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Arruda KCR, Lenzi M, Takahasi A, Paggi GM. Investigating the reproductive strategies of Deuterocohnia meziana (Bromeliaceae), an endangered and restricted species from South American rocky outcrops. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2024; 111:37. [PMID: 38951237 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Studies of reproductive biology and resources availability to floral visitors by plant species are important to understand the plant-pollinator interactions that drive species adaptation. We aim to understand the relationship between reproduction mechanisms of Deuterocohnia meziana (Bromeliaceae) and pollinators. The species occurs in Bolivia and Paraguay, and it is the only species of the genus found in Brazil, where it is restricted to ironstone outcrops. These areas are currently threatened by the iron mining industry. Additionally, they face risks from fire occurrence and grazing by cattle. We analyzed the floral biology, reproductive system, phenology, and pollination ecology of a natural population of Deuterocohnia meziana, from ironstone outcrops in Brazil. The species exhibits diurnal anthesis, with stigma receptive throughout anthesis, and 77% of pollen viability. Deuterocohnia meziana produces relatively large amounts of nectar, especially early in the morning (32.8 ± 9.4 μl), with a mean sugar concentration of 23.5 (± 3.2) ºBrix. It is self-incompatible with a peak flowering occurring in August (dry season), although flowers are observed continuously throughout the year. The species exhibits two types of inflorescences, young and mature, among which an average of 13.1 and 3.6 flowers open per day, respectively. Hummingbirds and bees are the effective pollinators, although butterflies and ants also visit D. meziana flowers. The species is reliant on exogenous pollen and pollinators for fruit set. The continuous conservation of D. meziana populations and their communities is essential for preserving plant-pollinator mutualism and the floral community adapted to ironstone outcrops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C R Arruda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus do Pantanal, Corumbá, MS, 79304-902, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lenzi
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus do Pantanal, Corumbá, MS, 79304-902, Brazil
| | - Adriana Takahasi
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Gecele M Paggi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/nº - Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
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Amorim MD, Maruyama PK, Baronio GJ, Azevedo CS, Rech AR. Hummingbird contribution to plant reproduction in the rupestrian grasslands is not defined by pollination syndrome. Oecologia 2022; 199:1-12. [PMID: 35043254 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Floral traits mediate the roles of distinct animals as effective pollinators along a generalization/specialization continuum. Many plant species are visited by different pollinator functional groups and the specific contribution of each group is expected to reflect the set of floral characteristics defined by pollination syndromes. Although considered a highly specialized nectarivorous group, hummingbirds frequently visit flowers lacking apparent specialization to bird pollination. How they contribute to the reproduction of these plants, however, has not been evaluated through field experiments considering multiple non-related plant species simultaneously. Here, we investigated hummingbirds' contributions to the pollination of ten plant species comprising a gradient of adaptation to bird pollination in the Brazilian rupestrian grasslands. We excluded hummingbirds from flowers and evaluated their relative contribution in comparison to insects (mainly bees) on conspecific/heterospecific pollen deposition and fruit set. Floral traits that are typically associated with bird pollination were associated with increased pollen deposition, but not with fruit set in the presence of hummingbirds. With hummingbirds, conspecific and heterospecific pollen deposition increased in most species, while fruit set increased in four plant species with varying degrees of fit to ornithophily. Our results show that assessing the relative contribution of specific pollinator groups may depend on when this contribution is measured, i.e. pollen deposition or fruit set. Considering fruit set, our results indicate that hummingbirds contributed to plant reproduction independently of the fit to bird pollination syndrome. This emphasizes their importance as under-appreciated generalized pollinators in some communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsal D Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Pietro K Maruyama
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gudryan J Baronio
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiano S Azevedo
- Departamento de Evolução, Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, s/n, Bauxita, Ouro Prêto, MG, CEP: 35400-000, Brazil
| | - André R Rech
- Faculdade Interdisciplinar de Humanidades, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
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Paggi GM, Palma-Silva C, Bered F. Pollination by hummingbirds of Vriesea gigantea (Bromeliaceae) populations in Southern Brazil. RODRIGUÉSIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202172056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The pollination syndrome hypothesis usually does not successfully apply to the diversity of floral phenotypes or help predict the pollinators of most plant species. In Bromeliaceae, there is a wide range of floral visitors, making its species ideal to test for a correlation between nectar and floral traits with pollination syndrome. In this study, we analyzed the floral features, nectar production patterns, pollinators and floral visitors of Vriesea gigantea, and discussed its potential adaptive and ecological significance. We study three natural populations from the Atlantic Forest, Southern Brazil. The species presented protogyny and herkogamy, and its anthesis occurred at different periods among different populations. Vriesea gigantea has a relatively constant rate of nectar production during the day that continues overnight but at a reduced rate. Newly opened flowers already have around 80.0 μl of nectar. Although classified as chiropterophilous, based on flower morphology and pollinator observations, our results show that hummingbirds are effective pollinators in the studied populations of V. gigantea.
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Pollinator divergence and pollination isolation between hybrids with different floral color and morphology in two sympatric Penstemon species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8126. [PMID: 32415216 PMCID: PMC7229217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential visitation of pollinators due to divergent floral traits can lead to reproductive isolation via assortative pollen flow, which may ultimately be a driving force in plant speciation, particularly in areas of overlap. We evaluate the effects of pollinator behavioral responses to variation of intraspecific floral color and nectar rewards, on reproductive isolation between two hybrid flower color morphs (fuchsia and blue) and their parental species Penstemon roseus and P. gentianoides with a mixed-pollination system. We show that pollinators (bumblebees and hummingbirds) exhibit different behavioral responses to fuchsia and blue morphs, which could result from differential attraction or deterrence. In addition to differences in color (spectral reflectance), we found that plants with fuchsia flowers produced more and larger flowers, produced more nectar and were more visited by pollinators than those with blue flowers. These differences influenced the foraging behavior and effectiveness as pollinators of both bumblebees and hummingbirds, which contributed to reproductive isolation between the two hybrid flower color morphs and parental species. This study demonstrates how differentiation of pollination traits promotes the formation of hybrid zones leading to pollinator shifts and reproductive isolation. While phenotypic traits of fuchsia and red flowers might encourage more efficient hummingbird pollination in a mixed-pollination system, the costs of bumblebee pollination on plant reproduction could be the drivers for the repeated shifts from bumblebee- to hummingbird-mediated pollination.
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Leal RLB, Moreira MM, Pinto AR, de Oliveira Ferreira J, Rodriguez-Girones M, Freitas L. Temporal changes in the most effective pollinator of a bromeliad pollinated by bees and hummingbirds. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8836. [PMID: 32257647 PMCID: PMC7102499 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A generalist pollination system may be characterized through the interaction of a plant species with two or more functional groups of pollinators. The spatiotemporal variation of the most effective pollinator is the factor most frequently advocated to explain the emergence and maintenance of generalist pollination systems. There are few studies merging variation in floral visitor assemblages and the efficacy of pollination by different functional groups. Thus, there are gaps in our knowledge about the variation in time of pollinator efficacy and frequency of generalist species. In this study, we evaluated the pollination efficacy of the floral visitors of Edmundoa lindenii (Bromeliaceae) and their frequency of visits across four reproductive events. We analyzed the frequency of the three groups of floral visitors (large bees, small bees, and hummingbirds) through focal observations in the reproductive events of 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. We evaluated the pollination efficacy (fecundity after one visit) through selective exposure treatments and the breeding system by manual pollinations. We tested if the reproductive success after natural pollination varied between the reproductive events and also calculated the pollen limitation index. E. lindenii is a self-incompatible and parthenocarpic species, requiring the action of pollinators for sexual reproduction. Hummingbirds had higher efficacy than large bees and small bees acted only as pollen larcenists. The relative frequency of the groups of floral visitors varied between the reproductive events. Pollen limitation has occurred only in the reproductive event of 2017, when visits by hummingbirds were scarce and reproductive success after natural pollination was the lowest. We conclude that hummingbirds and large bees were the main and the secondary pollinators of E. lindenii, respectively, and that temporal variations in the pollinator assemblages had effects on its reproductive success. Despite their lower pollination efficacy, large bees ensured seed set when hummingbirds failed. Thus, we provide evidence that variable pollination environments may favor generalization, even under differential effectiveness of pollinator groups if secondary pollinators provide reproductive assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Muniz Moreira
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lehmann LJ, Maruyama PK, Joaquim Bergamo P, Maglianesi MA, Rahbek C, Dalsgaard B. Relative effectiveness of insects versus hummingbirds as pollinators of Rubiaceae plants across elevation in Dominica, Caribbean. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:738-744. [PMID: 30773824 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most angiosperms rely on animal pollination for reproduction, but the dependence on specific pollinator groups varies greatly between species and localities. Notably, such dependence may be influenced by both floral traits and environmental conditions. Despite its importance, their joint contribution has rarely been studied at the assemblage level. At two elevations on the Caribbean island of Dominica, we measured the floral traits and the relative contributions of insects versus hummingbirds as pollinators of plants in the Rubiaceae family. Pollinator importance was measured as visitation rate (VR) and single visit pollen deposition (SVD), which were combined to assess overall pollinator effectiveness (PE). In the wet and cool Dominican highland, we found that hummingbirds were relatively more frequent and effective pollinators than insects, whereas insects and hummingbirds were equally frequent and effective pollinators at the warmer and less rainy midelevation. Furthermore, floral traits correlated independently of environment with the relative importance of pollinators, hummingbirds being more important in plant species having flowers with long and wide corollas producing higher volumes of dilute nectar. Our findings show that both environmental conditions and floral traits influence whether insects or hummingbirds are the most important pollinators of plants in the Rubiaceae family, highlighting the complexity of plant-pollinator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Lehmann
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - P K Maruyama
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - P Joaquim Bergamo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Maglianesi
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, San José, Costa Rica
| | - C Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - B Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Aguilar-Rodríguez PA, Tschapka M, García-Franco JG, Krömer T, MacSwiney G MC. Bromeliads going batty: pollinator partitioning among sympatric chiropterophilous Bromeliaceae. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz014. [PMID: 31186827 PMCID: PMC6537948 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators can be a limited resource and natural selection should favour differences in phenotypic characteristics to reduce competition among plants. Bats are important pollinators of many Neotropical plants, including the Bromeliaceae; however, the pre-pollination mechanisms for isolation among sympatric bat-pollinated bromeliads are unknown. Here, we studied the mechanisms for reproductive segregation between Pitcairnia recurvata, Pseudalcantarea viridiflora, Werauhia noctiflorens and W. nutans. The study was conducted at Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, in Veracruz, Mexico We carried out ex situ and in situ manual pollination treatments to determine the breeding system by assessing fruiting and seedling success and sampled bat visitors using mist-nets and infrared cameras. We determined the nocturnal nectar production pattern, estimating the energetic content of this reward. All four bromeliads are self-compatible, but only P. recurvata appears to require pollinators, because the physical separation between anthers and stigma prevents self-pollination, it is xenogamous and presents a strictly nocturnal anthesis. The bats Anoura geoffroyi, Glossophaga soricina and Hylonycteris underwoodi are probable pollinators of three of the studied bromeliads. We did not record any animal visiting the fourth species. The flowering season of each species is staggered throughout the year, with minimal overlap, and the floral morphology segregates the locations on the body of the bat where the pollen is deposited. The most abundant nectar per flower is provided by P. viridiflora, but P. recurvata offers the best reward per hectare, considering the density of flowering plants. Staggered flowering, different pollen deposition sites on the body of the pollinator and differences in the reward offered may have evolved to reduce the competitive costs of sharing pollinators while providing a constant supply of food to maintain a stable nectarivorous bat community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Adrián Aguilar-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, José María Morelos, Col. Centro, C.P. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, D Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Apartado, Panamá, Republica de Panamáa
| | - José G García-Franco
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, C.P. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, José María Morelos, Col. Centro, C.P. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - M Cristina MacSwiney G
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, José María Morelos, Col. Centro, C.P. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Bergamo PJ, Wolowski M, Telles FJ, De Brito VLG, Varassin IG, Sazima M. Bracts and long-tube flowers of hummingbird-pollinated plants are conspicuous to hummingbirds but not to bees. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Joaquim Bergamo
- Plant Biology Department, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Francismeire Jane Telles
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Federal University of Uberlândia, campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Galarda Varassin
- Laboratório de Interações e Biologia Reprodutiva, Botany Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Plant Biology Department, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Göttlinger T, Schwerdtfeger M, Tiedge K, Lohaus G. What Do Nectarivorous Bats Like? Nectar Composition in Bromeliaceae With Special Emphasis on Bat-Pollinated Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:205. [PMID: 30847001 PMCID: PMC6393375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Floral nectar is the most important reward for pollinators and an integral component of the pollination syndrome. Nectar research has mainly focused on sugars or amino acids, whereas more comprehensive studies on the nectar composition of closely related plant species with different pollination types are rather limited. Nectar composition as well as concentrations of sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions, and organic acids were analyzed for 147 species of Bromeliaceae. This plant family shows a high diversity in terms of floral morphology, flowering time, and predominant pollination types (trochilophilous, trochilophilous/entomophilous, psychophilous, sphingophilous, chiropterophilous). Based on the analyses, we examined the relationship between nectar traits and pollination type in this family. Nectar of all analyzed species contained high amounts of sugars with different proportions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total concentrations of amino acids, inorganic cations, and anions, or organic acids were much lower. The analyses revealed that the sugar composition, the concentrations of inorganic cations and anions as well as the concentration of malate in nectar of bat-pollinated species differed significantly from nectar of species with other pollination types. Flowers of bat-pollinated species contained a higher volume of nectar, which results in a total of about 25-fold higher amounts of sugar in bat-pollinated species than in insect-pollinated species. This difference was even higher for amino acids, inorganic anions and cations, and organic acids (between 50 and 100-fold). In general, bat-pollinated plant species invest large amounts of organic and inorganic compounds for their pollinators. Furthermore, statistical analyses reveal that the characteristics of nectar in Bromeliaceae are more strongly determined by the pollinator type rather than by taxonomic groups or phylogenetic relations. However, a considerable part of the variance cannot be explained by either of the variables, which means that additional factors must be responsible for the differences in the nectar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Göttlinger
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Schwerdtfeger
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kira Tiedge
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Freire RM, Barberis IM, Vesprini JL. Reproductive traits and floral visitors of Aechmea distichantha plants growing in different habitats of a South American xerophytic forest. RODRIGUÉSIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201869210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aechmea distichantha, a widely-distributed facultative epiphytic bromeliad species, is present from rainforests to xerophytic forests. At its southernmost distribution (Humid Chaco) it grows in the understory and forest edges. This animal-pollinated bromeliad shows high phenotypic plasticity on its vegetative traits, but there is no information about plasticity on its reproductive traits. Infructescences from shade plants were heavier, had longer rachis, more spikelets, higher number of fruits/spikelet and higher number of seeds/fruit than those from sun plants, but they presented similar number of open flowers. The number of visitation events was similar in both habitats, but more flowers were visited in the sun than in the shade. Flowers were visited by seven species (six insects and one hummingbird). In the sun, the carpenter bee was the most frequent visitor and visited almost all flowers, whereas in the shade different species of visitors attained similar proportion of visits and number of visited flowers. Despite visitation events were similar in both habitats, plants growing in the shade set more seeds/fruit than plants growing in the sun. The higher proportion of visits accomplished by carpenter bees compared to hummingbirds is probably a consequence of the climatic conditions in the austral location of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M. Freire
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M. Barberis
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - José L. Vesprini
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
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11
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Meireles JE, Manos PS. Pervasive migration across rainforest and sandy coastal plain Aechmea nudicaulis (Bromeliaceae) populations despite contrasting environmental conditions. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1261-1272. [PMID: 29417698 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the colonization of extreme marginal habitats and the relative roles of space and environment in maintaining peripheral populations remains challenging. Here, we leverage a system of pairs of rainforest and sandy coastal plain communities that allow us to decouple spatial and environmental effects in the population structure and migration rates of the bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis. Structure and gene flow between populations were estimated from Bayesian clustering and coalescent-based migration models applied to chloroplast sequence and nuclear microsatellite data. Contrary to our initial expectation, the sharp environmental gradient between rainforest and sandy plains does not seem to have affected the colonization and migration dynamics in A. nudicaulis. Our analyses uncover pervasive gene flow between neighbouring habitats in both chloroplast and nuclear data despite the striking differences in environmental conditions. This result is consistent with a scenario of repeated colonization of the sandy coastal plains from forest populations through seed dispersal, as well as the maintenance of gene flow between habitats through pollination. We also recovered a broad north/south population structure that has been found in other Atlantic rainforest groups and possibly reflects older phylogeographic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Manos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Pool-Chalé M, Ramírez-Morillo I, Carnevali Fernández-Concha G, Hornung-Leoni CT. Reproductive biology of Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb. (Bromelioideae: Bromeliaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:113-120. [PMID: 29028291 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals of Aechmea bracteata show inflorescences with red scape bracts and odourless, yellow, tubular diurnal flowers, with closely arranged sexual organs, producing a large amount of fruits. In order to investigate the reproductive system of this species, a suite of characters was assessed: phenology, floral morphology and biology, nectar production dynamics, and fruit and seed production and germination, as a result of controlled pollination crosses. The study was conducted during two flowering seasons in wild populations in Yucatán, Mexico. Results suggest an annual flowering pattern with one flowering peak; flowers were diurnal, showing partial dichogamy (protandry)-herkogamy, anthers and stigma become mature before floral aperture, which could lead to self-pollination, nectar is produced during anthesis, varying in volume and total sugar concentration during the day; fruits and seeds were produced in all experimental crosses (cross-pollination, obligated cross-pollination, assisted and unassisted selfing, geitonogamy and apomixis), as well as high percentage seed germination. Several species of Aechmea are reportedly self-compatible and autogamous, as suggested by results of selfing and non-assisted selfing crosses, but these results are negated by the presence of apomixis, indicating that the species is apomictic. This is the first report of this breeding system for subgenus Aechmea and the sixth for Bromeliaceae. Polyembryony is here suggested for the first time in this genus and family based on the fact that more seeds were recorded that expected based on ovule numbers. Finally, when performing experimental crosses, estimating reproductive success based on number of seeds is a better approach than number of fruits, due to the effect of pseudogamy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pool-Chalé
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales-Herbario CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - I Ramírez-Morillo
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales-Herbario CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - G Carnevali Fernández-Concha
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales-Herbario CICY, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - C T Hornung-Leoni
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Hidalgo, México
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Bee pollination increases yield quantity and quality of cash crops in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17691. [PMID: 29255154 PMCID: PMC5735132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic biotic interactions as among flowering plants and their animal pollinators are a key component of biodiversity. Pollination, especially by insects, is a key element in ecosystem functioning, and hence constitutes an ecosystem service of global importance. Not only sexual reproduction of plants is ensured, but also yields are stabilized and genetic variability of crops is maintained, counteracting inbreeding depression and facilitating system resilience. While experiencing rapid environmental change, there is an increased demand for food and income security, especially in sub-Saharan communities, which are highly dependent on small scale agriculture. By combining exclusion experiments, pollinator surveys and field manipulations, this study for the first time quantifies the contribution of bee pollinators to smallholders’ production of the major cash crops, cotton and sesame, in Burkina Faso. Pollination by honeybees and wild bees significantly increased yield quantity and quality on average up to 62%, while exclusion of pollinators caused an average yield gap of 37% in cotton and 59% in sesame. Self-pollination revealed inbreeding depression effects on fruit set and low germination rates in the F1-generation. Our results highlight potential negative consequences of any pollinator decline, provoking risks to agriculture and compromising crop yields in sub-Saharan West Africa.
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Amato B, Petit S. A review of the methods for storing floral nectars in the field. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:497-503. [PMID: 28303638 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of floral nectar sugar characteristics, such as concentration, ratio and mass, is essential to understand the complex nature of nectar production and pollination systems. Although nectar is commonly stored in ecology, storage reliability and effectiveness have rarely been quantified. Inappropriate nectar storage between sampling and analysis can alter nectar chemistry as a result of enzyme or microbial action. Our review of the literature indicates that measures to preserve nectar sugars before analysis include refrigeration, freezing, the addition of an antimicrobial agent, spotting and drying on filter paper, the addition of a desiccant or a combination of these storage treatments. Nectar stored on filter paper is removed by washing with a solvent before analysis. Elution methods are often complex, not standardised and poorly reported in published work. Existing storage methods have generally been used without an evaluation of their impact on results, but evidence suggests a potentially large impact on result accuracy. Future studies should report storage treatments and elution methods to legitimise comparison among independent studies and provide unbiased evaluation of the results. In view of the wide range of storage methods used and lack of verification of their appropriateness, is imperative that standardised and effective methods be developed to ensure that results are reliable. We recommend the prompt analysis of nectar, detailed description of methods, including size of filter paper and method of elution, and use of sterile techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Amato
- Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - S Petit
- Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
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Pansarin ER, de Pedro SRM. Reproductive biology of a hummingbird-pollinated Billbergia: light influence on pollinator behaviour and specificity in a Brazilian semi-deciduous forest. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:920-927. [PMID: 27543720 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ornithophily has evolved in parallel several times during evolution of angiosperms. Bird pollination is reported for 65 families, including Bromeliaceae. One of the most diverse bromeliad is Billbergia, which comprises species pollinated mainly by hummingbirds. Based on investigations on flowering phenology, morpho-anatomy, volume and concentration of nectar, pollinators and breeding system, this paper explores the reproductive biology and pollinator specificity of B. distachia in a mesophytic semi-deciduous forest of southeastern Brazil. The results have show that B. distachia is pollinated by a single species of hermit hummingbird, Phaethornis eurynome, which search for nectar produced by a septal nectary, where the secretory tissue is located above the placenta. The species is self-incompatible. The combination of pollinator specificity, due to long corolla tubes that exclude visitation of short-billed hummingbirds, complete self-incompatibility and non-territorial behaviour of pollinators, it is very important to reduce pollen loss and increase gene flow within population. Our results indicate that studies on pollination biology and reproduction are essential to understand the evolutionary history of pollination systems of plants since, at least in Billbergia, variation in the pollinator spectrum has been recorded for different habitats among Brazilian forests. Furthermore, according to our data, foraging of Phaethornis on flowers is independent of air temperature and humidity, while the main factor influencing hummingbird visitation is daylight. Considering current knowledge on climatic parameters influencing hummingbird foraging, pollination and reproductive biology of Neotropical flora and environment of the hermit hummingbird in tropical forests, new insights on plant-pollinator interaction are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Pansarin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - S R M de Pedro
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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16
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Ferreira C, Maruyama PK, Oliveira PE. Convergence beyond flower morphology? Reproductive biology of hummingbird-pollinated plants in the Brazilian Cerrado. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:316-324. [PMID: 26370490 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Convergent reproductive traits in non-related plants may be the result of similar environmental conditions and/or specialised interactions with pollinators. Here, we documented the pollination and reproductive biology of Bionia coriacea (Fabaceae), Esterhazya splendida (Orobanchaceae) and Ananas ananassoides (Bromeliaceae) as case studies in the context of hummingbird pollination in Cerrado, the Neotropical savanna of Central South America. We combined our results with a survey of hummingbird pollination studies in the region to investigate the recently suggested association of hummingbird pollination and self-compatibility. Plant species studied here differed in their specialisation for ornithophily, from more generalist A. ananassoides to somewhat specialist B. coriacea and E. splendida. This continuum of specialisation in floral traits also translated into floral visitor composition. Amazilia fimbriata was the most frequent pollinator for all species, and the differences in floral display and nectar energy availability among plant species affect hummingbirds' behaviour. Most of the hummingbird-pollinated Cerrado plants (60.0%, n = 20), including those studied here, were self-incompatible, in contrast to other biomes in the Neotropics. Association to more generalist, often territorial, hummingbirds, and resulting reduced pollen flow in open savanna areas may explain predominance of self-incompatibility. But it is possible that mating system is more associated with the predominance of woody hummingbird plants in the Cerrado plant assemblage than to the pollination system itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - P K Maruyama
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - P E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Aguilar-Rodríguez PA, Krömer T, García-Franco JG, MacSwiney G MC. From dusk till dawn: nocturnal and diurnal pollination in the epiphyte Tillandsia heterophylla (Bromeliaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:37-45. [PMID: 25683682 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to compare the effectiveness of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, we studied the reproductive biology and pollinators of Tillandsia heterophylla E. Morren, an epiphytic tank bromeliad endemic to southeastern Mexico. Since anthesis in T. heterophylla is predominantly nocturnal but lasts until the following day, we hypothesised that this bromeliad would receive visits from both diurnal and nocturnal visitors, but that nocturnal visitors would be the most effective pollinators, since they arrive first to the receptive flower, and that bats would be the most frequent nocturnal visitors, given the characteristics of the nectar. Flowering of T. heterophylla began in May and lasted until July. The species is fully self-compatible, with an anthesis that lasts for ca. 15-16 h. Mean volume of nectar produced per flower was 82.21 μl, with a mean sugar concentration of 6.33%. The highest volume and concentration of nectar were found at 20:00 h, with a subsequent decline in both to almost zero over the following 12-h period. T. heterophylla has a generalist pollination system, since at least four different morphospecies of visitors pollinate its flowers: bats, moths, hummingbirds and bees. Most of the pollinating visits corresponded to bats and took place in the early evening, when stigma receptivity had already begun; making bats the probable pollinator on most occasions. However, diurnal pollinators may be important as a 'fail-safe' system by which to guarantee the pollination of T. heterophylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Aguilar-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - T Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - J G García-Franco
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - M C MacSwiney G
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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FONSECA LORENAC, VIZENTIN-BUGONI JEFERSON, RECH ANDRÉR, ALVES MARIAALICES. Plant-hummingbird interactions and temporal nectar availability in arestinga from Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 87:2163-75. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hummingbirds are the most important and specialized group of pollinating birds in the Neotropics and their interactions with plants are key components to many communities. In the present study we identified the assemblage of plants visited by hummingbirds and investigated the temporal availability of floral resources in an area of restinga, sandy plain coastal vegetation associated with the Atlantic forest, in Southeastern Brazil. We recorded flower and nectar features, flowering phenology and interactions between plants and hummingbirds and estimated the amount of calories produced per hectare from June 2005 to August 2006. Ten plant species were visited by two hummingbirds,Amazilia fimbriata and Eupetomena macroura. Resource availability was highly variable among plant species and over time. Nectar volume and concentration per flower were similar to other Neotropical hummingbird-visited plant assemblages. The estimated nectar resource availability between months varied from 0.85 to 5.97 Kcal per hectare/day, demanding an area between one and 6.8 ha to support a single hummingbird. Our study reports an unusual tropical setting where almost all interactions between hummingbirds and plants were performed by a single hummingbird species,A. fimbriata. Hence, the variable nectar availability is probably influencing hummingbird movements, its foraging area, and consequently plant pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- LORENA C.N. FONSECA
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
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Bergamo PJ, Rech AR, Brito VLG, Sazima M. Flower colour and visitation rates of
C
ostus arabicus
support the ‘bee avoidance’ hypothesis for red‐reflecting hummingbird‐pollinated flowers. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Bergamo
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SPBrasil
| | - André R. Rech
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SPBrasil
- Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri – UFVJM 39100‐000 Diamantina MG Brasil
| | - Vinícius L. G. Brito
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Uberlândia‐ UFU 38400‐902 Uberlândia MG Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia, C.P. 6109 Universidade Estadual de Campinas 13083‐970 Campinas SP Brasil
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21
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Bee- to bird-pollination shifts in Penstemon: effects of floral-lip removal and corolla constriction on the preferences of free-foraging bumble bees. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Aguilar-Rodríguez PA, MacSwiney G. MC, Krömer T, García-Franco JG, Knauer A, Kessler M. First record of bat-pollination in the species-rich genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1047-55. [PMID: 24651370 PMCID: PMC3997647 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bromeliaceae is a species-rich neotropical plant family that uses a variety of pollinators, principally vertebrates. Tillandsia is the most diverse genus, and includes more than one-third of all bromeliad species. Within this genus, the majority of species rely on diurnal pollination by hummingbirds; however, the flowers of some Tillandsia species show some characteristics typical for pollination by nocturnal animals, particularly bats and moths. In this study an examination is made of the floral and reproductive biology of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia macropetala in a fragment of humid montane forest in central Veracruz, Mexico. METHODS The reproductive system of the species, duration of anthesis, production of nectar and floral scent, as well as diurnal and nocturnal floral visitors and their effectiveness in pollination were determined. KEY RESULTS Tillandsia macropetala is a self-compatible species that achieves a higher fruit production through outcrossing. Nectar production is restricted to the night, and only nocturnal visits result in the development of fruits. The most frequent visitor (75 % of visits) and the only pollinator of this bromeliad (in 96 % of visits) was the nectarivorous bat Anoura geoffroyi (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of chiropterophily within the genus Tillandsia. The results on the pollination biology of this bromeliad suggest an ongoing evolutionary switch from pollination by birds or moths to bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Adrián Aguilar-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Casco de la ExHacienda Lucas Martín, Privada de Araucarias S/N. Col. Periodistas, C.P. 91019, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - M. Cristina MacSwiney G.
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Casco de la ExHacienda Lucas Martín, Privada de Araucarias S/N. Col. Periodistas, C.P. 91019, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Casco de la ExHacienda Lucas Martín, Privada de Araucarias S/N. Col. Periodistas, C.P. 91019, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - José G. García-Franco
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, C.P. 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Anina Knauer
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kessler
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Stein K, Hensen I. The reproductive biology of two understory plants in the Atlantic rain forest, Brazil. Ecol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-013-1050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zanella CM, Janke A, Palma-Silva C, Kaltchuk-Santos E, Pinheiro FG, Paggi GM, Soares LES, Goetze M, Büttow MV, Bered F. Genetics, evolution and conservation of Bromeliaceae. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:1020-6. [PMID: 23412953 PMCID: PMC3571438 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromeliaceae is a morphologically distinctive and ecologically diverse family originating in the New World. Three centers of diversity, 58 genera, and about 3,140 bromeliad species are currently recognized. We compiled all of the studies related to the reproductive biology, genetic diversity, and population structure of the Bromeliaceae, and discuss the evolution and conservation of this family. Bromeliads are preferentially pollinated by vertebrates and show marked variation in breeding systems, from predominant inbreeding to predominant outcrossing, as well as constancy in chromosome number (2n = 2x = 50). Autogamous or mixed mating system bromeliads have a high inbreeding coefficient (FIS), while outcrossing species show low FIS. The degree of differentiation among populations (FST)of species ranges from 0.043 to 0.961, which can be influenced by pollen and seed dispersal effects, clonal growth, gene flow rates, and connectivity among populations. The evolutionary history of the Bromeliaceae is poorly known, although some studies have indicated that the family arose in the Guayana Shield roughly 100 Mya. We believe that genetic, cytogenetic, and reproductive data will be essential for diagnosing species status and for assisting conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Zanella
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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García-Meneses PM, Ramsay PM. Pollinator response to within-patch spatial context determines reproductive output of a giant rosette plant. Basic Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fang Q, Chen YZ, Huang SQ. Generalist passerine pollination of a winter-flowering fruit tree in central China. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:379-84. [PMID: 22112440 PMCID: PMC3268538 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Winter-flowering plants outside the tropics may experience a shortage of pollinator service, given that insect activity is largely limited by low temperature. Birds can be alternative pollinators for these plants, but experimental evidence for the pollination role of birds in winter-flowering plants is scarce. METHODS Pollinator visitation to the loquat, Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae), was observed across the flowering season from November to January for two years in central China. Self- and cross-hand pollination was conducted in the field to investigate self-compatibility and pollen limitation. In addition, inflorescences were covered by bird cages and nylon mesh nets to exclude birds and all animal pollinators, respectively, to investigate the pollination role of birds in seed production. RESULTS Self-fertilization in the loquat yielded few seeds. In early winter insect visit frequency was relatively higher, while in late winter insect pollinators were absent and two passerine birds (Pycnonotus sinensis and Zosterops japonicus) became the major floral visitors. However, seed-set of open-pollinated flowers did not differ between early and late winter. Exclusion of bird visitation greatly reduced seed-set, indicating that passerine birds were important pollinators for the loquat in late winter. The whitish perigynous flowers reward passerines with relatively large volumes of dilute nectar. Our observation on the loquat and other Rosaceae species suggested that perigyny might be related to bird pollination but the association needs further study. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that floral traits and phenology would be favoured to attract bird pollinators in cold weather, in which insect activity is limited.
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Schmid S, Kamke R, Zillikens A, Steiner J. Flower visitors ofAechmea nudicaulis(Bromeliaceae): species richness, visitation frequency, and interactions in different habitats of southern Brazil. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2011.564424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schmid
- a Microbiological Institute, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
- b Department of Cell Biology , Embryology and Genetics (BEG), Centre of Biological Sciences (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , SC , Brazil
| | - Rafael Kamke
- b Department of Cell Biology , Embryology and Genetics (BEG), Centre of Biological Sciences (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , SC , Brazil
| | - Anne Zillikens
- a Microbiological Institute, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
- b Department of Cell Biology , Embryology and Genetics (BEG), Centre of Biological Sciences (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , SC , Brazil
| | - Josefina Steiner
- b Department of Cell Biology , Embryology and Genetics (BEG), Centre of Biological Sciences (CCB), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , SC , Brazil
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Ayasse M, Arroyo J. Pollination and plant reproductive biology. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13 Suppl 1:1-6. [PMID: 21134081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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