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Eckardt NA, Avin-Wittenberg T, Bassham DC, Chen P, Chen Q, Fang J, Genschik P, Ghifari AS, Guercio AM, Gibbs DJ, Heese M, Jarvis RP, Michaeli S, Murcha MW, Mursalimov S, Noir S, Palayam M, Peixoto B, Rodriguez PL, Schaller A, Schnittger A, Serino G, Shabek N, Stintzi A, Theodoulou FL, Üstün S, van Wijk KJ, Wei N, Xie Q, Yu F, Zhang H. The lowdown on breakdown: Open questions in plant proteolysis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2931-2975. [PMID: 38980154 PMCID: PMC11371169 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis, including post-translational proteolytic processing as well as protein degradation and amino acid recycling, is an essential component of the growth and development of living organisms. In this article, experts in plant proteolysis pose and discuss compelling open questions in their areas of research. Topics covered include the role of proteolysis in the cell cycle, DNA damage response, mitochondrial function, the generation of N-terminal signals (degrons) that mark many proteins for degradation (N-terminal acetylation, the Arg/N-degron pathway, and the chloroplast N-degron pathway), developmental and metabolic signaling (photomorphogenesis, abscisic acid and strigolactone signaling, sugar metabolism, and postharvest regulation), plant responses to environmental signals (endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation, chloroplast-associated degradation, drought tolerance, and the growth-defense trade-off), and the functional diversification of peptidases. We hope these thought-provoking discussions help to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Poyu Chen
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Qian Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Angelica M Guercio
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B1 2RU, UK
| | - Maren Heese
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Simon Michaeli
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sergey Mursalimov
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Sandra Noir
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg 67084, France
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia ES-46022, Spain
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Giovanna Serino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ning Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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2
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Hoermann A, Habtewold T, Selvaraj P, Del Corsano G, Capriotti P, Inghilterra MG, Kebede TM, Christophides GK, Windbichler N. Gene drive mosquitoes can aid malaria elimination by retarding Plasmodium sporogonic development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1733. [PMID: 36129981 PMCID: PMC9491717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene drives hold promise for the genetic control of malaria vectors. The development of vector population modification strategies hinges on the availability of effector mechanisms impeding parasite development in transgenic mosquitoes. We augmented a midgut gene of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae to secrete two exogenous antimicrobial peptides, magainin 2 and melittin. This small genetic modification, capable of efficient nonautonomous gene drive, hampers oocyst development in both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. It delays the release of infectious sporozoites, while it simultaneously reduces the life span of homozygous female transgenic mosquitoes. Modeling the spread of this modification using a large-scale agent-based model of malaria epidemiology reveals that it can break the cycle of disease transmission across a range of transmission intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hoermann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tibebu Habtewold
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Prashanth Selvaraj
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Paolo Capriotti
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Temesgen M. Kebede
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Sun CQ, Peng J, Yang LB, Jiao ZL, Zhou LX, Tao RY, Zhu LJ, Tian ZQ, Huang MJ, Guo G. A Cecropin-4 Derived Peptide C18 Inhibits Candida albicans by Disturbing Mitochondrial Function. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872322. [PMID: 35531288 PMCID: PMC9075107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global burden of fungal infections and related health risk has accelerated at an incredible pace, and multidrug resistance emergency aggravates the need for the development of new effective strategies. Candida albicans is clinically the most ubiquitous pathogenic fungus that leads to high incidence and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), in this context, represent promising alternatives having potential to be exploited for improving human health. In our previous studies, a Cecropin-4-derived peptide named C18 was found to possess a broader antibacterial spectrum after modification and exhibit significant antifungal activity against C. albicans. In this study, C18 shows antifungal activity against C. albicans or non-albicans Candida species with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 4∼32 μg/ml, and clinical isolates of fluconazole (FLZ)-resistance C. tropicalis were highly susceptible to C18 with MIC value of 8 or 16 μg/ml. Additionally, C18 is superior to FLZ for killing planktonic C. albicans from inhibitory and killing kinetic curves. Moreover, C18 could attenuate the virulence of C. albicans, which includes damaging the cell structure, retarding hyphae transition, and inhibiting biofilm formation. Intriguingly, in the Galleria mellonella model with C. albicans infection, C18 could improve the survival rate of G. mellonella larvae to 70% and reduce C. albicans load from 5.01 × 107 to 5.62 × 104 CFU. For mechanistic action of C18, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytosolic Ca2 + increased in the presence of C18, which is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm) loss and ATP depletion of C. albicans occurred with the treatment of C18. We hypothesized that C18 might inhibit C. albicans via triggering mitochondrial dysfunction driven by ROS generation and Ca2 + accumulation. Our observation provides a basis for future research to explore the antifungal strategies and presents C18 as an attractive therapeutic candidate to be developed to treat candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qin Sun
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Peng
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Long-Bing Yang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zheng-Long Jiao
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Luo-Xiong Zhou
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Ru-Yu Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Tian
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Jiao Huang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Guo Guo,
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4
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Ghifari AS, Teixeira PF, Kmiec B, Singh N, Glaser E, Murcha MW. The dual-targeted prolyl aminopeptidase PAP1 is involved in proline accumulation in response to stress and during pollen development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:78-93. [PMID: 34460901 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant endosymbiotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts harbour a wide array of biochemical reactions. As a part of protein homeostasis to maintain organellar activity and stability, unwanted proteins and peptides need to be completely degraded in a stepwise mechanism termed the processing pathway, where at the last stage single amino acids are released by aminopeptidases. Here, we determined the molecular and physiological functions of a prolyl aminopeptidase homologue PAP1 (At2g14260) that is able to release N-terminal proline. Transcript analyses demonstrate that an alternative transcription start site gives rise to two alternative transcripts, generating two in-frame proteins PAP1.1 and PAP1.2. Subcellular localization studies revealed that the longer isoform PAP1.1, which contains a 51 residue N-terminal extension, is exclusively targeted to chloroplasts, while the truncated isoform PAP1.2 is located in the cytosol. Distinct expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages were observed. Investigations into the physiological role of PAP1 using loss-of-function mutants revealed that PAP1 activity may be involved in proline homeostasis and accumulation, required for pollen development and tolerance to osmotic stress. Enzymatic activity, subcellular location, and expression patterns of PAP1 suggest a role in the chloroplastic peptide processing pathway and proline homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Pedro F Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratory for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratory for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neha Singh
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratory for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth WA, Australia
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5
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Caspari OD, Lafontaine I. The role of antimicrobial peptides in the evolution of endosymbiotic protein import. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009466. [PMID: 33857255 PMCID: PMC8049325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D. Caspari
- UMR7141, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (CNRS/Sorbonne Université), Paris, France
- * E-mail: (ODC); (IL)
| | - Ingrid Lafontaine
- UMR7141, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (CNRS/Sorbonne Université), Paris, France
- * E-mail: (ODC); (IL)
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6
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Ghifari AS, Teixeira PF, Kmiec B, Pružinská A, Glaser E, Murcha MW. A mitochondrial prolyl aminopeptidase PAP2 releases N-terminal proline and regulates proline homeostasis during stress response. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1182-1194. [PMID: 32920905 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesised in the cytosol and targeted into the organelle via N-terminal targeting peptides that are cleaved upon import. The free targeting peptide is subsequently processed in a stepwise manner, with single amino acids released as final products. Here, we have characterised a proline-cleaving aminopeptidase in Arabidopsis thaliana, prolyl aminopeptidase-2 (PAP2, At3g61540). Activity assays show that PAP2 has a preferred activity to hydrolyse N-terminal proline. Protein localisation studies revealed that PAP2 is exclusively targeted to mitochondria. Characterisation of pap2 mutants show defective pollen, enhanced dark-induced senescence and increased susceptibility to abiotic stresses, which are likely attributed to a reduced level of accumulated free proline. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of PAP2 in proline cleavage from mitochondrial peptides and proline homeostasis, which is required for the development of male gametophyte, tolerance to abiotic stresses, and leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Pedro F Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Adriana Pružinská
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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7
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Evidence Supporting an Antimicrobial Origin of Targeting Peptides to Endosymbiotic Organelles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081795. [PMID: 32731621 PMCID: PMC7463930 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged from primary endosymbiosis. Most proteins of the endosymbiont were subsequently expressed in the nucleo-cytosol of the host and organelle-targeted via the acquisition of N-terminal presequences, whose evolutionary origin remains enigmatic. Using a quantitative assessment of their physico-chemical properties, we show that organelle targeting peptides, which are distinct from signal peptides targeting other subcellular compartments, group with a subset of antimicrobial peptides. We demonstrate that extant antimicrobial peptides target a fluorescent reporter to either the mitochondria or the chloroplast in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and, conversely, that extant targeting peptides still display antimicrobial activity. Thus, we provide strong computational and functional evidence for an evolutionary link between organelle-targeting and antimicrobial peptides. Our results support the view that resistance of bacterial progenitors of organelles to the attack of host antimicrobial peptides has been instrumental in eukaryogenesis and in the emergence of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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8
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Ghifari AS, Huang S, Murcha MW. The peptidases involved in plant mitochondrial protein import. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6005-6018. [PMID: 31738432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The endosymbiotic origin of the mitochondrion and the subsequent transfer of its genome to the host nucleus has resulted in intricate mechanisms of regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and protein content. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are nuclear encoded and synthesized in the cytosol, thus requiring specialized and dedicated machinery for the correct targeting import and sorting of its proteome. Most proteins targeted to the mitochondria utilize N-terminal targeting signals called presequences that are cleaved upon import. This cleavage is carried out by a variety of peptidases, generating free peptides that can be detrimental to organellar and cellular activity. Research over the last few decades has elucidated a range of mitochondrial peptidases that are involved in the initial removal of the targeting signal and its sequential degradation, allowing for the recovery of single amino acids. The significance of these processing pathways goes beyond presequence degradation after protein import, whereby the deletion of processing peptidases induces plant stress responses, compromises mitochondrial respiratory capability, and alters overall plant growth and development. Here, we review the multitude of plant mitochondrial peptidases that are known to be involved in protein import and processing of targeting signals to detail how their activities can affect organellar protein homeostasis and overall plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi S Ghifari
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Shaobai Huang
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA, Australia
| | - Monika W Murcha
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth WA, Australia
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9
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Jensen LT, Phyu T, Jain A, Kaewwanna C, Jensen AN. Decreased accumulation of superoxide dismutase 2 within mitochondria in the yeast model of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13867-13880. [PMID: 30938873 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human SBDS gene is the most common cause of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). The SBDS protein participates in ribosome biogenesis; however, effects beyond reduced translation efficiency are thought to be involved in SDS progression. Impaired mitochondrial function has been reported for cells lacking either SBDS or Sdo1p, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SBDS ortholog. To better understand how the loss of SBDS/Sdo1p leads to mitochondria damage, we utilized the S. cerevisiae model of SDS. Yeast deleted for SDO1 show increased oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins and a marked decrease in protein levels and activity of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2p), a key enzyme involved in defense against oxidants. Immature forms of Sod2p are observed in sdo1∆ cells suggesting a defect in proteolysis of the presequence. Yeast deleted for CYM1, encoding a presequence protease, display a similar reduction in Sod2p activity as sdo1∆ cells, as well as elevated oxidative damage, to mitochondrial proteins. Sod2p protein levels and activity are largely restored in a por1∆ sdo1∆ strain, lacking the major mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel. Together these results indicate that mitochondrial insufficiency in sdo1∆ cells may be linked to the accumulation of immature presequence containing proteins and this effect is a consequence, at least in part, from loss of counter-regulation of Por1p by Sdo1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laran T Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - The Phyu
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlada Kaewwanna
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Plant mitochondrial protein import: the ins and outs. Biochem J 2018; 475:2191-2208. [PMID: 30018142 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the mitochondrial proteome, required to fulfil its diverse range of functions, is cytosolically synthesised and translocated via specialised machinery. The dedicated translocases, receptors, and associated proteins have been characterised in great detail in yeast over the last several decades, yet many of the mechanisms that regulate these processes in higher eukaryotes are still unknown. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of mitochondrial protein import in plants. Despite the fact that the mechanisms of mitochondrial protein import have remained conserved across species, many unique features have arisen in plants to encompass the developmental, tissue-specific, and stress-responsive regulation in planta. An understanding of unique features and mechanisms in plants provides us with a unique insight into the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in higher eukaryotes.
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11
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Teixeira PF, Masuyer G, Pinho CM, Branca RMM, Kmiec B, Wallin C, Wärmländer SKTS, Berntsson RPA, Ankarcrona M, Gräslund A, Lehtiö J, Stenmark P, Glaser E. Mechanism of Peptide Binding and Cleavage by the Human Mitochondrial Peptidase Neurolysin. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:348-362. [PMID: 29183787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis, from the processing of newly imported precursor proteins to the degradation of mitochondrial targeting peptides. Disruption of peptide degradation activity in yeast, plant and mammalian mitochondria is known to have deleterious consequences for organism physiology, highlighting the important role of mitochondrial peptidases. In the present work, we show that the human mitochondrial peptidase neurolysin (hNLN) can degrade mitochondrial presequence peptides as well as other fragments up to 19 amino acids long. The crystal structure of hNLNE475Q in complex with the products of neurotensin cleavage at 2.7Å revealed a closed conformation with an internal cavity that restricts substrate length and highlighted the mechanism of enzyme opening/closing that is necessary for substrate binding and catalytic activity. Analysis of peptide degradation in vitro showed that hNLN cooperates with presequence protease (PreP or PITRM1) in the degradation of long targeting peptides and amyloid-β peptide, Aβ1-40, associated with Alzheimer disease, particularly cleaving the hydrophobic fragment Aβ35-40. These findings suggest that a network of proteases may be required for complete degradation of peptides localized in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Geoffrey Masuyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catarina M Pinho
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui M M Branca
- Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Wallin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Ankarcrona
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Clinical Proteomics Mass Spectrometry, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
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12
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Mergaert P, Kikuchi Y, Shigenobu S, Nowack ECM. Metabolic Integration of Bacterial Endosymbionts through Antimicrobial Peptides. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:703-712. [PMID: 28549825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are massively produced by eukaryotic hosts during symbiotic interactions with bacteria. Among other roles, these symbiotic AMPs have the capacity to permeabilize symbiont membranes and facilitate metabolite flow across the host-symbiont interface. We propose that an ancestral role of these peptides is to facilitate metabolic exchange between the symbiotic partners through membrane permeabilization. This function may be particularly critical for integration of endosymbiont and host metabolism in interactions involving bacteria with strongly reduced genomes lacking most small metabolite transporters. Moreover, AMPs could have acted in a similar way at the onset of plastid and mitochondrion evolution, after a host cell took up a bacterium and needed to extract nutrients from it in the absence of dedicated solute transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Eva C M Nowack
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Wollman FA. An antimicrobial origin of transit peptides accounts for early endosymbiotic events. Traffic 2016; 17:1322-1328. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Vieira MEB, Vasconcelos IM, Machado OLT, Gomes VM, Carvalho ADO. Isolation, characterization and mechanism of action of an antimicrobial peptide from Lecythis pisonis seeds with inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:716-29. [PMID: 26245301 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by a range of organisms as a first line of defense against invaders or competitors. Owing to their broad antimicrobial activity, AMPs have attracted attention as a potential source of chemotherapeutic drugs. The increasing prevalence of infections caused by Candida species as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients requires new drugs. Lecythis pisonis is a Lecythydaceae tree that grows in Brazil. The AMPs produced by this tree have not been described previously. We describe the isolation of 12 fractions enriched in peptides from L. pisonis seeds. Of the 12 fractions, at 10 μg/ml, the F4 fraction had the strongest growth inhibitory effect (53.7%) in Candida albicans, in addition to a loss of viability of 94.9%. The F4 fraction was separated into seven sub-fractions by reversed-phase chromatography. The F4.7' fraction had the strongest activity at 10 μg/ml, inhibiting C. albicans growth by 38.5% and a 69.3% loss of viability. The peptide in F4.7' was sequenced and was found to be similar to plant defensins. For this reason, the peptide was named L. pisonis defensin 1 (Lp-Def1). The mechanism of action that is responsible for C. albicans inhibition by Lp-Def1 includes a slight increase of reactive oxygen species induction and a significant loss of mitochondrial function. The results described here support the future development of plant defensins, specifically Lp-Def1, as new therapeutic substances against fungi, especially C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eliza Brambila Vieira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Ilka Maria Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Toxinas Vegetais, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Olga Lima Tavares Machado
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Valdirene Moreira Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
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15
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Bohovych I, Chan SS, Khalimonchuk O. Mitochondrial protein quality control: the mechanisms guarding mitochondrial health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:977-94. [PMID: 25546710 PMCID: PMC4390190 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria are complex dynamic organelles pivotal for cellular physiology and human health. Failure to maintain mitochondrial health leads to numerous maladies that include late-onset neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, a decline in mitochondrial health is prevalent with aging. A set of evolutionary conserved mechanisms known as mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is involved in recognition and correction of the mitochondrial proteome. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we review current knowledge and latest developments in MQC. We particularly focus on the proteolytic aspect of MQC and its impact on health and aging. CRITICAL ISSUES While our knowledge about MQC is steadily growing, critical gaps remain in the mechanistic understanding of how MQC modules sense damage and preserve mitochondrial welfare, particularly in higher organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Delineating how coordinated action of the MQC modules orchestrates physiological responses on both organellar and cellular levels will further elucidate the current picture of MQC's role and function in health, cellular stress, and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Sherine S.L. Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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16
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Enzymatic hydrolyzed feather peptide, a welcoming drug for multiple-antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: structural analysis and characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3371-86. [PMID: 25649444 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the bactericidal activity of a feather-degraded active peptide against multiple-antibiotic-resistant (MAR) Staphylococcus aureus. An antibacterial peptide (ABP) was isolated from the chicken feathers containing fermented media of Paenibacillus woosongensis TKB2, a keratinolytic soil isolate. It was purified by HPLC, and its mass was found to be 4666.87 Da using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectroscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of this peptide were 22.5 and 90 μg/ml, respectively. SEM study revealed the distorted cell wall of the test strain along with pore formation. The possible reason for bactericidal activity of the peptide is due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in membrane damage and leakage of intracellular protein. Complete sequence of the peptide was predicted and retrieved from the sequence database of chicken feather keratin after in silico trypsin digestion using ExPASy tools. Further, net charge, hydrophobicity (77.7 %) and molecular modelling of the peptide were evaluated for better understanding of its mode of action. The hydrophobic region (17 to 27) of the peptide may facilitate for initial attachment on the bacterial membrane. The ABP exhibited no adverse effects on RBC membrane and HT-29 human cell line. This cytosafe peptide can be exploited as an effective therapeutic agent to combat Staphylococcal infections.
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17
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Chen J, Teixeira PF, Glaser E, Levine RL. Mechanism of oxidative inactivation of human presequence protease by hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:57-63. [PMID: 25236746 PMCID: PMC4258540 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial presequence protease (PreP) is a member of the pitrilysin class of metalloproteases. It degrades the mitochondrial targeting presequences of mitochondria-localized proteins as well as unstructured peptides such as amyloid-β peptide. The specific activity of PreP is reduced in Alzheimer patients and animal models of Alzheimer disease. The loss of activity can be mimicked in vitro by exposure to oxidizing conditions, and indirect evidence suggested that inactivation was due to methionine oxidation. We performed peptide mapping analyses to elucidate the mechanism of inactivation. None of the 24 methionine residues in recombinant human PreP was oxidized. We present evidence that inactivation is due to oxidation of cysteine residues and consequent oligomerization through intermolecular disulfide bonds. The most susceptible cysteine residues to oxidation are Cys34, Cys112, and Cys119. Most, but not all, of the activity loss is restored by the reducing agent dithiothreitol. These findings elucidate a redox mechanism for regulation of PreP and also provide a rational basis for therapeutic intervention in conditions characterized by excessive oxidation of PreP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pedro Filipe Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Kmiec B, Teixeira PF, Glaser E. Shredding the signal: targeting peptide degradation in mitochondria and chloroplasts. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:771-8. [PMID: 25305111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The biogenesis and functionality of mitochondria and chloroplasts depend on the constant turnover of their proteins. The majority of mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins are imported as precursors via their N-terminal targeting peptides. After import, the targeting peptides are cleaved off and degraded. Recent work has elucidated a pathway involved in the degradation of targeting peptides in mitochondria and chloroplasts, with two proteolytic components: the presequence protease (PreP) and the organellar oligopeptidase (OOP). PreP and OOP are specialized in degrading peptides of different lengths, with the substrate restriction being dictated by the structure of their proteolytic cavities. The importance of the intraorganellar peptide degradation is highlighted by the fact that elimination of both oligopeptidases affects growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pedro F Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Murcha MW, Kmiec B, Kubiszewski-Jakubiak S, Teixeira PF, Glaser E, Whelan J. Protein import into plant mitochondria: signals, machinery, processing, and regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6301-35. [PMID: 25324401 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The majority of more than 1000 proteins present in mitochondria are imported from nuclear-encoded, cytosolically synthesized precursor proteins. This impressive feat of transport and sorting is achieved by the combined action of targeting signals on mitochondrial proteins and the mitochondrial protein import apparatus. The mitochondrial protein import apparatus is composed of a number of multi-subunit protein complexes that recognize, translocate, and assemble mitochondrial proteins into functional complexes. While the core subunits involved in mitochondrial protein import are well conserved across wide phylogenetic gaps, the accessory subunits of these complexes differ in identity and/or function when plants are compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), the model system for mitochondrial protein import. These differences include distinct protein import receptors in plants, different mechanistic operation of the intermembrane protein import system, the location and activity of peptidases, the function of inner-membrane translocases in linking the outer and inner membrane, and the association/regulation of mitochondrial protein import complexes with components of the respiratory chain. Additionally, plant mitochondria share proteins with plastids, i.e. dual-targeted proteins. Also, the developmental and cell-specific nature of mitochondrial biogenesis is an aspect not observed in single-celled systems that is readily apparent in studies in plants. This means that plants provide a valuable model system to study the various regulatory processes associated with protein import and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika W Murcha
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Szymon Kubiszewski-Jakubiak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Pedro F Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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20
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Pavón N, Buelna-Chontal M, Hernández-Esquivel L, Hernández S, Chávez E, Condé R, Lanz-Mendoza H. Mitochondrial inactivation by Anopheles albimanus cecropin 3: molecular mechanisms. Peptides 2014; 53:202-9. [PMID: 23880546 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cecropin 3 (Ccrp3) is an antimicrobial peptide from Anopheles albimanus, which is expressed during Plasmodium berghei infection. Here, we report that synthetic Ccrp3, aside from antibacterial activity, also shows cardio regulatory functions. In rats, Ccrp3 significantly diminishes blood pressure as well as the heartbeat frequency at nanomolar concentration. Ccrp3 affect the rat cardiac muscle mitochondria, inducing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen consumption and transport of Ca(2). Ccrp3 treatment of the mitochondria causes mitochondrial damage promoting oxidative stress, causing overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of superoxide dismutase. At nM concentration, Ccrp3 inhibits superoxide dismutase activity through direct interaction, diminishing by its enzymatic activity. Ccrp3 induces the release of the pro-apoptotic marker Bax from the mitochondria. Altogether, these results suggest that Ccrp3 pro-oxidative activity on cardiac muscle mitochondria could be responsible for triggering the heartbeat frequency and blood pressure lowering observed the Ccrp3 injected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pavón
- Departamento de Farmacología. Dirección de investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Mabel Buelna-Chontal
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Luz Hernández-Esquivel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No.1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Sauri Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Chávez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No.1, Col. Sección XVI, CP 14080 Tlalpan, DF, Mexico
| | - Renaud Condé
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP 62501 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, CP 62501 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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21
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Kmiec B, Teixeira PF, Glaser E. Phenotypical consequences of expressing the dually targeted Presequence Protease, AtPreP, exclusively in mitochondria. Biochimie 2013; 100:167-70. [PMID: 24373893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endosymbiotic organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts, are sites of an intensive protein synthesis and degradation. A consequence of these processes is production of both free targeting peptides, i.e. mitochondrial presequences and chloroplastic transit peptides, and other short unstructured peptides. Mitochondrial, as well as chloroplastic peptides are degraded by Presequence Protease (PreP), which is dually targeted to mitochondrial matrix and chloroplastic stroma. Elimination of PreP in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to growth retardation, chlorosis and impairment of mitochondrial functions potentially due to the accumulation of targeting peptides. In this work we analyzed the influence of the restoration of mitochondrial peptide degradation by AtPreP on plant phenotype. We showed that exclusive mitochondrial expression of AtPreP results in total restoration of the proteolytic activity, but it does not restore the wild-type phenotype. The plants grow shorter roots and smaller rosettes compared to the plants expressing AtPreP1 in both mitochondria and chloroplasts. With this analysis we are aiming at understanding the physiological impact of the role of the dually targeted AtPreP in single type of destination organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro F Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Organellar oligopeptidase (OOP) provides a complementary pathway for targeting peptide degradation in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3761-9. [PMID: 24043784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307637110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain distinct proteolytic systems for precursor protein processing catalyzed by the mitochondrial and stromal processing peptidases and for the degradation of targeting peptides catalyzed by presequence protease. Here, we have identified and characterized a component of the organellar proteolytic systems in Arabidopsis thaliana, the organellar oligopeptidase, OOP (At5g65620). OOP belongs to the M3A family of peptide-degrading metalloproteases. Using two independent in vivo methods, we show that the protease is dually localized to mitochondria and chloroplasts. Furthermore, we localized the OPP homolog At5g10540 to the cytosol. Analysis of peptide degradation by OOP revealed substrate size restriction from 8 to 23 aa residues. Short mitochondrial targeting peptides (presequence of the ribosomal protein L29 and presequence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase 1) and N- and C-terminal fragments derived from the presequence of the ATPase beta subunit ranging in size from 11 to 20 aa could be degraded. MS analysis showed that OOP does not exhibit a strict cleavage pattern but shows a weak preference for hydrophobic residues (F/L) at the P1 position. The crystal structures of OOP, at 1.8-1.9 Å, exhibit an ellipsoidal shape consisting of two major domains enclosing the catalytic cavity of 3,000 Å(3). The structural and biochemical data suggest that the protein undergoes conformational changes to allow peptide binding and proteolysis. Our results demonstrate the complementary role of OOP in targeting-peptide degradation in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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23
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Teixeira PF, Pinho CM, Branca RM, Lehtiö J, Levine RL, Glaser E. In vitro oxidative inactivation of human presequence protease (hPreP). Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2188-95. [PMID: 23041349 PMCID: PMC3589710 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial peptidasome called presequence protease (PreP) is responsible for the degradation of presequences and other unstructured peptides including the amyloid-β peptide, whose accumulation may have deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. Recent studies showed that PreP activity is reduced in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and AD mouse models compared to controls, which correlated with an enhanced reactive oxygen species production in mitochondria. In this study, we have investigated the effects of a biologically relevant oxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), on the activity of recombinant human PreP (hPreP). H(2)O(2) inhibited hPreP activity in a concentration-dependent manner, resulting in oxidation of amino acid residues (detected by carbonylation) and lowered protein stability. Substitution of the evolutionarily conserved methionine 206 for leucine resulted in increased sensitivity of hPreP to oxidation, indicating a possible protective role of M206 as internal antioxidant. The activity of hPreP oxidized at low concentrations of H(2)O(2) could be restored by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA), an enzyme that localizes to the mitochondrial matrix, suggesting that hPreP constitutes a substrate for MsrA. In summary, our in vitro results suggest a possible redox control of hPreP in the mitochondrial matrix and support the protective role of the conserved methionine 206 residue as an internal antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Filipe Teixeira
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Abstract
A novel mitochondrial and chloroplast peptidasome, the Presequence Protease (PreP) degrades organellar targeting peptides as well as other unstructured peptides up to 65 amino acid residues in length. PreP belongs to the pitrilysin oligopeptidase family (M16C) containing an inverted zinc-binding motif. The crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana PreP, AtPreP, refined at 2.1 Å, revealed a novel mechanism of proteolysis in which two halves of the enzyme connected by a hinge region enclose a large catalytic chamber opening and closing in response to peptide binding. Double knock-out mutant of AtPreP1 and AtPreP2 results in a severe phenotype, including decreased size and growth rate, chlorosis and organellar abnormalities, such as altered chloroplast starch content, partial loss of the integrity of the inner mitochondrial membrane and reduced mitochondrial respiration. PreP homologues are also present in yeast and humans. Interestingly, human PreP has been associated with Alzheimer's disease as it is responsible for degradation of amyloid-β peptide in brain mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Teixeira PF, Glaser E. Processing peptidases in mitochondria and chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:360-70. [PMID: 22495024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of the mitochondrial and chloroplastic proteins are nuclear encoded and synthesized in the cytosol as precursor proteins with N-terminal extensions called targeting peptides. Targeting peptides function as organellar import signals, they are recognized by the import receptors and route precursors through the protein translocons across the organellar membranes. After the fulfilled function, targeting peptides are proteolytically cleaved off inside the organelles by different processing peptidases. The processing of mitochondrial precursors is catalyzed in the matrix by the Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase, MPP, the Mitochondrial Intermediate Peptidase, MIP (recently called Octapeptidyl aminopeptidase 1, Oct1) and the Intermediate cleaving peptidase of 55kDa, Icp55. Furthermore, different inner membrane peptidases (Inner Membrane Proteases, IMPs, Atp23, rhomboids and AAA proteases) catalyze additional processing functions, resulting in intra-mitochondrial sorting of proteins, the targeting to the intermembrane space or in the assembly of proteins into inner membrane complexes. Chloroplast targeting peptides are cleaved off in the stroma by the Stromal Processing Peptidase, SPP. If the protein is further translocated to the thylakoid lumen, an additional thylakoid-transfer sequence is removed by the Thylakoidal Processing Peptidase, TPP. Proper function of the D1 protein of Photosystem II reaction center requires its C-terminal processing by Carboxy-terminal processing protease, CtpA. Both in mitochondria and in chloroplasts, the cleaved targeting peptides are finally degraded by the Presequence Protease, PreP. The organellar proteases involved in precursor processing and targeting peptide degradation constitute themselves a quality control system ensuring the correct maturation and localization of proteins as well as assembly of protein complexes, contributing to sustenance of organelle functions. Dysfunctions of several mitochondrial processing proteases have been shown to be associated with human diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Import and Quality Control in Mitochondria and Plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Filipe Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Lee J, Choi H, Cho J, Lee DG. Effects of positively charged arginine residues on membrane pore forming activity of Rev-NIS peptide in bacterial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2421-7. [PMID: 21762675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated antibacterial effects of Rev-NIS and suggested the role of positively charged amino acids on membrane pore forming activity of the peptide in bacterial cells, by synthesizing two analogs, Anal R and Anal S. Based on the amphipathic property of Rev-NIS, Anal R and Anal S were designed by substituting E(1) and L(3) to R and L(3) to S, respectively. The circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that Anal R and Anal S have the same conformation of Rev-NIS, with a significant fraction of helical structure. In succession, the antibacterial susceptibility testing showed that Rev-NIS and its analogs possessed significant activities (Anal R>Rev-NIS>Anal S), without hemolytic effects, against bacterial pathogens including antibiotics-resistant strains. Moreover, the membrane studies, 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diSC(3)5) staining and FITC-dextran (FD) leakage assay demonstrated that the analogs as well as Rev-NIS acted on the bacterial membranes and potently made pores, with the hydrodynamic radius between 1.4nm and 2.3nm. Especially, Anal R made larger pores than other peptides, with the radius between 2.3nm and 3.3nm. These results also corresponded to the result of antibacterial susceptibility testing. In summary, this study indicates that the two arginine residues are more influential than the hydrophobicity or the helicity, regarding the molecular activity of the peptide, and finally suggests that Anal R peptide may be applied to novel antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneyoung Lee
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Alikhani N, Berglund AK, Engmann T, Spånning E, Vögtle FN, Pavlov P, Meisinger C, Langer T, Glaser E. Targeting capacity and conservation of PreP homologues localization in mitochondria of different species. J Mol Biol 2011; 410:400-10. [PMID: 21621546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial presequences and other unstructured peptides are degraded inside mitochondria by presequence proteases (PrePs) identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPreP), humans (hPreP), and yeast (Cym1/Mop112). The presequences of A. thaliana and human PreP are predicted to consist of 85 and 29 amino acids, respectively, whereas the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cym1/Mop112 presequence contains only 7 residues. These differences may explain the reported targeting of homologous proteins to different mitochondrial subcompartments. Here we have investigated the targeting capacity of the PreP homologues' presequences. We have produced fusion constructs containing N-terminal portions of AtPreP(1-125), hPreP(1-69), and Cym1(1-40) coupled to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and studied their import into isolated plant, mammalian, and yeast mitochondria, followed by mitochondrial subfractionation. Whereas the AtPreP presequence has the capacity to target GFP into the mitochondrial matrix of all three species, the hPreP presequence only targets GFP to the matrix of mammalian and yeast mitochondria. The Cym1/Mop112 presequence has an overall much weaker targeting capacity and only ensures mitochondrial sorting in its host species yeast. Revisiting the submitochondrial localization of Cym1 revealed that endogenous Cym1/Mop112 is localized to the matrix space, as has been previously reported for the plant and human homologues. Moreover, complementation studies in yeast show that native AtPreP restores the growth phenotype of yeast cells lacking Cym1, demonstrating functional conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyosha Alikhani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Bechinger B. Insights into the mechanisms of action of host defence peptides from biophysical and structural investigations. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:306-14. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nilsson Cederholm S, Bäckman HG, Pesaresi P, Leister D, Glaser E. Deletion of an organellar peptidasome PreP affects early development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 71:497-508. [PMID: 19701724 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel peptidasome PreP is responsible for degradation of targeting peptides and other unstructured peptides in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Arabidopsis thaliana contains two PreP isoforms, AtPreP1, and AtPreP2. Here we have characterized single and double prep knockout mutants. Immunoblot analysis of atprep1 and atprep2 mutants showed that both isoforms are expressed in all tissues with the highest expression in flowers and siliques; additionally, AtPreP1 accumulated to a much higher level in comparison to AtPreP2. The atprep2 mutant behaved like wild type, whereas deletion of AtPreP1 resulted in slightly pale-green seedlings. Analysis of the atprep1 atprep2 double mutant revealed a chlorotic phenotype in true leaves with diminished chlorophyll a and b content, but unchanged Chl a/b ratio indicating a proportional decrease of both PSI and PSII complexes. Mitochondrial respiratory rates (state 3) were lower and the mitochondria were partially uncoupled. EM pictures on cross sections of the first true leaves showed aberrant chloroplasts, including less grana stacking and less starch granules. Mitochondria with extremely variable size could also be observed. At later developmental stages the plants appeared almost normal. However, all through the development there was a statistically significant decrease of approximately 40% in the accumulated biomass in the double mutant plants in comparison to wild type. In mitochondria, deletion of AtPreP was not compensated by activation of any peptidolytic activity, whereas chloroplast membranes contained a minor peptidolytic activity not related to AtPreP. In summary, the AtPreP peptidasome is required for efficient plant growth and organelle function particularly during early development.
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Binding of divalent cations is essential for the activity of the organellar peptidasome in Arabidopsis thaliana
, At
PreP. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2727-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Millar AH, Small ID, Day DA, Whelan J. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function in Arabidopsis. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0111. [PMID: 22303236 PMCID: PMC3243404 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria represent the powerhouse of cells through their synthesis of ATP. However, understanding the role of mitochondria in the growth and development of plants will rely on a much deeper appreciation of the complexity of this organelle. Arabidopsis research has provided clear identification of mitochondrial components, allowed wide-scale analysis of gene expression, and has aided reverse genetic manipulation to test the impact of mitochondrial component loss on plant function. Forward genetics in Arabidopsis has identified mitochondrial involvement in mutations with notable impacts on plant metabolism, growth and development. Here we consider the evidence for components involved in mitochondria biogenesis, metabolism and signalling to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
| | - Ian D. Small
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
| | - David A. Day
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009
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32
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Marquette A, Mason AJ, Bechinger B. Aggregation and membrane permeabilizing properties of designed histidine-containing cationic linear peptide antibiotics. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:488-95. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Ganz T. Biosynthesis of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 186:62-71; discussion 71-6. [PMID: 7768158 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514658.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are small (about 30 amino acid residues) cationic antimicrobial peptides with a conserved framework of six disulphide-linked cysteines. Human defensin HNP-1 and the closely related HNP-3 are amphiphilic dimers that act in part by permeabilizing cell membranes. Defensin mRNAs, abundant in neutrophilic promyelocytes, certain non-human macrophages and Paneth cells, encode 94-100 amino acid prepropeptides. PreproHNP-1 is post-translationally processed to inactive proHNP-1 then to mature HNP-1 stored in granules. Bactenecin Bac-5 and perhaps other related neutrophil peptides are also synthesized as prepropeptides but are stored in granules as inactive propeptides. Their conserved cathelin-like propiece inhibits the cysteine protease, cathepsin L, and is removed only during granule release. Charge neutralization of mature peptide by the propiece is seen in both probactenecins and prodefensins. In contrast the propiece of cecropins is very short and proceropins are microbicidal. The pathways that convert myeloid preprodefensins to defensins are specific to myeloid cells but the signal for targeting to granules also functions in non-myeloid granulated cells. The truncation of the anionic propiece by deletion mutagenesis dramatically reduces defensin synthesis, suggesting that the propiece may assist in peptide stabilization, folding or subcellular transport. Despite some similarities in the mechanism of action of the various families of antimicrobial peptides, their precursors differ greatly, presumably owing to differing functions of the propieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ganz
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine 90024, USA
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34
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35
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Martinez-Caballero S, Peixoto PM, Kinnally KW, Campo ML. A fluorescence assay for peptide translocation into mitochondria. Anal Biochem 2007; 362:76-82. [PMID: 17240346 PMCID: PMC1868453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of the presequence is an early event in import of preproteins across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the TIM23 complex. Import of signal peptides, whose sequences mimic mitochondrial import presequences, was measured using a novel, qualitative, fluorescence assay in about 1h. This peptide assay was used in conjunction with classical protein import analyses and electrophysiological approaches to examine the mechanisms underlying the functional effects of depleting two TIM23 complex components. Tim23p forms, at least in part, the pore of this complex while Tim44p forms part of the translocation motor. Depletion of Tim23p eliminates TIM23 channel activity, which interferes with both peptide and preprotein translocation. In contrast, depletion of Tim44p disrupts preprotein but not peptide translocation, which has no effect on TIM23 channel activity. Two conclusions were made. First, this fluorescence peptide assay was validated as two different mutants were accurately identified. Hence, this assay could provide a rapid means of screening mutants to identify those that fail an initial step in import, i.e., translocation of the presequence. Second, translocation of signal peptides required normal channel activity and disruption of the presequence translocase-associated motor complex did not modify TIM23 channel activity nor prevent presequence translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martinez-Caballero
- Dept. Basic Sciences, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Dept. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pablo M.V. Peixoto
- Dept. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Kathleen W. Kinnally
- Dept. Basic Sciences, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- * Corresponding author: Kathleen W. Kinnally, New York University, College of Dentistry, Dept. Basic Sciences, 345 East 24 Street, New York, NY 10010, USA, Phone: (212) 998 9445, FAX: (212) 995 4087,
| | - María Luisa Campo
- Dept. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
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36
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Zaiou M. Multifunctional antimicrobial peptides: therapeutic targets in several human diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:317-29. [PMID: 17216206 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have emerged as promising agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. They represent essential components of the innate immunity and permit humans to resist infection by microbes. These gene-encoded peptides are found mainly in phagocytes and epithelial cells, showing a direct activity against a wide range of microorganisms. Their role has now broadened from that of simply endogenous antibiotics to multifunctional mediators, and their antimicrobial activity is probably not the only primary function. Although antimicrobial peptide deficiency, dysregulation, or overproduction is not known to be a direct cause of any single human disease, numerous studies have now provided compelling evidence for their involvement in the complex network of immune responses and inflammatory diseases, thereby influencing diverse processes including cytokine release, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, wound repair, and adaptive immune induction. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature, showing that antimicrobial peptides are associated with several human conditions including infectious and inflammatory diseases, and to discuss current clinical development of peptide-based therapeutics for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zaiou
- INSERM 525 E4, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré Nancy I, 30 Rue Lionnois, 54000, Nancy, France.
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37
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Ponpuak M, Klemba M, Park M, Gluzman IY, Lamppa GK, Goldberg DE. A role for falcilysin in transit peptide degradation in thePlasmodium falciparumapicoplast. Mol Microbiol 2006; 63:314-34. [PMID: 17074076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Falcilysin (FLN) is a zinc metalloprotease thought to degrade globin peptides in the acidic vacuole of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The enzyme has been found to have acidic or neutral pH optima on different peptides and to have additional distribution outside the food vacuole. These data suggested that FLN has an additional function in the parasite. To further probe the functions of FLN, we created a transgenic parasite clone expressing a chromosomally encoded FLN-GFP fusion. Unexpectedly, FLN was found in the apicoplast, an essential chloroplast-like organelle. Nuclear encoded apicoplast proteins are targeted to the organelle by a bipartite N-terminal sequence comprised of a signal sequence followed by a positively charged transit peptide domain. Free transit peptides are thought to be toxic to the plastid and need to be rapidly degraded after proteolytic release from proproteins. We hypothesized that FLN may participate in transit peptide degradation in the apicoplast based on its preference for basic residues at neutral pH and on phylogenetic comparison with other M16 family metalloproteases. In vitro cleavage by FLN of the transit peptide from the apicoplast-resident acyl carrier protein supports this idea. The importance of FLN for parasite development is suggested by our inability to truncate the chromosomal FLN open reading frame. Our work indicates that FLN is an attractive target for antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Ponpuak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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38
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Eliassen LT, Berge G, Leknessund A, Wikman M, Lindin I, Løkke C, Ponthan F, Johnsen JI, Sveinbjørnsson B, Kogner P, Flaegstad T, Rekdal Ø. The antimicrobial peptide, lactoferricin B, is cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cellsin vitro and inhibits xenograft growthin vivo. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:493-500. [PMID: 16572423 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have been shown to exert cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells through their ability to interact with negatively charged cell membranes. In this study the cytotoxic effect of the antimicrobial peptide, LfcinB was tested in a panel of human neuroblastoma cell lines. LfcinB displayed a selective cytotoxic activity against both MYCN-amplified and non-MYCN-amplified cell lines. Non-transformed fibroblasts were not substantially affected by LfcinB. Treatment of neuroblastoma cells with LfcinB induced rapid destabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane and formation of membrane blebs. Depolarization of the mitochondria membranes and irreversible changes in the mitochondria morphology was also evident. Immuno- and fluorescence-labeled LfcinB revealed that the peptide co-localized with mitochondria. Furthermore, treatment of neuroblastoma cells with LfcinB induced cleavage of caspase-6, -7 and -9 followed by cell death. However, neither addition of the pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, or specific caspase inhibitors could reverse the cytotoxic effect induced by LfcinB. Treatment of established SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma xenografts with repeated injections of LfcinB resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition. These results revealed a selective destabilizing effect of LfcinB on two important targets in the neuroblastoma cells, the cytoplasmic- and the mitochondria membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Tone Eliassen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway, and Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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39
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Sato H, Feix JB. Osmoprotection of Bacterial Cells from Toxicity Caused by Antimicrobial Hybrid Peptide CM15. Biochemistry 2006; 45:9997-10007. [PMID: 16906758 DOI: 10.1021/bi060979m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides exist ubiquitously as a host defense system in a broad range of species, including insects, amphibians, and mammals. The binding of these peptides is followed by the disruption of cytoplasmic membranes, leading to bacterial cell death; however, the precise mechanism of membrane destruction has remained controversial. In this study, we have examined the mechanism of action for the antimicrobial peptide, CM15 (KWKLFKKIGAVLKVL), a chimeric peptide of cecropin and mellitin. We find that the cytotoxicity of CM15 against either E. coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be mitigated by the addition of sugar or poly(ethylene glycol) osmolytes to the extracellular media. The dependence of osmoprotection on solute size suggests the formation of pores with an effective diameter of 2.2-3.8 nm. In contrast, no osmoprotection was observed for cell killing by the cationic detergent dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Osmolytes also protected cells against the cytotoxicity of CM15 expressed intracellularly as a C-terminal extension of the carrier protein ketosteroid isomerase (KSI). Osmoprotection against the intracellularly produced peptide was also dependent on osmolyte size, in a manner that was in agreement with that observed for extracellularly added synthetic CM15. These data indicate that the formation of discrete pores in the cytoplasmic membrane is a key factor in the mechanism of bacterial killing by CM15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sato
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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40
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Detergent-like actions of linear amphipathic cationic antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1529-39. [PMID: 16928357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have raised much interest as pathogens become resistant against conventional antibiotics. We review biophysical studies that have been performed to better understand the interactions of linear amphipathic cationic peptides such as magainins, cecropins, dermaseptin, delta-lysin or melittin. The amphipathic character of these peptides and their interactions with membranes resemble the properties of detergent molecules and analogies between membrane-active peptide and detergents are presented. Several models have been suggested to explain the pore-forming, membrane-lytic and antibiotic activities of these peptides. Here we suggest that these might be 'special cases' within complicated phase diagrams describing the morphological plasticity of peptide/lipid supramolecular assemblies.
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41
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Sato H, Feix JB. Peptide-membrane interactions and mechanisms of membrane destruction by amphipathic alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1245-56. [PMID: 16697975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have received considerable interest as a source of new antibiotics with the potential for treatment of multiple-drug resistant infections. An important class of AMPs is composed of linear, cationic peptides that form amphipathic alpha-helices. Among the most potent of these are the cecropins and synthetic peptides that are hybrids of cecropin and the bee venom peptide, mellitin. Both cecropins and cecropin-mellitin hybrids exist in solution as unstructured monomers, folding into predominantly alpha-helical structures upon membrane binding with their long helical axis parallel to the bilayer surface. Studies using model membranes have shown that these peptides intercalate into the lipid bilayer just below the level of the phospholipid glycerol backbone in a location that requires expansion of the outer leaflet of the bilayer, and evidence from a variety of experimental approaches indicates that expansion and thinning of the bilayer are common characteristics during the early stages of antimicrobial peptide-membrane interactions. Subsequent disruption of the membrane permeability barrier may occur by a variety of mechanisms, leading ultimately to loss of cytoplasmic membrane integrity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sato
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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42
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Bhushan S, Ståhl A, Nilsson S, Lefebvre B, Seki M, Roth C, McWilliam D, Wright SJ, Liberles DA, Shinozaki K, Bruce BD, Boutry M, Glaser E. Catalysis, subcellular localization, expression and evolution of the targeting peptides degrading protease, AtPreP2. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:985-96. [PMID: 15827031 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified a zinc metalloprotease involved in the degradation of mitochondrial and chloroplast targeting peptides, the presequence protease (PreP). In the Arabidopsis thaliana genomic database, there are two genes that correspond to the protease, the zinc metalloprotease (AAL90904) and the putative zinc metalloprotease (AAG13049). We have named the corresponding proteins AtPreP1 and AtPreP2, respectively. AtPreP1 and AtPreP2 show significant differences in their targeting peptides and the proteins are predicted to be localized in different compartments. AtPreP1 was shown to degrade both mitochondrial and chloroplast targeting peptides and to be dual targeted to both organelles using an ambiguous targeting peptide. Here, we have overexpressed, purified and characterized proteolytic and targeting properties of AtPreP2. AtPreP2 exhibits different proteolytic subsite specificity from AtPreP1 when used for degradation of organellar targeting peptides and their mutants. Interestingly, AtPreP2 precursor protein was also found to be dual targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts in a single and dual in vitro import system. Furthermore, targeting peptide of the AtPreP2 dually targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) to both mitochondria and chloroplasts in tobacco protoplasts and leaves using an in vivo transient expression system. The targeting of both AtPreP1 and AtPreP2 proteases to chloroplasts in A. thaliana in vivo was confirmed via a shotgun mass spectrometric analysis of highly purified chloroplasts. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that AtPreP1 and AtPreP2 are differentially expressed in mature A. thaliana plants. Phylogenetic evidence indicated that AtPreP1 and AtPreP2 are recent gene duplicates that may have diverged through subfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Niidome T, Matsuyama N, Kunihara M, Hatakeyama T, Aoyagi H. Effect of Chain Length of Cationic Model Peptides on Antibacterial Activity. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Johansson FI, Michalecka AM, Møller IM, Rasmusson AG. Oxidation and reduction of pyridine nucleotides in alamethicin-permeabilized plant mitochondria. Biochem J 2004; 380:193-202. [PMID: 14972026 PMCID: PMC1224159 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inner mitochondrial membrane is selectively permeable, which limits the transport of solutes and metabolites across the membrane. This constitutes a problem when intramitochondrial enzymes are studied. The channel-forming antibiotic AlaM (alamethicin) was used as a potentially less invasive method to permeabilize mitochondria and study the highly branched electron-transport chain in potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) and pea leaf (Pisum sativum) mitochondria. We show that AlaM permeabilized the inner membrane of plant mitochondria to NAD(P)H, allowing the quantification of internal NAD(P)H dehydrogenases as well as matrix enzymes in situ. AlaM was found to inhibit the electron-transport chain at the external Ca2+-dependent rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase and around complexes III and IV. Nevertheless, under optimal conditions, especially complex I-mediated NADH oxidation in AlaM-treated mitochondria was much higher than what has been previously measured by other techniques. Our results also show a difference in substrate specificities for complex I in mitochondria as compared with inside-out submitochondrial particles. AlaM facilitated the passage of cofactors to and from the mitochondrial matrix and allowed the determination of NAD+ requirements of malate oxidation in situ. In summary, we conclude that AlaM provides the best method for quantifying NADH dehydrogenase activities and that AlaM will prove to be an important method to study enzymes under conditions that resemble their native environment not only in plant mitochondria but also in other membrane-enclosed compartments, such as intact cells, chloroplasts and peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik I Johansson
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35B, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Moberg P, Nilsson S, Ståhl A, Eriksson AC, Glaser E, Mäler L. NMR solution structure of the mitochondrial F1beta presequence from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. J Mol Biol 2004; 336:1129-40. [PMID: 15037074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated, characterized and determined the three-dimensional NMR solution structure of the presequence of ATPsynthase F1beta subunit from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. A general method for purification of presequences is presented. The method is based on overexpression of a mutant precursor containing a methionine residue introduced at the processing site, followed by CNBr-cleavage and purification of the presequence on a cation-exchange column. The F1beta presequence, 53 amino acid residues long, retained its native properties as evidenced by inhibition of in vitro mitochondrial import and processing at micromolar concentrations. CD spectroscopy revealed that the F1beta presequence formed an alpha-helical structure in membrane mimetic environments such as SDS and DPC micelles (approximately 50% alpha-helix), and in acidic phospholipid bicelles (approximately 60% alpha-helix). The NMR solution structure of the F1beta presequence in SDS micelles was determined on the basis of 518 distance and 21 torsion angle constraints. The structure was found to contain two helices, an N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix (residues 4-15) and a C-terminal alpha-helix (residues 43-53), separated by a largely unstructured 27 residue long internal domain. The N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix forms the putative Tom20 receptor binding site, whereas the C-terminal alpha-helix is located upstream of the mitochondrial processing peptidase cleavage site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Moberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Stahl A, Moberg P, Ytterberg J, Panfilov O, Brockenhuus Von Lowenhielm H, Nilsson F, Glaser E. Isolation and identification of a novel mitochondrial metalloprotease (PreP) that degrades targeting presequences in plants. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41931-9. [PMID: 12138166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205500200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins contain an N-terminal extension called the presequence that carries targeting information and that is cleaved off after import into mitochondria. The presequences are amphiphilic, positively charged, membrane-interacting peptides with a propensity to form alpha-helices. Here we have investigated the proteolysis of the presequences that have been cleaved off inside mitochondria. A presequence derived from the overexpressed F(1)beta subunit of the ATP synthase and specific synthetic fluorescent peptides (Pep Tag Protease assay) have been shown to undergo rapid degradation catalyzed by a matrix located protease. We have developed a three-step chromatographic procedure including affinity and anion exchange chromatography for isolation of the protease from potato tuber mitochondria. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the isolated proteolytically active fraction followed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and data base searches allowed identification of the presequence peptide-degrading protease in Arabidopsis thaliana data base as a novel mitochondrial metalloendoprotease with a molecular mass of 105 kDa. The identified metalloprotease contains an inverted zinc-binding motif and belongs to the pitrilysin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Stahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
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Risso A, Braidot E, Sordano MC, Vianello A, Macrì F, Skerlavaj B, Zanetti M, Gennaro R, Bernardi P. BMAP-28, an antibiotic peptide of innate immunity, induces cell death through opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1926-35. [PMID: 11865069 PMCID: PMC135593 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.6.1926-1935.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BMAP-28, a bovine antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family, induces membrane permeabilization and death in human tumor cell lines and in activated, but not resting, human lymphocytes. In addition, we found that BMAP-28 causes depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane in single cells and in isolated mitochondria. The effect of the peptide was synergistic with that of Ca(2+) and inhibited by cyclosporine, suggesting that depolarization depends on opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The occurrence of a permeability transition was investigated on the basis of mitochondrial permeabilization to calcein and cytochrome c release. We show that BMAP-28 permeabilizes mitochondria to entrapped calcein in a cyclosporine-sensitive manner and that it releases cytochrome c in situ. Our results demonstrate that BMAP-28 is an inducer of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and that its cytotoxic potential depends on its effects on mitochondrial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Risso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
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Dathe M, Meyer J, Beyermann M, Maul B, Hoischen C, Bienert M. General aspects of peptide selectivity towards lipid bilayers and cell membranes studied by variation of the structural parameters of amphipathic helical model peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1558:171-86. [PMID: 11779567 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(01)00429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Model compounds of modified hydrophobicity (Eta), hydrophobic moment (mu) and angle subtended by charged residues (Phi) were synthesized to define the general roles of structural motifs of cationic helical peptides for membrane activity and selectivity. The peptide sets were based on a highly hydrophobic, non-selective KLA model peptide with high antimicrobial and hemolytic activity. Variation of the investigated parameters was found to be a suitable method for modifying peptide selectivity towards either neutral or highly negatively charged lipid bilayers. Eta and mu influenced selectivity preferentially via modification of activity on 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers, while the size of the polar/hydrophobic angle affected the activity against 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidyl-DL-glycerol (POPG). The influence of the parameters on the activity determining step was modest in both lipid systems and the activity profiles were the result of the parameters' influence on the second less pronounced permeabilization step. Thus, the activity towards POPC vesicles was determined by the high permeabilizing efficiency, however, changes in the structural parameters preferentially influenced the relatively moderate affinity. In contrast, intensive peptide accumulation via electrostatic interactions was sufficient for the destabilization of highly negatively charged POPG lipid membranes, but changes in the activity profile, as revealed by the modification of Phi, seem to be preferentially caused by variation of the low permeabilizing efficiency. The parameters proved very effective also in modifying antimicrobial and hemolytic activity. However, their influence on cell selectivity was limited. A threshold value of hydrophobicity seems to exist which restricted the activity modifying potential of mu and Phi on both lipid bilayers and cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margitta Dathe
- Research Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany.
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Kushnareva YE, Polster BM, Sokolove PM, Kinnally KW, Fiskum G. Mitochondrial precursor signal peptide induces a unique permeability transition and release of cytochrome c from liver and brain mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 386:251-60. [PMID: 11368349 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial precursor targeting peptides can elicit the release of cytochrome c from both liver and brain mitochondria by a mechanism distinct from that mediated by the classical, Ca2+-activated permeability transition pore. Human cytochrome oxidase subunit IV signal peptide (hCOXIV1-22) at concentrations from 15 to 100 microM induced swelling, a decrease in membrane potential, and cytochrome c release in both types of mitochondria. Although cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid were without effect, dibucaine, propanolol, dextran, and the uncoupler FCCP were each able to inhibit signal peptide-induced swelling and cytochrome c release. Adenylate kinase was coreleased with cytochrome c, arguing against a signal peptide-induced cytochrome c-specific pathway of efflux across the outer membrane. Taken together, the data indicate that a human mitochondrial signal peptide can evoke the release of cytochrome c from both liver and brain mitochondria by a unique permeability transition that differs in several characteristics from the classical mitochondrial permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Kushnareva
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Dessi P, Rudhe C, Glaser E. Studies on the topology of the protein import channel in relation to the plant mitochondrial processing peptidase integrated into the cytochrome bc1 complex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 24:637-44. [PMID: 11123802 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) specifically cleaves N-terminal targeting signals from hundreds of nuclear-encoded, matrix-targeted precursor proteins. In contrast to yeast and mammals, the plant MPP is an integral component of the respiratory cytochrome bc1 complex. The topology of the protein import channel in relation to MPP/bc1 in plants was studied using chimeric precursors containing truncated cytochrome b2 (cyt b2) proteins of 55-167 residues in length, fused to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The DHFR domain could be tightly folded by methotrexate (MTX), generating translocation intermediates trapped in the import channel with only the cyt b2 pre-sequence/mature domain protruding into the matrix. Spinach and soybean mitochondria imported and processed unfolded precursors. MTX-folded intermediates were not processed in spinach but the longest (1-167) MTX-folded cyt b2-DHFR construct was processed in soybean, while yeast mitochondria successfully processed even shorter MTX-folded constructs. The MTX-folded precursors were cleaved with high efficiency by purified spinach MPP/bc1 complex. We interpret these results as indicating that the protein import channel is located distantly from the MPP/bc1 complex in plants, and that there is no link between protein translocation and protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dessi
- Department of Biochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, 106-91 Stockholm, Sweden
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