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Määttä T, Malhotra A. The hidden roots of wetland methane emissions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17127. [PMID: 38337165 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH4 ) globally. Climate and land use change are expected to alter CH4 emissions but current and future wetland CH4 budgets remain uncertain. One important predictor of wetland CH4 flux, plants, play an important role in providing substrates for CH4 -producing microbes, increasing CH4 consumption by oxygenating the rhizosphere, and transporting CH4 from soils to the atmosphere. Yet, there remain various mechanistic knowledge gaps regarding the extent to which plant root systems and their traits influence wetland CH4 emissions. Here, we present a novel conceptual framework of the relationships between a range of root traits and CH4 processes in wetlands. Based on a literature review, we propose four main CH4 -relevant categories of root function: gas transport, carbon substrate provision, physicochemical influences and root system architecture. Within these categories, we discuss how individual root traits influence CH4 production, consumption, and transport (PCT). Our findings reveal knowledge gaps concerning trait functions in physicochemical influences, and the role of mycorrhizae and temporal root dynamics in PCT. We also identify priority research needs such as integrating trait measurements from different root function categories, measuring root-CH4 linkages along environmental gradients, and following standardized root ecology protocols and vocabularies. Thus, our conceptual framework identifies relevant belowground plant traits that will help improve wetland CH4 predictions and reduce uncertainties in current and future wetland CH4 budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Määttä
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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2
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Cornelissen JHC, Cornwell WK, Freschet GT, Weedon JT, Berg MP, Zanne AE. Coevolutionary legacies for plant decomposition. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:44-54. [PMID: 35945074 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution has driven speciation and evolutionary novelty in functional traits across the Tree of Life. Classic coevolutionary syndromes such as plant-pollinator, plant-herbivore, and host-parasite have focused strongly on the fitness consequences during the lifetime of the interacting partners. Less is known about the consequences of coevolved traits for ecosystem-level processes, in particular their 'afterlife' legacies for litter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and the functional ecology of decomposers. We review the mechanisms by which traits resulting from coevolution between plants and their consumers, microbial symbionts, or humans, and between microbial decomposers and invertebrates, drive plant litter decomposition pathways and rates. This supports the idea that much of current global variation in the decomposition of plant material is a legacy of coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hans C Cornelissen
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Systems Ecology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - William K Cornwell
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Grégoire T Freschet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Moulis, France
| | - James T Weedon
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Systems Ecology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matty P Berg
- A-LIFE, Ecology and Evolution Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Community and Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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3
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In Vitro Study of the Biological Potential of Wastewater Obtained after the Distillation of Four Bulgarian Oil-Bearing Roses. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081073. [PMID: 35448801 PMCID: PMC9028495 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The wastewater after rose oil distillation is usually discharged into the drainage systems and it represents a serious environmental problem. While being rich in polyphenols, which have beneficial biological activity and application in the pharmaceutical industry, limited research has been carried out about the biological activity of the specific wastewaters per se. Wastewaters after distillation of the four Bulgarian oil-bearing roses Rosa damascena Mill., R. alba L., R. centifolia L., and R. gallica L. exerted significant antioxidant activity and good antiherpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) activity while maintaining a good toxicological safety profile (low cytotoxic effect) towards normal cell lines. More precisely, the non-tumorigenic cells were a human (HEK-293 embryonic kidney cells) and a mouse cell line (CCL-1 fibroblasts, which are recommended as a standard for cytotoxicity evaluation in Annex C of ISO 10993-5). The concentrations that achieved antioxidant and radical scavenging effects (0.04–0.92% v/v) were much lower than most of the maximum tolerated concentrations for the tissue culture cells (0.2–3.4% v/v). The wastewaters had a weak antiproliferative effect against Staphylococcus aureus. None of the wastewaters had activity against Gram-negative bacteria or a bactericidal or antifungal effect. We can conclude that these four species, which are the most preferred species worldwide for producing high-quality rose oil, have the potential to be developed as promising antioxidant and antiherpesvirus nutraceuticals.
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Lee JA, Stolyar S, Marx CJ. Aerobic Methoxydotrophy: Growth on Methoxylated Aromatic Compounds by Methylobacteriaceae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:849573. [PMID: 35359736 PMCID: PMC8963497 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs have long been studied for their ability to grow on reduced single-carbon (C1) compounds. The C1 groups that support methylotrophic growth may come from a variety of sources. Here, we describe a group of Methylobacterium strains that can engage in methoxydotrophy: they can metabolize the methoxy groups from several aromatic compounds that are commonly the product of lignin depolymerization. Furthermore, these organisms can utilize the full aromatic ring as a growth substrate, a phenotype that has rarely been described in Methylobacterium. We demonstrated growth on p-hydroxybenzoate, protocatechuate, vanillate, and ferulate in laboratory culture conditions. We also used comparative genomics to explore the evolutionary history of this trait, finding that the capacity for aromatic catabolism is likely ancestral to two clades of Methylobacterium, but has also been acquired horizontally by closely related organisms. In addition, we surveyed the published metagenome data to find that the most abundant group of aromatic-degrading Methylobacterium in the environment is likely the group related to Methylobacterium nodulans, and they are especially common in soil and root environments. The demethoxylation of lignin-derived aromatic monomers in aerobic environments releases formaldehyde, a metabolite that is a potent cellular toxin but that is also a growth substrate for methylotrophs. We found that, whereas some known lignin-degrading organisms excrete formaldehyde as a byproduct during growth on vanillate, Methylobacterium do not. This observation is especially relevant to our understanding of the ecology and the bioengineering of lignin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Sergey Stolyar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Christopher J. Marx
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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5
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Di Lella S, La Porta N, Tognetti R, Lombardi F, Nardin T, Larcher R. White rot fungal impact on the evolution of simple phenols during decay of silver fir wood by UHPLC-HQOMS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:170-183. [PMID: 34322910 PMCID: PMC9290616 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is one of the most valuable conifer wood species in Europe. Among the main opportunistic pathogens that cause root and butt rot on silver fir are Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion abietinum. Due to the different enzymatic pools of these wood-decay fungi, different strategies in metabolizing the phenols were available. OBJECTIVE This work explores the changes in phenolic compounds during silver fir wood degradation. METHODOLOGY Phenols were analyzed before and after fungus inoculation in silver fir macerated wood after 2, 4 and 6 months. All samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Thirteen compounds, including simple phenols, alkylphenyl alcohols, hydroxybenzoketones, hydroxycinnamaldehydes, hydroxybenzaldehydes, hydroxyphenylacetic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycoumarins, were detected. Pyrocatechol, coniferyl alcohol, acetovanillone, vanillin, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid contents decreased during the degradation process. Methyl vanillate, ferulic acid and p-coumaric were initially produced and then degraded. Scopoletin was accumulated. Pyrocatechol, acetovanillone and methyl vanillate were found for the first time in both degrading and non-degrading wood of silver fir. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in the enzymatic pool, both fungi caused a significant decrease in the amounts of phenolic compounds with the accumulation of the only scopoletin. Principal component analysis revealed an initial differentiation between the degradation activity of the two fungal species during degradation, but similar phenolic contents at the end of wood degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Di Lella
- Department of Biosciences and TerritoryUniversity of MolisePescheItaly
- Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food SciencesUniversity of MoliseCampobassoItaly
| | - Nicola La Porta
- Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR)Edmund Mach FoundationTrentoItaly
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food SciencesUniversity of MoliseCampobassoItaly
- The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR)Edmund Mach FoundationTrentoItaly
| | - Fabio Lombardi
- Department of AgrariaUniversity Mediterranea of Reggio CalabriaReggio CalabriaItaly
| | - Tiziana Nardin
- Technology Transfer CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Technology Transfer CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
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6
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Hömberg A, Knorr KH, Schaller J. Methane Production Rate during Anoxic Litter Decomposition Depends on Si Mass Fractions, Nutrient Stoichiometry, and Carbon Quality. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040618. [PMID: 33805021 PMCID: PMC8063934 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While Si influences nutrient stoichiometry and decomposition of graminoid litter, it is still unclear how Si influences anoxic litter decomposition and CH4 formation in graminoid dominated fen peatlands. First, Eriophorum vaginatum plants were grown under different Si and P availabilities, then shoots and roots were characterized regarding their proportions of C, Si, N and P and regarding C quality. Subsequently the Eriophorum shoots were subjected to anoxic decomposition. We hypothesized; that (I) litter grown under high Si availability would show a higher Si but lower nutrient mass fractions and a lower share of recalcitrant carbon moieties; (II) high-Si litter would show higher CH4 and CO2 production rates during anoxic decomposition; (III) methanogenesis would occur earlier in less recalcitrant high-Si litter, compared to low-Si litter. We found a higher Si mass fraction that coincides with a general decrease in C and N mass fractions and decreased share of recalcitrant organic moieties. For high-Si litter, the CH4 production rate was higher, but there was no long-term influence on the CO2 production rate. More labile high-Si litter and a differential response in nutrient stoichiometry led to faster onset of methanogenesis. This may have important implications for our understanding of anaerobic carbon turnover in graminoid-rich fens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkathrin Hömberg
- Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry Group, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Klaus-Holger Knorr
- Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry Group, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;
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7
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Rosenfield MV, Keller JK, Clausen C, Cyphers K, Funk JL. Leaf traits can be used to predict rates of litter decomposition. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc V. Rosenfield
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman Univ. 1 University Dr. Orange CA 92866 USA
- The George Washington Univ., Dept of Biology 800 22nd st. NW, suite 6000 Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Jason K. Keller
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman Univ. 1 University Dr. Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Catrina Clausen
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman Univ. 1 University Dr. Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Kimberlee Cyphers
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman Univ. 1 University Dr. Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Jennifer L. Funk
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman Univ. 1 University Dr. Orange CA 92866 USA
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8
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Nakanishi Y, Matsutani T, Hinokidani K, Nagai T, Irie M. A role of a herbivorous crab, Neosarmatium smithi, in dissolved iron elution from mangrove ecosystems. TROPICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.ms19-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ko Hinokidani
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Takashi Nagai
- Environment Science Department, Incorporated Foundation Okinawa Prefecture Environment Science Center
| | - Mami Irie
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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Aladesanmi OT, Oroboade JG, Osisiogu CP, Osewole AO. Bioaccumulation Factor of Selected Heavy Metals in Zea mays. J Health Pollut 2019; 9:191207. [PMID: 31893168 PMCID: PMC6905145 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health risks arising from heavy metal pollution have attracted global attention. As a result, many studies on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have performed human health risk assessments. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the ability of Zea mays (maize) to accumulate heavy metals and assess the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) by collecting, collating, and analyzing data on heavy metal concentrations in Zea mays. METHODS This study reviewed the accumulation of five selected heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in soil and the corresponding BAF of Zea mays grown on those soils using a systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific journals. A total of 27 research works were reviewed after screening 52 articles for subject matter relevancy, including dumpsites, industrially polluted soils, inorganically fertilized soils, mining sites, smelting sites, municipal wastewater irrigated soils, and a battery waste dumpsite. RESULTS Among the reviewed sites, concentrations of Cd and Cr were highest at a tin mining site, where prolonged mining, mineral processing and other production activities contributed heavy metal pollution in the soil. The soil at a battery waste dumpsite exhibited the highest Pb concentration, while the soil at a Zn smelting site presented the highest concentration of Zn. The highest soil Cu concentration was found in an area where sewage irrigation had been carried out over a long period. The BAF of the five heavy metals in Zea mays increased with the metal concentrations in the soil. The BAF of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn in Zea mays from the study areas fall within the ranges of 0-0.95, 0-1.89, 0-1.20, 0.011-0.99, and 0.03-0.99, respectively. Cadmium and Zn had the highest bioconcentration factors values in maize plants, likely due to their higher mobility rate compared to the other heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that Zea mays is capable of accumulating high amounts of heavy metals, although accumulation of these heavy metals is influenced by multiple factors including soil texture, cation exchange capacity, root exudation and especially soil pH and chemical forms of the heavy metals. Zea mays should not be planted on metal-contaminated soils because of its potential to act as a hyperaccumulator. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chisom Peter Osisiogu
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Afolabi Olutope Osewole
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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10
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Wolf EC, Rejmánková E, Cooper DJ. Wood chip soil amendments in restored wetlands affect plant growth by reducing compaction and increasing dissolved phenolics. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan C. Wolf
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of California Davis 1023 Wickson Hall, Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- Department of Forest and Rangeland StewardshipColorado State University 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
| | - Eliška Rejmánková
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of California Davis 1023 Wickson Hall, Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - David J. Cooper
- Department of Forest and Rangeland StewardshipColorado State University 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins CO 80523 U.S.A
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Sitzia T, Campagnaro T, Kotze DJ, Nardi S, Ertani A. The invasion of abandoned fields by a major alien tree filters understory plant traits in novel forest ecosystems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8410. [PMID: 29849056 PMCID: PMC5976623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The abandonment of agricultural use is a common driver of spontaneous reforestation by alien trees. The N-fixing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a major alien invader of old fields in Europe. Here we show that canopy dominance by this tree may filter the frequency distribution of plant functional traits in the understory of secondary woodlands. Higher soil C/N ratio and available P are associated with black locust stands, while higher soil phenols associate with native tree stands. These environmental effects result in differences in understory flowering periods, reproduction types and life forms. Our findings emphasize the effect of a major alien tree on functional plant trait composition in the early stages of spontaneous reforestation of abandoned lands, implying the development of a novel forest ecosystem on a large geographical scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sitzia
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - T Campagnaro
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - D J Kotze
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - S Nardi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - A Ertani
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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12
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Curd EE, Martiny JBH, Li H, Smith TB. Bacterial diversity is positively correlated with soil heterogeneity. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Curd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 957246 Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Jennifer B. H. Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine 321 Steinhaus Hall Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles 650 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles California 90095 USA
- DOE Institute University of California Los Angeles 611 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Thomas B. Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 957246 Los Angeles California 90095 USA
- Center for Tropical Research University of California Los Angeles LaKretz Hall, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East, #300 Los Angeles California 90095 USA
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13
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Viaene J, Reubens B, Willekens K, Van Waes C, De Neve S, Vandecasteele B. Potential of chopped heath biomass and spent growth media to replace wood chips as bulking agent for composting high N-containing residues. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 197:338-350. [PMID: 28402916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the potential of C-rich byproducts to replace wood chips as bulking agent (BA) during composting. The impact of these alternatives on the composting process and on compost stability and characteristics was assessed. Three BA (chopped heath biomass and spent growth media used in strawberry and tomato cultivation) were used for processing leek residues in windrow composting. All BA resulted in stable composts with an organic matter (OM) content suitable for use as soil amendment. Using chopped heath biomass led to high pile temperatures and OM degradation and a nutrient-poor compost with high C/P ratio appropriate for increasing soil organic carbon content in P-rich soils. Spent substrates can replace wood chips, however, due to their dense structure and lower biodegradation potential, adding a more coarse BA is required. Generally, the nutrient content of the composts with growth media was higher than the composts with wood chips and chopped heath biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Viaene
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Husbandry and Environment, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Soil Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - B Reubens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Husbandry and Environment, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - K Willekens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Husbandry and Environment, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - C Van Waes
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Husbandry and Environment, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - S De Neve
- Department of Soil Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - B Vandecasteele
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Husbandry and Environment, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 109, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Wang S, Wu W, Liu F, Liao R, Hu Y. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil-crop systems: a review for wheat and corn. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15209-15225. [PMID: 28455572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The health risks arising from heavy metal pollution (HMP) in agricultural soils have attracted global attention, and research on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil-plant systems is the basis for human health risk assessments. This review studied the accumulation of seven typical heavy metals-Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn-in soil-corn and soil-wheat systems. The findings indicated that, in general, wheat was more likely to accumulate heavy metals than corn. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of the seven heavy metals in wheat and corn grains decreased exponentially with their average concentrations in soil. The seven heavy metals were ranked as follows, in ascending order of accumulation in corn grains: Pb < Cr < Zn < As < Cu < Cd <Hg. As for the order of accumulation in wheat grains, their ranking was as follows: Zn < Pb < Cr < Cu < As < Hg <Cd. The minimum BCFs of Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn in corn grains were 0.054, 6.65 × 10-4, 7.94 × 10-4, 0.0044, 0.028, 0.13, and 0.19, respectively. The corresponding BCFs values for wheat grains were 0.25, 0.0045, 5.42 × 10-4, 0.009, 4.03 × 10-4, 0.11, and 0.054, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Wang
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of the Water Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Renkuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of the Water Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of the Water Cycle in the River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100048, China
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15
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Pec GJ, Karst J, Taylor DL, Cigan PW, Erbilgin N, Cooke JEK, Simard SW, Cahill JF. Change in soil fungal community structure driven by a decline in ectomycorrhizal fungi following a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:864-873. [PMID: 27659418 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Western North American landscapes are rapidly being transformed by forest die-off caused by mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), with implications for plant and soil communities. The mechanisms that drive changes in soil community structure, particularly for the highly prevalent ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine forests, are complex and intertwined. Critical to enhancing understanding will be disentangling the relative importance of host tree mortality from changes in soil chemistry following tree death. Here, we used a recent bark beetle outbreak in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests of western Canada to test whether the effects of tree mortality altered the richness and composition of belowground fungal communities, including ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. We also determined the effects of environmental factors (i.e. soil nutrients, moisture, and phenolics) and geographical distance, both of which can influence the richness and composition of soil fungi. The richness of both groups of soil fungi declined and the overall composition was altered by beetle-induced tree mortality. Soil nutrients, soil phenolics and geographical distance influenced the community structure of soil fungi; however, the relative importance of these factors differed between ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. The independent effects of tree mortality, soil phenolics and geographical distance influenced the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi, while the community composition of saprotrophic fungi was weakly but significantly correlated with the geographical distance of plots. Taken together, our results indicate that both deterministic and stochastic processes structure soil fungal communities following landscape-scale insect outbreaks and reflect the independent roles tree mortality, soil chemistry and geographical distance play in regulating the community composition of soil fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Pec
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Justine Karst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Castetter Hall 104, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Paul W Cigan
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre #3601-2424 Main Hall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James F Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, B717a Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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16
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Yin C, Xiang L, Wang G, Wang Y, Shen X, Chen X, Mao Z. How to Plant Apple Trees to Reduce Replant Disease in Apple Orchard: A Study on the Phenolic Acid of the Replanted Apple Orchard. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167347. [PMID: 27907081 PMCID: PMC5132267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is an important problem in the production of apple. The phenolic acid is one of the causes of ARD. How phenolic acid affects the ARD was not well known. In this study, we analyzed the type, concentration and annual dynamic variation of phenolic acid in soil from three replanted apple orchards using an accelerated solvent extraction system with high performance liquid chromatography (ASE-HPLC). We found that the type and concentration of phenolic acid were significantly differed among different seasons, different sampling positions and different soil layers. Major types of phenolic acid in three replanted apple orchards were phlorizin, benzoic acid and vanillic aldehyde. The concentration of phenolic acid was highest in the soil of the previous tree holes and it was increased from the spring to autumn. Moreover, phenolic acid was primarily distributed in 30-60 cm soil layer in the autumn, while it was most abundant in 0-30 cm soil layer in the spring. Our results suggest that phlorizin, benzoic acid and vanillic aldehyde may be the key phenolic acid that brought about ARD in the replanted apple orchard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Gongshuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Li H, Xu L, Wu F, Yang W, Ni X, He J, Tan B, Hu Y. Forest Gaps Alter the Total Phenol Dynamics in Decomposing Litter in an Alpine Fir Forest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148426. [PMID: 26849120 PMCID: PMC4746128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The total phenol content in decomposing litter not only acts as a crucial litter quality indicator, but is also closely related to litter humification due to its tight absorption to clay particles. However, limited attention has been focused on the total phenol dynamics in foliar litter in relation to forest gaps. Here, the foliar litter of six representative tree species was incubated on the forest floor from the gap center to the closed canopy of an alpine Minjiang fir (Abies faxoniana) forest in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and eastern Tibetan Plateau. The dynamics of total phenol concentration in the incubated litter was measured from November 2012 to October 2014. Over two-year incubation, 78.22% to 94.06% of total phenols were lost from the foliar litter, but 52.08% to 86.41% of this occurred in the first year. Forest gaps accelerated the loss of total phenols in the foliar litter in the winter, although they inhibited the loss of total phenols during the growing season in the first year. In comparison with the effects of forest gaps, the variations of litter quality among different species were much stronger on the dynamics of total phenols in the second year. Overall, the loss of total phenols in the foliar litter was slightly higher in both the canopy gap and the expanded gap than in the gap center and under the closed canopy. The results suggest that the predicted decline in snow cover resulting from winter warming or vanishing gaps caused by forest regeneration will retard the loss of total phenol content in the foliar litter of alpine forest ecosystems, especially in the first decomposition year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Liya Xu
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Sichuan Technology and Business University. International Business School, No. 9 Min River Eastern Section, Meishan City, China
| | - Fuzhong Wu
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wanqin Yang
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River, Chengdu, 611130, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiangyin Ni
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jie He
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ecological Security in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Dawud SM, Raulund-Rasmussen K, Domisch T, Finér L, Jaroszewicz B, Vesterdal L. Is Tree Species Diversity or Species Identity the More Important Driver of Soil Carbon Stocks, C/N Ratio, and pH? Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-9958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Ernst WHO, Kuiters AT, Nelissen HJM, Tolsma DJ. Seasonal variation in phenolics in several savanna tree species in Botswana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1991.tb01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. H. O. Ernst
- Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology; The Free University of Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. T. Kuiters
- Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology; The Free University of Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - H. J. M. Nelissen
- Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology; The Free University of Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - D. J. Tolsma
- Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology; The Free University of Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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20
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Jackrel SL, Wootton JT. Cascading effects of induced terrestrial plant defences on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem function. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142522. [PMID: 25788602 PMCID: PMC4389606 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores induce plants to undergo diverse processes that minimize costs to the plant, such as producing defences to deter herbivory or reallocating limited resources to inaccessible portions of the plant. Yet most plant tissue is consumed by decomposers, not herbivores, and these defensive processes aimed to deter herbivores may alter plant tissue even after detachment from the plant. All consumers value nutrients, but plants also require these nutrients for primary functions and defensive processes. We experimentally simulated herbivory with and without nutrient additions on red alder (Alnus rubra), which supplies the majority of leaf litter for many rivers in western North America. Simulated herbivory induced a defence response with cascading effects: terrestrial herbivores and aquatic decomposers fed less on leaves from stressed trees. This effect was context dependent: leaves from fertilized-only trees decomposed most rapidly while leaves from fertilized trees receiving the herbivory treatment decomposed least, suggesting plants funnelled a nutritionally valuable resource into enhanced defence. One component of the defence response was a decrease in leaf nitrogen leading to elevated carbon : nitrogen. Aquatic decomposers prefer leaves naturally low in C : N and this altered nutrient profile largely explains the lower rate of aquatic decomposition. Furthermore, terrestrial soil decomposers were unaffected by either treatment but did show a preference for local and nitrogen-rich leaves. Our study illustrates the ecological implications of terrestrial herbivory and these findings demonstrate that the effects of selection caused by terrestrial herbivory in one ecosystem can indirectly shape the structure of other ecosystems through ecological fluxes across boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Jackrel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - J Timothy Wootton
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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21
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Ozinga WA, Andel JV, McDonnell-Alexander MP. Nutritional soil heterogeneity and mycorrhiza as determinants of plant species diversity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/plb.1997.46.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Yuste JC, Barba J, Fernandez-Gonzalez AJ, Fernandez-Lopez M, Mattana S, Martinez-Vilalta J, Nolis P, Lloret F. Changes in soil bacterial community triggered by drought-induced gap succession preceded changes in soil C stocks and quality. Ecol Evol 2013; 2:3016-31. [PMID: 23301169 PMCID: PMC3538997 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand how drought-induced tree mortality and subsequent secondary succession would affect soil bacterial taxonomic composition as well as soil organic matter (SOM) quantity and quality in a mixed Mediterranean forest where the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) population, affected by climatic drought-induced die-off, is being replaced by Holm-oaks (HO; Quercus ilex). We apply a high throughput DNA pyrosequencing technique and (13)C solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CP-MAS (13)C NMR) to soils within areas of influence (defined as an surface with 2-m radius around the trunk) of different trees: healthy and affected (defoliated) pines, pines that died a decade ago and healthy HOs. Soil respiration was also measured in the same spots during a spring campaign using a static close-chamber method (soda lime). A decade after death, and before aerial colonization by the more competitive HOs have even taken place, we could not find changes in soil C pools (quantity and/or quality) associated with tree mortality and secondary succession. Unlike C pools, bacterial diversity and community structure were strongly determined by tree mortality. Convergence between the most abundant taxa of soil bacterial communities under dead pines and colonizer trees (HOs) further suggests that physical gap colonization was occurring below-ground before above-ground colonization was taken place. Significantly higher soil respiration rates under dead trees, together with higher bacterial diversity and anomalously high representation of bacteria commonly associated with copiotrophic environments (r-strategic bacteria) further gives indications of how drought-induced tree mortality and secondary succession were influencing the structure of microbial communities and the metabolic activity of soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Curiel Yuste
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), CSIC Serrano 115 dpdo, E-28006, Madrid, Spain ; Centre de Recerca Ecológica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF); Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona E-08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Aspinwall MJ, King JS, Booker FL, McKeand SE. Genetic effects on total phenolics, condensed tannins and non-structural carbohydrates in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) needles. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:831-842. [PMID: 21831860 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allocation to soluble phenolics (total phenolics, proanthocyanidins (PA)) and total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC; starch and soluble sugars) in needles of widely planted, highly productive loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) genotypes could impact stand resistance to herbivory, and biogeochemical cycling in the southeastern USA. However, genetic and growth-related effects on loblolly pine needle chemistry are not well characterized. Therefore, we investigated genetic and growth-related effects on foliar concentrations of total phenolics, PA and TNC in two different field studies. The first study contained nine different genotypes representing a range of genetic homogeneity, growing in a 2-year-old plantation on the coastal plain of North Carolina (NC), USA. The second study contained eight clones with different growth potentials planted in a 9-year-old clonal trial replicated at two sites (Georgia (GA) and South Carolina (SC), USA). In the first study (NC), we found no genetic effects on total phenolics, PA and TNC, and there was no relationship between genotype size and foliar biochemistry. In the second study, there were no differences in height growth between sites, but the SC site showed greater diameter (diameter at breast height (DBH)) and volume, most likely due to greater tree mortality (lower stocking) which reduced competition for resources and increased growth of remaining trees. We found a significant site × clone effect for total phenolics with lower productivity clones showing 27-30% higher total phenolic concentrations at the GA site where DBH and volume were lower. In contrast to the predictions of growth-defense theory, clone volume was positively associated with total phenolic concentrations at the higher volume SC site, and PA concentrations at the lower volume GA site. Overall, we found no evidence of a trade-off between genotype size and defense, and genetic potential for improved growth may include increased allocation to some secondary metabolites. These results imply that deployment of more productive loblolly pine genotypes will not reduce stand resistance to herbivory, but increased production of total phenolics and PA associated with higher genotype growth potential could reduce litter decomposition rates and therefore, nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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24
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Shabala S. Physiological and cellular aspects of phytotoxicity tolerance in plants: the role of membrane transporters and implications for crop breeding for waterlogging tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:289-98. [PMID: 21563365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging affects large areas of agricultural land, resulting in severe economic penalties because of massive losses in crop production. Traditionally, plant breeding for waterlogging tolerance has been based on the field assessment of a range of agronomic and morphological characteristics. This review argues for a need to move towards more physiologically based approaches by targeting specific cellular mechanisms underling key components of waterlogging tolerance in plants. Also, while the main focus of researchers was predominantly on plant anoxia tolerance, less attention was given to plant tolerance to phytotoxins under waterlogged conditions. This paper reviews the production of major elemental and organic phytotoxins in waterlogged soils and describes their adverse effects on plant performance. The critical role of plasma membrane transporters in plant tolerance to secondary metabolite toxicity is highlighted, and ionic mechanisms mediating the this tolerance are discussed. A causal link between the secondary metabolite-induced disturbances to cell ionic homeostasis and programmed cell death is discussed, and a new ethylene-independent pathway for aerenchyma formation is put forward. It is concluded that plant breeding for waterlogging tolerance may significantly benefit from targeting mechanisms of tolerance to phytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
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25
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Lintz HE, Huso M, Stanley KC, Taylor T. Composting One Invasive Species to Control Another. Restor Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Murugan K, Al-Sohaiba SA. Biocompatible Removal of Tannin and Associated Color from Tannery Effluent using the Biomass and Tannin Acyl Hydrolase (E.C.3.1.1.20) Enzymes of Mango Industry Solid Waste Isolate Aspergillus candidus MTTC 9628. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2010.262.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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28
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Zhang LH, Ye GF, Lin YM, Zhou HC, Zeng Q. Seasonal changes in tannin and nitrogen contents of Casuarina equisetifolia branchlets. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:103-11. [PMID: 19235268 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics of total phenolics (TP), extractable condensed tannins (ECT), protein-bound condensed tannins (PBCT), fiber-bound condensed tannins (FBCT), total condensed tannins (TCT), and protein precipitation capacity (PPC) in young, mature and senescent branchlets of Casuarina equisetifolia were studied at Chishan Forestry Center of Dongshan County, Fujian Province, China. In addition, nitrogen contents of branchlets at the different developmental stages were also determined. The contents of TP and ECT, and PPC in young branchlets were significantly higher than those in mature and senescent branchlets through the season. However, PBCT contents were significantly higher in senescent branchlets than those in young and mature branchlets; FBCT fluctuated with season. Young branchlets had the highest N content, which decreased during branch maturity and senescence. The highest contents of TP and the lowest contents of TCT and N in young and mature branchlets were observed in summer. There was a significant negative correlation between TP and N contents. In contrast, TCT contents were positively correlated to N contents. Nutrient resorption during senescence and high TCT:N ratios in senescent branchlets are the important nutrient conservation strategies for C. equisetifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hua Zhang
- MOE Key Lab for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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29
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Ushio M, Miki T, Kitayama K. Phenolic control of plant nitrogen acquisition through the inhibition of soil microbial decomposition processes: a plant-microbe competition model. Microbes Environ 2009; 24:180-7. [PMID: 21566372 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me09107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolics are a dominant class of plant secondary metabolites that have strong effects on various ecosystem processes. The ecological significance of these compounds, however, is still poorly understood. We hypothesized that the inhibitory effects of phenolics on microbial activity could enhance plant nitrogen acquisition by relaxing competition between plants and microbes. To test this hypothesis theoretically, we constructed a novel and simple mechanistic model by unifying two concepts: one is a new paradigm of nitrogen cycling which considers the uptake of organic nitrogen by plants, and the other is that phenolics can regulate nitrogen cycling by inhibiting microbial decomposition processes. Our plant-microbe competition model consists of five compartments (plants, soil microbes, debris, organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen) and incorporates the essential processes of nitrogen cycling: plant uptake of monomers, competition between plants and microbes, and the depolymerization process. Our analysis showed that plant nitrogen acquisition was maximized at intermediate levels of phenolics, but only when plants could utilize organic nitrogen. Furthermore, this pattern occurred over a broad range of parameter conditions. Our study successfully demonstrated the potential role of phenolics in plant nitrogen acquisition throughout natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 509-3 Hirano 2-chome, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan.
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30
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Meier CL, Bowman WD. Phenolic-rich leaf carbon fractions differentially influence microbial respiration and plant growth. Oecologia 2008; 158:95-107. [PMID: 18704503 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenolics can reduce soil nutrient availability, either indirectly by stimulating microbial nitrogen (N) immobilization or directly by enhancing physical protection within soil. Phenolic-rich plants may therefore negatively affect neighboring plant growth by restricting the N supply. We used a slow-growing, phenolic-rich alpine forb, Acomastylis rossii, to test the hypothesis that phenolic-rich carbon (C) fractions stimulate microbial population growth and reduce plant growth. We generated low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions, tannin fractions, and total soluble C fractions from A. rossii and measured their effects on soil respiration and growth of Deschampsia caespitosa, a fast-growing, co-dominant grass. Fraction effects fell into two distinct categories: (1) fractions did not increase soil respiration and killed D. caespitosa plants, or (2) fractions stimulated soil respiration and reduced plant growth and plant N concentration while simultaneously inhibiting root growth. The LMW phenolic-rich fractions increased soil respiration and reduced plant growth more than tannins. These results suggest that phenolic compounds can inhibit root growth directly as well as indirectly affect growth by reducing pools of plant available N by stimulating soil microbes. Both mechanisms illustrate how below-ground phenolic effects may influence the growth of neighboring plants. We also examined patterns of foliar phenolic concentrations among populations of A. rossii across a natural productivity gradient (productivity was used as a proxy for competition intensity). Concentrations of some LMW phenolics increased significantly in more productive sites where A. rossii is a competitive equal with the faster growing D. caespitosa. Taken together, our results contribute important information to the growing body of evidence indicating that the quality of C moving from plants to soils can have significant effects on neighboring plant performance, potentially associated with phytoxic effects, and indirect effects on soil biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Meier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Mountain Research Station, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA.
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31
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Batish DR, Singh HP, Kaur S, Kohli RK, Yadav SS. Caffeic acid affects early growth, and morphogenetic response of hypocotyl cuttings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:297-305. [PMID: 17643552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is one of the most common cinnamic acids ubiquitously present in plants and implicated in a variety of interactions including allelopathy among plants and microbes. This study investigated the possible interference of CA with root growth and the process of rhizogenesis in hypocotyl cuttings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus=Vigna radiata). Results indicated that CA (0-1000 microM) significantly suppressed root growth of mung bean, and impaired adventitious root formation and root length in the mung bean hypocotyl cuttings. Further investigations into the role of CA in hampering root formation indicated its interference with the biochemical processes involved in rooting process at the three stages - root initiation (third day; RI), root expression (fifth day; RE), and post-expression (seventh day; PE) - of rhizogenesis. CA caused significant changes in the activities of proteases, peroxidases (PODs), and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) during root development and decreased the content of total endogenous phenolics (TP) in the hypocotyl cuttings. The enhanced activity of PODs and PPOs, though, relates to lignification and/or phenolic metabolism during rhizogenesis; yet their protective role to CA-induced stress, especially during the PE phase, is not ruled out. At 1000 microM CA, where rooting was significantly affected, TP content was very high during the RI phase, thus indicating its non-utilization. The study concludes that CA interferes with the rooting potential of mung bean hypocotyl cuttings by altering the activities of PODs and PPOs and the endogenous TP content that play a key role in rhizogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizy R Batish
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India.
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Waterman PG. Roles for secondary metabolites in plants. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 171:255-69; discussion 269-75. [PMID: 1302182 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514344.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
More than about 20,000 secondary metabolites have now been identified and their isolation and characterization continues at an undiminishing rate. Although the production of most secondary metabolites is under genetic control, in relatively few cases have convincing arguments been put forward to rationalize their occurrence in terms of primary metabolic functions. Whatever the initial reason for their evolution, secondary metabolites are now an essential part of the armamentaria used by plants in the battle to survive and propagate, to the extent where the expenditure of energy, photosynthate and nutrients for their production can be demonstrated to be 'cost effective' for that. Their role may centre on defence of the producer against predators (herbivores), pathogens or competitors, on aid to pollination or seed dispersal, or on protection against or adaptation to extrinsic abiotic factors, or on combinations of these functions. Various examples are given in support of this argument.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Waterman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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33
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Kara Ö, Asan A. Microfungal community structure from forest soils in Northern Thrace Region, Turkey. ANN MICROBIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Jazayeri O, Aghajanzadeh TA, Gildeh BS. Study of growth factors, alpha-amylase and peroxidase activity in various cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under vanillic acid stress. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:1673-1678. [PMID: 19086516 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.1673.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Vanillic Acid (VA) on germination, seedling and adult plant of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated. Four cultivars, traditional (Taroom mahalli and Taroom deilamani) and improved (Shafagh and Onda) were studied. For germination, seeds were sterilized and then placed on Petri dish at 30 degrees C at different concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 25 mM) for 7 days and growth factors of seedling were measured after 14 days. Seedling (10 days) planted in hydroponic medium including nutrient solution amended with 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) VA. After 30 days, the growth factors were determined, alpha-amylase and peroxidase activities were assayed by Bernfeld and Maehly methods, respectively. Present results indicated that as a result of increasing concentrations of VA, germination percentage and germination rate as well as alpha-amylase activity markedly decreased except Onda in all cultivars. In all cultivars, seedling growth factors such as shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight as well as root have been reduced by increasing of VA. In adult plant, also shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight and root fresh weight were reduced by increasing concentrations of VA. Shoot fresh weight was decreased in Shafagh by increasing concentrations of VA; meanwhile, we have not observed any significant differences in the other cultivars. In the case of root dry weight, there were not significant differences in any cultivars. With increasing concentrations of VA, chlorophyll content reduced; on the contrary, peroxidase activity increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jazayeri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Dorrepaal E, Cornelissen JHC, Aerts R. Changing leaf litter feedbacks on plant production across contrasting sub-arctic peatland species and growth forms. Oecologia 2006; 151:251-61. [PMID: 17089140 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant species and growth forms differ widely in litter chemistry, which affects decay and may have important consequences for plant growth via e.g. the release of nutrients and growth-inhibitory compounds. We investigated the overall short-term (9.5 months) and medium-term (21.5 months) feedback effects of leaf litter quality and quantity on plant production, and tested whether growth forms can be used to generalise differences among litter species. Leaf litter effects of 21 sub-arctic vascular peatland species on Poa alpina test plants changed clearly with time. Across all growth forms, litter initially reduced plant biomass compared with untreated plants, particularly litters with a high decomposition rate or low initial lignin/P ratio. In the second year, however, litter effects were neutral or positive, and related to initial litter N concentration (positive), C/N, polyphenol/N and polyphenol/P ratios (all negative), but not to decomposability. Differences in effect size among several litter species were large, while differences in response to increasing litter quantities were not significant or of similar magnitude to differences in response to three contrasting litter species. Growth forms did not differ in initial litter effects, but second-year plant production showed a trend (P<0.10) for differences in response to litters of different growth forms: evergreen shrubs<graminoids or deciduous shrubs<forbs. While long-persisting negative litter effects were predominant across all growth forms, our data indicate that even within nutrient-constrained ecosystems such as northern peatlands, vascular plant species, and possibly growth forms, differ in litter feedbacks to plant growth. Differences in the composition of undisturbed plant communities or species shifts induced by external disturbance, such as climate change, may therefore feedback strongly to plant biomass production and probably nutrient cycling rates in northern peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Dorrepaal
- Institute of Ecological Science, Department of Systems Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pilkington MG, Caporn SJM, Carroll JA, Cresswell N, Lee JA, Emmett BA, Johnson D. Effects of increased deposition of atmospheric nitrogen on an upland Calluna moor: N and P transformations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 135:469-480. [PMID: 15749544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the effects of increased N deposition on rates of N and P transformations in an upland moor. The litter layer and the surface of the organic Oh horizon were taken from plots that had received long-term additions of ammonium nitrate at rates of 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1). Net mineralisation processes were measured in both field and laboratory incubations. Soil phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity and rates of N(2)O release were measured in laboratory incubations and root-surface PME activity measured in laboratory microcosms using Calluna vulgaris bioassay seedlings. Net mineralisation rates were relatively slow, with net ammonification consistently stimulated by N addition. Net nitrification was marginally stimulated by N addition in the laboratory incubation. N additions also increased soil and root-surface (PME) activity and rates of N(2)O release. Linear correlations were found between litter C:N ratio and all the above processes except net nitrification in field incubations. When compared with data from a survey of European forest sites, values of litter C:N ratio were greater than a threshold below which substantial, N input-related increases in net nitrification rates occurred. The maintenance of high C:N ratios with negligible rates of net nitrification was associated with the common presence of ericaceous litter and a mor humus layer in both this moorland as well as the forest sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Pilkington
- Department of Environmental and Leisure Studies, Manchester Metropolitan University, MMU Cheshire, Crewe Green Road, Crewe, Cheshire CW1 5DU, UK.
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Wallstedt A, Gallet C, Nilsson MC. Behaviour and recovery of the secondary metabolite batatasin-III from boreal forest humus: influence of temperature, humus type and microbial community. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dong Y, Tsuzuki E, Kamiunten H, Lin D, Terao H, Matsuo M, Cheng S. Molecular Genetic Analysis of QTLs for Ferulic Acid Content in Dried Straw of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Biochem Genet 2005; 43:25-34. [PMID: 15859517 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-005-1064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are secondary metabolic organic compounds produced by plants and often are mentioned as allelochemicals. This study was conducted to determine the genetic basis controlling the ferulic acid content of rice straw in a recombinant inbred (RI) population derived from a cross between a japonica variety, Asominori, with a higher content of ferulic acid, and an indica variety, IR24, with a lower content, using 289 RFLP markers. Continuous distributions and transgressive segregations of ferulic acid content were observed in the RI population, which showed that ferulic acid content in rice straw was quantitatively inherited. Single marker analysis and composite interval mapping identified three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for ferulic acid content with LOD values of 2.03 (chromosome 3), 3.16 (chromosome 6), and 3.06 (chromosome 7); all three had increased additive effects (13.5, 18.3, and 18.1 microg g(-1)) from the Asominori parent and accounted for 5.5, 16.9, and 12.8% of total phenotypic variation, respectively. This is the first report on the identification of QTLs associated with ferulic acid and their chromosomal localization on the molecular map of rice. The tightly linked molecular markers that flank the QTLs might be useful in breeding and selection of varieties with higher phenolic acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Dong
- Agricultural Faculty, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki City, 889-2192, Japan.
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39
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Allison SD, Vitousek PM. Extracellular Enzyme Activities and Carbon Chemistry as Drivers of Tropical Plant Litter Decomposition. Biotropica 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2004.tb00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Allison SD, Vitousek PM. Extracellular Enzyme Activities and Carbon Chemistry as Drivers of Tropical Plant Litter Decomposition1. Biotropica 2004. [DOI: 10.1646/03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Ernst W. Chapter 3 Vegetation, organic matter and soil quality. VITAL SOIL - FUNCTION, VALUE AND PROPERTIES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2481(04)80007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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LAMBERS HANS, POORTER HENDRIK. Inherent Variation in Growth Rate Between Higher Plants: A Search for Physiological Causes and Ecological Consequences. ADV ECOL RES 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(03)34004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Behrens A, Maie N, Knicker H, Kögel-Knabner I. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and PSD fragmentation as means for the analysis of condensed tannins in plant leaves and needles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 62:1159-1170. [PMID: 12591272 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 13C NMR spectroscopy were applied to unveil typical characteristics of condensed tannins of leaves and needles from willow (Salix alba), spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) of three tree species that are ubiquitous in German forests and landscapes. For further evaluation, lime (Tilia cordata) was included. The 13C NMR spectroscopy confirmed the purity of the condensed tannin fractions and the efficiency of the procedure used for their extraction. While signals representative for procyanidin units are observable in all liquid-state 13C NMR spectra, resonance lines of prodelphinidin were only detected in those obtained from the condensed tannins of spruce needles and beech leaves. Typical signals in the chemical shift region between 70 and 90 ppm demonstrated the presence of stereoisomers (catechin/epicatechin; gallocatechin/ epigallocatechin). The MALDI-TOF mass spectra of the condensed tannins show signals of polymers of up to undecamers. Supporting the observations from the NMR spectroscopy, the mass spectra of the willow and lime leaf condensed tannins were identified as polymers with mainly procyanidin units, while the polymers of the spruce needle and beech leaves exhibit varying procyanidin/prodelphinidin ratios. Post source decay (PSD) fragmentation lead to a sequential loss of monomers and allowed a detailed characterization and sequencing of individual chains. In the case of the condensed tannins of lime this technique clearly excludes a pelargonidin terminal unit followed by a prodelphinidin unit, which would result in the same molecular masses as a polymer solely built up of procyanidin units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Behrens
- Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Technische Universität München, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Nilsson MC, Wardle DA, Zackrisson O, Jäderlund A. Effects of alleviation of ecological stresses on an alpine tundra community over an eight-year period. OIKOS 2002. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wallstedt A, Sommarin M, Nilsson MC, Munson AD, Margolis HA. The inhibition of ammonium uptake in excised birch (Betula pendula) roots by batatasin-III. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 113:368-376. [PMID: 12060282 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1130310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In northern Sweden, plants growing in association with the clonal dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum usually exhibit limited growth and are N-depleted. Previous studies suggest that this negative effect by E. hermaphroditum may be explained, at least in part, by the release of phenolic compounds, particularly the dihydrostilbene, batatasin-III from foliage to soil. In the present work, we investigated whether batatasin-III has the potential to interfere with NH4+ uptake in birch (Betula pendula) roots. Excised birch roots were exposed to batatasin-III during brief periods in 15NH4+ solutions, and then analyzed for labeled N. Batatasin-III inhibited N-NH4+ uptake by 28, 89 and 95% compared with the control, when roots were treated with 0.1, 1.0 and 2.8 mM of batatasin-III, respectively. The effect of 1.0-mM batatasin-III was greater at pH 4.2 than at pH 6.8. In addition, the inhibition of N-NH4+ uptake by batatasin-III was not reversed after rinsing the roots in water and transferring them to a batatasin-III free solution. Furthermore, birch seedlings immersed in a 1.0-mM batatasin-III solution for 2 h, and then replanted in pots with soil, had decreased growth, such that 10 weeks after treatment, the dry mass of both shoots and roots was reduced by 74 and 73%, respectively, compared with control seedlings. This suggests that a brief exposure to batatasin-III may have a long-term inhibitory effect on whole plant growth. Using plasma membrane vesicles isolated from easily extractable spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves, it was found that batatasin-III strongly inhibited proton pumping in isolated plasma membrane vesicles, while it only slightly inhibited ATP hydrolytic activity. The uncoupling of proton pumping from ATP hydrolytic activity suggests that batatasin-III disturbs membrane integrity. This hypothesis was further supported by a greater efflux of ions from birch roots immersed in a batatasin-III solution than from roots in a control solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wallstedt
- Department of Ecology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, G1K 7P4, Canada Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Department of Forest Vegetation Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Interspecific variation in polyphenol production by plants has been interpreted in terms of defense against herbivores. Several recent lines of evidence suggest that polyphenols also influence the pools and fluxes of inorganic and organic soil nutrients. Such effects could have far-ranging consequences for nutrient competition among and between plants and microbes, and for ecosystem nutrient cycling and retention. The significance of polyphenols for nutrient cycling and plant productivity is still uncertain, but it could provide an alternative or complementary explanation for the variability in polyphenol production by plants.
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Booker FL, Anttonen S, Heagle AS. Catechin, proanthocyanidin and lignin contents of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) needles after chronic exposure to ozone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1996; 132:483-92. [PMID: 26763644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of soluble and bound phenolic compounds were measured in needles of 3-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees exposed from May to November 1993 to a range of ozone (O3 ) concentrations in open-top field chambers, The treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CF). non-filtered air (NF), and NF air with O2 added at 1.5 times (NF 1.5) and 2(1 times (NF 2.0) the ambient O., concentration for 12 h daily. Average daily (0800-2000 hours) O3 concentrations in the CF. NF. NF 1.5 and NF 20 treatments were. 29. 47, 76 and 98 nl 1(-1) . respectively, for the 140 d treatment period. At the end of the treatment period, total phenolic and proanthocyanidin concentrations in the previous year's needles were 25-29% higher in the NF 2.0 treatment compared with the lower O3 treatments. Catechin concentration increased in the previous year's needles by as much as 81 % between the NF 2.0 treatment and the lower O3 treatments. Catechin is an effective antioxidant, and elevated levels might confer some protection against O3 injury. No significant differences in total phenolics and proanthocyanidins in the previous year's needles were detected among the remaining treatments, or among any O3 treatment for the current year's needles. Lignin content in needles of both years was not significantly affected by O3 exposure. Chances in the phenolic content of older needles in response to elevated O3 could alter plant-pathogen interactions and slow down microbiol decomposition, which could contribute to a decline in site soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Booker
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Air Quality Research Program and Department of Crop Science, Box 7632, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USADepartment of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, FinlandU.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Air Quality Research Program, and Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Anttonen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Air Quality Research Program and Department of Crop Science, Box 7632, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USADepartment of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, FinlandU.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Air Quality Research Program, and Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - A S Heagle
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Air Quality Research Program and Department of Crop Science, Box 7632, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USADepartment of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, FinlandU.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Air Quality Research Program, and Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Pue KJ, Blum U, Gerig TM, Shafer SR. Mechanism by which noninhibitory concentrations of glucose increase inhibitory activity ofp-coumaric acid on morning-glory seedling biomass accumulation. J Chem Ecol 1995; 21:833-47. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02033464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1994] [Accepted: 03/01/1995] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Use of water and EDTA extractions to estimate available (free and reversibly bound) phenolic acids in Cecil soils. J Chem Ecol 1994; 20:341-59. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02064442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/1993] [Accepted: 09/29/1993] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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