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Epoxides: Developability as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Biochemical Probes. Bioorg Chem 2022; 125:105862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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2
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Grajales-Hernández DA, Armendáriz-Ruiz MA, Gallego FL, Mateos-Díaz JC. Approaches for the enzymatic synthesis of alkyl hydroxycinnamates and applications thereof. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3901-3917. [PMID: 33928423 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl hydroxycinnamates (AHs) is a group of molecules of biotechnological interest due to their cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical applications. Among their most interesting uses are as UV protectants, skin depigmentation agents, and antioxidant ingredients which are often claimed for their antitumoral potential. Nowadays, many sustainable enzymatic approaches using low-cost starting materials are available and interesting immobilization techniques are helping to increase the reuse of the biocatalysts, allowing the intensification of the processes and increasing AHs accessibility. Here a convenient summary of AHs most interesting biological activities and possible applications is presented. A deeper analysis of the art state to obtain AHs, focusing on most employed enzymatic synthesis approaches, their sustainability, acyl donors relevance, and most interesting enzyme immobilization strategies is provided.Key points• Most interesting alkyl hydroxycinnamates applications are summarized.• Enzymatic approaches to obtain alkyl hydroxycinnamates are critically discussed.• Outlook of enzyme immobilization strategies to attain alkyl hydroxycinnamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Grajales-Hernández
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paséo Miramón, 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mariana A Armendáriz-Ruiz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Fernando López Gallego
- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CICbiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paséo Miramón, 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Mateos-Díaz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero 1227, El Bajio del Arenal, 45019, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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Zhao Z, Song H, Xie J, Liu T, Zhao X, Chen X, He X, Wu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X. Research progress in the biological activities of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:213-227. [PMID: 31009908 PMCID: PMC7115657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
TMCA (3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid) ester and amide are privileged structural scaffolds in drug discovery which are widely distributed in natural products and consequently produced diverse therapeutically relevant pharmacological functions. Owing to the potential of TMCA ester and amide analogues as therapeutic agents, researches on chemical syntheses and modifications have been carried out to drug-like candidates with broad range of medicinal properties such as antitumor, antiviral, CNS (central nervous system) agents, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hematologic agents for a long time. At the same time, SAR (structure-activity relationship) studies have draw greater attention among medicinal chemists, and many of the lead compounds were derived for various disease targets. However, there is an urgent need for the medicinal chemists to further exploit the precursor in developing chemical entities with promising bioactivity and druggability. This review concisely summarizes the synthesis and biological activity for TMCA ester and amide analogues. It also comprehensively reveals the relationship of significant biological activities along with SAR studies. 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) derivatives show applications in different pathophysiological conditions due to its privileged structural scaffolds. Natural derived TMCA analogues and chemically modified TMCA ester and amide analogues and their bioactivities are focused in this review. Additionally, it also comprehensively summarized the relationship of significant biological activities along with SAR studies of synthetic TMCA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xirui He
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Sorbonne Université, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Mäkelä MR, Dilokpimol A, Koskela SM, Kuuskeri J, de Vries RP, Hildén K. Characterization of a feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus terreus facilitates the division of fungal enzymes from Carbohydrate Esterase family 1 of the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) database. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:869-880. [PMID: 29697197 PMCID: PMC6116738 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) are accessory enzymes for plant biomass degradation, which catalyse hydrolysis of carboxylic ester linkages between hydroxycinnamic acids and plant cell‐wall carbohydrates. They are a diverse group of enzymes evolved from, e.g. acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs), lipases and tannases, thus complicating their classification and prediction of function by sequence similarity. Recently, an increasing number of fungal FAEs have been biochemically characterized, owing to their potential in various biotechnological applications and multitude of candidate FAEs in fungal genomes. However, only part of the fungal FAEs are included in Carbohydrate Esterase family 1 (CE1) of the carbohydrate‐active enzymes (CAZy) database. In this work, we performed a phylogenetic analysis that divided the fungal members of CE1 into five subfamilies of which three contained characterized enzymes with conserved activities. Conservation within one of the subfamilies was confirmed by characterization of an additional CE1 enzyme from Aspergillus terreus. Recombinant A. terreus FaeD (AtFaeD) showed broad specificity towards synthetic methyl and ethyl esters, and released ferulic acid from plant biomass substrates, demonstrating its true FAE activity and interesting features as potential biocatalyst. The subfamily division of the fungal CE1 members enables more efficient selection of candidate enzymes for biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Salla M Koskela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Kuuskeri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
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Fungal feruloyl esterases: Functional validation of genome mining based enzyme discovery including uncharacterized subfamilies. N Biotechnol 2018; 41:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Nieter A, Kelle S, Linke D, Berger RG. A p-coumaroyl esterase from Rhizoctonia solani with a pronounced chlorogenic acid esterase activity. N Biotechnol 2017; 37:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Schär A, Sprecher I, Topakas E, Faulds CB, Nyström L. Hydrolysis of Nonpolar n-Alkyl Ferulates by Feruloyl Esterases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8549-8554. [PMID: 27600375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid is one of the major phenolic acids in plants and can be found esterified to plant cell wall components, but also as long-chain n-alkyl and steryl esters. Microbial feruloyl esterases may play a role in the bioavailability of phenolic acids during human and animal digestion. It is therefore of interest if feruloyl esterases are capable of hydrolyzing nonpolar ferulic acid esters. A series of n-alkyl ferulates with increasing lipophilicity were enzymatically synthesized, and the kinetic constants of their hydrolysis by four feruloyl esterases and a lipase as control were determined. A decrease in Km and kcat could be observed with decreased substrate polarity for all of the feruloyl esterases. Only one feruloyl esterase and the control lipase showed hydrolytic activity toward octadecyl ferulate. These results led to the conclusion that lipophilic ferulates are poor substrates for known feruloyl esterases and more specific esterases/lipases need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Schär
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Sprecher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens , 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece
| | - Craig B Faulds
- Aix Marseille Université , INRA BBF UMR_A 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13288 Marseille cedex 02, France
- INRA BBF UMR_A1163, Polytech Marseille , 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 02, France
| | - Laura Nyström
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich , Schmelzbergstrasse 9, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Kelle S, Nieter A, Krings U, Zelena K, Linke D, Berger RG. Heterologous production of a feruloyl esterase from Pleurotus sapidus synthesizing feruloyl-saccharide esters. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:852-862. [PMID: 26272349 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The feruloyl esterase (FAE) gene EST1 from the basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Catalytically active recombinant Est1 was secreted using P. pastoris as a host. For expression in P. pastoris, the expression vector pPIC9K was applied. The EST1 gene was cloned with an N-terminal α-mating factor pre-pro sequence and expressed under the control of a methanol inducible alcohol oxidase 1 promotor. Est1 was purified to homogeneity using ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The recombinant Est1 showed optima at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, and released ferulic acid from saccharide esters and from the natural substrate destarched wheat bran. Substrate specificity profile and descriptor-based analysis demonstrated unique properties, showing that Est1 did not fit into the current FAE classification model. Transferuloylation synthesis of feruloyl-saccharide esters was proven for mono- and disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kelle
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annabel Nieter
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krings
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katerina Zelena
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Linke
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hannover, Germany
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Mäkelä MR, Marinović M, Nousiainen P, Liwanag AJM, Benoit I, Sipilä J, Hatakka A, de Vries RP, Hildén KS. Aromatic metabolism of filamentous fungi in relation to the presence of aromatic compounds in plant biomass. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 91:63-137. [PMID: 25911233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of plant lignocellulose plays an essential role not only in carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems but also is an important part of the production of second generation biofuels and biochemicals. The presence of the recalcitrant aromatic polymer lignin is one of the major obstacles in the biofuel/biochemical production process and therefore microbial degradation of lignin is receiving a great deal of attention. Fungi are the main degraders of plant biomass, and in particular the basidiomycete white rot fungi are of major importance in converting plant aromatics due to their ability to degrade lignin. However, the aromatic monomers that are released from lignin and other aromatic compounds of plant biomass are toxic for most fungi already at low levels, and therefore conversion of these compounds to less toxic metabolites is essential for fungi. Although the release of aromatic compounds from plant biomass by fungi has been studied extensively, relatively little attention has been given to the metabolic pathways that convert the resulting aromatic monomers. In this review we provide an overview of the aromatic components of plant biomass, and their release and conversion by fungi. Finally, we will summarize the applications of fungal systems related to plant aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mila Marinović
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Nousiainen
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - April J M Liwanag
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jussi Sipilä
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annele Hatakka
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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A chlorogenic acid esterase with a unique substrate specificity from Ustilago maydis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1679-88. [PMID: 25548041 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02911-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular chlorogenic acid esterase from Ustilago maydis (UmChlE) was purified to homogeneity by using three separation steps, including anion-exchange chromatography on a Q Sepharose FF column, preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), and, finally, a combination of affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on polyamide. SDS-PAGE analysis suggested a monomeric protein of ∼71 kDa. The purified enzyme showed maximal activity at pH 7.5 and at 37°C and was active over a wide pH range (3.5 to 9.5). Previously described chlorogenic acid esterases exhibited a comparable affinity for chlorogenic acid, but the enzyme from Ustilago was also active on typical feruloyl esterase substrates. Kinetic constants for chlorogenic acid, methyl p-coumarate, methyl caffeate, and methyl ferulate were as follows: Km values of 19.6 μM, 64.1 μM, 72.5 μM, and 101.8 μM, respectively, and kcat/Km values of 25.83 mM(-1) s(-1), 7.63 mM(-1) s(-1), 3.83 mM(-1) s(-1) and 3.75 mM(-1) s(-1), respectively. UmChlE released ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids from natural substrates such as destarched wheat bran (DSWB) and coffee pulp (CP), confirming activity on complex plant biomass. The full-length gene encoding UmChlE consisted of 1,758 bp, corresponding to a protein of 585 amino acids, and was functionally produced in Pichia pastoris GS115. Sequence alignments with annotated chlorogenic acid and feruloyl esterases underlined the uniqueness of this enzyme.
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Nieter A, Haase-Aschoff P, Linke D, Nimtz M, Berger RG. A halotolerant type A feruloyl esterase from Pleurotus eryngii. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:348-57. [PMID: 24607359 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular feruloyl esterase (PeFaeA) from the culture supernatant of Pleurotus eryngii was purified to homogeneity using cation exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and size exclusion chromatography. The length of the complete coding sequence of PeFaeA was determined to 1668 bp corresponding to a protein of 555 amino acids. The catalytic triad of Ser-Glu-His demonstrated the uniqueness of the enzyme compared to previously published FAEs. The purified PeFaeA was a monomer with an estimated molecular mass of 67 kDa. Maximum feruloyl esterase (FAE) activity was observed at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Metal ions (5 mM), except Hg(2+), had no significant influence on the enzyme activity. Substrate specificity profiling characterized the enzyme as a type A FAE preferring bulky natural substrates, such as feruloylated saccharides, rather than small synthetic ones. Km and kcat of the purified enzyme for methyl ferulate were 0.15 mM and 0.85 s(-1). In the presence of 3 M NaCl activity of the enzyme increased by 28 %. PeFaeA alone released only little ferulic acid from destarched wheat bran (DSWB), whereas after addition of Trichoderma viride xylanase the concentration increased more than 20 fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Nieter
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Paul Haase-Aschoff
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Linke
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Nimtz
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Chyba A, Mastihuba V, Mastihubová M. Synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl caffeate and its use in assays of caffeoyl esterases. Anal Biochem 2014; 445:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Haase-Aschoff P, Linke D, Nimtz M, Popper L, Berger RG. An enzyme from Auricularia auricula-judae combining both benzoyl and cinnamoyl esterase activity. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A feruloyl esterase (FAE) characterized by relatively high thermostability from the edible mushroom Russula virescens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:993-1003. [PMID: 24142352 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A monomeric feruloyl esterase (FAE) with a molecular mass of 62 kDa was acquired from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Russula virescens. The isolation procedure involved ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, Q-Sepharose, and SP-Sepharose and finally fast protein liquid chromatography-gel filtration on Superdex 75. Two amino acid sequences were obtained after tryptic digestion, and they both showed some homology with the esterase of some fungi. Maximal activity was observed at pH 5.0 and at 50 °C. The enzyme displayed relatively high thermostability as evidenced by over 70 % residual activity at 70 °C and about 34 % residual activity at 80 °C. The K m and V max for this enzyme on methyl ferulate were 0.19 mM and 1.65 U/mg proteins, respectively. The purified FAE prefers methyl ferulate over methyl caffeate and is least active on methyl p-coumarate. The FAE activity was not significantly affected by the presence of cations such as Mn(2+), Ca(2+), Cd(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and K(+) ions but inhibited by Al(3+), Hg(2+), Fe(2+), and Pb(2+) ions at a tested concentration of 2. 5 mM.
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Haase-Aschoff P, Linke D, Berger RG. Detection of feruloyl- and cinnamoyl esterases from basidiomycetes in the presence of interfering laccase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 130:231-8. [PMID: 23306132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known on basidiomycete sources of feruloyl esterases (FAEs), although many wood-rotting representatives of these fungi typically grow on feruloyl-rich substrates. A major reason is that the almost ubiquitous presence of laccases interferes with the detection of FAE activity. Laccases polymerize the liberated ferulic acid (FA) in situ, thus detracting the product of enzymatic hydrolysis from its detection. A rapid HPLC-UV method was developed to detect the loss of FA, but also to quantify the hydrolysis of FA esters. The method allows at the same time to evaluate the substrate specificity of a FAE. Forty one basidiomycetes were tested for their FAE activities, and 25 out of the set were positive. The basidiomycetes hydrolyzing cinnamates with the highest conversion rates were Auricularia auricula-judae and Marasmius scorodonius. Moreover, a new FAE inducer, the nonionic detergent Tween 80, was found. This is the first comprehensive study on basidiomycete sources of FAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Haase-Aschoff
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Food Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Uno T, Itoh A, Miyamoto T, Kubo M, Kanamaru K, Yamagata H, Yasufuku Y, Imaishi H. Ferulic Acid Production in the Brewing of Rice Wine (Sake). JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Conversion of plant cell walls to ethanol constitutes second generation bioethanol production. The process consists of several steps: biomass selection/genetic modification, physiochemical pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, fermentation and separation. Ultimately, it is desirable to combine as many of the biochemical steps as possible in a single organism to achieve CBP (consolidated bioprocessing). A commercially ready CBP organism is currently unreported. Production of second generation bioethanol is hindered by economics, particularly in the cost of pretreatment (including waste management and solvent recovery), the cost of saccharification enzymes (particularly exocellulases and endocellulases displaying kcat ~1 s−1 on crystalline cellulose), and the inefficiency of co-fermentation of 5- and 6-carbon monosaccharides (owing in part to redox cofactor imbalances in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
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Thermodynamically based solvent design for enzymatic saccharide acylation with hydroxycinnamic acids in non-conventional media. N Biotechnol 2012; 29:255-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kühnel S, Pouvreau L, Appeldoorn M, Hinz S, Schols H, Gruppen H. The ferulic acid esterases of Chrysosporium lucknowense C1: Purification, characterization and their potential application in biorefinery. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fungal enzyme sets for plant polysaccharide degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:1477-92. [PMID: 21785931 PMCID: PMC3160556 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of plant polysaccharides has many industrial applications, such as within the paper, food, and feed industry and for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins are the main components of plant cell wall polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are often tightly packed, contain many different sugar residues, and are branched with a diversity of structures. To enable efficient degradation of these polysaccharides, fungi produce an extensive set of carbohydrate-active enzymes. The variety of the enzyme set differs between fungi and often corresponds to the requirements of its habitat. Carbohydrate-active enzymes can be organized in different families based on the amino acid sequence of the structurally related catalytic modules. Fungal enzymes involved in plant polysaccharide degradation are assigned to at least 35 glycoside hydrolase families, three carbohydrate esterase families and six polysaccharide lyase families. This mini-review will discuss the enzymes needed for complete degradation of plant polysaccharides and will give an overview of the latest developments concerning fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes and their corresponding families.
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The interplay of descriptor-based computational analysis with pharmacophore modeling builds the basis for a novel classification scheme for feruloyl esterases. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:94-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Combining substrate specificity analysis with support vector classifiers reveals feruloyl esterase as a phylogenetically informative protein group. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12781. [PMID: 20877647 PMCID: PMC2943907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our understanding of how fungi evolved to develop a variety of ecological niches, is limited but of fundamental biological importance. Specifically, the evolution of enzymes affects how well species can adapt to new environmental conditions. Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) are enzymes able to hydrolyze the ester bonds linking ferulic acid to plant cell wall polysaccharides. The diversity of substrate specificities found in the FAE family shows that this family is old enough to have experienced the emergence and loss of many activities. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we evaluate the relative activity of FAEs against a variety of model substrates as a novel predictive tool for Ascomycota taxonomic classification. Our approach consists of two analytical steps; (1) an initial unsupervised analysis to cluster the FAEs substrate specificity data which were generated by cultivation of 34 Ascomycota strains and then an analysis of the produced enzyme cocktail against 10 substituted cinnamate and phenylalkanoate methyl esters, (2) a second, supervised analysis for training a predictor built on these substrate activities. By applying both linear and non-linear models we were able to correctly predict the taxonomic Class (∼86% correct classification), Order (∼88% correct classification) and Family (∼88% correct classification) that the 34 Ascomycota belong to, using the activity profiles of the FAEs. Conclusion/Significance The good correlation with the FAEs substrate specificities that we have defined via our phylogenetic analysis not only suggests that FAEs are phylogenetically informative proteins but it is also a considerable step towards improved FAEs functional prediction.
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Mastihubová M, Biely P. Preparation of regioselectively feruloylated p-nitrophenyl α-l-arabinofuranosides and β-d-xylopyranosides—convenient substrates for study of feruloyl esterase specificity. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1094-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fazary AE, Ismadji S, Ju YH. Studies on temperature dependent kinetics of Aspergillus awamori feruloyl esterase in water solutions. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158410010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kheder F, Delaunay S, Abo-Chameh G, Paris C, Muniglia L, Girardin M. Production and biochemical characterization of a type B ferulic acid esterase from Streptomyces ambofaciens. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:729-38. [DOI: 10.1139/w09-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the presence of a ferulic acid esterase (FAE) was demonstrated in Streptomyces ambofaciens . This extracellular enzyme was produced on a range of lignocellulosic substrates. The maximal level of activity was detected in the presence of either destarched wheat bran or oat spelt xylan as the sole carbon source. We found that 1% (m/v) of destarched wheat bran was the optimal concentration to induce its production. With this inducer, no ferulic acid dimers were released from the cell wall by the produced FAE. Interestingly, rape cattle cake ( Brassica napus ), which does not contain esterified ferulic acid, was also shown to induce the production of the FAE from S. ambofaciens. The FAE was partially purified from the culture supernatant. The purified enzyme was optimally active at pH 7 and 40 °C. The substrate specificity of the FAE from S. ambofaciens was investigated: the highest activity was determined with methyl p-coumarate, methyl ferulate, and methyl cinnamate. Furthermore, the FAE required a certain distance between the benzene ring and the ester bond to be active. According to these biochemical characteristics, the FAE from S. ambofaciens has been classified as a type B FAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Kheder
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Delaunay
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Ghassan Abo-Chameh
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Paris
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Lionel Muniglia
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Michel Girardin
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Biomolécules, Nancy-Université, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, Nancy-Université, CNRS, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, B.P. 172 F-54505 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
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Aurilia V, Parracino A, D'Auria S. Microbial carbohydrate esterases in cold adapted environments. Gene 2007; 410:234-40. [PMID: 18242884 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychrophiles produce cold-evolved enzymes that display a high catalytic efficiency, associated with a low thermal stability. In recent years, these enzymes have attracted the attention of scientists because of their peculiar properties that render them particularly useful in investigating the relationship existing between enzyme stability and flexibility on one hand, and enzyme activity on the other hand. Among these enzymes, the esterases, and particularly the feruloyl esterases, have potential uses over a broad range of applications in the agro-food industries. In recent years, the number of microbial feruloyl esterase activities has increased in the growing genome databases. Based on substrate utilization data and supported by primary sequence identity, four subclasses of esterase have been characterized so far. Up to the present, ten genomes from psychrophilic bacteria have been completely sequenced and additional fourteen genomes are under investigation. From the bacteria strains whose genome has been completely sequenced, we analyzed the presence of esterase genes, both the putative genes and the determined experimentally genes, and performed a ClustalW analysis for feruloyl esterases. Major details will be presented for the ORF PSHAa1385 from P. haloplanktis TAC125 that recently has been studied in our research group. In addition, the potential biotechnology applications of this class of enzymes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Aurilia
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino, 111-80131, Napoli, Italy
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Fazary AE, Ju YH. Feruloyl esterases as biotechnological tools: current and future perspectives. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2007; 39:811-28. [PMID: 17989872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases represent a diverse group of hydrolases catalyzing the cleavage and formation of ester bonds between plant cell wall polysaccharide and phenolic acid. They are widely distributed in plants and microorganisms. Besides lipases, a considerable number of microbial feruloyl esterases have also been discovered and overexpressed. This review summarizes the latest research on their classification, production, and biophysicochemical properties. Special emphasis is given to the importance of that type of enzyme and their related phenolic ferulic acid compound in biotechnological processes, and industrial and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Fazary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106-07, Taiwan, China
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29
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Benoit I, Danchin EGJ, Bleichrodt RJ, de Vries RP. Biotechnological applications and potential of fungal feruloyl esterases based on prevalence, classification and biochemical diversity. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 30:387-96. [PMID: 17973091 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases are part of the enzymatic spectrum employed by fungi and other microorganisms to degrade plant polysaccharides. They release ferulic acid and other aromatic acids from these polymeric structures and have received an increasing interest in industrial applications such as in the food, pulp and paper and bio-fuel industries. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on fungal feruloyl esterases focussing in particular on the differences in substrate specificity, regulation of their production, prevalence of these enzymes in fungal genomes and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Benoit
- Unité Génie Microbiologique et Enzymatique, SupAgro-INRA, Bâtiment 32, 2 Place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, France
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Vafiadi C, Topakas E, Christakopoulos P, Faulds CB. The feruloyl esterase system of Talaromyces stipitatus: Determining the hydrolytic and synthetic specificity of TsFaeC. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:210-21. [PMID: 16584797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The active site of the recombinant Talaromyces stipitatus type-C feruloyl esterase (TsFaeC) was probed using a series of C1-C4 alkyl ferulates and methyl esters of phenylalkanoic and cinnamic acids. The enzyme was active on 23 of the 34 substrates tested. Lengthening or shortening the aliphatic side chain while maintaining the same aromatic substitutions completely abolished the enzyme activity. Maintaining the phenylpropenoate structure but altering the substitutions of the aromatic ring demonstrated the importance of hydroxyl groups on meta and/or para position of the benzoic ring. The highest catalytic efficiency of TsFaeC for methyl cinnamates was shown on methyl 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamate and on its hydro form (3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-propionate). Maintaining the ferulate structure but altering the esterified alkyl group, the comparison of k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values showed that the enzyme hydrolysed faster and more efficiently than ethyl ferulate. Alkyl ferulates were applied also for substrate selectivity mapping of feruloyl esterase to catalyze feruloyl group transfer to l-arabinose, using as a reaction system a ternary water-organic mixture consisting of n-hexane, t-butanol and water. The reaction parameters affecting the feruloylation rate and the conversion of the enzymatic synthesis, such as the composition of the reaction media, temperature, substrate and enzyme concentration have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vafiadi
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece
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32
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Benoit I, Navarro D, Marnet N, Rakotomanomana N, Lesage-Meessen L, Sigoillot JC, Asther M, Asther M. Feruloyl esterases as a tool for the release of phenolic compounds from agro-industrial by-products. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1820-7. [PMID: 16697997 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agro-industrial by-products are a potential source of added-value phenolic acids with promising applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Here two purified feruloyl esterases from Aspergillus niger, FAEA and FAEB were tested for their ability to release phenolic acids such as caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid from coffee pulp, apple marc and wheat straw. Their hydrolysis activity was evaluated and compared with their action on maize bran and sugar beet pulp. The specificity of both enzymes against natural and synthetic substrates was evaluated; particular attention was paid to quinic esters and lignin monomers. The efficiency of both enzymes on model substrates was studied. We show the ability of these enzymes to hydrolyze quinic esters and ester linkages between phenolic acids and lignin monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Benoit
- UMR-1163 INRA de Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, IFR86-BAIM, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, ESIL, Marseille, France
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33
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Faulds CB, Mandalari G, Lo Curto RB, Bisignano G, Christakopoulos P, Waldron KW. Synergy between xylanases from glycoside hydrolase family 10 and family 11 and a feruloyl esterase in the release of phenolic acids from cereal arabinoxylan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 71:622-9. [PMID: 16292533 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The bioconversion of waste residues (by-products) from cereal processing industries requires the cooperation of enzymes able to degrade xylanolytic and cellulosic material. The type A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger, AnFaeA, works synergistically with (1-->4)-beta-D-xylopyranosidases (xylanases) to release monomeric and dimeric ferulic acid (FA) from cereal cell wall-derived material. The esterase was more effective with a family 11 xylanase from Trichoderma viride in releasing FA and with a family 10 xylanase from Thermoascus aurantiacus in releasing the 5,5' form of diferulic acid from arabinoxylan (AX) derived from brewers' spent grain. The converse was found for the release of the phenolic acids from wheat bran-derived AXs. This may be indicative of compositional differences in AXs in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Faulds
- Sustainability of the Food Chain Exploitation Platform, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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Faulds CB, Molina R, Gonzalez R, Husband F, Juge N, Sanz-Aparicio J, Hermoso JA. Probing the determinants of substrate specificity of a feruloyl esterase, AnFaeA, from Aspergillus niger. FEBS J 2005; 272:4362-71. [PMID: 16128806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases hydrolyse phenolic groups involved in the cross-linking of arabinoxylan to other polymeric structures. This is important for opening the cell wall structure making material more accessible to glycoside hydrolases. Here we describe the crystal structure of inactive S133A mutant of type-A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) in complex with a feruloylated trisaccharide substrate. Only the ferulic acid moiety of the substrate is visible in the electron density map, showing interactions through its OH and OCH(3) groups with the hydroxyl groups of Tyr80. The importance of aromatic and polar residues in the activity of AnFaeA was also evaluated using site-directed mutagenesis. Four mutant proteins were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and their kinetic properties determined against methyl esters of ferulic, sinapic, caffeic and p-coumaric acid. The k(cat) of Y80S, Y80V, W260S and W260V was drastically reduced compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. However, the replacement of Tyr80 and Trp260 with smaller residues broadened the substrate specificity of the enzyme, allowing the hydrolysis of methyl caffeate. The role of Tyr80 and Trp260 in AnFaeA are discussed in light of the three-dimensional structure.
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Hatzakis NS, Smonou I. Asymmetric transesterification of secondary alcohols catalyzed by feruloyl esterase from Humicola insolens. Bioorg Chem 2005; 33:325-37. [PMID: 15970306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new asymmetric transesterification of secondary alcohols catalyzed by feruloyl esterase from Humicola insolens has been found. Although alcohols are not the natural substrates for this enzyme, a high R enantioselectivity was observed. Stereochemical studies showed that variations in substrate structure lead to strong variations in enantioselectivity. The highest enantioselectivities are obtained when the beta-carbon of the secondary alcohol is tertiary or quaternary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Iraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
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Mathew S, Abraham TE. Ferulic acid: an antioxidant found naturally in plant cell walls and feruloyl esterases involved in its release and their applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2005; 24:59-83. [PMID: 15493526 DOI: 10.1080/07388550490491467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid is the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acid in the plant world and maize bran with 3.1% (w/w) ferulic acid is one of the most promising sources of this antioxidant. The dehydrodimers of ferulic acid are important structural components in the plant cell wall and serve to enhance its rigidity and strength. Feruloyl esterases are a subclass of the carboxylic acid esterases that hydrolyze the ester bond between hydroxycinnamic acids and sugars present in plant cell walls and they have been isolated from a wide range of microorganisms, when grown on complex substrates such as cereal brans, sugar beet pulp, pectin and xylan. These enzymes perform a function similar to alkali in the deesterification of plant cell wall and differ in their specificities towards the methyl esters of cinnamic acids and ferulolylated oligosaccharides. They act synergistically with xylanases and pectinases and facilitate the access of hydrolases to the backbone of cell wall polymers. The applications of ferulic acid and feruloyl esterase enzymes are many and varied. Ferulic acid obtained from agricultural byproducts is a potential precursor for the production of natural vanillin, due to the lower production cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Mathew
- Biochemical Processing Section, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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37
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Topakas E, Christakopoulos P, Faulds CB. Comparison of mesophilic and thermophilic feruloyl esterases: Characterization of their substrate specificity for methyl phenylalkanoates. J Biotechnol 2005; 115:355-66. [PMID: 15639097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The active sites of feruloyl esterases from mesophilic and thermophilic sources were probed using methyl esters of phenylalkanoic acids. Only 13 out of 26 substrates tested were significant substrates for all the enzymes. Lengthening or shortening the aliphatic side chain while maintaining the same aromatic substitutions completely abolished activity for both enzymes, which demonstrates the importance of the correct distance between the aromatic group and the ester bond. Maintaining the phenylpropanoate structure but altering the substitutions of the aromatic ring demonstrated that the type-A esterase from the mesophilic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (FoFaeA) showed a preference for methoxylated substrates, in contrast to the type-B esterase from the same source (FoFaeB) and the thermophilic type-B (StFaeB) and type-C (StFaeC) from Sporotrichum thermophile, which preferred hydroxylated substrates. All four esterases hydrolyzed short chain aliphatic acid (C2-C4) esters of p-nitrophenol, but not the C12 ester of laurate. All the feruloyl esterases were able to release ferulic acid from the plant cell wall material in conjunction with a xylanase, but only the type-A esterase FoFaeA was effective in releasing the 5,5' form of diferulic acid. The thermophilic type-B esterase had a lower catalytic efficiency than its mesophilic counterpart, but released more ferulic acid from plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15700 Athens, Greece
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Hermoso JA, Sanz-Aparicio J, Molina R, Juge N, González R, Faulds CB. The Crystal Structure of Feruloyl Esterase A from Aspergillus niger Suggests Evolutive Functional Convergence in Feruloyl Esterase Family. J Mol Biol 2004; 338:495-506. [PMID: 15081808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a component of the array of enzymes produced by micro-organisms to deconstruct plant cell walls, feruloyl esterases hydrolyze phenolic groups involved in the cross-linking of arabinoxylan to other polymeric structures. This is important for opening the cell wall structure, making material more accessible to glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we describe the first crystal structure of the non-modular type-A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) solved at 2.5A resolution. AnFaeA displays an alpha/beta hydrolase fold similar to that found in fungal lipases and different from that reported for other feruloyl esterases. Crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis studies allow us to identify the catalytic triad (Ser133-His247-Asp194) that forms the catalytic machinery of this enzyme. The active-site cavity is confined by a lid (residues 68-80), on the analogy of lipases, and by a loop (residues 226-244) that confers plasticity to the substrate-binding site. The lid presents a high ratio of polar residues, which in addition to a unique N-glycosylation site stabilises the lid in an open conformation, conferring the esterase character to this enzyme. A putative model for bound 5,5'-diferulic acid-linked arabinoxylan has been built, pointing to the more relevant residues involved in substrate recognition. Comparison with structurally related lipases reveals that subtle amino acid and conformational changes within a highly conserved protein fold may produce protein variants endowed with new enzymatic properties, while comparison with functionally related proteins points to a functional convergence after evolutionary divergence within the feruloyl esterases family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Hermoso
- Grupo de Cristalografía Macromolecular y Biología Estructural, Instituto Química-Física Rocasolano C.S.I.C., Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Garcia-Conesa MT, Crepin VF, Goldson AJ, Williamson G, Cummings NJ, Connerton IF, Faulds CB, Kroon PA. The feruloyl esterase system of Talaromyces stipitatus: production of three discrete feruloyl esterases, including a novel enzyme, TsFaeC, with a broad substrate specificity. J Biotechnol 2004; 108:227-41. [PMID: 15006424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several extracellular feruloyl esterases were produced by the mesophilic fungus Talaromyces stipitatus when grown on selective carbon sources in liquid media. Type-A and Type-B feruloyl esterases, as defined by their substrate specificity against methyl hydroxycinnamates, were produced during growth on wheat bran and sugar beet pulp, respectively. In addition, Tal. stipitatus produced a new type of esterase (TsFaeC) during growth on sugar beet pulp with a broader spectrum of activity (Type-C) against the (hydroxy)cinnamate esters than those previously described. All three enzymes were purified and N-terminal amino acid sequences and internal peptide sequences determined. The TsFaeC sequences were used to amplify a gene fragment from Tal. stipitatus genomic DNA. The flanking sequences were identified with the aid of RACE-RTPCR, and a full-length clone constructed. The faeC gene is present as a single copy and contains a single intron. The complete cDNA fragment contains an ORF of 1590bp, faeC, which is predicted to encode a 530 amino acid pre-protein, including a 25-residue signal peptide, and to produce a mature protein of M(R) 55 340Da. There was no evidence for a carbohydrate-binding domain in TsFaeC.
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Hatzakis NS, Smonou I. Enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity in the transesterification of secondary alcohols mediated by feruloyl esterase from Humicola insolens. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Specificity of feruloyl esterases for water-extractable and water-unextractable feruloylated polysaccharides: influence of xylanase. J Cereal Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(03)00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Crepin VF, Faulds CB, Connerton IF. A non-modular type B feruloyl esterase from Neurospora crassa exhibits concentration-dependent substrate inhibition. Biochem J 2003; 370:417-27. [PMID: 12435269 PMCID: PMC1223187 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2002] [Revised: 11/06/2002] [Accepted: 11/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases, a subclass of the carboxylic acid esterases (EC 3.1.1.1), are able to hydrolyse the ester bond between the hydroxycinnamic acids and sugars present in the plant cell wall. The enzymes have been classified as type A or type B, based on their substrate specificity for aromatic moieties. We show that Neurospora crassa has the ability to produce multiple ferulic acid esterase activities depending upon the length of fermentation with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran substrates. A gene identified on the basis of its expression on sugar beet pulp has been cloned and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris. The gene encodes a single-domain ferulic acid esterase, which represents the first report of a non-modular type B enzyme (fae-1 gene; GenBank accession no. AJ293029). The purified recombinant protein has been shown to exhibit concentration-dependent substrate inhibition (K(m) 0.048 mM, K (i) 2.5 mM and V(max) 8.2 units/mg against methyl 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate). The kinetic behaviour of the non-modular enzyme is discussed in terms of the diversity in the roles of the feruloyl esterases in the mobilization of plant cell wall materials and their respective modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie F Crepin
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Division of Food Sciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Hatzakis NS, Daphnomili D, Smonou I. Ferulic acid esterase from Humicola Insolens catalyzes enantioselective transesterification of secondary alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mastihuba V, Kremnický L, Mastihubová M, Willett JL, Côté GL. A spectrophotometric assay for feruloyl esterases. Anal Biochem 2002; 309:96-101. [PMID: 12381367 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a spectrophotometric assay for the quantitative determination of feruloyl esterase activity based on release of 4-nitrophenol from a novel substrate, 4-nitrophenyl ferulate in an emulsion of Triton X-100 in aqueous buffer solution. The release of 4-nitrophenol was linear with reaction time at an early stage of the reaction with various esterase preparations. The method proposed here is accurate, rapid, and easy to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Mastihuba
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Milk, Fats, and Food Hygiene, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia
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de Vries RP, vanKuyk PA, Kester HCM, Visser J. The Aspergillus niger faeB gene encodes a second feruloyl esterase involved in pectin and xylan degradation and is specifically induced in the presence of aromatic compounds. Biochem J 2002; 363:377-86. [PMID: 11931668 PMCID: PMC1222489 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3630377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The faeB gene encoding a second feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger has been cloned and characterized. It consists of an open reading frame of 1644 bp containing one intron. The gene encodes a protein of 521 amino acids that has sequence similarity to that of an Aspergillus oryzae tannase. However, the encoded enzyme, feruloyl esterase B (FAEB), does not have tannase activity. Comparison of the physical characteristics and substrate specificity of FAEB with those of a cinnamoyl esterase from A. niger [Kroon, Faulds and Williamson (1996) Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 23, 255-262] suggests that they are in fact the same enzyme. The expression of faeB is specifically induced in the presence of certain aromatic compounds, but not in the presence of other constituents present in plant-cell-wall polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan or pectin. The expression profile of faeB in the presence of aromatic compounds was compared with the expression of A. niger faeA, encoding feruloyl esterase A (FAEA), and A. niger bphA, the gene encoding a benzoate-p-hydroxylase. All three genes have different subsets of aromatic compounds that induce their expression, indicating the presence of different transcription activating systems in A. niger that respond to aromatic compounds. Comparison of the activity of FAEA and FAEB on sugar-beet pectin and wheat arabinoxylan demonstrated that they are both involved in the degradation of both polysaccharides, but have opposite preferences for these substrates. FAEA is more active than FAEB towards wheat arabinoxylan, whereas FAEB is more active than FAEA towards sugar-beet pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P de Vries
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 2, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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de Vries RP, Visser J. Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:497-522, table of contents. [PMID: 11729262 PMCID: PMC99039 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.4.497-522.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides is of major importance in the food and feed, beverage, textile, and paper and pulp industries, as well as in several other industrial production processes. Enzymatic degradation of these polymers has received attention for many years and is becoming a more and more attractive alternative to chemical and mechanical processes. Over the past 15 years, much progress has been made in elucidating the structural characteristics of these polysaccharides and in characterizing the enzymes involved in their degradation and the genes of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms encoding these enzymes. The members of the fungal genus Aspergillus are commonly used for the production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. This genus produces a wide spectrum of cell wall-degrading enzymes, allowing not only complete degradation of the polysaccharides but also tailored modifications by using specific enzymes purified from these fungi. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from aspergilli and the genes by which they are encoded.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P de Vries
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Schubot FD, Kataeva IA, Blum DL, Shah AK, Ljungdahl LG, Rose JP, Wang BC. Structural basis for the substrate specificity of the feruloyl esterase domain of the cellulosomal xylanase Z from Clostridium thermocellum. Biochemistry 2001; 40:12524-32. [PMID: 11601976 DOI: 10.1021/bi011391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases function in the cleavage of ferulic acid's bonds to arabinoxylan and pectin where the ferulic acid moieties cross-link the layers of polysaccharide chains within hemicellulose. This work presents the crystal structure of FAE_XynZ, the domain of Clostridium thermocellum's cellulosomal xylanase Z that displays feruloyl esterase activity. The structure was obtained via multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering (MIRAS) using three heavy atom derivatives and refined against X-ray diffraction data of up to 1.75 A resolution. The R-value of the final model was 0.187 (R(free) = 0.21). FAE_XynZ displays an eight-stranded alpha/beta-fold with the characteristic "catalytic triad" at the heart of the active site. To define the substrate specificity determinants of the enzyme, the crystal structures of FAE_XynZ and the inactive FAE_XynZ(S172A) mutant were determined in complexes with the feruloyl-arabinoxylans FAXX and FAX(3), respectively. In the complex crystals, the ferulic acid moieties are clearly recognizable and allowed identification of the hydrophobic binding pocket. The carbohydrate part of both substrates is not visible in either structure. The location of the putative carbohydrate binding-pocket was inferred based on the location and orientation of the adjacent ferulic acid molecule. Five of the six residues lining the pocket were found to be conserved in FAE A from Orpinomyces sp., which further supports the proposed role of these amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Schubot
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Zhao Y, Sinnott ML. A new affinity ligand for the isolation of a single 'feruloyl esterase' (FAE-III) from Aspergillus niger. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:917-24. [PMID: 10882004 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
8-Aminooctyl 5'-S-coniferyl-5'-deoxy-thio-alpha-L-arabinofuranoside has been synthesised and shown to be a selective affinity ligand for the feruloyl esterase III of Aspergillus niger. The hydrolyses of methyl 5-O-coumaroyl, feruloyl, or sinapoyl alpha-L-arabinofuranosides by this enzyme proceed at comparable rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607-7061, USA
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