, Chen Z, Shen J, Li P, Sun S. Maximal performance of intact N-glycopeptide enrichment using sequential HILIC and MAX columns. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6431-6439. [PMID: 37644321 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Low abundance and heterogeneity of N-glycosylation at the peptide level poses a great challenge to the structural and functional analysis of glycosylation in the field of glycobiology. Solving this conundrum requires a sufficient and specific method for intact N-glycopeptide enrichment. Using the C18 or HLB desalting column followed by the mixed-mode strong anion exchange (MAX) or hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) glycopeptide enrichment column are commonly applied approaches for sample preparation of intact N-glycopeptides from complex samples. Herein, we compared the effects of different combinations of two desalting columns and two enrichment columns using equal amounts of mouse brain tissues from the same source. The results revealed the C18 column was a bit superior to the HLB column, and the MAX and HILIC columns were complementary on intact N-glycopeptides enrichment. Additionally, the results also demonstrated that enriching glycopeptides using a HILIC column followed by a MAX column from the flow-through solution got a better enrichment performance than the reversed order. Based on these results, the sequential enrichment of glycopeptides using HILIC and then MAX columns could maximize the enrichment performance of intact N-glycopeptides, and therefore is an option for in-depth analysis of site-specific glycoproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zexuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiechen Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shisheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi Province, China.
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5
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Chaudhary N, Grover M. Bioindustrial applications of thermostable Endoglucanase purified from Trichoderma viride towards the conversion of agrowastes to value-added products. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 211:106324. [PMID: 37356677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Importance of biocatalytic reactions and biotransformations mediated by fungal enzymes has increased tremendously in various industries. Endoglucanase obtained from Trichoderma viride has been utilized for bioconversion of agrowastes; wheat straw (WS) and corn stover (CS) as biomass into citric acid and single cell protein (SCP) as value-added products. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity with Mr:44.67 kDa; purification-fold, yield, specific activity to be 19.5-, 29.2%, and 150.4 Units.mg-1, respectively, with thermostability up to 70 °C. The enzyme showed a novel N-terminal peptide and its computational analysis revealed a conserved 'SG' amino acid sequence alike microbial cellulases. The experimental results have shown the potential of endoglucanase for the conversion of agrowastes; wheat straw (WS) and corn stover (CS) into citric acid, maximum yield (KgM-3) found in submerged (WS:50;CS:45) fermentation process. Single-cell protein (SCP) production in WS (68 KgM-3) hydrolysate was superior to both CS hydrolysate (60 KgM-3) and YEPD (standard medium) (58 KgM-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhee Chaudhary
- Centre of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Monendra Grover
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-IASRI, Library Avenue Pusa, New Delhi, India
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6
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Doshi MB, Lee N, Tseyang T, Ponomarova O, Goel HL, Spears M, Li R, Zhu LJ, Ashwood C, Simin K, Jang C, Mercurio AM, Walhout AJM, Spinelli JB, Kim D. Disruption of sugar nucleotide clearance is a therapeutic vulnerability of cancer cells. Nature 2023; 623:625-632. [PMID: 37880368 PMCID: PMC10709823 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Identifying metabolic steps that are specifically required for the survival of cancer cells but are dispensable in normal cells remains a challenge1. Here we report a therapeutic vulnerability in a sugar nucleotide biosynthetic pathway that can be exploited in cancer cells with only a limited impact on normal cells. A systematic examination of conditionally essential metabolic enzymes revealed that UXS1, a Golgi enzyme that converts one sugar nucleotide (UDP-glucuronic acid, UDPGA) to another (UDP-xylose), is essential only in cells that express high levels of the enzyme immediately upstream of it, UGDH. This conditional relationship exists because UXS1 is required to prevent excess accumulation of UDPGA, which is produced by UGDH. UXS1 not only clears away UDPGA but also limits its production through negative feedback on UGDH. Excess UDPGA disrupts Golgi morphology and function, which impedes the trafficking of surface receptors such as EGFR to the plasma membrane and diminishes the signalling capacity of cells. UGDH expression is elevated in several cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma, and is further enhanced during chemoresistant selection. As a result, these cancer cells are selectively dependent on UXS1 for UDPGA detoxification, revealing a potential weakness in tumours with high levels of UGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir B Doshi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Namgyu Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Tenzin Tseyang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Olga Ponomarova
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Spears
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Ashwood
- Glycomics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl Simin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Albertha J M Walhout
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jessica B Spinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dohoon Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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7
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Rocamora F, Peralta AG, Shin S, Sorrentino J, Wu MYM, Toth EA, Fuerst TR, Lewis NE. Glycosylation shapes the efficacy and safety of diverse protein, gene and cell therapies. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108206. [PMID: 37354999 PMCID: PMC11168894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, therapeutic proteins have had widespread success in treating a myriad of diseases. Glycosylation, a near universal feature of this class of drugs, is a critical quality attribute that significantly influences the physical properties, safety profile and biological activity of therapeutic proteins. Optimizing protein glycosylation, therefore, offers an important avenue to developing more efficacious therapies. In this review, we discuss specific examples of how variations in glycan structure and glycoengineering impacts the stability, safety, and clinical efficacy of protein-based drugs that are already in the market as well as those that are still in preclinical development. We also highlight the impact of glycosylation on next generation biologics such as T cell-based cancer therapy and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Angelo G Peralta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James Sorrentino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mina Ying Min Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric A Toth
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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8
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Suttapitugsakul S, Matsumoto Y, Aryal RP, Cummings RD. Large-Scale and Site-Specific Mapping of the Murine Brain O-Glycoproteome with IMPa. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13423-13430. [PMID: 37624755 PMCID: PMC10501376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Altered protein glycosylation is typically associated with cognitive defects and other phenotypes, but there is a lack of knowledge about the brain glycoproteome. Here, we used the newly available O-glycoprotease IMPa from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for comprehensive O-glycoproteomic analyses of the mouse brain. In this approach, total tryptic glycopeptides were prepared, extracted, purified, and conjugated to a solid support before an enzymatic cleavage by IMPa. O-glycopeptides were analyzed by electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD), which permits site-specific and global analysis of all types of O-glycans. We developed two complementary approaches for the analysis of the total O-glycoproteome using HEK293 cells and derivatives. The results demonstrated that IMPa and EThcD facilitate the confident localization of O-glycans on glycopeptides. We then applied these approaches to characterize the O-glycoproteome of the mouse brain, which revealed the high frequency of various sialylated O-glycans along with the unusual presence of the Tn antigen. Unexpectedly, the results demonstrated that glycoproteins in the brain O-glycoproteome only partly overlap with those reported for the brain N-glycoproteome. These approaches will aid in identifying the novel O-glycoproteomes of different cells and tissues and foster clinical and translational insights into the functions of protein O-glycosylation in the brain and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttipong Suttapitugsakul
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - Rajindra P. Aryal
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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9
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Silva MLS. Capitalizing glycomic changes for improved biomarker-based cancer diagnostics. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:366-395. [PMID: 37455827 PMCID: PMC10344901 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer serum biomarkers are valuable or even indispensable for cancer diagnostics and/or monitoring and, currently, many cancer serum markers are routinely used in the clinic. Most of those markers are glycoproteins, carrying cancer-specific glycan structures that can provide extra-information for cancer monitoring. Nonetheless, in the majority of cases, this differential feature is not exploited and the corresponding analytical assays detect only the protein amount, disregarding the analysis of the aberrant glycoform. Two exceptions to this trend are the biomarkers α-fetoprotein (AFP) and cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), which are clinically monitored for their cancer-related glycan changes, and only the AFP assay includes quantification of both the protein amount and the altered glycoform. This narrative review demonstrates, through several examples, the advantages of the combined quantification of protein cancer biomarkers and the respective glycoform analysis, which enable to yield the maximum information and overcome the weaknesses of each individual analysis. This strategy allows to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity in the detection of cancer, enhancing the diagnostic power of biomarker-based cancer detection tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luísa S. Silva
- Unidade de Aprendizagem ao Longo da Vida, Universidade Aberta, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Kurebayashi Y, Takeuchi H. Special Issue: New Insights into Protein Glycosylation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073263. [PMID: 37050026 PMCID: PMC10097063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a general post-translational modification pathway that controls various biological functions including protein trafficking, cell adhesion, and protein-ligand interaction [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Kurebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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11
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Ma B, Wang R, Chen B, Liu W, Zhou S, Li X, Gong J, Shang S, Li Y, Xu D, Tan Z. Insights into the effect of protein glycosylation on carbohydrate substrate binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123833. [PMID: 36870654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of glycosylation in the binding of glycoproteins to carbohydrate substrates has not been well understood. The present study addresses this knowledge gap by elucidating the links between the glycosylation patterns of a model glycoprotein, a Family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (TrCBM1), and the thermodynamic and structural properties of its binding to different carbohydrate substrates using isothermal titration calorimetry and computational simulation. The variations in glycosylation patterns cause a gradual transition of the binding to soluble cellohexaose from an entropy-driven process to an enthalpy-driven one, a trend closely correlated with the glycan-induced shift of the predominant binding force from hydrophobic interactions to hydrogen bonding. However, when binding to a large surface of solid cellulose, glycans on TrCBM1 have a more dispersed distribution and thus have less adverse impact on the hydrophobic interaction forces, leading to overall improved binding. Unexpectedly, our simulation results also suggest an evolutionary role of O-mannosylation in transforming the substrate binding features of TrCBM1 from those of type A CBMs to those of type B CBMs. Taken together, these findings provide new fundamental insights into the molecular basis of the role of glycosylation in protein-carbohydrate interactions and are expected to better facilitate further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruihan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Baoquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinyuan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiying Shang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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12
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Burns L, Giannakopoulou N, Zhu L, Xu YZ, Khan RH, Bekal S, Schurr E, Schmeing TM, Gruenheid S. The bacterial virulence factor NleA undergoes host-mediated O-linked glycosylation. Mol Microbiol 2023; 119:161-173. [PMID: 36196760 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC and EPEC) are gastrointestinal pathogens responsible for severe diarrheal illness. EHEC and EPEC form "attaching and effacing" lesions during colonization and, upon adherence, inject proteins directly into host intestinal cells via the type III secretion system (T3SS). Injected bacterial proteins have a variety of functions but generally alter host cell biology to favor survival and/or replication of the pathogen. Non-LEE-encoded effector A (NleA) is a T3SS-injected effector of EHEC, EPEC, and the related mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Studies in mouse models indicate that NleA has an important role in bacterial virulence. However, the mechanism by which NleA contributes to disease remains unknown. We have determined that the following translocation into host cells, a serine and threonine-rich region of NleA is modified by host-mediated mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. Surprisingly, this region was not present in several clinical EHEC isolates. When expressed in C. rodentium, a non-modifiable variant of NleA was indistinguishable from wildtype NleA in an acute mortality model but conferred a modest increase in persistence over the course of infection in mixed infections in C57BL/6J mice. This is the first known example of a bacterial effector being modified by host-mediated O-linked glycosylation. Our data also suggests that this modification may confer a selective disadvantage to the bacteria during in vivo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Burns
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalia Giannakopoulou
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lei Zhu
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yong Zhong Xu
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill International TB Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rufaida H Khan
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada.,Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Sadjia Bekal
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill International TB Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - T Martin Schmeing
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Glycosylation has a profound influence on protein activity and cell biology through a variety of mechanisms, such as protein stability, receptor interactions and signal transduction. In many rheumatic diseases, a shift in protein glycosylation occurs, and is associated with inflammatory processes and disease progression. For example, the Fc-glycan composition on (auto)antibodies is associated with disease activity, and the presence of additional glycans in the antigen-binding domains of some autoreactive B cell receptors can affect B cell activation. In addition, changes in synovial fibroblast cell-surface glycosylation can alter the synovial microenvironment and are associated with an altered inflammatory state and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. The development of our understanding of the role of glycosylation of plasma proteins (particularly (auto)antibodies), cells and tissues in rheumatic pathological conditions suggests that glycosylation-based interventions could be used in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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14
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Bunyatratchata A, Parc AL, de Moura Bell JMLN, Cohen JL, Duman H, Arslan A, Kaplan M, Barile D, Karav S. Release of bifidogenic N-glycans from native bovine colostrum proteins by an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 162:110138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Peng W, Kobeissy F, Mondello S, Barsa C, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics: An analytical tool to assess nervous system diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1000179. [PMID: 36408389 PMCID: PMC9671362 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases affect millions of peopleochemistryorldwide and are continuously increasing due to the globe's aging population. Such diseases affect the nervous system and are characterized by a progressive decline in brain function and progressive cognitive impairment, decreasing the quality of life for those with the disease as well as for their families and loved ones. The increased burden of nervous system diseases demands a deeper insight into the biomolecular mechanisms at work during disease development in order to improve clinical diagnosis and drug design. Recently, evidence has related glycosylation to nervous system diseases. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification that mediates many biological functions, and aberrant glycosylation has been associated with a variety of diseases. Thus, the investigation of glycosylation in neurological diseases could provide novel biomarkers and information for disease pathology. During the last decades, many techniques have been developed for facilitation of reliable and efficient glycomic analysis. Among these, mass spectrometry (MS) is considered the most powerful tool for glycan analysis due to its high resolution, high sensitivity, and the ability to acquire adequate structural information for glycan identification. Along with MS, a variety of approaches and strategies are employed to enhance the MS-based identification and quantitation of glycans in neurological samples. Here, we review the advanced glycomic tools used in nervous system disease studies, including separation techniques prior to MS, fragmentation techniques in MS, and corresponding strategies. The glycan markers in common clinical nervous system diseases discovered by utilizing such MS-based glycomic tools are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chloe Barsa
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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16
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Taresh AB, Hutton CA. Site Specific Preparation of N-Glycosylated Peptides: Thioamide-Directed Activation of Aspartate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210367. [PMID: 36068172 PMCID: PMC9826000 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A site-specific method for the preparation of N-glycosylated peptides is described. Incorporation of a peptide backbone thioamide linkage adjacent to an Asp residue facilitates a AgI -promoted, site-specific conversion to N-glycosylated Asn residues in peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer B. Taresh
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria 3010Australia
| | - Craig A. Hutton
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria 3010Australia
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17
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Ricken F, Can AD, Gräber S, Häusler M, Jahnen-Dechent W. Post-translational modifications glycosylation and phosphorylation of the major hepatic plasma protein fetuin-A are associated with CNS inflammation in children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268592. [PMID: 36206263 PMCID: PMC9544022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetuin-A is a liver derived plasma protein showing highest serum concentrations in utero, preterm infants, and neonates. Fetuin-A is also present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The origin of CSF fetuin-A, blood-derived via the blood-CSF barrier or synthesized intrathecally, is presently unclear. Fetuin-A prevents ectopic calcification by stabilizing calcium and phosphate as colloidal calciprotein particles mediating their transport and clearance. Thus, fetuin-A plays a suppressive role in inflammation. Fetuin-A is a negative acute-phase protein under investigation as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we studied the association of pediatric inflammatory CNS diseases with fetuin-A glycosylation and phosphorylation. Paired blood and CSF samples from 66 children were included in the study. Concentration measurements were performed using a commercial human fetuin-A/AHSG ELISA. Of 60 pairs, 23 pairs were analyzed by SDS-PAGE following glycosidase digestion with PNGase-F and Sialidase-AU. Phosphorylation was analyzed in 43 pairs by Phos-TagTM acrylamide electrophoresis following alkaline phosphatase digestion. Mean serum and CSF fetuin-A levels were 0.30 ± 0.06 mg/ml and 0.644 ± 0.55 μg/ml, respectively. This study showed that serum fetuin-A levels decreased in inflammation corroborating its role as a negative acute-phase protein. Blood-CSF barrier disruption was associated with elevated fetuin-A in CSF. A strong positive correlation was found between the CSF fetuin-A/serum fetuin-A quotient and the CSF albumin/serum albumin quotient, suggesting predominantly transport across the blood-CSF barrier rather than intrathecal fetuin-A synthesis. Sialidase digestion showed increased asialofetuin-A levels in serum and CSF samples from children with neuroinflammatory diseases. Desialylation enhanced hepatic fetuin-A clearance via the asialoglycoprotein receptor thus rapidly reducing serum levels during inflammation. Phosphorylation of fetuin-A was more abundant in serum samples than in CSF, suggesting that phosphorylation may regulate fetuin-A influx into the CNS. These results may help establish Fetuin-A as a potential biomarker for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Ricken
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahu Damla Can
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Gräber
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Häusler
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Zhang Y, Yang M, Wu X, Deng F, Yin X, Ma R, Shi L. Glucose-Responsive Nanochaperones Mediate Exendin-4 Delivery for Enhancing Therapeutic Effects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44211-44221. [PMID: 36153949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exendin-4 (Ex-4) is a promising therapeutic peptide for the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes, but its instability and immunogenicity result in a short circulating half-life and low bioavailability, which severely limit its clinical application. Here, complex micelles with 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA)-modified and positively charged hydrophobic domains on the surface were devised as nanochaperones to mediate the delivery of Ex-4. The nanochaperones can bind Ex-4 on the surface via the synergy of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, leading to efficient loading and stabilization of Ex-4. More importantly, the immunogenic site of Ex-4 was shielded by the nanochaperones, thereby effectively reducing the immune clearance and prolonging the half-life. Hyperglycemia-triggered release of Ex-4 was achieved by the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic transformation of the FPBA-modified domains and the introduced negative charge because of the binding of glucose by FPBA. The Ex-4-loaded nanochaperones exhibited an enhanced therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Menglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Fei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Rujiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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19
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Taresh AB, Hutton CA. Site Specific Preparation of N‐Glycosylated Peptides: Thioamide‐Directed Activation of Aspartate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameer B. Taresh
- University of Melbourne School of Chemistry School of Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Craig Anthony Hutton
- University of Melbourne School of Chemistry 30 Flemington Rd. VIC 3095 Parkville AUSTRALIA
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20
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Abdelkader H, Mustafa WW, Alqahtani AM, Alsharani S, Al Fatease A, Alany RG. Glycation-induced age-related illnesses, antiglycation and drug delivery strategies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:1546-1567. [PMID: 35972442 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ageing is a major cause of multiple age-related diseases. Several mechanisms have been reported to contribute to these abnormalities including glycation, oxidative stress, the polyol pathway and osmotic stress. Glycation, unlike glycosylation, is an irregular biochemical reaction to the formation of active advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are considered to be one of the causes of these chronic diseases. This study provides a recent and comprehensive review on the possible causes, mechanisms, types, analytical techniques, diseases and treatments of the toxic glycation end products. KEY FINDINGS Several mechanisms have been found to play a role in generating hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress including an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase in the levels of AGEs, binding of AGEs and their receptors (RAGE) and the polyol pathway and thus have been investigated as promising novel targets. SUMMARY This review focuses on the key mechanisms attributed to cumulative increases of glycation and pathological RAGE expression as a significant cause of multiple age-related diseases, and reporting on different aspects of antiglycation therapy as a novel approach to managing/treating age-related diseases. Additionally, historical, current and possible future antiglycation approaches will be presented focussing on novel drug delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Wesam W Mustafa
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustafa University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alsharani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid G Alany
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care Theme, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, UK.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Dynamic Co-Evolution of Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Role in Right- and Left-Sided Colon Cancer Progression and Its Clinical Relevance. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071014. [PMID: 36101394 PMCID: PMC9312176 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The versatile crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) of the tumour microenvironment (TME) drives colorectal carcinogenesis and heterogeneity. Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be classified by the anatomical sites from which the cancer arises, either from the right or left colon. Although the cancer cell–CAF interaction is being widely studied, its role in the progression of cancer in the right and left colon and cancer heterogeneity are still yet to be elucidated. Further insight into the complex interaction between different cellular components in the cancer niche, their evolutionary process and their influence on cancer progression would propel the discovery of effective targeted CRC therapy. Abstract Cancer is a result of a dynamic evolutionary process. It is composed of cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). One of the major cellular constituents of TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to interact with cancer cells and promote colorectal carcinogenesis. The accumulation of these activated fibroblasts is linked to poor diagnosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and recurrence of the disease. However, the interplay between cancer cells and CAFs is yet to be described, especially in relation to the sidedness of colorectal carcinogenesis. CRC, which is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer globally, can be classified according to the anatomical region from which they originate: left-sided (LCRC) and right-sided CRC (RCR). Both cancers differ in many aspects, including in histology, evolution, and molecular signatures. Despite occurring at lower frequency, RCRC is often associated with worse diagnosis compared to LCRC. The differences in molecular profiles between RCRC and LCRC also influence the mode of treatment that can be used to specifically target these cancer entities. A better understanding of the cancer cell–CAF interplay and its association with RCRC and LRCR progression will provide better insight into potential translational aspects of targeted treatment for CRC.
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22
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Brás-Costa C, Chaves AFA, Cajado-Carvalho D, da Silva Pires D, Andrade-Silva D, Serrano SMT. Profilings of subproteomes of lectin-binding proteins of nine Bothrops venoms reveal variability driven by different glycan types. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 1870:140795. [PMID: 35662639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2022.140795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom proteomes have long been investigated to explore a multitude of biologically active components that are used for prey capture and defense, and are involved in the pathological effects observed upon mammalian envenomation. Glycosylation is a major protein post-translational modification in venoms and contributes to the diversification of proteomes. We have shown that Bothrops venoms are markedly defined by their content of glycoproteins, and that most N-glycan structures of eight Bothrops venoms contain sialic acid, while bisected N-acetylglucosamine was identified in Bothrops cotiara venom. To further investigate the mechanisms involved in the generation of different venoms by related snakes, here the glycoproteomes of nine Bothrops venoms (Bothrops atrox, B. cotiara, Bothrops erythromelas, Bothrops fonsecai, B. insularis, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops jararacussu, Bothrops moojeni and Bothrops neuwiedi) were comparatively analyzed by enrichment with three lectins of different specificities, recognizing bisecting N-acetylglucosamine- and sialic acid-containing glycoproteins, and mass spectrometry. The lectin capture strategy generated venom fractions enriched with several glycoproteins, including metalloprotease, serine protease, and L- amino acid oxidase, in addition to various types of low abundant enzymes. The different contents of lectin-enriched proteins underscore novel aspects of the variability of the glycoprotein subproteomes of Bothrops venoms and point to the role of distinct types of glycan chains in generating different venoms by closely related snake species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Brás-Costa
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alison Felipe Alencar Chaves
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Cajado-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David da Silva Pires
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Andrade-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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23
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Elkhaligy H, Balbin CA, Siltberg-Liberles J. Comparative Analysis of Structural Features in SLiMs from Eukaryotes, Bacteria, and Viruses with Importance for Host-Pathogen Interactions. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050583. [PMID: 35631103 PMCID: PMC9147284 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions drive functions in eukaryotes that can be described by short linear motifs (SLiMs). Conservation of SLiMs help illuminate functional SLiMs in eukaryotic protein families. However, the simplicity of eukaryotic SLiMs makes them appear by chance due to mutational processes not only in eukaryotes but also in pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Further, functional eukaryotic SLiMs are often found in disordered regions. Although proteomes from pathogenic bacteria and viruses have less disorder than eukaryotic proteomes, their proteins can successfully mimic eukaryotic SLiMs and disrupt host cellular function. Identifying important SLiMs in pathogens is difficult but essential for understanding potential host-pathogen interactions. We performed a comparative analysis of structural features for experimentally verified SLiMs from the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) database across viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Our results revealed that many viral SLiMs and specific motifs found across viruses and eukaryotes, such as some glycosylation motifs, have less disorder. Analyzing the disorder and coil properties of equivalent SLiMs from pathogens and eukaryotes revealed that some motifs are more structured in pathogens than their eukaryotic counterparts and vice versa. These results support a varying mechanism of interaction between pathogens and their eukaryotic hosts for some of the same motifs.
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24
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Zhi Y, Jia L, Shen J, Li J, Chen Z, Zhu B, Hao Z, Xu Y, Sun S. Formylation: an undesirable modification on glycopeptides and glycans during storage in formic acid solution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3311-3317. [PMID: 35229171 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In glycomic and glycoproteomic studies, solutions containing diluted organic acids such as formic acid (FA) have been widely used for dissolving intact glycopeptide and glycan samples prior to mass spectrometry analysis. Here, we show that an undesirable + 28 Da modification occurred in a time-dependent manner when the glycan and glycopeptide samples were stored in FA solution at - 20 °C. We confirmed that this unexpected modification was caused by formylation between the hydroxyl groups of glycans and FA with a relatively low reaction rate. As this incomplete modification affected the glycan and glycopeptide identification and quantification in glycomic and glycoproteomic studies, the storage at - 20 °C should be avoided once the glycan and glycopeptide samples have been dissolved in FA solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhi
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiechen Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexuan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Bojing Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yintai Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shisheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Koh J, Kim BJ, Qu Y, Huang H, Dallas DC. Top-Down Glycopeptidomics Reveals Intact Glycomacropeptide Is Digested to a Wide Array of Peptides in Human Jejunum. J Nutr 2022; 152:429-438. [PMID: 34850069 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk κ-casein-derived caseinomacropeptide (CMP) is produced in large quantities during cheese-making and has various biological activities demonstrated via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Previous studies examined protein degradation and peptide release after casein or whey protein consumption. However, whether purified intact CMP that is partially glycosylated survives intact to its presumed site of bioactivity within the gut remains unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which purified intact CMP (including glycosylated forms) is digested into peptide fragments within the jejunum of healthy human adults after consumption. METHODS Jejunal fluids were collected from 3 adult participants (2 men and 1 woman, age: 27 ± 7 y; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg/m2) for 3 h after consuming 37.5 g of purified intact CMP. CMP and CMP-derived peptides were isolated from the collected jejunal fluids by ethanol precipitation and solid-phase extraction and identified by MS-based top-down glycopeptidomics. Relative abundances of CMP and CMP-derived peptides were compared qualitatively between the feed and the jejunal fluids. RESULTS Intact CMP was dominant in feeding material, accounting for 90% of the total ion abundance of detected peptides, and in very low abundance (<2%) in the jejunal fluids. CMP-derived fragment peptides ranging from 11 to 20 amino acids in length were predominant (accounting for 68-88% of the total peptide ion abundance) in jejunal fluids during 1-3 h post consumption. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that intact CMP (including glycosylated forms) is mostly digested in the human jejunum, releasing a wide array of CMP-derived peptide fragments. Some of the CMP-derived peptides with high homology to known bioactive peptides consistently survived across 3 h of digestion. Therefore, future research should examine the biological effects of the partially digested form-the CMP-derived fragments-rather than those of intact CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Koh
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yunyao Qu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Honggang Huang
- Research and Development, Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Xia T, Xiang T, Xie H. Update on the role of C1GALT1 in cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:97. [PMID: 35154428 PMCID: PMC8822393 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most difficult diseases to treat. In the quest for early diagnoses to improve patient survival and prognosis, targeted therapies have become a hot research topic in recent years. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Core 1β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) is a key glycosyltransferase in the glycosylation process and is the key enzyme in the formation of the core 1 structure on which most complex and branched O-glycans are formed. A recent study reported that C1GALT1 was aberrantly expressed in tumors. In cancer cells, C1GALT1 is regulated by different factors. In the present review, the expression of C1GALT1 in different tumors and its possible molecular mechanisms of action are described and the role of C1GALT1 in cancer development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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27
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Agwunobi DO, Wang N, Huang L, Zhang Y, Chang G, Wang K, Li M, Wang H, Liu J. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis Saliva Reveals the Influential Contributions of Phosphoproteins to Blood-Feeding Success. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:769026. [PMID: 35118006 PMCID: PMC8804221 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick saliva, an essential chemical secretion of the tick salivary gland, is indispensable for tick survival owing to the physiological influence it exerts on the host defence mechanisms via the instrumentality of its cocktail of pharmacologically active molecules (proteins and peptides). Much research about tick salivary proteome has been performed, but how most of the individual salivary proteins are utilized by ticks to facilitate blood acquisition and pathogen transmission is not yet fully understood. In addition, the phosphorylation of some proteins plays a decisive role in their function. However, due to the low phosphorylation level of protein, especially for a small amount of protein, it is more difficult to study phosphorylation. Maybe, for this reason, the scarcity of works on the phosphorylated tick salivary proteomes still abound. Here, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of Haemaphysalis longicornis tick saliva via TiO2 enrichment and the most advanced Thermo Fisher Orbitrap Exploris 480 mass spectrometer for identification. A total of 262 phosphorylated tick saliva proteins were identified and were subjected to functional annotation/enrichment analysis. Cellular and metabolic process terms accounted for the largest proportion of the saliva proteins, with the participation of these proteins in vital intracellular and extracellular transport-oriented processes such as vesicle-mediated transport, exocytic process, cell adhesion, and movement of cell/subcellular component. “Endocytosis”, “Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum”, and “Purine metabolism” were the most significantly enriched pathways. The knockdown (RNAi) of Tudor domain-containing protein (TCP), actin-depolymerizing factors (ADF), programmed cell death protein (PD), and serine/threonine-protein kinase (SPK) resulted in the dissociation of collagen fibers and the pilosebaceous unit, increased inflammatory infiltrates/granulocytes (possibly heterophiles), and the depletion of the epithelium. Ticks injected with SPK dsRNA engorged normally but with a change in skin colour (possibly an autoimmune reaction) and the failure to produce eggs pointing to a possible role of SPK in reproduction and host immune modulation. Ticks injected with ADF dsRNA failed to acquire blood, underscoring the role of ADF in facilitating tick feeding. The results of this study showed the presence of phosphorylation in tick saliva and highlight the roles of salivary phosphoproteins in facilitating tick feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O. Agwunobi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ningmei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Hebei Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve Management Center, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Yefei Zhang
- Hebei Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve Management Center, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guomin Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kuang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengxue Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingze Liu, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Jingze Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingze Liu, ; Hui Wang,
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Coutinho JVP, Macedo-da-Silva J, Mule SN, Kronenberger T, Rosa-Fernandes L, Wrenger C, Palmisano G. Glycoprotein molecular dynamics analysis: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein case study. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 131:277-309. [PMID: 35871894 PMCID: PMC9181370 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular Dynamics (MD) is a method used to calculate the movement of atoms and molecules broadly applied to several aspects of science. It involves computational simulation, which makes it, at first glance, not easily accessible. The rise of several automated tools to perform molecular simulations has allowed researchers to navigate through the various steps of MD. This enables to elucidate structural properties of proteins that could not be analyzed otherwise, such as the impact of glycosylation. Glycosylation dictates the physicochemical and biological properties of a protein modulating its solubility, stability, resistance to proteolysis, interaction partners, enzymatic activity, binding and recognition. Given the high conformational and compositional diversity of the glycan chains, assessing their influence on the protein structure is challenging using conventional analytical techniques. In this manuscript, we present a step-by-step workflow to build and perform MD analysis of glycoproteins focusing on the SPIKE glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to appraise the impact of glycans in structure stabilization and antibody occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Ngao Mule
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tuebingen, Germany,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD2), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Faculty of Science and engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Corresponding author:
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Lin X, Yao H, Guo J, Huang Y, Wang W, Yin B, Li X, Wang T, Li C, Xu X, Zhou G, Voglmeir J, Liu L. Protein Glycosylation and Gut Microbiota Utilization Can Limit the in vitro and in vivo Metabolic Cellular Incorporation of Neu5Gc. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100615. [PMID: 34921741 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Red meat intake was reported to be correlated with chronic diseases. A potential causal factor is N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) which metabolically incorporates into diverse glycoconjugates in humans. This study aims to investigate the impact of exposure to Neu5Gc-rich red meat on healthy cytidine-5'-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (Cmah) knock-out mice and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS CMAH-/- mice were fed Neu5Gc-rich diet for short-term (4 months) and long-term (10 months). Health status and levels of inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Caco-2 cells were used to investigate the intestinal absorption of Neu5Gc-containing glycoprotein, and in vitro fermentation was used to investigate the Neu5Gc utilization by gut microbiota. Neu5Gc-rich diets showed neither measurable abnormality in physio-biochemical and inflammatory indexes nor observable alterations of liver tissue in mice. Glycosylation of lactoferrin limited its intestinal epithelial absorption, and the absorption of Neu5Gc attached onto glycoprotein was thus limited. Neu5Gc was also simultaneously utilized by microorganisms under simulated gut conditions. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the long-term intake of Neu5Gc-rich red meat had no adverse effect on the health of CMAH-/- mice, which may be related to the limited absorption of Neu5Gc regulated by protein glycosylation, and the metabolism of Neu5Gc by gut microorganisms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisha Lin
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.,Food Science Department, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Wenjiao Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Binru Yin
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiang'an Li
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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30
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A
Phaseolus vulgaris
Leukoagglutinin Biosensor as a Selective Device for the Detection of Cancer‐associated
N
‐glycans with Increased β1→6 Branching. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Goumenou A, Delaunay N, Pichon V. Recent Advances in Lectin-Based Affinity Sorbents for Protein Glycosylation Studies. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:746822. [PMID: 34778373 PMCID: PMC8585745 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.746822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant post-translational modifications occurring to proteins, since it affects some of their basic properties, such as their half-life or biological activity. The developments in analytical methodologies has greatly contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the glycosylation state of proteins. Despite those advances, the difficulty of a full characterization of glycosylation still remains, mainly due to the complexity of the glycoprotein and/or glycopeptide mixture especially when they are present in complex biological samples. For this reason, various techniques that allow a prior selective enrichment of exclusively glycosylated proteins or glycopeptides have been developed in the past and are coupled either on- or off- line with separation and detection methods. One of the most commonly implemented enrichment methods includes the use of lectin proteins immobilized on various solid supports. Lectins are a group of different, naturally occurring proteins that share a common characteristic, which concerns their affinity for specific sugar moieties of glycoproteins. This review presents the different formats and conditions for the use of lectins in affinity chromatography and in solid phase extraction, including their use in dispersive mode, along with the recent progress made on either commercial or home-made lectin-based affinity sorbents, which can lead to a fast and automated glycosylation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Goumenou
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR 8231 Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Delaunay
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR 8231 Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR 8231 Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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32
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Nwokafor C, Serova LI, Tanelian A, Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Variable Response of Norepinephrine Transporter to Traumatic Stress and Relationship to Hyperarousal. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:725091. [PMID: 34650410 PMCID: PMC8507558 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.725091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic systems play a key role in stress triggered disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We hypothesized that traumatic stress will alter expression of norepinephrine transporter (NET) in locus coeruleus (LC) and its target brain regions which could be related to hyperarousal. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS) and several weeks later the LC was isolated. NET mRNA levels in LC, determined by RT-PCR, displayed variable response with high and low responsive subgroups. In different cohort, acoustic startle response (ASR) was measured 2 weeks after SPS and levels of NET mRNA and protein in LC determined. The high NET responsive subgroup had greater hyperarousal. Nevertheless, NET protein levels, as determined by western blots, were lower than unstressed controls in LC, ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex and displayed considerable variability. Hypermethylation of specific CpG region in promoter of SLC6A2 gene, encoding NET, was present in the low, but not high, NET mRNA responsive subgroup. Taken together, the results demonstrate variability in stress elicited changes in NET gene expression and involvement of epigenetic changes. This may underlie mechanisms of susceptibility and resilience to traumatic stress triggered neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially hyperarousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Arax Tanelian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Roxanna J Nahvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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Gabius HJ, Cudic M, Diercks T, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Murphy PV, Oscarson S, Roy R, Schedlbauer A, Toegel S, Romero A. What is the Sugar Code? Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100327. [PMID: 34496130 PMCID: PMC8901795 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A code is defined by the nature of the symbols, which are used to generate information‐storing combinations (e. g. oligo‐ and polymers). Like nucleic acids and proteins, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are ubiquitous, and they are a biochemical platform for establishing molecular messages. Of note, the letters of the sugar code system (third alphabet of life) excel in coding capacity by making an unsurpassed versatility for isomer (code word) formation possible by variability in anomery and linkage position of the glycosidic bond, ring size and branching. The enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis (writers) realizes this enormous potential for building a large vocabulary. It includes possibilities for dynamic editing/erasing as known from nucleic acids and proteins. Matching the glycome diversity, a large panel of sugar receptors (lectins) has developed based on more than a dozen folds. Lectins ‘read’ the glycan‐encoded information. Hydrogen/coordination bonding and ionic pairing together with stacking and C−H/π‐interactions as well as modes of spatial glycan presentation underlie the selectivity and specificity of glycan‐lectin recognition. Modular design of lectins together with glycan display and the nature of the cognate glycoconjugate account for the large number of post‐binding events. They give an entry to the glycan vocabulary its functional, often context‐dependent meaning(s), hereby building the dictionary of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul V Murphy
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Akmal MA, Hussain W, Rasool N, Khan YD, Khan SA, Chou KC. Using CHOU'S 5-Steps Rule to Predict O-Linked Serine Glycosylation Sites by Blending Position Relative Features and Statistical Moment. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 18:2045-2056. [PMID: 31985438 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.2968441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins in eukaryote cells is an important and complicated post-translation modification due to its pivotal role and association with crucial physiological functions within most of the proteins. Identification of glycosylation sites in a polypeptide chain is not an easy task due to multiple impediments. Analytical identification of these sites is expensive and laborious. There is a dire need to develop a reliable computational method for precise determination of such sites which can help researchers to save time and effort. Herein, we propose a novel predictor namely iGlycoS-PseAAC by integrating the Chou's Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) and relative/absolute position-based features. The self-consistency results show that the accuracy revealed by the model using the benchmark dataset for prediction of O-linked glycosylation having serine sites is 98.8 percent. The overall accuracy of predictor achieved through 10-fold cross validation by combining the positive and negative results is 97.2 percent. The overall accuracy achieved through Jackknife test is 96.195 percent by aggregating of all the prediction results. Thus the proposed predictor can help in predicting the O-linked glycosylated serine sites in an efficient and accurate way. The overall results show that the accuracy of the iGlycoS-PseAAC is higher than the existing tools.
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35
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Justo BL, Jasiulionis MG. Characteristics of TIMP1, CD63, and β1-Integrin and the Functional Impact of Their Interaction in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179319. [PMID: 34502227 PMCID: PMC8431149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteases 1, also known as TIMP-1, is named for its well-established function of inhibiting the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteases. Given this function, many studies were carried out to verify if TIMP-1 was able to interrupt processes such as tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In contrast, many studies have shown that TIMP-1 expression is increased in several types of tumors, and this increase was correlated with a poor prognosis and lower survival in cancer patients. Later, it was shown that TIMP-1 is also able to modulate cell behavior through the induction of signaling pathways involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival. The mechanisms involved in the regulation of the pleiotropic functions of TIMP-1 are still poorly understood. Thus, this review aimed to present literature data that show its ability to form a membrane complex with CD63 and β1-integrin, and point to N-glycosylation as a potential regulatory mechanism of the functions exerted by TIMP-1. This article reviewed the characteristics and functions performed individually by TIMP1, CD63, and β1-integrin, the roles of the TIMP-1/CD63/β1-integrin complex, both in a physiological context and in cancer, and the regulatory mechanisms involved in its assembly.
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Unraveling Human AQP5-PIP Molecular Interaction and Effect on AQP5 Salivary Glands Localization in SS Patients. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082108. [PMID: 34440877 PMCID: PMC8391295 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva secretion requires effective translocation of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) water channel to the salivary glands (SGs) acinar apical membrane. Patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) display abnormal AQP5 localization within acinar cells from SGs that correlate with sicca manifestation and glands hypofunction. Several proteins such as Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) may regulate AQP5 trafficking as observed in lacrimal glands from mice. However, the role of the AQP5-PIP complex remains poorly understood. In the present study, we show that PIP interacts with AQP5 in vitro and in mice as well as in human SGs and that PIP misexpression correlates with an altered AQP5 distribution at the acinar apical membrane in PIP knockout mice and SS hMSG. Furthermore, our data show that the protein-protein interaction involves the AQP5 C-terminus and the N-terminal of PIP (one molecule of PIP per AQP5 tetramer). In conclusion, our findings highlight for the first time the role of PIP as a protein controlling AQP5 localization in human salivary glands but extend beyond due to the PIP-AQP5 interaction described in lung and breast cancers.
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Young C, Condina MR, Briggs MT, Moh ESX, Kaur G, Oehler MK, Hoffmann P. In-House Packed Porous Graphitic Carbon Columns for Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of N-Glycans. Front Chem 2021; 9:653959. [PMID: 34178940 PMCID: PMC8226321 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.653959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a common post-translational modification that modulates biological processes such as the immune response and protein trafficking. Altered glycosylation profiles are associated with cancer and inflammatory diseases, as well as impacting the efficacy of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Consisting of oligosaccharides attached to asparagine residues, enzymatically released N-linked glycans are analytically challenging due to the diversity of isomeric structures that exist. A commonly used technique for quantitative N-glycan analysis is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which performs glycan separation and characterization. Although many reversed and normal stationary phases have been utilized for the separation of N-glycans, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) chromatography has become desirable because of its higher resolving capability, but is difficult to implement in a robust and reproducible manner. Herein, we demonstrate the analytical properties of a 15 cm fused silica capillary (75 µm i.d., 360 µm o.d.) packed in-house with Hypercarb PGC (3 µm) coupled to an Agilent 6550 Q-TOF mass spectrometer for N-glycan analysis in positive ion mode. In repeatability and intermediate precision measurements conducted on released N-glycans from a glycoprotein standard mixture, the majority of N-glycans reported low coefficients of variation with respect to retention times (≤4.2%) and peak areas (≤14.4%). N-glycans released from complex samples were also examined by PGC LC-MS. A total of 120 N-glycan structural and compositional isomers were obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ovarian cancer tissue sections. Finally, a comparison between early- and late-stage formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ovarian cancer tissues revealed qualitative changes in the α2,3- and α2,6-sialic acid linkage of a fucosylated bi-antennary complex N-glycan. Although the α2,3-linkage was predominant in late-stage ovarian cancer, the alternate α2,6-linkage was more prevalent in early-stage ovarian cancer. This study establishes the utility of in-house packed PGC columns for the robust and reproducible LC-MS analysis of N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Young
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark R Condina
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew T Briggs
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Edward S X Moh
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Michalak M, Kalteis MS, Ahadova A, Kloor M, Kriegsmann M, Kriegsmann K, Warnken U, Helm D, Kopitz J. Differential Glycosite Profiling-A Versatile Method to Compare Membrane Glycoproteomes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123564. [PMID: 34200965 PMCID: PMC8230608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most prevalent and varied form of post-translational protein modifications. Protein glycosylation regulates multiple cellular functions, including protein folding, cell adhesion, molecular trafficking and clearance, receptor activation, signal transduction, and endocytosis. In particular, membrane proteins are frequently highly glycosylated, which is both linked to physiological processes and of high relevance in various disease mechanisms. The cellular glycome is increasingly considered to be a therapeutic target. Here we describe a new strategy to compare membrane glycoproteomes, thereby identifying proteins with altered glycan structures and the respective glycosites. The workflow started with an optimized procedure for the digestion of membrane proteins followed by the lectin-based isolation of glycopeptides. Since alterations in the glycan part of a glycopeptide cause mass alterations, analytical size exclusion chromatography was applied to detect these mass shifts. N-glycosidase treatment combined with nanoUPLC-coupled mass spectrometry identified the altered glycoproteins and respective glycosites. The methodology was established using the colon cancer cell line CX1, which was treated with 2-deoxy-glucose-a modulator of N-glycosylation. The described methodology is not restricted to cell culture, as it can also be adapted to tissue samples or body fluids. Altogether, it is a useful module in various experimental settings that target glycan functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Michalak
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.S.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (J.K.); Tel.: +49-6221-56-6167 (M.M.)
| | - Martin Simon Kalteis
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.S.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aysel Ahadova
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.S.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.S.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Dominic Helm
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, MS-based Protein Analysis Unit, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.S.K.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, DKFZ (German Cancer Research Center) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (J.K.); Tel.: +49-6221-56-6167 (M.M.)
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Rodríguez V, Román J, Insuasty‐Cepeda D, Fierro‐Medina R, Rivera‐Monroy Z, García‐Castañeda J. Synthesis of Glucosyl Amino Acid Derivatives for Obtaining N‐Glucopeptides via SPPS: Optimization of the Synthetic Route**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá 11321 Colombia
| | - Julieth Román
- Departamento de Farmacia Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá 11321 Colombia
| | | | | | - Zuly Rivera‐Monroy
- Departamento de Química Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá 11321 Colombia
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Antiviral strategies should focus on stimulating the biosynthesis of heparan sulfates, not their inhibition. Life Sci 2021; 277:119508. [PMID: 33865880 PMCID: PMC8046744 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral strategies for viruses that utilize proteoglycan core proteins (syndecans and glypicans) as receptors should focus on heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis rather than on inhibition of these sugar chains. Here, we show that heparin and certain xylosides, which exhibit in vitro viral entry inhibitory properties against HSV-1, HSV-2, HPV-16, HPV-31, HVB, HVC, HIV-1, HTLV-1, SARS-CoV-2, HCMV, DENV-1, and DENV-2, stimulated HS biosynthesis at the cell surface 2- to 3-fold for heparin and up to 10-fold for such xylosides. This is consistent with the hypothesis from a previous study that for core protein attachment, viruses are glycosylated at HS attachment sites (i.e., serine residues intended to receive the D-xylose molecule for initiating HS chains). Heparanase overexpression, endocytic entry, and syndecan shedding enhancement, all of which are observed during viral infection, lead to glycocalyx deregulation and appear to be direct consequences of this hypothesis. In addition to the appearance of type 2 diabetes and the degradation of HS observed during viral infection, we linked this hypothesis to that proposed in a previous publication.
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41
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Kaur H. Characterization of glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies and its importance in therapeutic antibody development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:300-315. [PMID: 33430641 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the structurally diverse and complex forms of post translational modifications observed in proteins which influence the effector functions of IgG-Fc. Although the glycosylation constitutes 2-3% of the total mass of the IgG antibody, a thorough assessment of glycoform distribution present on the antibody is a critical quality attribute (cQA) for the majority of novel and biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb) development. This review paper will highlight the impact of different glycoforms such as galactose, fucose, high mannose, NANA (N-acetylneuraminic acid), and NGNA (N-glycoylneuraminic acid) on the safety/immunogeneicity, efficacy/biological activity and clearance (pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetic property (PD/PK)) of biological molecules. In addition, this paper will summarize routinely employed reliable analytical techniques such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for characterizing and monitoring glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods are addressed. The scope of this review paper is limited to only N-linked and O-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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42
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Bermudez A, Pitteri SJ. Enrichment of Intact Glycopeptides Using Strong Anion Exchange and Electrostatic Repulsion Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2271:107-120. [PMID: 33908003 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1241-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a biologically important and complex protein posttranslational modification. The emergence of glycoproteomic technologies to identify and characterize glycans on proteins has the potential to enable a better understanding the role of glycosylation in biology, disease states, and other areas of interest. In particular, the analysis of intact glycopeptides by mass spectrometry allows information about glycan location and composition to be ascertained. However, such analysis is often complicated by extensive glycan diversity and the low abundance of glycopeptides in a complex mixture relative to nonglycosylated peptides. Enrichment of glycopeptides from a protein enzymatic digest is an effective approach to overcome such challenges. In this chapter, we described a glycopeptide enrichment method combining strong anion exchange, electrostatic repulsion, and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (SAX-ERLIC). Following enzymatic digestion of proteins into peptides, SAX-ERLIC is performed by solid phase extraction to enrich glycopeptides from biological samples with subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis. Glycopeptide data generated using the SAX-ERLIC enrichment yields a high number of total and unique glycopeptide identifications which can be mapped back to proteins. The enrichment strategy is robust, easy to perform, and does not require cleavage of glycans prior to LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Bermudez
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Rodríguez-Mayor AV, Peralta-Camacho GJ, Cárdenas-Martínez KJ, García-Castañeda JE. Development of Strategies for Glycopeptide Synthesis: An Overview on the Glycosidic Linkage. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200701121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of
their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate,
carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in
biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important
source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications.
However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources
with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous
environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this
problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context,
several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been
reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building
blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter
for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the
chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and
have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which
may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding.
This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.
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Zaghmi A, Drouin-Ouellet J, Brambilla D, Gauthier MA. Treating brain diseases using systemic parenterally-administered protein therapeutics: Dysfunction of the brain barriers and potential strategies. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120461. [PMID: 33218788 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The parenteral administration of protein therapeutics is increasingly gaining importance for the treatment of human diseases. However, the presence of practically impermeable blood-brain barriers greatly restricts access of such pharmaceutics to the brain. Treating brain disorders with proteins thus remains a great challenge, and the slow clinical translation of these therapeutics may be largely ascribed to the lack of appropriate brain delivery system. Exploring new approaches to deliver proteins to the brain by circumventing physiological barriers is thus of great interest. Moreover, parallel advances in the molecular neurosciences are important for better characterizing blood-brain interfaces, particularly under different pathological conditions (e.g., stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease). This review presents the current state of knowledge of the structure and the function of the main physiological barriers of the brain, the mechanisms of transport across these interfaces, as well as alterations to these concomitant with brain disorders. Further, the different strategies to promote protein delivery into the brain are presented, including the use of molecular Trojan horses, the formulation of nanosystems conjugated/loaded with proteins, protein-engineering technologies, the conjugation of proteins to polymers, and the modulation of intercellular junctions. Additionally, therapeutic approaches for brain diseases that do not involve targeting to the brain are presented (i.e., sink and scavenging mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaghmi
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Drouin-Ouellet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D Brambilla
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - M A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada.
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45
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Trihemasava K, Chakraborty S, Blackburn K, Xu G. Expression, purification, and phylogenetic analysis of MDIS1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1 (MIK1). Protein J 2020; 39:461-471. [PMID: 33104960 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An abundance of protein structures has been solved in the last six decades that are paramount in defining the function of such proteins. For unsolved protein structures, however, predictions based on sequence and phylogenetic similarity can be useful for identifying key domains of interaction. Here, we describe expression and purification of a recombinant plant LRR-RLK ectodomain MIK1 using a modified baculovirus-mediated expression system with subsequent N-linked glycosylation analysis using LC-MS/MS and computational sequence-based analyses. Though highly ubiquitous, glycosylation site specificity and the degree of glycosylation influenced by genetic and exogenous factors are still largely unknown. Our experimental analysis of N-glycans on MIK1 identified clusters of glycosylation that may explicate the regions involved in MIK1 ectodomain binding. Whether these glycans are necessary for function is yet to be determined. Phylogenetic comparison using multiple sequence alignment between MIK1 and other LRR-RLKs, namely TDR in Arabidopsis thaliana, revealed conserved structural motifs that are known to play functional roles in ligand and receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittin Trihemasava
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Blackburn
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA
| | - Guozhou Xu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Discovery of N-glycan Biomarkers for the Canine Osteoarthritis. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090199. [PMID: 32937769 PMCID: PMC7555374 DOI: 10.3390/life10090199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a post-translational modification that impacts on protein activity, stability, and interactions. It was sensitively altered by the cellular state and, therefore, is now used for a diagnostic or prognostic indicator of various human diseases such as cancer. To evaluate the clinical feasibility in the veterinary area, the N-glycan biomarkers were discovered from canine serum for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA), which is one of the most common diseases of dogs. N-glycome was obtained from 20 μL of canine serum by the enzymatic cleavage followed by the purification and enrichment using solid-phase extraction. Independent compositions of 163 and 463 N-glycans were found from healthy control (n = 41) and osteoarthritis patients (n = 92), respectively. Initially, 31 of the potential biomarkers were screened by the p-values below 1.0 × 10−10 from ANOVA. Then, the area under the curve (AUC) and the intensity ratio between OA patient and healthy control (P/C ratio) were calculated. Considering the diagnostic efficacy, the AUC bigger than 0.9 and the P/C ratio larger than 3.0 were used to discover 16 N-glycans as diagnostic biomarkers. Particularly, five of the diagnostic biomarkers were AUC above 0.99 and three of N-glycans had AUC 1.0. The results suggest a clear possibility for N-glycan biomarkers to be used as a clinical tool in the veterinary medical area enabling to provide objective and non-invasive diagnostic information.
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Singh K, Tripathi RP. An Overview on Glyco-Macrocycles: Potential New Lead and their Future in Medicinal Chemistry. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3386-3410. [PMID: 30827227 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190227232721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles cover a small segment of molecules with a vast range of biological activity in the chemotherapeutic world. Primarily, the natural sources derived from macrocyclic drug candidates with a wide range of biological activities are known. Further evolutions of the medicinal chemistry towards macrocycle-based chemotherapeutics involve the functionalization of the natural product by hemisynthesis. More recently, macrocycles based on carbohydrates have evolved a considerable interest among the medicinal chemists worldwide. Carbohydrates provide an ideal scaffold to generate chiral macrocycles with well-defined pharmacophores in a decorated fashion to achieve the desired biological activity. We have given an overview on carbohydrate-derived macrocycle involving their synthesis in drug design and discovery and potential role in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartikey Singh
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Rama Pati Tripathi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, New Transit Campus, Bijnor Road, Sarojani Nagar Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow 226002, U.P., India
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48
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Blount JR, Libohova K, Silva GM, Todi SV. Isoleucine 44 Hydrophobic Patch Controls Toxicity of Unanchored, Linear Ubiquitin Chains through NF-κB Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061519. [PMID: 32580388 PMCID: PMC7348737 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification that regulates cellular processes by altering the interactions of proteins to which ubiquitin, a small protein adduct, is conjugated. Ubiquitination yields various products, including mono- and poly-ubiquitinated substrates, as well as unanchored poly-ubiquitin chains whose accumulation is considered toxic. We previously showed that transgenic, unanchored poly-ubiquitin is not problematic in Drosophila melanogaster. In the fruit fly, free chains exist in various lengths and topologies and are degraded by the proteasome; they are also conjugated onto other proteins as one unit, eliminating them from the free ubiquitin chain pool. Here, to further explore the notion of unanchored chain toxicity, we examined when free poly-ubiquitin might become problematic. We found that unanchored chains can be highly toxic if they resemble linear poly-ubiquitin that cannot be modified into other topologies. These species upregulate NF-κB signaling, and modulation of the levels of NF-κB components reduces toxicity. In additional studies, we show that toxicity from untethered, linear chains is regulated by isoleucine 44, which anchors a key interaction site for ubiquitin. We conclude that free ubiquitin chains can be toxic, but only in uncommon circumstances, such as when the ability of cells to modify and regulate them is markedly restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Blount
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Kozeta Libohova
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
| | | | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (J.R.B.); (K.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield St., Scott Hall Rm. 3108, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence:
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49
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Chen XL, Liu C, Tang B, Ren Z, Wang GL, Liu W. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals important roles of N-glycosylation on ER quality control system for development and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008355. [PMID: 32092131 PMCID: PMC7058352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have shown essential functions of N-glycosylation during infection of the plant pathogenic fungi, however, systematic roles of N-glycosylation in fungi is still largely unknown. Biological analysis demonstrated N-glycosylated proteins were widely present at different development stages of Magnaporthe oryzae and especially increased in the appressorium and invasive hyphae. A large-scale quantitative proteomics analysis was then performed to explore the roles of N-glycosylation in M. oryzae. A total of 559 N-glycosites from 355 proteins were identified and quantified at different developmental stages. Functional classification to the N-glycosylated proteins revealed N-glycosylation can coordinate different cellular processes for mycelial growth, conidium formation, and appressorium formation. N-glycosylation can also modify key components in N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation and GPI anchor pathways, indicating intimate crosstalk between these pathways. Interestingly, we found nearly all key components of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system were highly N-glycosylated in conidium and appressorium. Phenotypic analyses to the gene deletion mutants revealed four ERQC components, Gls1, Gls2, GTB1 and Cnx1, are important for mycelial growth, conidiation, and invasive hyphal growth in host cells. Subsequently, we identified the Gls1 N-glycosite N497 was important for invasive hyphal growth and partially required for conidiation, but didn’t affect colony growth. Mutation of N497 resulted in reduction of Gls1 in protein level, and localization from ER into the vacuole, suggesting N497 is important for protein stability of Gls1. Our study showed a snapshot of the N-glycosylation landscape in plant pathogenic fungi, indicating functions of this modification in cellular processes, developments and pathogenesis. The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae can cause rice blast and wheat blast diseases, which threatens worldwide food production. During infection, M. oryzae follows a sequence of distinct developmental stages adapted to survival and invasion of the host environment. M. oryzae attaches onto the host by the conidium, and then develops an appressorium to breach the host cuticle. After penetrating, it forms invasive hyphae to quickly spread in the host cells. Numerous genetic studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying each step in the infection process, but systemic approaches are needed for a broader, integrated understanding of regulatory events during M. oryzae pathogenesis. Many infection-related signaling events are regulated through post-translational protein modifications within the pathogen. N-linked glycosylation, in which a glycan moiety is added to the amide group of an asparagine residue, is an abundant modification known to be essential for M. oryzae infection. In this study, we employed a quantitative proteomics analysis to unravel the overall regulatory mechanisms of N-glycosylation at different developmental stages of M. oryzae. We detected changes in N-glycosylation levels at 559 glycosylated residues (N-glycosites) in 355 proteins during different stages, and determined that the ER quality control system is elaborately regulated by N-glycosylation. The insights gained will help us to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of infection in pathogenic fungi. These findings may be also important for developing novel strategies for fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiyong Ren
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Bigman LS, Levy Y. Proteins: molecules defined by their trade-offs. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 60:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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