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Piloquet H, Vrignaud B, Gillaizeau F, Capronnier O, Berding K, Günther J, Hecht C, Regimbart C. Efficacy and safety of a synbiotic infant formula for the prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1259-1269. [PMID: 38462218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life nutrition is crucial for the development of the gut microbiota that, in turn, plays an essential role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of infections. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether feeding synbiotic infants and follow-on formulas during the first year of life reduces the incidence rate (IR) of infectious diarrhea compared with standard formulas. Secondary endpoints included the IR of other infectious diseases as well as fecal milieu parameters. METHODS In this double-blind, controlled trial, 460 healthy, 1-mo-old infants were randomly assigned to receive a synbiotic [galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)/Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT 5716] (IF, n = 230) or a control formula (CF, n = 230) until 12 mo of age. A reference group of breastfed infants (HM, n = 80) was included. Data on infections were recorded throughout the study period and stool samples were collected at 4 and 12 mo of age. RESULTS IR of infectious diarrhea during the first year of life was 0.60 (CF), 0.56 (IF), and 0.29 (HM), with no statistically significant difference between groups. The IR of lower respiratory tract infections, 1 of the secondary endpoints, however, was lower in IF than in CF [0.79 compared with 1.01, IR ratio = 0.77 (0.60-1.00)]. Additionally, fecal pH was significantly lower at 4 mo (P < 0.0001), whereas secretory IgA was significantly higher at 12 mo of age (P = 0.015) in IF compared with CF. CONCLUSIONS Although no difference is observed in the incidence of diarrhea, consumption of a synbiotic formula containing L. fermentum CECT5716 and GOS in infancy may reduce the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections and affect the immune system and fecal milieu. Additional research is warranted to further investigate the potential interaction of the gut-lung axis. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02221687.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Piloquet
- Department of Pediatric Chronic Diseases, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Bénédicte Vrignaud
- Department of Pediatric Chronic Diseases, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Valcarce V, Stafford LS, Neu J, Parker L, Vicuna V, Cross T, D'Agati O, Diakite S, Haley A, Feigenbaum J, Al Mahmoud MY, Visvalingam A, Cacho N, Kosik I, Yewdell JW, Larkin J. COVID-19 booster enhances IgG mediated viral neutralization by human milk in vitro. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1289413. [PMID: 38406184 PMCID: PMC10884187 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1289413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Facilitated by the inability to vaccinate, and an immature immune system, COVID-19 remains a leading cause of death among children. Vaccinated lactating mothers produce specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their milk, capable of neutralizing the virus in vitro. Our objective for this study is to assess the effect of COVID-19 booster dose on SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentration and viral neutralization in milk, plasma, and infant stool. Methods Thirty-nine mothers and 25 infants were enrolled from December 2020 to May 2022. Milk, maternal plasma, and infants' stool were collected at various time-points up to 12 months following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. A subgroup of 14 mothers received a booster dose. SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and their neutralization capacities were assessed. Results Booster vaccination led to significantly higher IgG levels within human milk and breastfed infants' stool. In vitro neutralization of VSV-gfp-SARS-CoV-2-S-gp, a laboratory safe SARS-CoV-2 like pseudovirus, improved following the booster, with a 90% increase in plasma neutralization and a 60% increase in milk neutralization. We found that post-booster neutralization by human milk was highly correlated to SARS-CoV-2 IgG level. In support of our correlation result, Protein G column depletion of IgG in milk yielded a significant reduction in viral neutralization (p = 0.04). Discussion The substantial increase in neutralizing IgG levels in milk and breastfed infants' stool post-booster, coupled with the decrease in milk neutralization capabilities upon IgG depletion, underscores the efficacy of booster doses in augmenting the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Valcarce
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lauren Stewart Stafford
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Leslie Parker
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Valeria Vicuna
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tyler Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Olivia D'Agati
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sisse Diakite
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Addison Haley
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jake Feigenbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mahmoud Y. Al Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anjali Visvalingam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nicole Cacho
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Larkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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3
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Bertin B, Foligne B, Ley D, Lesage J, Beghin L, Morcel J, Gottrand F, Hermann E. An Overview of the Influence of Breastfeeding on the Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:5103. [PMID: 38140362 PMCID: PMC10745409 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The first 1000 days of life is a critical period that contributes significantly to the programming of an individual's future health. Among the many changes that occur during this period early in life, there is growing evidence that the establishment of healthy gut microbiota plays an important role in the prevention of both short- and long-term health problems. Numerous publications suggest that the quality of the gut microbiota colonisation depends on several dietary factors, including breastfeeding. In this respect, a relationship between breastfeeding and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been suggested. IBDs are chronic intestinal diseases, and perinatal factors may be partly responsible for their onset. We review the existence of links between breastfeeding and IBD based on experimental and clinical studies. Overall, despite encouraging experimental data in rodents, the association between breastfeeding and the development of IBD remains controversial in humans, partly due to the considerable heterogeneity between clinical studies. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding is probably decisive for its lasting effect on IBD. Thus, specific improvements in our knowledge could support dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiome, such as the early use of prebiotics, probiotics or postbiotics, in order to prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bertin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Benoit Foligne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Delphine Ley
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Jean Lesage
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Laurent Beghin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jules Morcel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Hermann
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
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Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Morales J, Álvarez-Calatayud G, Climent E, Silva Á, Martinez-Blanch JF, Enrique M, Tortajada M, Ramon D, Alvarez B, Chenoll E, Gil Á. Effects of a Novel Infant Formula on the Fecal Microbiota in the First Six Months of Life: The INNOVA 2020 Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3034. [PMID: 36769356 PMCID: PMC9917896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exclusive breastfeeding is highly recommended for infants for at least the first six months of life. However, for some mothers, it may be difficult or even impossible to do so. This can lead to disturbances in the gut microbiota, which in turn may be related to a higher incidence of acute infectious diseases. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether a novel starting formula versus a standard formula provides a gut microbiota composition more similar to that of breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life. Two hundred and ten infants (70/group) were enrolled in the study and completed the intervention until 12 months of age. For the intervention period, infants were divided into three groups: Group 1 received formula 1 (INN) with a lower amount of protein, a proportion of casein to whey protein ratio of about 70/30 by increasing the content of α-lactalbumin, and with double the amount of docosahexaenoic acid/arachidonic acid than the standard formula; INN also contained a thermally inactivated postbiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis). Group 2 received the standard formula (STD) and the third group was exclusively breastfed (BF) for exploratory analysis. During the study, visits were made at 21 days, 2, 4, and 6 months of age, with ±3 days for the visit at 21 days of age, ±1 week for the visit at 2 months, and ±2 weeks for the others. Here, we reveal how consuming the INN formula promotes a similar gut microbiota composition to those infants that were breastfed in terms of richness and diversity, genera, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus, and calprotectin and short-chain fatty acid levels at 21 days, 2 and 6 months. Furthermore, we observed that the major bacteria metabolic pathways were more alike between the INN formula and BF groups compared to the STD formula group. Therefore, we assume that consumption of the novel INN formula might improve gut microbiota composition, promoting a healthier intestinal microbiota more similar to that of an infant who receives exclusively human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Javier Morales
- Product Development Department, Alter Farmacia SA, 28880 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eric Climent
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ángela Silva
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | | | - María Enrique
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramon
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Empar Chenoll
- ADM-BIOPOLIS, Scientific Park Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Centre of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Spain
- CIBEROBN, CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Strachan E, Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S. Maternal provisions in type 1 diabetes: Evidence for both protective & pathogenic potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146082. [PMID: 37033940 PMCID: PMC10073710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal influences on the immune health and development of an infant begin in utero and continue well into the postnatal period, shaping and educating the child's maturing immune system. Two maternal provisions include early microbial colonizers to initiate microbiota establishment and the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby. Maternal antibodies are a result of a lifetime of antigenic experience, reflecting the infection history, health and environmental exposure of the mother. These same factors are strong influencers of the microbiota, inexorably linking the two. Together, these provisions help to educate the developing neonatal immune system and shape lymphocyte repertoires, establishing a role for external environmental influences even before birth. In the context of autoimmunity, the transfer of maternal autoantibodies has the potential to be harmful for the child, sometimes targeting tissues and cells with devastating consequences. Curiously, this does not seem to apply to maternal autoantibody transfer in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Moreover, despite the rising prevalence of the disease, little research has been conducted on the effects of maternal dysbiosis or antibody transfer from an affected mother to her offspring and thus their relevance to disease development in the offspring remains unclear. This review seeks to provide a thorough evaluation of the role of maternal microorganisms and antibodies within the context of T1D, exploring both their pathogenic and protective potential. Although a definitive understanding of their significance in infant T1D development remains elusive at present, we endeavor to present what has been learned with the goal of spurring further interest in this important and intriguing question.
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6
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Komatsu Y, Kumakura D, Seto N, Izumi H, Takeda Y, Ohnishi Y, Nakaoka S, Aizawa T. Dynamic Associations of Milk Components With the Infant Gut Microbiome and Fecal Metabolites in a Mother-Infant Model by Microbiome, NMR Metabolomic, and Time-Series Clustering Analyses. Front Nutr 2022; 8:813690. [PMID: 35071301 PMCID: PMC8780135 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.813690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The gut microbiome and fecal metabolites of breastfed infants changes during lactation, and are influenced by breast milk components. This study aimed to investigate dynamic associations of milk components with the infant gut microbiome and fecal metabolites throughout the lactation period in a mother–infant model. Methods: One month after delivery, breast milk and subsequent infant feces were collected in a pair for 5 months from a mother and an exclusively breastfed infant. Composition of the fecal microbiome was determined with 16S rRNA sequencing. Low-molecular-weight metabolites, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and antibacterial proteins were measured in feces and milk using 1H NMR metabolomics and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The association of milk bioactive components with the infant gut microbiome and fecal metabolites was determined with Python clustering and correlation analyses. Results: The HMOs in milk did not fluctuate throughout the lactation period. However, they began to disappear in infant feces at the beginning of month 4. Notably, at this time-point, a bifidobacterium species switching (from B. breve to B. longum subsp. infantis) occurred, accompanied by fluctuations in several metabolites including acetate and butyrate in infant feces. Conclusions: Milk bioactive components, such as HMOs, might play different roles in the exclusively breastfed infants depending on the lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Health Care and Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Japan.,Center for Food and Medical Innovation Promotion, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daiki Kumakura
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Namiko Seto
- Health Care and Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Izumi
- Health Care and Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Japan.,Center for Food and Medical Innovation Promotion, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- Health Care and Nutritional Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd., Zama, Japan.,Center for Food and Medical Innovation Promotion, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohnishi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakaoka
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Transdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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7
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Oemcke LA, Anderson RC, Altermann E, Roy NC, McNabb WC. The Role of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in Immune Barrier Maturation of the Small Intestine at Weaning. Front Nutr 2021; 8:759137. [PMID: 34869529 PMCID: PMC8637878 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.759137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiological, physical, chemical, and immunological barriers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) begin developing in utero and finish maturing postnatally. Maturation of these barriers is essential for the proper functioning of the GIT. Maturation, particularly of the immunological barrier, involves stimulation by bacteria. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) which are anaerobic, spore-forming commensals have been linked to immune activation. The presence and changes in SFB abundance have been positively correlated to immune markers (cytokines and immunoglobulins) in the rat ileum and stool samples, pre- and post-weaning. The abundance of SFB in infant stool increases from 6 months, peaks around 12 months and plateaus 25 months post-weaning. Changes in SFB abundance at these times correlate positively and negatively with the production of interleukin 17 (IL 17) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), respectively, indicating involvement in immune function and maturation. Additionally, the peak in SFB abundance when a human milk diet was complemented by solid foods hints at a diet effect. SFB genome analysis revealed enzymes involved in metabolic pathways for survival, growth and development, host mucosal attachment and substrate acquisition. This narrative review discusses the current knowledge of SFB and their suggested effects on the small intestine immune system. Referencing the published genomes of rat and mouse SFB, the use of food substrates to modulate SFB abundance is proposed while considering their effects on other microbes. Changes in the immune response caused by the interaction of food substrate with SFB may provide insight into their role in infant immunological barrier maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Oemcke
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rachel C Anderson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Eric Altermann
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Consumer Interface Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Terahara M, Nakamura Y, Tsuboi M, Jinno S, Tsukahara T, Miyake T, Shimojo N. Effects of the intake of non-live Bifidobacterium bifidum on the faecal IgA of full-term infants: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2021; 40:196-203. [PMID: 34631331 PMCID: PMC8484005 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (OLB6378) was selected as a strain that
enhances the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in vitro.
This ability of non-live OLB6378 has been shown by a clinical trial in preterm infants. In
the present study, we examined whether non-live OLB6378 also enhances the production of
secretory IgA, even in full-term infants. One hundred full-term infants were allocated to
receive formula with (BbF group, 49 infants) or without non-live OLB6378 (PF group, 51
infants). Breastfeeding was prioritised, so infant formula was used for infants with
breastfeeding difficulties. The intervention was initiated by five days of age. The faecal
IgA concentration and OLB6378 level were determined at one, two, four, and eight weeks of
age. Faecal IgA in the BbF group (1.04 ± 0.47 mg/g of faeces, n=45) was significantly
higher than that in the PF group (0.85 ± 0.42 mg/g of faeces, n=49) at four weeks of age
(p=0.047). OLB6378 was not detected in faeces at any age. This indicated that production
of secretory IgA in full-term infants may also be enhanced by non-live OLB6378 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terahara
- R&D Management Department, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Misato Tsuboi
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Shinji Jinno
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Kyoto Institute of Nutrition & Pathology Inc., 7-2 Furuiketani, Tachikawa, Ujitawara, Tsuzuki-gun, Kyoto 610-0231, Japan
| | - Takao Miyake
- Miyake Women's Clinic, 1-18-5 Oyuminochuo, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 266-0032, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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9
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Ley D, Beghin L, Morcel J, Flamein F, Garabedian C, Accart B, Drumez E, Labreuche J, Gottrand F, Hermann E. Impact of early life nutrition on gut health in children: a prospective clinical study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050432. [PMID: 34489289 PMCID: PMC8422494 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first 1000 days of life could contribute to individual susceptibility to the later development of chronic non-communicable diseases. Nutrition in early life appears to be an important determinant factor for a sustainable child's health. In this study, we propose to investigate the impact of exclusive breast feeding on gut health in children. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A prospective cohort of newborns (n=350) will be recruited at birth and followed up to 4 years of age. The main objective is to evaluate the link between exclusive breast feeding for at least 3 months and the gut health of the child at 4 years. The primary endpoint of assessment of gut health will be based on the non-invasive measurement of faecal secretory IgA (sIgA) as a sensitive biomarker of the intestinal ecosystem. The presence of gastrointestinal disorders will be defined according to the clinical criteria of Rome IV. Information on parent's nutritional habits and life style, breastfeeding duration and child's complementary feeding will be collected along the follow-up. Cord blood cells and plasma at birth will be purified for further analysis. The meconium and stools collected at birth, 6 months, 2 years and 4 years of age will allow sIgA analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This clinical study has obtained the approval from the national ethical committee. We plan to publish the results of the study in peer-review journals and by means of national and international conference. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04195425.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ley
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Beghin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jules Morcel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Flamein
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Charles Garabedian
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Elodie Drumez
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Department of Biostatistics, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Labreuche
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Department of Biostatistics, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frederic Gottrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Hermann
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
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10
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Rodriguez N, Tun HM, Field CJ, Mandhane PJ, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Prenatal Depression, Breastfeeding, and Infant Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664257. [PMID: 34394021 PMCID: PMC8363245 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are common during pregnancy and are estimated to affect 7-20% of pregnant women, with higher prevalence found in those with a prior history of depression, in ethnic minorities, and those with increased exposure to stressful life events. Maternal depression often remains undiagnosed, and its symptoms can increase adverse health risks to the infant, including impaired cognitive development, behavioral problems, and higher susceptibility to physical illnesses. Accumulating research evidence supports the association between maternal physical health elements to infant gut health, including factors such as mode of delivery, medication, feeding status, and antibiotic use. However, specific maternal prenatal psychosocial factors and their effect on infant gut microbiota and immunity remains an area that is not well understood. This article reviews the literature and supplements it with new findings to show that prenatal depression alters: (i) gut microbial composition in partially and fully formula-fed infants at 3-4 months of age, and (ii) gut immunity (i.e., secretory Immunoglobulin A) in all infants independent of breastfeeding status. Understanding the implications of maternal depression on the infant gut microbiome is important to enhance both maternal and child health and to better inform disease outcomes and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hein M Tun
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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11
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Zeng B, Wang H, Luo J, Xie M, Zhao Z, Chen X, Wang D, Sun J, Xi Q, Chen T, Zhang Y. Porcine Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Intestinal Immunoglobulin Production through pIgR. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061522. [PMID: 34073819 PMCID: PMC8225040 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As the irreplaceable nutrient source for young mammals, milk has a number of biological functions. Milk derived extracellular vesicles are a recently discovered component of milk and have potential regulatory effects on intestinal health and immunity. In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to examine the effects of porcine milk small extracellular vesicles (PM-sEVs) on intestinal immunity. As a result, PM-sEVs promoted intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels, and increased the expression levels of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) both in mice and piglet. We identified circ-XPO4 in PM-sEVs as a crucial circRNA, which promotes the expression of pIgR via the suppression of miR-221-5p in the intestinal cell. In conclusion, our research provides a new understanding of the nutritional physiology of porcine milk in intestinal immunity. Abstract Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays an important role in gut acquired immunity and mucosal homeostasis. Breast milk is the irreplaceable nutritional source for mammals after birth. Current studies have shown the potential functional role of milk-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their RNAs cargo in intestinal health and immune regulation. However, there is a lack of studies to demonstrate how milk-derived sEVs affect intestinal immunity in recipient. In this study, through in vivo experiments, we found that porcine milk small extracellular vesicles (PM-sEVs) promoted intestinal SIgA levels, and increased the expression levels of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) both in mice and piglet. We examined the mechanism of how PM-sEVs increased the expression level of pIgR in vitro by using a porcine small intestine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Through bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and overexpression or knockdown of the corresponding non-coding RNAs, we identified circ-XPO4 in PM-sEVs as a crucial circRNA, which leads to the expression of pIgR via the suppression of miR-221-5p in intestinal cells. Importantly, we also observed that oral administration of PM-sEVs increased the level of circ-XPO4 and decreased the level of miR-221-5p in small intestine of piglets, indicating that circRNAs in milk-derived sEVs act as sponge for miRNAs in recipients. This study, for the first time, reveals that PM-sEVs have a capacity to stimulate intestinal SIgA production by delivering circRNAs to receptors and sponging the recipient’s original miRNAs, and also provides valuable data for insight into the role and mechanism of animal milk sEVs in intestinal immunity.
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12
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Atyeo C, Alter G. The multifaceted roles of breast milk antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:1486-1499. [PMID: 33740451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonates are born with an immature immune system and rely on the transfer of immunity from their mothers. Maternal antibodies are transferred via the placenta and breast milk. Although the role of placentally transferred immunoglobulin G (IgG) is established, less is known about the selection of antibodies transferred via breast milk and the mechanisms by which they provide protection against neonatal disease. Evidence suggests that breast milk antibodies play multifaceted roles, preventing infection and supporting the selection of commensals and tolerizing immunity during infancy. Here, we discuss emerging data related to the importance of breast milk antibodies in neonatal immunity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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13
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Zhu J, Lin YH, Dingess KA, Mank M, Stahl B, Heck AJR. Quantitative Longitudinal Inventory of the N-Glycoproteome of Human Milk from a Single Donor Reveals the Highly Variable Repertoire and Dynamic Site-Specific Changes. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1941-1952. [PMID: 32125861 PMCID: PMC7252941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation on human milk proteins assists in protecting an infant's health and functions among others as competitive inhibitors of pathogen binding and immunomodulators. Due to the individual uniqueness of each mother's milk and the overall complexity and temporal changes of protein N-glycosylation, analysis of the human milk N-glycoproteome requires longitudinal personalized approaches, providing protein- and N-site-specific quantitative information. Here, we describe an automated platform using hydrophilic-interaction chromatography (HILIC)-based cartridges enabling the proteome-wide monitoring of intact N-glycopeptides using just a digest of 150 μg of breast milk protein. We were able to map around 1700 glycopeptides from 110 glycoproteins covering 191 glycosites, of which 43 sites have not been previously reported with experimental evidence. We next quantified 287 of these glycopeptides originating from 50 glycoproteins using a targeted proteomics approach. Although each glycoprotein, N-glycosylation site, and attached glycan revealed distinct dynamic changes, we did observe a few general trends. For instance, fucosylation, especially terminal fucosylation, increased across the lactation period. Building on the improved glycoproteomics approach outlined above, future studies are warranted to reveal the potential impact of the observed glycosylation microheterogeneity on the healthy development of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly A Dingess
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Mank
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Kang LJ, Vu KN, Koleva PT, Field CJ, Chow A, Azad MB, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Moraes TJ, Sears MR, Lefebvre DL, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Lou WYW, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Maternal psychological distress before birth influences gut immunity in mid-infancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:178-188. [PMID: 31845414 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal pre-postnatal psychosocial distress increases the risk for childhood allergic disease. This may occur through a host immunity pathway that involves intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Experimental animal models show changes in the gut microbiome and immunity of offspring when exposed to direct or prenatal maternal stress, but little is known in humans. OBJECTIVE We determined the association between maternal depression and stress symptom trajectories and infant fecal sIgA concentrations. METHODS 1043 term infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) birth cohort were studied. Trajectories of maternal perceived stress and depression were based on scored scales administered in pregnancy and postpartum. sIgA was quantified in infant stool (mean age 3.7 months) with Immundiagnostik ELISA. Linear regression and logistic regression were employed to test associations. RESULTS Very low fecal sIgA concentrations were more common in infants of mothers in the antepartum and persistent depression trajectories (6% and 2% of women, respectively). Independent of breastfeeding status at fecal sampling, infant antibiotic exposure or other covariates, the antepartum depressive symptom trajectory was associated with reduced mean infant sIgA concentrations (β=-0.07, P < .01) and a two fold risk for lowest quartile concentrations (OR, 1.86; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.40). This lowering of sIgA yielded a large effect size in older infants (4-8 months)-breastfed and not. No associations were seen with postpartum depressive symptoms (7% of women) or with any of the perceived stress trajectories. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite improved mood postpartum and independent of breastfeeding status, mothers experiencing antepartum depressive symptoms delivered offspring who exhibited lower fecal sIgA concentrations especially in later infancy. The implications of lowered sIgA concentrations in infant stool are altered microbe-sIgA interactions, greater risk for C difficile colonization and atopic disease in later years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane J Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khanh N Vu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Petya T Koleva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Angela Chow
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Diana L Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Y W Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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15
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Janzon A, Goodrich JK, Koren O, Waters JL, Ley RE. Interactions between the Gut Microbiome and Mucosal Immunoglobulins A, M, and G in the Developing Infant Gut. mSystems 2019; 4:e00612-19. [PMID: 31771976 PMCID: PMC6880043 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00612-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the gut microbiome and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the gut during infancy are important for future health. IgM and IgG are also present in the gut; however, their interactions with the microbiome in the developing infant remain to be characterized. Using stool samples sampled 15 times in infancy from 32 healthy subjects at 4 locations in 3 countries, we characterized patterns of microbiome development in relation to fecal levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM. For 8 infants from a single location, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting of microbial cells from stool by Ig-coating status over 18 months. We used 16S rRNA gene profiling on full and sorted microbiomes to assess patterns of antibody coating in relation to age and other factors. All antibodies decreased in concentration with age but were augmented by breastmilk feeding regardless of infant age. Levels of IgA correlated with relative abundances of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the Bifidobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, which dominated the early microbiome, and IgG levels correlated with Haemophilus The diversity of Ig-coated microbiota was influenced by breastfeeding and age. IgA and IgM coated the same microbiota, which reflected the overall diversity of the microbiome, while IgG targeted a different subset. Blautia generally evaded antibody coating, while members of the Bifidobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were high in IgA/M. IgA/M displayed similar dynamics, generally coating the microbiome proportionally, and were influenced by breastfeeding status. IgG only coated a small fraction of the commensal microbiota and differed from the proportion targeted by IgA and IgM.IMPORTANCE Antibodies are secreted into the gut and attach to roughly half of the trillions of bacterial cells present. When babies are born, the breastmilk supplies these antibodies until the baby's own immune system takes over this task after a few weeks. The vast majority of these antibodies are IgA, but two other types, IgG and IgM, are also present in the gut. Here, we ask if these three different antibody types target different types of bacteria in the infant gut as the infant develops from birth to 18 months old and how patterns of antibody coating of bacteria change with age. In this study of healthy infant samples over time, we found that IgA and IgM coat the same bacteria, which are generally representative of the diversity present, with a few exceptions that were more or less antibody coated than expected. IgG coated a separate suite of bacteria. These results provide a better understanding of how these antibodies interact with the developing infant gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Janzon
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia K Goodrich
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Omry Koren
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Jillian L Waters
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruth E Ley
- Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Lim PW, Nambiar S, Muhardi L, Abdul Kader UH, Garssen J, Sandalova E. Young Children Display Diurnal Patterns of Salivary IgA and Alpha-Amylase Expression Which Are Independent of Food Intake and Demographic Factors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3687416. [PMID: 30733960 PMCID: PMC6348797 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3687416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) have been proposed as biomarkers for research on the mucosal immune system and on stress. Expression of both sAA and sIgA has been described to follow opposing diurnal patterns. This knowledge is crucial for the interpretation of studies using these biomarkers. AIM It was hypothesized that sAA and sIgA display diurnal patterns in children and that this is independent of food intake or demographic factors. METHODS Whole saliva was collected from 78 healthy children (15-39 months old) in the morning and evening for two random nonconsecutive days. The samples have been analysed for sAA and sIgA. The total daily energy, fat, saturated fat, protein, carbohydrate and fibre, mineral, and vitamin consumption were analysed based on the two-day weighed food records collected by the parents. RESULTS It was demonstrated that most young children followed the diurnal pattern when sAA increased and sIgA decreased from morning to evening. No correlation was observed between the intake of any of the nutrients and morning or evening values for both salivary proteins. The morning and evening values of sAA and sIgA did not correlate with age, sex, Asian ethnicity, and BMI of the children. CONCLUSION Diurnal patterns of sAA and sIgA exist in healthy young children and are not affected by their nutrient intake, sex, Asian ethnicity, and BMI. Scientists including sIgA and sAA in their research must consider the diurnal pattern that these markers exhibit and design the study accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. W. Lim
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01b, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138667
| | - S. Nambiar
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01b, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138667
| | - L. Muhardi
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01b, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138667
| | - U. H. Abdul Kader
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01b, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138667
| | - J. Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - E. Sandalova
- Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, Matrix Building #05-01b, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138667
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080894. [PMID: 28817095 PMCID: PMC5579687 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to the development of allergic sensitisation and allergic disease. Studies vary in methodology and definition of outcomes, which lead to considerable heterogeneity. Human milk composition varies both within and between individuals, which may partially explain conflicting data. It is known that human milk composition is very complex and contains variable levels of immune active molecules, oligosaccharides, metabolites, vitamins and other nutrients and microbial content. Existing evidence suggests that modulation of human breast milk composition has potential for preventing allergic diseases in early life. In this review, we discuss associations between breastfeeding/human milk composition and allergy development.
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18
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Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 Simultaneously Enhances Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity in Low Birth Weight Infants: A Non-Randomized Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030195. [PMID: 28245626 PMCID: PMC5372858 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation has been part of the discussion on methods to enhance humoral immunity. Administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (OLB6378) reduced the incidence of late-onset sepsis in infants. In this non-randomized study, we aimed to determine the effect of administration of live OLB6378 on infants' humoral immunity. Secondly, we tried to elucidate whether similar effects would be observed with administration of non-live OLB6378. Low birth weight (LBW) infants weighing 1500-2500 g were divided into three groups: Group N (no intervention), Group L (administered live OLB6378 concentrate), and Group H (administered non-live OLB6378 concentrate). The interventions were started within 48 h after birth and continued until six months of age. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels (IgG at one month/IgG at birth) were significantly higher in Group L than in Group N (p < 0.01). Group H exhibited significantly higher serum IgG levels (p < 0.01) at one month of age and significantly higher intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels (p < 0.05) at one and two months of age than Group N. No difference was observed in the mortality or morbidity between groups. Thus, OLB6378 administration in LBW infants enhanced humoral immunity, and non-live OLB6378, which is more useful as a food ingredient, showed a more marked effect than the viable bacteria.
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19
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Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a critical role in gut mucosal immune defense. Initially provided by breastmilk, IgA production by the infant gut is gradually stimulated by developing gut microbiota. This study reports associations between infant fecal IgA concentrations 4 months after birth, breastfeeding status and other pre/postnatal exposures in 47 infants in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development cohort. Breastfed infants and first-born infants had higher median fecal IgA concentrations (23.11 v. 9.34 µg/g protein, P<0.01 and 22.19 v. 8.23 µg/g protein, P=0.04). IgA levels increased successively with exclusivity of breastfeeding (β-coefficient, 0.37, P<0.05). This statistical association was independent of maternal parity and household pets. In the absence of breastfeeding, female sex and pet exposure elevated fecal IgA to levels found in breastfed infants. In addition to breastfeeding, infant fecal IgA associations with pre/postnatal exposures may affect gut immunity and risk of allergic disease.
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20
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Hua MC, Chen CC, Yao TC, Tsai MH, Liao SL, Lai SH, Chiu CY, Yeh KW, Huang JL. Role of Maternal Allergy on Immune Markers in Colostrum and Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Stools of Breastfed Infants. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:160-7. [PMID: 26243755 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415598783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although protection against infectious diseases has been observed among breastfed infants as compared to formula-fed infants, possible benefits of breastfeeding by allergic mothers for allergy prevention remain controversial. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to determine whether maternal allergy would influence immune markers (secretory immunoglobulin A [sIgA], interleukin-8 [IL-8], soluble CD14 [sCD14]) in colostrum and the associations between maternal allergy and fecal sIgA levels in breastfed infants. METHODS Study subjects were enrolled from the Prediction of Allergies in Taiwanese Children (PATCH) birth cohort study. Colostrum samples were obtained from 98 lactating mothers. Stool samples were collected from 108 infants within 5 days after birth and at 2 and 4 months of age. We compared concentrations of sIgA, IL-8, and sCD14 in colostrum between mothers with and without a history of allergic disease and allergic sensitization. We also compared fecal sIgA levels between breastfed and formula-fed infants and between infants with allergic and nonallergic mothers. RESULTS The sIgA concentrations were significantly higher in colostrum from allergic mothers than from nonallergic mothers (P = .01) and from allergic mothers who were immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitized compared to nonallergic mothers who were not IgE sensitized (P = .023). Breastfed infants had significantly higher fecal sIgA levels as compared to formula-fed infants, regardless of whether their lactating mothers had an allergy (P < .05). CONCLUSION We found that breastfeeding is associated with increased infants' fecal sIgA levels and may have potential protective effects to the infants during the first 4 months of life, regardless of whether their lactating mothers have allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Chin Hua
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Yao
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Ling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Hao Lai
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan Division of Chest, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Yeh
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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scFOS supplemented follow-on formula in healthy infants: Impact on vaccine specific faecal secretory IGA response, faecal bifidobacteria, growth and digestive tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Borges MCL, Sesso MLT, Roberti LR, de Menezes Oliveira MAH, Nogueira RD, Geraldo-Martins VR, Ferriani VPL. Salivary antibody response to streptococci in preterm and fullterm children: a prospective study. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 60:116-25. [PMID: 25290442 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Secretory immunoglobulins present in mucosa surfaces represent the first line of defense of the adaptive immune system against infectious challenges. Preterm (PT) neonates' humoral immunity is diminished compared to full-term (FT) newborns. The identification of important antigens (Ags) of virulence of oral species may help in the investigation of the mechanisms of antigenic stimulation and the development of the mucosal immune response. In the present study, we measured saliva levels of immunoglobulins A (IgA) and M (IgM) and characterized the specificity of IgA against Ags of several streptococcal species found early in life. METHODS This was a prospective observational study. Salivary IgA (sIgA) antibody responses to bacterial species that are prototypes of pioneer (Streptococcus mitis, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii) and pathogenic (Streptococcus mutans) microorganisms of the oral cavity were studied in FT and PT children in two visits: at birth (T0) and at 3 months of age (T3). Salivas from 123 infants (72 FT and 51 PT) were collected during the first 10h after birth (T0) and again at 3 months of age (T3). Salivary levels of IgA and IgM antibodies were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A subgroup of 26 FT and 24 PT children were compared with respect to patterns of antibody specificities against different streptococci Ags using Western blot assays. RESULTS No significant differences (P>0.05) in salivary levels of IgA and IgM between FT and PT babies were found at birth. At T3, mean sIgA values were similar between groups and sIgM levels were significantly higher in PT than FT (P<0.05). Western blot assays identified positive IgA response to streptococci in the majority of children, especially in the FT group. There were some differences between groups in relation to the frequency of children with positive response to Ags and intensity of IgA response. In general, oral streptococci Ags were more frequently detected and bands were more intense in FT than in PT, especially in T3. Prospective analysis of patterns of sIgA against Ags of different streptococcal species revealed an increase in complexity of the sIgA antibody response from the first day of birth (T0) to T3 in PT and FT. CONCLUSION The patterns of sIgA response to streptococci Ags appear to be influenced by the gestational age, which might reflect the level of immunological maturity of the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Castro Loureiro Borges
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Talarico Sesso
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rodrigues Roberti
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ruchele Dias Nogueira
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Virginia Paes Leme Ferriani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sesso MLT, Borges MCL, Ferriani VPL, Geraldo-Martins VR, Rodrigues DBR, Nogueira RD. Prospective evaluation of cytokine in saliva of preterm and fullterm neonates. Immunobiology 2014; 219:830-5. [PMID: 25155058 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the ontogeny of the cytokines in saliva of newborn. Previous studies showed that levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva could be influenced by prematurity. So, the aim of this study was to analyze the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in sample saliva of fullterm (FT) and preterm (PT) neonates at birth (T0) and after 3 months of age (T3). Saliva from 50 infants (25 FT and 25 PT) were collected at T0 and T3 and analyzed by Luminex Corporation (Austin, Texas, United States) multiplex assay. Clinical characteristics and social-economic data were assessed through questionnaires. All cytokines could be detected at birth in levels higher than found in T3. The mean levels and frequency of detection of cytokines were significantly higher in PT than FT at T0 (P<0.05). There were a positive association between IL-10 and infection (P<0.05) and IL-6 and stress (P<0.005). Salivary cytokines were detected within the first hours after birth and their levels decreased after 3 months. The cytokine levels were different between PT and FT children and appear to be influenced by stress situation and/or antigenic microbial challenge. The results confirm the necessity for further studies about the mucosal immune system by using of saliva as a source of diagnostic by identification of biomarkers of the status of the immune.
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Effect of age, gestation and lactation on faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations in dogs. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e41. [PMID: 26101610 PMCID: PMC4473140 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive markers of gut health. Faecal calprotectin is a marker of intestinal inflammation in adults, whereas IgA has been suggested as a marker of intestinal immunity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gestation, lactation and age on faecal concentrations of these biomarkers. Thirty puppies, nineteen pregnant or lactating bitches and eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were included in the study. Faeces were collected from the fourth week of gestation until the eighth week of lactation in pregnant and lactating bitches, and between 4 and 9 weeks of age in puppies. Faeces from the eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were also collected. Faecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations were measured. Faecal calprotectin concentrations in control dogs were significantly lower than faecal calprotectin concentrations in puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age (P < 0·001) or between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·004). Puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age had significantly higher faecal IgA concentrations compared with puppies between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·001). Bitches during their second month of lactation had significantly lower faecal IgA concentrations compared with their first month of lactation (P = 0·049). Faecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive and easily measured biomarkers of gut health in adults. However, the present study underlines that faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations vary markedly depending of physiologic factors such as gestation, lactation and age. These factors need to be considered when these faecal biomarkers are used for evaluation of intestinal immunity or inflammation.
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Bernal MJ, Periago MJ, Martínez R, Ortuño I, Sánchez-Solís M, Ros G, Romero F, Abellán P. Effects of infant cereals with different carbohydrate profiles on colonic function--randomised and double-blind clinical trial in infants aged between 6 and 12 months--pilot study. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1535-42. [PMID: 23812516 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infant cereals are often the elected foodstuff for beginning complementary feeding and provide carbohydrates which are different to those found in maternal milk. The objective of this preliminary study was to ascertain the colonic effects of two infant cereals, with different carbohydrate profiles, in a randomised and double-blind trial in healthy infants. Nineteen term infants between 6.3 and 9.8 months of age were enrolled, after written informed consent was obtained from parents. Ten subjects were allocated to take infant cereal A and nine, infant cereal B. An intervention period was 2 months, with five visits every 15 days, to take anthropometric measurements and faeces samples for the analysis of microbiota, short-chain fatty acids concentration (SCFA), pH value and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). An adequate growth and stool frequency was registered in both intervention groups. Faecal counts of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Bacteroides did not show any statistical differences. However, a significantly (P < 0.05) higher butyric acid and sIgA, and lower faecal pH were observed in infants who had ingested infant cereal A, with a higher ratio complex/simple carbohydrates. In conclusion, small changes in the carbohydrate profile of infant cereals could lead to significant differences in parameters related to fermentative activity of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Bernal
- Global Technology Center For Infant Nutrition, Hero Group, Avda. Murcia 1, 30820, Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain,
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Yin Y, Wang Y, Zhu L, Liu W, Liao N, Jiang M, Zhu B, Yu HD, Xiang C, Wang X. Comparative analysis of the distribution of segmented filamentous bacteria in humans, mice and chickens. ISME JOURNAL 2012; 7:615-21. [PMID: 23151642 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are indigenous gut commensal bacteria. They are commonly detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Despite the significant role they have in the modulation of the development of host immune systems, little information exists regarding the presence of SFB in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and diversity of SFB in humans and to determine their phylogenetic relationships with their hosts. Gut contents from 251 humans, 92 mice and 72 chickens were collected for bacterial genomic DNA extraction and subjected to SFB 16S rRNA-specific PCR detection. The results showed SFB colonization to be age-dependent in humans, with the majority of individuals colonized within the first 2 years of life, but this colonization disappeared by the age of 3 years. Results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that multiple operational taxonomic units of SFB could exist in the same individuals. Cross-species comparison among human, mouse and chicken samples demonstrated that each host possessed an exclusive predominant SFB sequence. In summary, our results showed that SFB display host specificity, and SFB colonization, which occurs early in human life, declines in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Miller EM, McConnell DS. Brief communication: chronic undernutrition is associated with higher mucosal antibody levels among Ariaal infants of northern Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2012; 149:136-41. [PMID: 22744712 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The immune activation that occurs with infection diverts energy from growth and can contribute to poor nutritional outcomes in developing infants and children. This study investigates the association between salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and growth outcomes among Ariaal infants of northern Kenya. The Ariaal are a group of settled northern Kenyan pastoralists who are under considerable nutritional stress. Two hundred and thirty-nine breastfeeding Ariaal infants were recruited into the study and underwent anthropometric measurement and saliva collection, with mothers providing individual and household characteristics for them via questionnaire. Infant saliva samples were analyzed with an ELISA for IgA in the United States. Infant anthropometric measurements were converted to height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) using the WHO Child Growth Standards. Based on multivariate models performed in SAS 9.2 two main results emerge: 1) low HAZ, an indicator of chronic undernutrition, was significantly associated with higher IgA concentration (β = -0.12, P = 0.050) and 2) boys had significantly higher IgA levels than girls (β = 0.25, P = 0.039). Although there was not a significant interactive effect between HAZ and sex, the two variables confound each other, with boys having significantly lower HAZ values than girls do. In addition, maternal breastmilk IgA was significantly associated with infant salivary IgA, indicating that maternal effects play a role in infant IgA development. Future research will unravel the three-way association between sex, stunting, and immune function in the Ariaal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Miller
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Nogueira RD, Sesso MLT, Borges MCL, Mattos-Graner RO, Smith DJ, Ferriani VPL. Salivary IgA antibody responses to Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans in preterm and fullterm newborn children. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:647-53. [PMID: 22169809 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The intensities and specificities of salivary IgA antibody responses to antigens of Streptococcus mutans, the main pathogen of dental caries, may influence colonization by these organisms during the first 1.5 year of life. Thus, the ontogeny of salivary IgA responses to oral colonizers continues to warrant investigation, especially with regard to the influence of birth conditions, e.g. prematurity, on the ability of children to efficiently respond to oral microorganisms. In this study, we characterised the salivary antibody responses to two bacterial species which are prototypes of pioneer and pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity (Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus mutans, respectively) in fullterm (FT) and preterm (PT) newborn children. METHODS Salivas from 123 infants (70 FT and 53 PT) were collected during the first 10h after birth and levels of IgA and IgM antibodies and the presence of S. mutans and S. mitis were analysed respectively by ELISA and by chequerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Two subgroups of 24 FT and 24 PT children were compared with respect to patterns of antibody specificities against S. mutans and S. mitis antigens, using Western blot assays. Cross-adsorption of 10 infant's saliva was tested to S. mitis, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis antigens. RESULTS Salivary levels of IgA at birth were 2.5-fold higher in FT than in PT children (Mann-Whitney; P<0.05). Salivary IgA antibodies reactive with several antigens of S. mitis and S. mutans were detected at birth in children with undetectable levels of those bacteria. Adsorption of infant saliva with cells of S. mutans produced a reduction of antibodies recognizing S. mitis antigens in half of the neonates. The diversity and intensity of IgA responses were lower in PT compared to FT children, although those differences were not significant. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that children have salivary IgA antibodies shortly after birth, which might influence the establishment of the oral microbiota, and that the levels of salivary antibody might be related to prematurity.
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