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Mastrangelo M, Manti F, Ricciardi G, Cinnante EMC, Cameli N, Beatrice A, Tolve M, Pisani F. The diagnostic and prognostic role of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in glucose transporter 1 deficiency: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s00431-024-05657-6. [PMID: 38954008 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in the diagnostic work-up of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency. Reported here is a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines collecting clinical and biochemical data about all published patients who underwent CSF analysis. Clinical phenotypes were compared between groups defined by the levels of CSF glucose (≤ 2.2 mmol/L versus > 2.2 mmol/L), CSF/blood glucose ratio (≤ 0.45 versus > 0.45), and CSF lactate (≤ 1 mmol/L versus > 1 mmol/L). Five hundred sixty-two patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a mean age at the diagnosis of 8.6 ± 6.7 years. Patients with CSF glucose ≤ 2.2 mmol/L and CSF/blood glucose ratio ≤ 0.45 presented with an earlier onset of symptoms (16.4 ± 22.0 versus 54.4 ± 45.9 months, p < 0.01; 15.7 ± 23.8 versus 40.9 ± 38.0 months, p < 0.01) and received an earlier molecular genetic confirmation (92.1 ± 72.8 versus 157.1 ± 106.2 months, p < 0.01). CSF glucose ≤ 2.2 mmol/L was consistently associated with response to ketogenic diet (p = 0.018) and antiseizure medications (p = 0.025). CSF/blood glucose ratio ≤ 0.45 was significantly associated with absence seizures (p = 0.048), paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (p = 0.046), and intellectual disability (p = 0.016) while CSF lactate > 1 mmol/L was associated with a response to antiseizure medications (p = 0.026) but not to ketogenic diet.Conclusions:This systematic review supported the diagnostic usefulness of lumbar puncture for the early identification of patients with GLUT1 deficiency responsive to treatments especially if they present with co-occurring epilepsy, movement, and neurodevelopmental disorders. What is Known: • Phenotypes of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome range between early epileptic and developmental encephalopathy to paroxysmal movement disorders and developmental impairment What is New: • CSF blood/glucose ratio may predict better than CSF glucose the diagnosis in children presenting with early onset absences • CSF blood/glucose ratio may predict better than CSF glucose the diagnosis in children presenting with paroxysmal exercise induced dyskinesia and intellectual disability. • CSF glucose may predict better than CSF blood/glucose and lactate the response to ketogenic diet and antiseizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mastrangelo
- Woman/Child Health and Urological Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience/Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto, Rome, Italy.
| | - Filippo Manti
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience/Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Noemi Cameli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Tolve
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience/Mental Health, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Umberto, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Barbour K, Tian N, Yozawitz EG, Wolf S, McGoldrick PE, Sands TT, Nelson A, Basma N, Grinspan ZM. Creating rare epilepsy cohorts using keyword search in electronic health records. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2738-2749. [PMID: 37498137 PMCID: PMC10984273 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Administrative codes to identify people with rare epilepsies in electronic health records are limited. The current study evaluated the use of keyword search as an alternative method for rare epilepsy cohort creation using electronic health records data. METHODS Data included clinical notes from encounters with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes for seizures, epilepsy, and/or convulsions during 2010-2014, across six health care systems in New York City. We identified cases with rare epilepsies by searching clinical notes for keywords associated with 33 rare epilepsies. We validated cases via manual chart review. We compared the performance of keyword search to manual chart review using positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, and F-score. We selected an initial combination of keywords using the highest F-scores. RESULTS Data included clinical notes from 77 924 cases with ICD-9 codes for seizures, epilepsy, and/or convulsions. The all-keyword search method identified 6095 candidates, and manual chart review confirmed that 2068 (34%) had a rare epilepsy. The initial combination method identified 1862 cases with a rare epilepsy, and this method performed as follows: PPV median = .64 (interquartile range [IQR] = .50-.81, range = .20-1.00), sensitivity median = .93 (IQR = .76-1.00, range = .10-1.00), and F-score median = .71 (IQR = .63-.85, range = .18-1.00). Using this method, we identified four cohorts of rare epilepsies with over 100 individuals, including infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Rett syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. We identified over 50 individuals with two rare epilepsies that do not have specific ICD-10 codes for cohort creation (epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures, Sturge-Weber syndrome). SIGNIFICANCE Keyword search is an effective method for cohort creation. These findings can improve identification and surveillance of individuals with rare epilepsies and promote their referral to specialty clinics, clinical research, and support groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Barbour
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Niu Tian
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elissa G Yozawitz
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Steven Wolf
- Boston Children's Health Physicians, Hawthorne, New York, USA
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Patricia E McGoldrick
- Boston Children's Health Physicians, Hawthorne, New York, USA
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Tristan T Sands
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Nelson
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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One Molecule for Mental Nourishment and More: Glucose Transporter Type 1—Biology and Deficiency Syndrome. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061249. [PMID: 35740271 PMCID: PMC9219734 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter type 1 (Glut1) is the main transporter involved in the cellular uptake of glucose into many tissues, and is highly expressed in the brain and in erythrocytes. Glut1 deficiency syndrome is caused mainly by mutations of the SLC2A1 gene, impairing passive glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier. All age groups, from infants to adults, may be affected, with age-specific symptoms. In its classic form, the syndrome presents as an early-onset drug-resistant metabolic epileptic encephalopathy with a complex movement disorder and developmental delay. In later-onset forms, complex motor disorder predominates, with dystonia, ataxia, chorea or spasticity, often triggered by fasting. Diagnosis is confirmed by hypoglycorrhachia (below 45 mg/dL) with normal blood glucose, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, and genetic analysis showing pathogenic SLC2A1 variants. There are also ongoing positive studies on erythrocytes’ Glut1 surface expression using flow cytometry. The standard treatment still consists of ketogenic therapies supplying ketones as alternative brain fuel. Anaplerotic substances may provide alternative energy sources. Understanding the complex interactions of Glut1 with other tissues, its signaling function for brain angiogenesis and gliosis, and the complex regulation of glucose transportation, including compensatory mechanisms in different tissues, will hopefully advance therapy. Ongoing research for future interventions is focusing on small molecules to restore Glut1, metabolic stimulation, and SLC2A1 transfer strategies. Newborn screening, early identification and treatment could minimize the neurodevelopmental disease consequences. Furthermore, understanding Glut1 relative deficiency or inhibition in inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections including COVID-19 and other settings could provide clues for future therapeutic approaches.
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4
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Striano P, Auvin S, Collins A, Horvath R, Scheffer IE, Tzadok M, Miller I, Koenig MK, Lacy A, Davis R, Garcia-Cazorla A, Saneto RP, Brandabur M, Blair S, Koutsoukos T, De Vivo D. A randomized, double-blind trial of triheptanoin for drug-resistant epilepsy in glucose transporter I deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS). Epilepsia 2022; 63:1748-1760. [PMID: 35441706 PMCID: PMC9546029 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate efficacy and long-term safety of triheptanoin in patients >1 year old, not on a ketogenic diet, with drug-resistant seizures associated with Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome (Glut1DS). METHODS UX007G-CL201 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Following a 6-week baseline period, eligible patients were randomized 3:1 to triheptanoin or placebo. Dosing was titrated to 35% total daily calories over 2 weeks. After an 8-week placebo-controlled period, all patients received open-label triheptanoin through Week 52. RESULTS The study included 36 patients (15 children; 13 adolescents; 8 adults). A median 12.6% reduction in overall seizure frequency was observed in the triheptanoin arm relative to baseline and a 13.5% difference was observed relative to placebo (p = .58). In patients with absence seizures only (n = 9), a median 62.2% reduction in seizure frequency was observed in the triheptanoin arm relative to baseline. Only one patient with absence seizures only was present in the control group, preventing comparison. No statistically significant differences in seizure frequency were observed. Common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) included diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and nausea, most mild or moderate in severity. No serious AEs were considered treatment related. One patient discontinued due to status epilepticus. SIGNIFICANCE Triheptanoin did not significantly reduce seizure frequency in patients with Glut1DS not on the ketogenic diet. Treatment was associated with mild to moderate GI treatment-related events; most resolved following dose reduction or interruption and/or medication for treatment. Triheptanoin was not associated with any long-term safety concerns when administered at dose levels up to 35% total daily caloric intake for up to one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Istituto 'G. Gaslini', Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Robert-Debré University Hospital and Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | | | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Austin and Royal Children's Hospital, Florey and Murdoch Institutes, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michal Tzadok
- Pediatric Neurology Units, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ian Miller
- Miami Children's Research Institute, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Adrian Lacy
- Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ronald Davis
- Neurology & Epilepsy Research Center, DBO Pediatric Neurology, P.A., Orlando, Florida, USA
| | | | - Russell P Saneto
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Washington/ Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Susan Blair
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, USA
| | | | - Darryl De Vivo
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Almannai M, Al Mahmoud RA, Mekki M, El-Hattab AW. Metabolic Seizures. Front Neurol 2021; 12:640371. [PMID: 34295297 PMCID: PMC8290068 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.640371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases should always be considered when evaluating children presenting with seizures. This is because many metabolic disorders are potentially treatable and seizure control can be achieved when these diseases are appropriately treated. Seizures caused by underlying metabolic diseases (metabolic seizures) should be particularly considered in unexplained neonatal seizures, refractory seizures, seizures related to fasting or food intake, seizures associated with other systemic or neurologic features, parental consanguinity, and family history of epilepsy. Metabolic seizures can be caused by various amino acids metabolic disorders, disorders of energy metabolism, cofactor-related metabolic diseases, purine and pyrimidine metabolic diseases, congenital disorders of glycosylation, and lysosomal and peroxisomal disorders. Diagnosing metabolic seizures without delay is essential because the immediate initiation of appropriate therapy for many metabolic diseases can prevent or minimize complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabah A Al Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Mekki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pediatrics, Al Qassimi Women's and Children's Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Jaxybayeva A, Nauryzbayeva A, Khamzina A, Takhanova M, Abilhadirova A, Rybalko A, Jamanbekova K. Genomic Investigation of Infantile and Childhood Epileptic Encephalopathies in Kazakhstan: An Urgent Priority. Front Neurol 2021; 12:639317. [PMID: 34177756 PMCID: PMC8222974 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.639317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Infantile and childhood epileptic encephalopathies are a group of severe epilepsies that begin within the first year of life and often portend increased morbidity. Many of them are genetically determined. The medical strategy for their management depends on the genetic cause. There are no facilities for genetic testing of children in Kazakhstan but we have a collection of data with already defined genes responsible for clinical presentations. Methods: We analyzed children with epileptic encephalopathies that began in the first 3 years of life and were accompanied by a delay/arrest of intellectual development, in the absence of structural changes in the brain. Such patients were recommended to undergo genetic testing using epileptic genetic panels in laboratories in different countries. Results: We observed 350 infants with clinical presentation of epileptic encephalopathies. 4.3% of them followed our recommendations and underwent genetic testing privately. In total 12/15 children became eligible for targeted treatment, 3/15 were likely to have non-epileptic stereotypies/movements, 2/15 were unlikely to respond to any therapy and all had a high chance of intellectual disability, behavioral and social communication disorders. Conclusion: The genetic results of 15/350 (4.3% of patients) have demonstrated the potential and enormous impact from gene panel analysis in management of epileptic encephalopathy. Availability of genetic testing within the country will improve management of children with genetic epilepsies and help to create a local database of pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alissa Nauryzbayeva
- Department of Neurology of Early Age, National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Assem Khamzina
- Department of Neurology of Early Age, National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruert Takhanova
- Department of Neurology, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Abilhadirova
- Department of Early Age Neurology, University Medical Center, National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Anastasia Rybalko
- Corporate Fund University Medical Center, National Research Center for Maternal and Child Health, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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7
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Klepper J, Akman C, Armeno M, Auvin S, Cervenka M, Cross HJ, De Giorgis V, Della Marina A, Engelstad K, Heussinger N, Kossoff EH, Leen WG, Leiendecker B, Monani UR, Oguni H, Neal E, Pascual JM, Pearson TS, Pons R, Scheffer IE, Veggiotti P, Willemsen M, Zuberi SM, De Vivo DC. Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome (Glut1DS): State of the art in 2020 and recommendations of the international Glut1DS study group. Epilepsia Open 2020; 5:354-365. [PMID: 32913944 PMCID: PMC7469861 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1DS) is a brain energy failure syndrome caused by impaired glucose transport across brain tissue barriers. Glucose diffusion across tissue barriers is facilitated by a family of proteins including glucose transporter type 1 (Glut1). Patients are treated effectively with ketogenic diet therapies (KDT) that provide a supplemental fuel, namely ketone bodies, for brain energy metabolism. The increasing complexity of Glut1DS, since its original description in 1991, now demands an international consensus statement regarding diagnosis and treatment. International experts (n = 23) developed a consensus statement utilizing their collective professional experience, responses to a standardized questionnaire, and serial discussions of wide-ranging issues related to Glut1DS. Key clinical features signaling the onset of Glut1DS are eye-head movement abnormalities, seizures, neurodevelopmental impairment, deceleration of head growth, and movement disorders. Diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of these clinical signs, hypoglycorrhachia documented by lumbar puncture, and genetic analysis showing pathogenic SLC2A1 variants. KDT represent standard choices with Glut1DS-specific recommendations regarding duration, composition, and management. Ongoing research has identified future interventions to restore Glut1 protein content and function. Clinical manifestations are influenced by patient age, genetic complexity, and novel therapeutic interventions. All clinical phenotypes will benefit from a better understanding of Glut1DS natural history throughout the life cycle and from improved guidelines facilitating early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Often, the presenting seizures are treated initially with antiseizure drugs before the cause of the epilepsy is ascertained and appropriate KDT are initiated. Initial drug treatment fails to treat the underlying metabolic disturbance during early brain development, contributing to the long-term disease burden. Impaired development of the brain microvasculature is one such complication of delayed Glut1DS treatment in the postnatal period. This international consensus statement should facilitate prompt diagnosis and guide best standard of care for Glut1DS throughout the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Klepper
- Children's Hospital Aschaffenburg‐AlzenauAschaffenburgGermany
| | - Cigdem Akman
- Department of Neurology and PediatricsVagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Marisa Armeno
- Department of NutritionHospital Pediatria JP GarrahanBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyCHU Hôpital Robert DebreAPHPParisFrance
| | - Mackenzie Cervenka
- Department of NeurologyComprehensive Epilepsy CenterJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Helen J. Cross
- UCL NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | | | - Adela Della Marina
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Kristin Engelstad
- Department of Neurology and PediatricsVagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Nicole Heussinger
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyParacelsus Medical Private UniversityNurembergGermany
| | - Eric H. Kossoff
- Departments of Neurology and PediatricsJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Wilhelmina G. Leen
- Department of NeurologyCanisius Wilhemina HospitalNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Baerbel Leiendecker
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Developmental Neurology and Social Pediatrics, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Umrao R. Monani
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology & DiseaseDepartments of Neurology and Pathology & Cell BiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Hirokazu Oguni
- Department of PediatricsTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | - Juan M. Pascual
- Departments of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Physiology and PediatricsEugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentThe University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Toni S. Pearson
- Mount Sinai Center for Headache & Pain MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Roser Pons
- First Department of PediatricsAgia Sofia HospitalUniversity of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Ingrid E. Scheffer
- Florey and Murdoch InstitutesAustin Health and Royal Children's HospitalThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Pediatric Neurology V. Buzzi HospitalChild Neuropsychiatry University of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Michél Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyRadboud University Medical CentreAmalia Children's HospitalNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Sameer M. Zuberi
- Royal Hospital for Children & College of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Darryl C. De Vivo
- Department of Neurology and PediatricsVagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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8
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Tornese G, Patti G, Pellegrin MC, Costa P, Faletra F, Faleschini E, Barbi E. A case report of glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome with growth hormone deficiency diagnosed before starting ketogenic diet. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:119. [PMID: 32847563 PMCID: PMC7448353 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth failure and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) have been reported as one accessory feature of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS), considered so far as a long-term adverse effects of ketogenic diet which is used to treat this condition. Case presentation We report the case of a 10-year-old Caucasian boy referred for short stature (height − 2.56 SDS) and delayed growth (growth velocity − 4.33 SDS) who was diagnosed with GHD and started treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). Because of his history of seizures with infantile onset, deceleration of head growth with microcephaly, ataxia, and moderate intellectual disability, a lumbar puncture was performed, which revealed a low CSF glucose concentration with a very low CSF-to-blood glucose ratio (< 0.4), and genetic tests detected a SLC2A1 gene exon 1 deletion confirming a diagnosis of GLUT1DS. Ketogenic diet was started. After 5.5 years of rhGH treatment his height was normalized (− 1.15 SDS). No side effects were reported during treatment, particularly on glycemic metabolism. Conclusions This is the first case of GHD in a Caucasian boy with GLUT1DS diagnosed before starting ketogenic diet, with a good response to rhGH treatment and absence of side effects. We speculate that GHD may represent a poorly recognized clinical feature of GLUT1DS rather than a complication due to ketogenic diet. Under-diagnosis may derive from the fact that growth failure is usually ascribed to ketogenic diet and therefore not further investigated. Pediatric neurologists need to be alerted to the possible presence of GHD in patients with GLUT1DS with slow growth, while pediatric endocrinologist need to refer GHD patients with additional features (motor and cognitive developmental delay, seizures with infantile onset, deceleration of head growth with acquired microcephaly, movement disorder with ataxia, dystonia, and spasticity) that may suggest GLUT1DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Tornese
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pellegrin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Costa
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Faleschini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - Egidio Barbi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137, Trieste, Italy.,University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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9
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Symonds JD, Zuberi SM, Stewart K, McLellan A, O'Regan M, MacLeod S, Jollands A, Joss S, Kirkpatrick M, Brunklaus A, Pilz DT, Shetty J, Dorris L, Abu-Arafeh I, Andrew J, Brink P, Callaghan M, Cruden J, Diver LA, Findlay C, Gardiner S, Grattan R, Lang B, MacDonnell J, McKnight J, Morrison CA, Nairn L, Slean MM, Stephen E, Webb A, Vincent A, Wilson M. Incidence and phenotypes of childhood-onset genetic epilepsies: a prospective population-based national cohort. Brain 2020; 142:2303-2318. [PMID: 31302675 PMCID: PMC6658850 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is common in early childhood. In this age group it is associated with high rates of therapy-resistance, and with cognitive, motor, and behavioural comorbidity. A large number of genes, with wide ranging functions, are implicated in its aetiology, especially in those with therapy-resistant seizures. Identifying the more common single-gene epilepsies will aid in targeting resources, the prioritization of diagnostic testing and development of precision therapy. Previous studies of genetic testing in epilepsy have not been prospective and population-based. Therefore, the population-incidence of common genetic epilepsies remains unknown. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence and phenotypic spectrum of the most common single-gene epilepsies in young children, and to calculate what proportion are amenable to precision therapy. This was a prospective national epidemiological cohort study. All children presenting with epilepsy before 36 months of age were eligible. Children presenting with recurrent prolonged (>10 min) febrile seizures; febrile or afebrile status epilepticus (>30 min); or with clusters of two or more febrile or afebrile seizures within a 24-h period were also eligible. Participants were recruited from all 20 regional paediatric departments and four tertiary children’s hospitals in Scotland over a 3-year period. DNA samples were tested on a custom-designed 104-gene epilepsy panel. Detailed clinical information was systematically gathered at initial presentation and during follow-up. Clinical and genetic data were reviewed by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians and genetic scientists. The pathogenic significance of the genetic variants was assessed in accordance with the guidelines of UK Association of Clinical Genetic Science (ACGS). Of the 343 patients who met inclusion criteria, 333 completed genetic testing, and 80/333 (24%) had a diagnostic genetic finding. The overall estimated annual incidence of single-gene epilepsies in this well-defined population was 1 per 2120 live births (47.2/100 000; 95% confidence interval 36.9–57.5). PRRT2 was the most common single-gene epilepsy with an incidence of 1 per 9970 live births (10.0/100 000; 95% confidence interval 5.26–14.8) followed by SCN1A: 1 per 12 200 (8.26/100 000; 95% confidence interval 3.93–12.6); KCNQ2: 1 per 17 000 (5.89/100 000; 95% confidence interval 2.24–9.56) and SLC2A1: 1 per 24 300 (4.13/100 000; 95% confidence interval 1.07–7.19). Presentation before the age of 6 months, and presentation with afebrile focal seizures were significantly associated with genetic diagnosis. Single-gene disorders accounted for a quarter of the seizure disorders in this cohort. Genetic testing is recommended to identify children who may benefit from precision treatment and should be mainstream practice in early childhood onset epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Symonds
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Sameer M Zuberi
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Kirsty Stewart
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ailsa McLellan
- Department of Paediatric Neurosciences, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mary O'Regan
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stewart MacLeod
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alice Jollands
- Paediatric Neurology, Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Andreas Brunklaus
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniela T Pilz
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jay Shetty
- Department of Paediatric Neurosciences, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Sciennes Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liam Dorris
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK.,College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Ishaq Abu-Arafeh
- Department of Paediatrics, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, UK
| | - Jamie Andrew
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Wishaw, Netherton Street, Wishaw, UK
| | - Philip Brink
- Paediatric Neurology, Tayside Children's Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Mary Callaghan
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Wishaw, Netherton Street, Wishaw, UK
| | - Jamie Cruden
- Department of Paediatrics, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK
| | - Louise A Diver
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christine Findlay
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK
| | - Sarah Gardiner
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rosemary Grattan
- Department of Paediatrics, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, UK
| | - Bethan Lang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane MacDonnell
- Department of Paediatrics, Borders General Hospital, Melrose, UK
| | - Jean McKnight
- Department of Paediatrics, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, UK
| | - Calum A Morrison
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, UK
| | - Lesley Nairn
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, UK
| | - Meghan M Slean
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Elma Stephen
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alan Webb
- Department of Paediatrics, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, UK
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret Wilson
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Bertoli S, Masnada S, De Amicis R, Sangiorgio A, Leone A, Gambino M, Lessa C, Tagliabue A, Ferraris C, De Giorgis V, Battezzati A, Zuccotti GV, Veggiotti P, Mameli C. Glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome: nutritional and growth pattern phenotypes at diagnosis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1290-1298. [PMID: 32404902 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Glucose Transporter 1 Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1-DS; OMIM #606777) is a rare disease caused by dominant mutations in SLC2A1 encoding GLUT1, which is a ubiquitous transporter of glucose across plasma membranes, particularly across the blood-brain barrier. Hypoglycorrhachia symptoms are the cornerstones of GLUT1-DS, but delayed growth has also been suggested. This led us to investigate, at diagnosis, the relationship between the glycemia/glycorrhachia ratio and the nutritional and growth pattern phenotype of 30 GLUT-DS patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS An assessment was made of body weight (BW), body length/height (BL, BH) and body composition by anthropometry and DEXA, and the results put with BL and BW at birth, genetic target, glycemia, insulinemia, and glycorrhachia values. RESULTS At birth, 21% of patients had a BW below -1.645 z-score, whereas no patients had BL below the reference values. At diagnosis 23% of the patients had an impaired nutritional status, 19.2% and 3.8% being respectively underweight and overweight/obese; 10%, all under 10 years old, had BL/BH below -1.645 z-score, with no specific features related to body composition. Finally, there was no association between glycemia, glycorrhachia, and growth phenotype. CONCLUSIONS GLUT1-DS is associated with impaired BW but not BL intrauterine growth, with a slower than normal pattern of growth rather than growth failure. These data could be useful for the interpretation of any long-term effects of the ketogenic diet, e.g. nutritional and growth pattern decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Masnada
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sangiorgio
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirko Gambino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Lessa
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Centre, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferraris
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Centre, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Milan, Italy.,Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, "V. Buzzi" Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Department, L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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11
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Kloka J, Kranepuhl S, Zacharowski K, Raimann FJ. Total Intravenous Anesthesia in GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome Patient: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:647-650. [PMID: 31055589 PMCID: PMC6512754 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.914865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 2 Final Diagnosis: GLUT1 deficiency syndrome Symptoms: Mastoiditis Medication: — Clinical Procedure: General anesthesia Specialty: Anesthesiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kloka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kranepuhl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Jürgen Raimann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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12
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De Giorgis V, Masnada S, Varesio C, Chiappedi MA, Zanaboni M, Pasca L, Filippini M, Macasaet JA, Valente M, Ferraris C, Tagliabue A, Veggiotti P. Overall cognitive profiles in patients with GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01224. [PMID: 30714351 PMCID: PMC6422708 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose Transporter Type I Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1DS) classical symptoms are seizures, involuntary movements, and cognitive impairment but so far the literature has not devoted much attention to the last. METHODS In our retrospective study involving 25 patients with established GLUT1DS diagnosis, we describe the cognitive impairment of these patients in detail and their response to the ketogenic diet in terms of cognitive improvement. RESULTS We outlined a specific cognitive profile where performance skills were more affected than verbal ones, with prominent deficiencies in visuospatial and visuomotor abilities. We demonstrated the efficacy of ketogenic diet (KD) on cognitive outcome, with particular improvement tin total and verbal IQ; we found that timing of KD introduction was inversely related to IQ outcome: the later the starting of KD, the lower the IQ, more notable nonverbal scale (verbal IQ correlation coefficient -0.634, p-value = 0.015). We found a significant direct correlation between cognition and CSF/blood glucose ratio values: the higher the ratio, the better the cognitive improvement in response to diet (from T0-baseline evaluation to T1 on average 18 months after introduction of KD-: TIQ correlation coefficient 0.592, p-value = 0.26; VIQ correlation coefficient 0.555, p-value = 0.039). Finally, we demonstrated that a longer duration of treatment is necessary to find an improvement in patients with "severely low ratio." CONCLUSION Our results were consistent with the hypothesis that timing of the diet introduction is a predictive factor of cognitive outcome in these patients, confirming that earlier initiation of the diet may prevent the onset of all GLUT1DS symptoms: epilepsy, movement disorders, and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Masnada
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Costanza Varesio
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Brain and Behavior Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo A Chiappedi
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Zanaboni
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Brain and Behavior Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa Filippini
- Child Neurology Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joyce A Macasaet
- Department of Neurosciences, Makati Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marialuisa Valente
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS ''C. Mondino'' National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferraris
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, "V. Buzzi" Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Department, L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Reis S, Matias J, Machado R, Monteiro JP. Paroxysmal ocular movements - an early sign in Glut1 deficiency Syndrome. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1381-1383. [PMID: 29730803 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a 3-year-old female, diagnosed with GLUT1 deficiency Syndrome, with a previously unreported mutation in exon 7 of the SLC2A1 gene: c.968_972 + 3del P. (Val323Alafs*53), characterized by a classic phenotypic of acquired microcephaly, developmental delay, ataxia, spasticity, and epilepsy. Ketogenic diet was started at the age of 30 months with epilepsy improvement. She presented paroxysmal ocular movements in the first 12 months of life, recently defined as "aberrant gaze saccades", that are present in the early phase of visual system development, being one of the first disease signs, but easily disregarded. Recognizing these particular ocular movements would allow an early diagnosis, followed by ketogenic diet implementation, improving significantly the prognosis and the neurological development of those children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Reis
- Serviço de Pediatria, Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, EPE, Av. Rei D. Duarte, 3504-509, Viseu, Portugal.
| | | | - Raquel Machado
- Hospital Vila Franca de Xira, Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Monteiro
- Torrado da Silva Development Child Center, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
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14
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Jha MK, Morrison BM. Glia-neuron energy metabolism in health and diseases: New insights into the role of nervous system metabolic transporters. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:23-31. [PMID: 30044944 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The brain is, by weight, only 2% the volume of the body and yet it consumes about 20% of the total glucose, suggesting that the energy requirements of the brain are high and that glucose is the primary energy source for the nervous system. Due to this dependence on glucose, brain physiology critically depends on the tight regulation of glucose transport and its metabolism. Glucose transporters ensure efficient glucose uptake by neural cells and contribute to the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Despite this, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that for the maintenance of several neuronal functions, lactate, rather than glucose, is the preferred energy metabolite in the nervous system. Monocarboxylate transporters play a crucial role in providing metabolic support to axons by functioning as the principal transporters for lactate in the nervous system. Monocarboxylate transporters are also critical for axonal myelination and regeneration. Most importantly, recent studies have demonstrated the central role of glial cells in brain energy metabolism. A close and regulated metabolic conversation between neurons and both astrocytes and oligodendroglia in the central nervous system, or Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, has recently been shown to be an important determinant of the metabolism and function of the nervous system. This article reviews the current understanding of the long existing controversies regarding energy substrate and utilization in the nervous system and discusses the role of metabolic transporters in health and diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Brett M Morrison
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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15
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Almannai M, El-Hattab AW. Inborn Errors of Metabolism with Seizures: Defects of Glycine and Serine Metabolism and Cofactor-Related Disorders. Pediatr Clin North Am 2018; 65:279-299. [PMID: 29502914 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are relatively uncommon causes for seizures in children; however, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis because several IEM are potentially treatable and seizures can be resolved if appropriate treatment is initiated. Clues from clinical presentation, physical examination, laboratory tests, and brain imaging can raise the possibility of IEM. Several IEM can present with seizures, either as the main presenting finding or as a part of a more complex phenotype. These include cofactor-related disorders, glycine and serine metabolism defects, and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics Department, Tawam Hospital, Tawam Roundabout, Al-Ain 15258, United Arab Emirates.
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16
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Dai Y, Zhao Y, Tomi M, Shin BC, Thamotharan S, Mazarati A, Sankar R, Wang EA, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Zhang J, Frew A, Alger JR, Clark PM, Sondhi M, Kositamongkol S, Leibovitch L, Devaskar SU. Sex-Specific Life Course Changes in the Neuro-Metabolic Phenotype of Glut3 Null Heterozygous Mice: Ketogenic Diet Ameliorates Electroencephalographic Seizures and Improves Sociability. Endocrinology 2017; 158:936-949. [PMID: 28324109 PMCID: PMC5460805 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that exposure of glut3+/- mice to a ketogenic diet ameliorates autism-like features, which include aberrant behavior and electrographic seizures. We first investigated the life course sex-specific changes in basal plasma-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-brain metabolic profile, brain glucose transport/uptake, glucose and monocarboxylate transporter proteins, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the presence or absence of systemic insulin administration. Glut3+/- male but not female mice (5 months of age) displayed reduced CSF glucose/lactate concentrations with no change in brain Glut1, Mct2, glucose uptake or ATP. Exogenous insulin-induced hypoglycemia increased brain glucose uptake in glut3+/- males alone. Higher plasma-CSF ketones (β-hydroxybutyrate) and lower brain Glut3 in females vs males proved protective in the former while enhancing vulnerability in the latter. As a consequence, increased synaptic proteins (neuroligin4 and SAPAP1) with spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic activity subsequently reduced hippocampal glucose content and increased brain amyloid β1-40 deposition in an age-dependent manner in glut3+/- males but not females (4 to 24 months of age). We then explored the protective effect of a ketogenic diet on ultrasonic vocalization, sociability, spatial learning and memory, and electroencephalogram seizures in male mice (7 days to 6 to 8 months of age) alone. A ketogenic diet partially restored sociability without affecting perturbed vocalization, spatial learning and memory, and reduced seizure events. We conclude that (1) sex-specific and age-dependent perturbations underlie the phenotype of glut3+/- mice, and (2) a ketogenic diet ameliorates seizures caused by increased cortical excitation and improves sociability, but fails to rescue vocalization and cognitive deficits in glut3+/- male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Yuanzi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Bo-Chul Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Shanthie Thamotharan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | | | - Raman Sankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology
- Department of Neurology
| | - Elizabeth A. Wang
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Michael S. Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute
| | - Andrew Frew
- Department of Neurology
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center
| | - Jeffry R. Alger
- Department of Neurology
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center
| | - Peter M. Clark
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Monica Sondhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Sudatip Kositamongkol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Leah Leibovitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
| | - Sherin U. Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute
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17
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Abstract
Investigators from the Danish Epilepsy Center the frequency of SLC2A1 mutations in a cohort of patients with different types of epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marytery Fajardo
- Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Melissa L Cirillo
- Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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18
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Diomedi M, Gan-Or Z, Placidi F, Dion PA, Szuto A, Bengala M, Rouleau GA, Gigli GL. A 23 years follow-up study identifies GLUT1 deficiency syndrome initially diagnosed as complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:564-568. [PMID: 27725288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS) was initially described in the early 90s as a sporadic clinical condition, characterized by seizures, motor and intellectual impairment with variable clinical presentation, and without a known genetic cause. Although causative mutations in SLC2A1 were later identified and much more is known about the disease, it still remains largely underdiagnosed. In the current study, a previously described Italian family was re-analyzed using whole exome sequencing and clinically re-evaluated. Affected individuals presented with spastic paraplegia as a predominant symptom, with epilepsy and intellectual disability, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable clinical presentation. While a novel variant of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) was initially hypothesized in this family, previous linkage studies of known HSP genes did not identify the genetic cause. Exome-sequencing study identified a p.Arg126Cys mutation in the SLC2A1 gene, encoding GLUT1, which segregated with the affected members of the family. The diagnosis of GLUT1DS was further confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and treatment was started with good initial response. The description of this large family provides further clinical information on this rare disease. It also offers an example of how GLUT1DS can be challenging to diagnose, and emphasizes the importance of lumbar puncture in the workflow of similar syndromes. Finally, it suggests that analysis of SLC2A1 should be considered in the diagnostic work up of HSP, especially if it is associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Diomedi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Fabio Placidi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Szuto
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mario Bengala
- Medical Genetic Laboratories, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Neurology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Udine Medical School and Department of Neurosciences, ''S. Maria della Misericordia'' University Hospital, Udine, Italy
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De Giorgis V, Varesio C, Baldassari C, Piazza E, Olivotto S, Macasaet J, Balottin U, Veggiotti P. Atypical Manifestations in Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:1174-80. [PMID: 27250207 DOI: 10.1177/0883073816650033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome is a genetically determined, treatable, neurologic disorder that is caused by an insufficient transport of glucose into the brain. It is caused by a mutation in the SCL2A1 gene, which is so far the only known to be associated with this condition. Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome consists of a wide clinical spectrum that usually presents with cognitive impairment, epilepsy, paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, acquired microcephaly, hemolytic anemia, gait disturbance, and dyspraxia in different combinations. However, there are other clinical manifestations that we consider equally peculiar but that have so far been poorly described in literature. In this review, supported by a video contribution, we will accurately describe this type of clinical manifestation such as oculogyric crises, weakness, paroxysmal kinesigenic and nonkinesigenic dyskinesia in order to provide an additional instrument for a correct, rapid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Giorgis
- Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Varesio
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Baldassari
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Piazza
- Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Olivotto
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - J Macasaet
- Department of Neurosciences, Makati Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - U Balottin
- Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Veggiotti
- Brain and Behaviour Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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Larsen J, Johannesen KM, Ek J, Tang S, Marini C, Blichfeldt S, Kibaek M, von Spiczak S, Weckhuysen S, Frangu M, Neubauer BA, Uldall P, Striano P, Zara F, Kleiss R, Simpson M, Muhle H, Nikanorova M, Jepsen B, Tommerup N, Stephani U, Guerrini R, Duno M, Hjalgrim H, Pal D, Helbig I, Møller RS. The role of SLC2A1 mutations in myoclonic astatic epilepsy and absence epilepsy, and the estimated frequency of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsia 2015; 56:e203-8. [PMID: 26537434 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The first mutations identified in SLC2A1, encoding the glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) protein of the blood-brain barrier, were associated with severe epileptic encephalopathy. Recently, dominant SLC2A1 mutations were found in rare autosomal dominant families with various forms of epilepsy including early onset absence epilepsy (EOAE), myoclonic astatic epilepsy (MAE), and genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). Our study aimed to investigate the possible role of SLC2A1 in various forms of epilepsy including MAE and absence epilepsy with early onset. We also aimed to estimate the frequency of GLUT1 deficiency syndrome in the Danish population. One hundred twenty patients with MAE, 50 patients with absence epilepsy, and 37 patients with unselected epilepsies, intellectual disability (ID), and/or various movement disorders were screened for mutations in SLC2A1. Mutations in SLC2A1 were detected in 5 (10%) of 50 patients with absence epilepsy, and in one (2.7%) of 37 patient with unselected epilepsies, ID, and/or various movement disorders. None of the 120 MAE patients harbored SLC2A1 mutations. We estimated the frequency of SLC2A1 mutations in the Danish population to be approximately 1:83,000. Our study confirmed the role of SLC2A1 mutations in absence epilepsy with early onset. However, our study failed to support the notion that SLC2A1 aberrations are a cause of MAE without associated features such as movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Larsen
- Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
| | | | - Jakob Ek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shan Tang
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Carla Marini
- Neurology Unit and Neurogenetic Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Susanne Blichfeldt
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Odense University Hospital Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Kibaek
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Odense University Hospital Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sarah von Spiczak
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,INSERM U 1127, The National Scientific Research Center UMR7225, University of Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 6) UMR 1127, The Brain and Spinal Institute, University of Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Mimoza Frangu
- Department of Pediatrics, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark
| | - Bernd Axel Neubauer
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Uldall
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Institute of Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases, Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Infant Science, Institute of G. Gaslini, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Neurosciences, Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Rebecca Kleiss
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Simpson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marina Nikanorova
- Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Tommerup
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, University of Copenhagen, Wilhelm Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Stephani
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neurology Unit and Neurogenetic Laboratories, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Morten Duno
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Hjalgrim
- Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deb Pal
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Odense University Hospital Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Rikke Steensbjerre Møller
- Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark.,Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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21
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Veggiotti P, De Giorgis V. Dietary Treatments and New Therapeutic Perspective in GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2014; 16:291. [PMID: 24634059 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-014-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS) results from impaired glucose transport into the brain: awareness of its wide phenotypic spectrum is a prerequisite in order to ensure an early diagnosis, treating the patients is the subsequent challenge to allow prompt compensation for the brain's lack of fuel. The ketogenic diet (KD) plays a primary role in the treatment of GLUT1DS because it provides ketone bodies as an alternative source to meet the demands of energy of the brain. Therefore, we recommend early initiation of the KD based on the assumption that early diagnosis and treatment improves the long term neurological outcome: the classic KD (4:1 or 3:1) at the present time is the most proven and effective in GLUT1DS. A KD should be continued at least until adolescence, although there are reports of good tolerability even in adulthood, possibly with a less rigorous ratio; in our experience seizure and movement disorder control can be achieved by a 2:1 ketogenic ratio but the relationship between ketosis and neurodevelopmental outcome remains undetermined. Other types of KDs can, therefore, be considered. The Modified Atkins diet, for example, is also well tolerated and provides effective symptom control; furthermore, this diet has the advantage of being easy to prepare and more palatable, which are important requirements for good compliance. Nevertheless, about 20 % of these patients have compliance trouble or the same diet loses its effectiveness over time; for these reasons, new therapeutic strategies are currently under investigation but further studies on pathophysiological mechanisms and potential effects of novel "diets" or "therapies" are needed for this new pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Via Mondino, 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy,
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22
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GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2013: Current state of the art. Seizure 2013; 22:803-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Ramm-Pettersen A, Nakken KO, Skogseid IM, Randby H, Skei EB, Bindoff LA, Selmer KK. Good outcome in patients with early dietary treatment of GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome: results from a retrospective Norwegian study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55:440-7. [PMID: 23448551 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to characterize patients diagnosed with glucose transporter protein-1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT-1 DS) clinically and genetically, and to evaluate the effect of treatment with the classic ketogenic or modified Atkins diet. METHOD We retrospectively studied medical records of 10 patients diagnosed with GLUT-1 DS. Four females and six males with a median age of 15 years were included. RESULTS The study illustrates the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of GLUT-1 DS. Analysis of the SLC2A1 gene disclosed a variety of mutation types. The time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was more than 11 years on average. The outcome in those with early diagnosis and intervention was surprisingly good. All but one patient with the classic phenotype became seizure free after treatment with the classic ketogenic or modified Atkins diet. Acetazolamide was effective in one patient with paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia. A point prevalence of GLUT-1 DS in Norway was estimated as 2.6 per 1,000,000 inhabitants. INTERPRETATION Although the long-term prognosis in patients with GLUT-1 DS partly depends on the underlying genetics, our study supports the assumption that early initiation of treatment with a ketogenic diet may positively affect the outcome.
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Muhle H, Helbig I, Frøslev TG, Suls A, von Spiczak S, Klitten LL, Dahl HA, Brusgaard K, Neubauer B, De Jonghe P, Tommerup N, Stephani U, Hjalgrim H, Møller RS. The role of SLC2A1 in early onset and childhood absence epilepsies. Epilepsy Res 2013; 105:229-33. [PMID: 23306390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Early Onset Absence Epilepsy constitutes an Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy with absences starting before the age of four years. Mutations in SLC2A1, encoding the glucose transporter, account for approximately 10% of EOAE cases. The role of SLC2A1 mutations in absence epilepsies with a later onset has not been assessed. We found two mutation carriers in 26 EOAE patients, while no mutations were found in 124 probands affected by CAE or JAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.
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25
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Verrotti A, D'Egidio C, Agostinelli S, Gobbi G. Glut1 deficiency: when to suspect and how to diagnose? Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2012; 16:3-9. [PMID: 21962875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier results in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-DS), characterized by infantile seizures, developmental delay, acquired microcephaly, spasticity, ataxia, and hypoglycorrhachia. A part from this classic phenotype, clinical conditions associated with a deficiency of GLUT1 are highly variable and several atypical variants have been described; in particular, patients with movement disorders, but without seizures, with paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia, have been reported. Most patients carry heterozygous de novo mutations in the GLUT1-gene but autosomal dominant and recessive transmission has been identified. Diagnosis is based on low cerebrospinal fluid glucose, in the absence of hypoglycemia, and it is confirmed by molecular analysis of the GLUT1-gene and by glucose uptake studies and immunoreactivity in human erythrocytes. Treatment with a ketogenic diet results in marked improvement of seizures and movement disorders. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding of GLUT1-DS and highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to GLUT1-DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verrotti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Ospedale policlinico SS. Annunziata, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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Van Hove JLK, Lohr NJ. Metabolic and monogenic causes of seizures in neonates and young infants. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:214-30. [PMID: 21839663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seizures in neonates or young infants present a frequent diagnostic challenge. After exclusion of acquired causes, disturbances of the internal homeostasis and brain malformations, the physician must evaluate for inborn errors of metabolism and for other non-malformative genetic disorders as the cause of seizures. The metabolic causes can be categorized into disorders of neurotransmitter metabolism, disorders of energy production, and synthetic or catabolic disorders associated with brain malformation, dysfunction and degeneration. Other genetic conditions involve channelopathies, and disorders resulting in abnormal growth, differentiation and formation of neuronal populations. These conditions are important given their potential for treatment and the risk for recurrence in the family. In this paper, we will succinctly review the metabolic and genetic non-malformative causes of seizures in neonates and infants less than 6 months of age. We will then provide differential diagnostic clues and a practical paradigm for their evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Clinical Genetics, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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27
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Saxena VS, Nadkarni VV. Nonpharmacological treatment of epilepsy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011; 14:148-52. [PMID: 22028523 PMCID: PMC3200033 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.85870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonpharmacological treatment of epilepsy includes surgery, vagal nerve stimulation, ketogenic diet, and other alternative/complementary therapies, e.g., yoga, Ayurveda, electroencephalography (EEG) biofeedback technique, aerobic exercise, music therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, acupuncture, and herbal remedies (traditional Chinese medicine). Alternative therapies, despite the term, should not be considered as an alternative to antiepileptic medication; they complement accepted drug treatment. Alternative therapies like yoga, through techniques that relax the body and mind, reduce stress, improve seizure control, and also improve quality of life. Ketogenic diet is a safe and effective treatment for intractable epilepsies; it has been recommended since 1921. The diet induces ketosis, which may control seizures. The most successful treatment of epilepsy is with modern antiepileptic drugs, which can achieve control of seizures in 70-80% cases. Patients opt for alternative therapies because they may be dissatisfied with antiepileptic drugs due to their unpleasant side effects, the long duration of treatment, failure to achieve control of seizures, cultural beliefs and, in the case of women, because they wish to get pregnant Surgical treatment may lead to physical and psychological sequelae and is an option only for a minority of patients. This article presents supportive evidence from randomized controlled trials done to assess the benefit of non-pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Gita Bhawan Hospital and Research Centre, Indore, India
| | - V. V. Nadkarni
- Department of Neurology, Gita Bhawan Hospital and Research Centre, Indore, India
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Paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, writer's cramp, migraine with aura and absence epilepsy in twin brothers with a novel SLC2A1 missense mutation. J Neurol Sci 2010; 295:110-3. [PMID: 20621801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report two monochorionic twins that progressively developed, between ages 5 and 10, a combination of episodic neurological disorders including paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, migraine without or with aura, absence seizures and writer's cramp. CSF/serum glucose ratio was moderately decreased in both patients. Mutational analysis of SLC2A1 gene identified a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in exon 4. This novel mutation has been previously showed to disrupt glucose transport in vitro. Both patients showed immediate and near-complete response to ketogenic diet. This clinical observation suggests that a high index of suspicion for GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is warranted in evaluating patients with multiple neurological paroxysmal events.
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Joshi C, Greenberg CR, De Vivo D, Dong Wang, Chan-Lui W, Booth FA. GLUT1 deficiency without epilepsy: yet another case. J Child Neurol 2008; 23:832-4. [PMID: 18403583 DOI: 10.1177/0883073808314896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by a low cerebrospinal fluid glucose level caused by decreased activity of the glucose transporter protein. Of approximately 100 patients described with this syndrome in the published literature to date, only 3 patients have had intermittent ataxia as the initial manifestation. This case report describes a 13-year-old boy with a longstanding history of intermittent ataxia who was diagnosed as having GLUT1 deficiency syndrome after the onset of seizures at age 11 years. This case highlights the importance of a carefully organized lumbar puncture in the investigation and management of any child with neurodevelopmental delay and intermittent ataxia with or without seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuta Joshi
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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31
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Effects of ketogenic diet on epileptiform activity in children with therapy resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2007; 77:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS, OMIM 606777) is a treatable epileptic encephalopathy resulting from impaired glucose transport into the brain. The essential biochemical finding is a low glucose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; hypoglycorrhachia; mean 1.7 [SD 0.3mmol/L]) in the setting of normoglycaemia. CSF lactate is normal. Patients present with an early-onset epilepsy resistant to anticonvulsants, developmental delay, and a complex movement disorder. Hypotonic, ataxic, and dystonic features are most prominent. Speech is often severely affected. Some patients develop spasticity and secondary microcephaly. The phenotype is highly variable ranging from severe impairment to children without seizures. Electroencephalography (EEG) may show 2.5-4Hz spike-waves improving on food intake. Neuroimaging is uninformative. Most patients carry heterozygous de novo mutations in the GLUT1 gene (OMIM 138140, gene map locus 1p35-31.3). Autosomal dominant transmission and several mutational hot spots have been identified, but phenotype-genotype correlations are not yet apparent. Homozygous GLUT1 mutations presumably are lethal. The ketogenic diet is the treatment of choice as it provides an alternative fuel to the brain. It should be introduced early and maintained into puberty. Seizures are effectively controlled with the onset of ketosis, but might recur and require comedication. The effect on neurodevelopment appears less impressive. The increasing number of patients, molecular and biochemical analysis, recent research into ketogenic diet mechanisms, and the development of animal models for GLUT1DS have brought substantial insights in disease manifestations and mechanisms. This review summarizes data on 84 published cases and highlights recent advances in understanding this entity.
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