1
|
Buitrago-Restrepo CM, Patiño-Villada FA, Arango-Paternina CM. Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38710486 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2023-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of aquatic exercise on physical performance in older adults. Databases were searched up to July 2021. Randomized controlled trials were screened by two reviewers, who extracted data and assessed study quality. Ten randomized controlled trials (603 participants) were included. Compared with nonexercising controls, aquatic exercise probably improved lower limb muscle power (30-s Chair Stand Test; mean difference 4.75 repetitions; 95% confidence interval [0.07, 9.42]; I2 = 99%; 251 participants; very low-quality evidence). When comparing aquatic exercise with land exercise, there is probably no superiority in favor of either intervention on dynamic balance (Timed Up and Go Test; mean difference -0.12 s; 95% confidence interval [-0.37, 0.12]; I2 = 3%; 244 participants; very low-quality evidence).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mario Buitrago-Restrepo
- Research Group on Physical Activity for Health (AFIS, in Spanish), University Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fredy Alonso Patiño-Villada
- Research Group on Physical Activity for Health (AFIS, in Spanish), University Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos Mario Arango-Paternina
- Research Group on Physical Activity for Health (AFIS, in Spanish), University Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dalamitros AA, Toupektsi E, Alexiou P, Nousiou S, Clemente-Suarez VJ, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Tsalis G. The Effectiveness of Water- versus Land-Based Exercise on Specific Measures of Physical Fitness in Healthy Older Adults: An Integrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:221. [PMID: 38255107 PMCID: PMC10815058 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, maintaining an active lifestyle becomes increasingly vital to promote overall health and well-being in older individuals. Water- and land-based exercises have emerged as popular options, each offering a distinct set of benefits tailored to the unique needs of this population group. An electronic database search, including PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Web of Science, was conducted until 15 September 2023, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to investigate the effects of water-based compared to land-based exercise on selected fitness parameters in older healthy individuals. The eligibility criteria included studies with at least two groups of participants aged 60 and older, with physical fitness outcome measures. A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. While both exercise modalities may offer significant benefits, this review's findings emphasized the absence of conclusive evidence and consensus for recommending a single exercise category applicable to aquatic or land environments and providing more definite guidance to improve health-related physical fitness parameters in healthy older individuals. Finally, combining both training approaches may lead to a comprehensive array of health benefits for this age group population by also considering individual's needs, preferences, and fitness goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (P.A.); (S.N.); (G.T.)
| | - Eirini Toupektsi
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (P.A.); (S.N.); (G.T.)
| | - Panagiota Alexiou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (P.A.); (S.N.); (G.T.)
| | - Stamatia Nousiou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (P.A.); (S.N.); (G.T.)
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suarez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - George Tsalis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.T.); (P.A.); (S.N.); (G.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou WS, Mao SJ, Zhang SK, Xu H, Li WL. Effects of aquatic exercises on physical fitness and quality of life in postmenopausal women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1126126. [PMID: 37361170 PMCID: PMC10285069 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1126126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate and update the effects of aquatic exercise on physical fitness and quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal women. Methods The databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the topic from inception to July 2022. The GetData software was used to extract data from the published images. RevMan5.4 software was used for statistical analysis. Data are expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). I2 index was employed for heterogeneity. Egger's test was used to assess publication bias. We evaluated the methodological quality of included studies using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Results We included 594 participants in 16 RCTs (19 comparison groups). The results indicated that aquatic exercise can significantly improve lower limb strength (LLS), upper limb strength (ULS), agility, flexibility, and overall QoL. No significant effects were found on aerobic capacity. Subgroup-analysis results indicated that aquatic exercise only significantly improved LLS, ULS, agility, and flexibility in postmenopausal women < 65 years of age. However, aquatic exercise improves the overall QoL both in postmenopausal women < 65 years and ≥ 65 years. Aquatic resistance exercise significantly improves LLS, ULS, agility and flexibility. In addition, aquatic aerobic exercise can effectively increase LLS, and combined aquatic aerobic and resistance exercise can enhance the overall QoL. Conclusions Aquatic exercise can effectively improve physical fitness and overall QoL in postmenopausal women, but has limited effects on aerobic capacity; thus, it is highly recommended in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Shi-Kun Zhang
- Department of Police Physical Education, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wei-Lu Li
- Nanjing Zhong-Yang Road Primary School, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Häfele MS, Alberton CL, Häfele V, Schaun GZ, Nunes GN, Calonego C, Castro TF, Andrade LS, Pinto SS. Water-Based Training Programs Improve Functional Capacity, Cognitive and Hemodynamic Outcomes? The ACTIVE Randomized Clinical Trial. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:24-34. [PMID: 35294330 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1935433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the effects of 16 weeks of aerobic training (AT) to 8 weeks of AT followed by 8 weeks of combined training (CT), as well as to a control group (CG), on the functional, cognitive and hemodynamic responses of older women exercising in the aquatic environment. Materials and Methods: The study is a three-armed parallel randomized controlled clinical trial. For this, 52 older women were first randomized in an aerobic training (AT; n = 35) or control group (CG; n = 17). After 8 weeks of intervention, participants from AT group were again randomized into another 8-week period of either AT (n = 17) or combined training (CT; n = 18). AT was performed at the percentage of the heart rate corresponding to the anaerobic threshold, resistance training was performed with sets at maximal effort and the control group performed low-intensity therapeutic exercises in water. All outcomes were assessed before (week 0) and after the intervention (week 17). In addition, some outcomes were also investigated in the middle timepoint (week 9). Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α = 0.05) were used to compare timepoints and groups. Results: All groups similarly improved functional capacity (3-11%) and blood pressure (-4 to -10%), whereas cognitive function was not modified for any group. Conclusion: Water-based training programs and therapeutic exercises (i.e., CG) improve functional capacity and blood pressure responses in older women. Clinical Trials NCT03892278.
Collapse
|
5
|
Supervised Exercise in Water: Is It a Viable Alternative in Overweight/Obese People with or without Type 2 Diabetes? A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14234963. [PMID: 36500993 PMCID: PMC9737856 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the effects of a water-based exercise program in overweight/obese people with or without type 2 diabetes is a topic of relatively recent interest. This type of exercise presents some advantages in reducing the risk of injury or trauma, and it can be a valuable therapeutic card to play for sedentary or physically inactive patients who have chronic metabolic diseases. This work aims to make a contribution showing the effects of a water-based exercise intervention, supervised by graduates in sports sciences, in a group of overweight/obese people with or without type 2 diabetes. In total, 93 adults (age 60.59 ± 10.44 years), including 72 women (age 60.19 ± 10.97 years) and 21 men (age 61.95 ± 8.48 years), were recruited to follow a water-based exercise program (2 sessions/week, for 12 weeks) at the C.U.R.I.A.Mo. Healthy Lifestyle Institute of Perugia University. Results showed an improvement in body mass index (−0.90 ± 1.56, p = 0.001), waist circumference (−4.32 ± 6.03, p < 0.001), and systolic (−7.78 ± 13.37, p = 0.001) and diastolic (−6.30 ± 10.91, p = 0.001) blood pressure. The supervised water-based intervention was useful in managing patients with metabolic diseases who often present with other health impairments, such as musculoskeletal problems or cardiovascular or rheumatic disease that could contraindicate gym-based exercise.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lloyd A, Fiala D, Heyde C, Havenith G. A mathematical model for predicting cardiovascular responses at rest and during exercise in demanding environmental conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:247-261. [PMID: 35652831 PMCID: PMC9342140 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00619.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research describes the development and validation of a cardiovascular model (CVR Model) for use in conjunction with advanced thermophysiological models, where usually only a total cardiac output is estimated. The CVR Model detailed herein estimates cardio-dynamic parameters (changes in cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate), regional blood flow, and muscle oxygen extraction, in response to rest and physical workloads, across a range of ages and aerobic fitness levels, as well as during exposure to heat, dehydration, and altitude. The model development strategy was to first establish basic resting and exercise predictions for cardio-dynamic parameters in an "ideal" environment (cool, sea level, and hydrated person). This basic model was then advanced for increasing levels of altitude, heat strain, and dehydration, using meta-analysis and reaggregation of published data. Using the estimated altitude- and heat-induced changes in maximum oxygen extraction and maximum cardiac output, the decline in maximum oxygen consumption at high altitude and in the heat was also modeled. A validation of predicted cardiovascular strain using heart rate was conducted using a dataset of 101 heterogeneous individuals (1,371 data points) during rest and exercise in the heat and at altitude, demonstrating that the CVR Model performs well (R2 = 0.82-0.84) in predicting cardiovascular strain, particularly at a group mean level (R2 = 0.97). The development of the CVR Model is aimed at providing the Fiala thermal Physiology & Comfort (FPC) Model and other complex thermophysiological models with improved estimations of cardiac strain and exercise tolerance, across a range of individuals during acute exposure to environmental stressors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present research promotes the adaption of thermophysiological modeling to the estimation of cardiovascular strain in individuals exercising under acute environmental stress. Integration with advanced models of human thermoregulation opens doors for detailed numerical analysis of athletes' performance and physiology during exercise, occupational safety, and individual work tolerability. The research provides a simple-to-validate metric of cardiovascular function (heart rate), as well as a method to evaluate key principles influencing exercise- and thermoregulation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lloyd
- 1Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Dusan Fiala
- 2ERGONSIM—Human Thermal Modelling, Messstetten, Germany
| | | | - George Havenith
- 1Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saquetto MB, Dos Santos MR, Alves IGN, Queiroz RS, Machado RM, Neto MG. Effects of water-based exercises on functioning of postmenopausal women: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2022; 166:111875. [PMID: 35764204 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of Water-Based Exercise (WBE) versus Land-Based Exercise (LBE) and of WBE versus Non-Exercise in postmenopausal women on muscle strength, agility, flexibility, bone mineral density and aerobic capacity. METHODS We systematically searched in MEDLINE, PEDro, SciELO and the Cochrane Library RCT published until May 2022. Only randomized controlled trials were included. We analyzed the pooled results using weighted mean differences, standardized mean difference, and 95%CI were calculated. RESULTS Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria; although, sixteen studies were included in the meta-analyses. The studies presented low methodological quality. WBE was more effective than NE for improving muscle strength of knee extension (3.34), knee flexion (2.51), arm curl (6.78 repetitions), VO2Max (4.12 ml/kg), and flexibility (6.38 cm) When comparing WBE with LBE, no significant statistical difference was found regarding muscular strength of lower limbs (1.00), muscular strength of upper limbs (0.47), flexibility (1.95 cm), aerobic capacity (0.82 ml/kg) and lumbar bone mineral density (0.04 g/cm2). CONCLUSIONS WBE promotes significant benefits in muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and flexibility, when compared to no intervention. However, WBE was similar to the LBE for improving muscle strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility, agility, and bone mineral density - lumbar in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Bernardone Saquetto
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Curso de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.; Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisioterapia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil..
| | | | - Iura Gonzalez Nogueira Alves
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisioterapia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Santos Queiroz
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisioterapia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.; Universidade Federal do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Mathias Machado
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisioterapia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Brazil
| | - Mansueto Gomes Neto
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Curso de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.; Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisioterapia - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde - UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Häfele MS, Alberton CL, Schaun GZ, Häfele V, Nunes GN, Andrade LS, Pinto SS. Quality of life responses after combined and aerobic water-based training programs in older women: a randomized clinical trial (ACTIVE Study). Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:1123-1131. [PMID: 35023049 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-02040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) is an important health index for older adults. AIM The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 16 weeks of aerobic training to 8 weeks of aerobic followed by 8 weeks of combined (i.e., resistance and aerobic exercises) training, as well as to a control group on the QoL of older women exercising in the aquatic environment. METHODS 52 older women were first randomized to either aerobic training (n = 35) or a control group (n = 17). After 8 weeks of intervention, participants initially assigned to the aerobic training group were again randomized to either 8 additional weeks of aerobic (n = 17) or combined training (n = 18). Aerobic training was performed at the heart rate percentage associated with the anaerobic threshold, while resistance training sets were performed at maximal effort. The control group performed low-intensity water-based therapeutic exercises. QoL was assessed before (week 0) and after the intervention (week 17) using the WHOQOL-BREEF and WHOQOL-OLD questionnaires. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and Bonferroni post hoc tests (α = 0.05) were used to compare time points and groups. RESULTS QoL improved significantly only in the training groups after the 16-week training intervention, whereas it remained unchanged in the control group. In addition, autonomy, environment, and present, past and future activities domains were more impacted after combined training. CONCLUSION QoL improved only in the water-based training groups, and the addition of resistance exercises to the training program resulted in additional benefits to autonomy, environment, and past, present, and future activities domains. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT03892278.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mur-Gimeno E, Postigo-Martin P, Cantarero-Villanueva I, Sebio-Garcia R. Systematic review of the effect of aquatic therapeutic exercise in breast cancer survivors. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2022; 31:e13535. [PMID: 34729835 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic therapeutic exercise can be equally effective or even superior to land-based exercise in improving several clinical variables. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the effects compared to land-based interventions particularly in breast cancer (BC) patients. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine the effects of aquatic therapeutic exercise on pain, shoulder mobility, lymphedema, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, body composition, pulmonary function, cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and which parameters are effective compared to similar land-based interventions. METHODS The databases used were PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and CINAHL, retrieving 145 articles. RESULTS Eleven studies were included. Aquatic therapeutic exercise is feasible, safe, well tolerated and achieved high percentages of adherence. As for the assessed outcomes, moderate to large improvements were found compared to usual care or to land-based physical exercise interventions in pain, shoulder range of motion, pulmonary function, HRQoL, cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength. Inconclusive results were found for lymphedema, body composition and CRF. CONCLUSIONS Aquatic therapeutic exercise interventions using a combination of endurance, strength, mobility, stretching and breathing exercises resulted in improvements in common side effects of BC and its treatments. More studies on CRF, body composition and lymphedema need to be done to further evaluate the impact of the intervention on these outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Mur-Gimeno
- Tecnocampus, Research Group in Attention to Chronicity and Innovation in Health (GRACIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Postigo-Martin
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- 'CUIDATE' from Biomedical Group (BIO277), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Granada Institute for Biomedical Research (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospital Complex of Granada/University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Cantarero-Villanueva
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- 'CUIDATE' from Biomedical Group (BIO277), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Granada Institute for Biomedical Research (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospital Complex of Granada/University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Sebio-Garcia
- Tecnocampus, Research Group in Attention to Chronicity and Innovation in Health (GRACIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Michishita R, Hide T, Kawakami S, Kanegawa Y, Takayanagi K, Inui M, Uehara Y, Higaki Y. Effects of Aquatic Exercise Training on Physical Performance and Mood States in Male Collegiate Soccer Players. TRANSLATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
11
|
Faíl LB, Marinho DA, Marques EA, Costa MJ, Santos CC, Marques MC, Izquierdo M, Neiva HP. Benefits of aquatic exercise in adults with and without chronic disease-A systematic review with meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:465-486. [PMID: 34913530 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic exercise is being increasingly recommended for healthy individuals as well as people with some special health conditions. A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed to synthesize and analyze data on the effects of water-based training (WT) programs on health status and physical fitness of healthy adults and adults with diseases to develop useful recommendations for health and sports professionals. We searched three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) up to June 2021 for randomized trials that examined WT in adults. A total of 62 studies were included, of which 26 involved only healthy individuals and 36 focused on adults with chronic diseases. In the healthy group, the effects of WT on strength, balance, and cardiorespiratory fitness were beneficial, indicating the usefulness of performing WT for at least 12 weeks (2-3x/week, 46-65 min/session). Among adults with diseases, improvements were observed in patients with fibromyalgia (in balance and cardiorespiratory fitness), bone diseases (pain, balance, flexibility, and strength), coronary artery disease (strength and anthropometry), hypertension (quality of life), stroke (quality of life), diabetes (balance and quality of life), multiple sclerosis (quality of life and balance), and Parkinson's disease (pain, gait, cardiorespiratory fitness, and quality of life). Research is required to determine the effects of WT on patients with heart disease, especially coronary artery disease. In adults with chronic disease, benefits in physical fitness and/or other health-related measures were mainly observed after 8-16 weeks of training. WT is an effective physical activity when the intention is to enhance health and physical fitness in healthy adults and adults with chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís B Faíl
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa A Marques
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Physical Education and Sports, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Mário J Costa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário C Marques
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oh SJ, Lee SH. Comparing durability of water- and land-based exercise benefits among older adults in South Korea: A randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2021; 34:745-755. [PMID: 33896806 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic exercise can improve strength, flexibility, and aerobic function while safely providing partial weight-bearing support through viscosity and buoyancy. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based exercise with land-based exercise before and after a 10-week exercise intervention and again at one-year follow-up. METHODS Eighty participants aged 65 years and older were randomly assigned to either a water- or a land-based 10-week exercise program. Assessment included the Senior Fitness Test (SFT), the Modified Falls-Efficacy Scale, and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Hip and knee strength was also measured. All assessments were completed at three time points: pre- (T1), post- (T2), and at 1-year follow-up (T3). RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the two groups on three parameters: the SFT timed up-and-go test; lower hip muscle strength in extension, adduction, and external rotation; and quality of life (QoL) measured by the SF-36 (p< 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the SFT chair stand test, dominant arm curl test, two-minute step test, chair sit-and-reach test, back scratch test, and Modified Falls-Efficacy Scale. CONCLUSION Aquatic exercise provided greater improvement of physical health and QoL among older people than land-based exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Jun Oh
- Human Behavior and Genetic Institute, Associate Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rezaeipour M. Effects of two water-based exercise programs on body weight and blood lipid parameters in elderly obese males with a sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102194. [PMID: 34242940 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The consequences of exercise on atherogenic features are inconsistent. This study was aimed to examine the impacts of two water-based exercise programs (interval vs. continuous) without dietary intervention on body weight and blood lipid parameters, and its potential interactive effects and the activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in obese older men with a sedentary lifestyle. METHODS Sixty-two sedentary older men, who came to consult on weight loss to the Helal Ferdows Sports Complex, Iran, in 2018, volunteered for participation in this quasi-experimental study. Participants derived from a convenience sample were assigned at random into two aquatic exercise programs: Continuous training (CT) with moderate to vigorous-intensity and interval training (IT) with high-intensity. Both programs continued three months, three times a week, for 60-min each time. Comparing groups and times (pre- and post-intervention) was carried out using the Wilcoxon Nonparametric Test. The following assessments were completed pre- and post-intervention: body weight, body mass index (BMI), CETP activity, and blood lipid parameters. RESULTS No significant differences were observed when comparing the variables investigated within and between the groups' pre- and post-intervention (P ˃ 0.05), except for body weight and BMI in the CT after the intervention (respectively, 0.6 kg, P = 0.04; 0.4 kg m-2, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Both water-based exercise programs, without interference in nutrition, do not reveal a significant improvement in atherogenic features. The CT program detected modest but significant influences on body weight and BMI of obese older men with a sedentary lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Rezaeipour
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Postal Code: 9816745639, Zahedan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reichert T, Costa RR, Preissler AAB, Oliveira HB, Bracht CG, Barroso BM, de Mello Bones da Rocha V, Correia AF, Kruel LFM. Short and long-term effects of water-based aerobic and concurrent training on cardiorespiratory capacity and strength of older women. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
15
|
Andrade LS, Pinto SS, Silva MR, Campelo PC, Rodrigues SN, Gomes MB, Krüger VL, de Ferreira GF, Alberton CL. Randomized Clinical Trial of Water-Based Aerobic Training in Older Women (WATER Study): Functional Capacity and Quality of Life Outcomes. J Phys Act Health 2020; 17:781-789. [PMID: 32668410 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2019-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 water-based aerobic training programs on functional capacity and quality of life (QoL) of older women. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. METHODS A total of 41 women (64.3 [3.1] y) were randomized into a continuous (CTG) and an interval (ITG) water-based aerobic training group. Training programs were performed with exercise intensity based on rating of perceived exertion throughout 12 weeks (twice a week). Functional tests with and without dual-task and QoL questionnaire were applied pretraining and posttraining. Per protocol and intention to treat analysis were conducted using generalized estimating equations, with Bonferroni post hoc test (α = .05). RESULTS The per protocol analysis showed an increase in the 30-second chair stand (6% [12%] vs 18% [13%]), 6-minute walk (4% [7%] vs 2% [8%]), and 5-m habitual gait velocity (6% [11%] vs 4% [7%]) tests after CTG and ITG training groups. In addition, the intention to treat analysis revealed an increase in the 30-second chair stand test (7% [13%] vs 12% [13%]) and physical domain of QoL (8% [26%] vs 14% [22%]) after CTG and ITG training groups, as well as an increase in the gait velocity with verbal task after CTG (6% [11%]). CONCLUSIONS Both water-based aerobic training programs induced similar improvements in the functional capacity and maintained the QoL perception in older women.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruangthai R, Phoemsapthawee J, Makaje N, Phimphaphorn P. Comparative effects of water- and land-based combined exercise training in hypertensive older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 90:104164. [PMID: 32650155 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A randomized controlled trial was designed to compare water- and land-based combined (aerobic and resistance) exercise training programs on cardiometabolic parameters, functional fitness, and quality-of-life (QoL) in hypertensive older adults. METHODS Fifty-three participants were divided into three groups: 1) land-based exercise group (LET, n=17), 2) water-based exercise group (WET, n=16), and 3) control group (CON, n=20). All programs comprised of a 12-week supervised training program (three 1-hr sessions per week), followed by a 12-week self-supervised training program. Blood pressure (BP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total nitrite/nitrate (NOx-), malondialdehyde (MDA), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), blood lipids, functional fitness, and QoL were assessed before and after each period. RESULTS Following the supervised period, systolic BP, rate-pressure product, GPx, NOx-, MDA, hs-CRP concentrations, physical and psychological domains, and overall QoL significantly improved in both training groups. Only the WET improved LDL-C and lipoprotein combine index. Meanwhile, the 30s chair-stand test and 2-min step test improved only in the LET. Succeeding the self-supervised period, systolic BP and NOx- concentration significantly improved in both training groups. Notwithstanding, the 30s chair-standing and arm curl tests improved only in the LET. CONCLUSIONS Both training programs rendered ameliorated systolic BP, antioxidant capacity and inflammation, muscular strength, aerobic endurance and QoL with a higher progression in the LET. Nevertheless, metabolic variables were greater improved in the WET. Additionally, due to greater exercise participation, the WET program may be a useful tool in motivating hypertensive older adults to continuously exercise on their own.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratree Ruangthai
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Phoemsapthawee
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
| | - Niromlee Makaje
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Phornphon Phimphaphorn
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Masuki S, Morikawa M, Nose H. Internet of Things (IoT) System and Field Sensors for Exercise Intensity Measurements. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1207-1240. [PMID: 32941686 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although exercise training according to individual peak aerobic capacity ( V ˙ o2peak ) has been recommended at all ages, sensors available in the field are limited. The most popular sensors in the field are pedometers, but they cannot be used to monitor exercise intensity. Instead, although heart rate (HR) monitors are broadly available in the field to estimate exercise intensity, HR responses to exercise vary by individual according to physical fitness and environmental conditions, which hinders the precise measurement of energy expenditure. These issues make it difficult for exercise physiologists to collaborate with geneticists, nutritionists, and clinicians using the internet of things (IoT). To conquer these problems, we have developed a device that is equipped with a triaxial accelerometer and a barometer to measure energy expenditure during interval walking training (IWT) in the field with inclines. IWT is a training regimen to repeat fast and slow walking for 3 min each, equivalent to greater than 70% and approximately 40% of individual V ˙ o2peak , respectively. Additionally, we developed an IoT system that enables users to receive instructions from trainers according to their walking records even if they live far away. Since the system is available at low cost with minimum personnel, we can investigate any factors affecting the adherence to and effects of IWT in a large population for a long period. This system was also used to verify any effects of nutritional supplements during IWT and to examine the value of applying IWT to clinical medicine. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1207-1240, 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Masuki
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mayuko Morikawa
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.,Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nose
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Jukunen Taiikudaigaku Research Center, Matsumoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Haynes A, Naylor LH, Carter HH, Spence AL, Robey E, Cox KL, Maslen BA, Lautenschlager NT, Ridgers ND, Green DJ. Land-walking vs. water-walking interventions in older adults: Effects on aerobic fitness. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:274-282. [PMID: 32444152 PMCID: PMC7242220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and interventions that increase fitness reduce risk. Water-walking decreases musculoskeletal impact and risk of falls in older individuals, but it is unclear whether water-walking improves aerobic fitness in the same way as weight-dependent land-walking. This randomized controlled trial involved 3 intervention groups-a no-exercise control group (CG), a land-walking (LW) group, and a water-walking (WW) group-to investigate the comparative impacts of LW and WW to CG on fitness. METHODS Both exercise groups attended individually tailored, center-based, intensity-matched 3 × weekly sessions for 24 weeks, which progressed to 150 min of exercise per week. This was followed by a 24-week no-intervention period. Maximal graded exercise tests were performed on a treadmill at Weeks 0, 24, and 48. RESULTS Maximal oxygen uptake increased from Week 0 to Week 24 in both exercise groups (0.57 ± 0.62 mL/kg/min, 0.03 ± 0.04 L/min for LW; 0.93 ± 0.75 mL/kg/min, 0.06 ± 0.06 L/min for WW, mean ± SE) compared to the CG (-1.75 ± 0.78 mL/kg/min, -0.16 ± 0.05 L/min) (group × time, p < 0.05). Time to exhaustion increased significantly following LW only (123.4 ± 25.5 s), which was significantly greater (p = 0.001) than the CG (24.3 ± 18.5 s). By Week 48, the training-induced adaptations in the exercise groups returned to near baseline levels. CONCLUSION Our study supports current physical-activity recommendations that 150 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise produces improvements in fitness in previously sedentary older individuals. Also, LW and WW elicit similar improvements in fitness if conducted at the same relative intensities. Exercise-naïve older individuals can benefit from the lower impact forces and decreased risk of falls associated with WW without compromising improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Haynes
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Howard H Carter
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Angela L Spence
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Elisa Robey
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kay L Cox
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barbara A Maslen
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicola T Lautenschlager
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Psychiatry, WA Centre for Health & Ageing, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andrade LS, Pinto SS, Silva MR, Schaun GZ, Portella EG, Nunes GN, David GB, Wilhelm EN, Alberton CL. Water-based continuous and interval training in older women: Cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular outcomes (WATER study). Exp Gerontol 2020; 134:110914. [PMID: 32145293 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two water-based aerobic programs on cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular outcomes in older women. Forty-one women (60 to 75 years old) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were randomized into a water-based continuous (CTG; n = 21; 63.9 ± 2.5 years) or an interval (ITG; n = 20; 64.8 ± 3.6 years) aerobic training group. Both training programs were performed for 12 weeks (45-min sessions twice a week), with exercise intensity based on rating of perceived exertion (Borg's RPE 6-20 Scale). Pre and post training assessments of cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular outcomes were performed. Data analyses were conducted using Generalized Estimating Equations and Bonferroni post-hoc test (α = 0.05). After the intervention, the CTG and the ITG displayed similar improvements in time to exhaustion (8% vs. 11%), peak oxygen uptake (9% vs. 7%), maximal dynamic knee extension strength (5% vs. 6%), dynamic muscular endurance of knee extensors (10% vs. 11%), maximal vastus lateralis electromyographic signal amplitude (13% vs. 35%), as well as an increase in muscle thickness (5% vs. 6%) and decrease in muscle echo intensity (-2% vs. -3%) of the quadriceps femoris. In conclusion, older women benefited from water-based exercise training prescribed based on participants' RPE, with both the interval and the continuous training programs resulting in similar increases in the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular parameters.
Collapse
|
20
|
Park SY, Wong A, Son WM, Pekas EJ. Effects of heated water-based versus land-based exercise training on vascular function in individuals with peripheral artery disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:565-575. [PMID: 32027542 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00744.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease that is associated with poor vascular function, walking impairment, and reduced quality of life. Land-based exercise therapy (LBET) is frequently recommended to improve walking and reduce symptoms. Recently, evidence has suggested that heated-water exercise therapy (HWET) is an effective intervention for PAD. However, the efficacy of LBET versus HWET in PAD patients had not been elucidated. Therefore, we sought to compare effects of LBET with HWET on cardiovascular function, exercise tolerance, physical function, and body composition in PAD patients. PAD patients (n = 53) were recruited and randomly assigned to a LBET group (n = 25) or HWET group (n = 28). The LBET group performed treadmill walking, whereas the HWET group performed walking in heated water for 12 wk. Leg (legPWV) and brachial-to-ankle arterial stiffness (baPWV), blood pressure (BP), ankle-brachial index (ABI), 6-min walking distance (6MWD), claudication onset time (COT), physical function, and body composition were assessed before and after 12 wk. There were significant group-by-time interactions (P < 0.05) for legPWV, BP, 6MWD, COT, body composition, and resting metabolic rate (RMR). Both groups significantly reduced (P < 0.05) legPWV, BP, and body fat percentage, and HWET measures were significantly lower than LBET measures. Both groups significantly increased 6MWD, COT, and RMR, and HWET group measures were significantly greater than LBET measures. A time effect was noted for baPWV reduction in both groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that both LBET and HWET improve cardiovascular function, exercise tolerance, and body composition, and HWET showed considerably greater improvements compared with LBET in patients with PAD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this study reveal for the first time that although land-based exercise therapy is effective for reducing arterial stiffness and blood pressure in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), heated-water exercise therapy demonstrates greater benefits on vascular function. The greater improvements in muscular strength, time to onset of claudication, and exercise tolerance after heated-water exercise therapy may have clinical implications for improving quality of life in patients with PAD. The heated-water exercise therapy intervention demonstrated relatively higher exercise training adherence (∼88%) compared with the land-based exercise intervention (∼81%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Young Park
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Won-Mok Son
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Elizabeth J Pekas
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Conners RT, Caputo JL, Coons JM, Fuller DK, Morgan DW. Impact of Underwater Treadmill Training on Glycemic Control, Blood Lipids, and Health-Related Fitness in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2019; 37:36-43. [PMID: 30705495 PMCID: PMC6336125 DOI: 10.2337/cd17-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
IN BRIEF A large number of adults with type 2 diabetes experience comorbidities that discourage physical activity and hinder regular participation in land-based exercise programs. An aquatic exercise program is an innovative exercise modality that incorporates combined aerobic and resistance exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if an underwater treadmill walking program featuring gradual and progressive increases in walking speed and duration has a positive effect on glycemic control, metabolic health, cardiovascular function, body composition, and leg strength in middle-aged adults with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sodré RDS, Matos MI, Silva GDP, Meirelles FO, Bunn PDS, Silva EBD. The effects of hydrogymnastics on functional autonomy in elderly women: a meta-analysis. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201900030004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ravini de Souza Sodré
- Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte e da Saúde, Brasil; Universidade Castelo Branco, Brazil
| | - Mariana I. Matos
- Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte e da Saúde, Brasil
| | - Glória de Paula Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte e da Saúde, Brasil; Universidade Castelo Branco, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila dos Santos Bunn
- Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte e da Saúde, Brasil; Centro de Educação Física “Almirante Adalberto Nunes”, Brasil
| | - Elirez B. da Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa em Ciências do Esporte e da Saúde, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tamin TZ, Loekito N. Aquatic versus land-based exercise for cardiorespiratory endurance and quality of life in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2018. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.v27i4.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is related to chronic pain causing physical inactivity that leads to decreased cardiorespiratory endurance and quality of life. Aquatic and land-based exercises are effective in improving physical activity. The aim of this study is to compare between aquatic and land-based exercise to improve cardiorespiratory endurance and quality of life in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis.Methods: A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted on thirty three obese patients with knee OA who visited Obesity Clinic of Medical Rehabilitation Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, from October 2016 to January 2017, subjects were divided into aquatic or land-based exercise group. Aerobic and knee-strengthening exercises were given. Cardiorespiratory endurance was assessed using the Borg Scale, whereas both the BORG CR-10 and SF-36 questionnaires were used to assess quality of life.Results: After intervention, there were significant improvements in the land-based exercise group in the rating of perceived exertion (p=0.02), role limitations due to physical health (p=0.024), role limitations due to emotional problems (p=0.041), energy/fatigue (p=0.016), and the decline in pain (p=0.049) parameters. While in the aquatic exercise, there were significant improvements in leg fatigue (p=0.016), energy/fatigue (p=0.025), emotional well-being (p<0.001), and general health (p=0.045) parameters. Despite this, there were no significant differences between two groups regarding cardiorespiratory endurance and quality of life.Conclusion: This study found that patients could start aquatic exercise to reduce leg fatigue and enhanced general health and energy. After that, exercise could be continued in land-based settings to improve cardiorespiratory endurance and quality of life.
Collapse
|
24
|
Binkley HM, Rudd LE. Head-Out Aquatic Exercise for Generally Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review. J Phys Act Health 2018; 16:1-22. [PMID: 30501546 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquatic exercise (AE) is a method for exercise and rehabilitation to enhance function for various clients. OBJECTIVES Investigate the effects of head-out AE interventions on the physiological and psychological outcomes of healthy postmenopausal women of age 50-70 years. SEARCH STRATEGIES Databases searched included Scopus, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed/MEDLINE, PEDro, CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, Nursing & Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, JSTOR, and OTSeeker.com, through January 2015. Search Criteria: Randomized controlled trial and quasi-randomized controlled trial studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two researchers scanned studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies included were critically appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PEDro scale). RESULTS A total of 15 studies including postmenopausal women and head-out AE intervention were reviewed. Considerable variation existed in the interventions and assessments. Outcome measures showed anthropometric measures (body mass index, circumference, skinfolds, and body fat) were inconclusive; upper and lower body strength improved; flexibility improved; all functional movements (short-distance walk, long-distance walk/run, power, agility, balance and falls) improved; bone density improved; biochemical and hormonal variables were inconclusive; and quality of life outcomes improved. CONCLUSIONS Head-out AE appears to be an effective training and conditioning method for postmenopausal women to improve strength, flexibility, functional movements, bone density, and quality of life.
Collapse
|
25
|
Reimers AK, Knapp G, Reimers CD. Effects of Exercise on the Resting Heart Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E503. [PMID: 30513777 PMCID: PMC6306777 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting heart rate (RHR) is positively related with mortality. Regular exercise causes a reduction in RHR. The aim of the systematic review was to assess whether regular exercise or sports have an impact on the RHR in healthy subjects by taking different types of sports into account. A systematic literature research was conducted in six databases for the identification of controlled trials dealing with the effects of exercise or sports on the RHR in healthy subjects was performed. The studies were summarized by meta-analyses. The literature search analyzed 191 studies presenting 215 samples fitting the eligibility criteria. 121 trials examined the effects of endurance training, 43 strength training, 15 combined endurance and strength training, 5 additional school sport programs. 21 yoga, 5 tai chi, 3 qigong, and 2 unspecified types of sports. All types of sports decreased the RHR. However, only endurance training and yoga significantly decreased the RHR in both sexes. The exercise-induced decreases of RHR were positively related with the pre-interventional RHR and negatively with the average age of the participants. From this, we can conclude that exercise-especially endurance training and yoga-decreases RHR. This effect may contribute to a reduction in all-cause mortality due to regular exercise or sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kerstin Reimers
- Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Technical University of Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Guido Knapp
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Vogelpothsweg 87, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Arazi H, Asadi R, Taati B. Exercise training in thermo-mineral spring water has beneficial effects on hemodynamic and health-related factors in young-older hypertensive women: A randomized control trial. J Women Aging 2018; 32:279-291. [DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2018.1547003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Asadi
- Department of Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behzad Taati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rica RL, Gama EF, Machado AF, Alonso AC, Evangelista AL, Figueira-Junior A, Zanetti M, Brandão R, Miranda MLDJ, Alves JV, Bergamin M, Bocalini DS. Does resistance training improve body image satisfaction among the elderly? A cross-sectional study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e290. [PMID: 30088536 PMCID: PMC6038056 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate whether body image satisfaction improves with practice in resistance training in elderly women. METHODS Forty women were selected and randomly divided into an untrained group (UN) group and a group trained in resistance exercises (RT). To evaluate body image satisfaction, the silhouette matching task was used. RESULTS No differences were found between current (5.45±0.24) and ideal (4.7±0.12) silhouettes in the RT group. However, the UN group showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between current (10.4±0.43) and ideal (5.6±0.26) silhouettes. The current silhouette was significantly different between the UN and RT groups (p<0.002). However, the ideal silhouette value did not differ between them. Body satisfaction was present in 90% of the participants in the RT group, and the difference was 15% less than that in the UN group (x2 test, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Resistance training in elderly women can promote satisfaction with their body image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Luksevicius Rica
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Eliane Florencio Gama
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alexandre Fernandes Machado
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Angélica Castilho Alonso
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Alexandre L. Evangelista
- Divisao de Education Fisica, Departamento de Educacao, Universidade Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Aylton Figueira-Junior
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Marcelo Zanetti
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Regina Brandão
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Maria Luiza de Jesus Miranda
- Departamento de Educacao Fisica e Ciencias do Envelhecimento, Laboratorio de Percepcao Corporal e Movimento, Universidade Sao Judas Tadeu, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - José Vilaça Alves
- Sport Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Marco Bergamin
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Danilo Sales Bocalini
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia e Bioquimica Experimental, Centro de Educacao Fisica e Deportos, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, ES, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Costa RR, Kanitz AC, Reichert T, Prado AKG, Coconcelli L, Buttelli ACK, Pereira LF, Masiero MPB, Meinerz AP, Conceição MO, Sbeghen IL, Kruel LFM. Water-based aerobic training improves strength parameters and cardiorespiratory outcomes in elderly women. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:231-239. [PMID: 29730330 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based aerobic training and water-based resistance training on muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in older women. Sixty-nine individuals were randomized into the following three groups: the water-based aerobic training (WA, n = 23) group, the water-based resistance training (WR, n = 23) group, and the control group (CG, n = 23). Participants were trained two times per week for 10 weeks. The trainings presented a linear periodization with an increase in the volume-intensity relation. Maximal dynamic muscular strength and the cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated before the start of training and after 10 weeks of training. Only the WA group showed an increase in maximal oxygen consumption (13.8%) and oxygen consumption at the second ventilatory threshold (16.4%). Maximal dynamic strength of knee extensors improved in 10.6% of WA, 8.0% of WR, and 4.7% of CG participants, without any difference between the groups. Maximal dynamic strength of knee flexors was increased in 14.1% of WA and in 17.7% of WR participants; however, it remains unchanged in CG participants. No differences were observed in resting heart rate, peak heart rate, heart rate at the second ventilatory threshold and maximal dynamic strength of shoulder horizontal flexors. It was concluded that WA seems to be more efficient for improvement in cardiorespiratory responses, and both WA and WR were efficient for development of maximal dynamic strength of knee flexion and extension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Kanitz
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, 1286 Benjamin Constant Street, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais Reichert
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Konig Garcia Prado
- Federal University of Mato Grosso, Faculty of Physical Education, 2367 Fernando Corrêa Avenue, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Leandro Coconcelli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Frances Pereira
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Paulo Bienert Masiero
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Pellegrini Meinerz
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Oliveira Conceição
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora Loch Sbeghen
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Effects of a short-term aquatic exercise intervention on symptoms and exercise capacity in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1801-1810. [PMID: 29923110 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This pilot pre-and post-intervention study investigated the effects of a short-term aquatic exercise programme on physiological outcomes, symptoms and exercise capacity in women with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). METHODS Eleven women (54.8 ± 12.4 year) volunteered for the 5-week program; an initial 20-min aquatic exercise session then two self-paced 20-min sessions per week for 4 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes were physiological measures, 6 min Walk Test (6MWT), perceived exertion (RPE), hand grip strength, Sit-to-Stand, Sit-Reach test, Apley's shoulder test, FACIT questionnaire, and 24-h post-test tiredness and pain scores (0-10 visual analogue scale). Heart rates, RPE, 24- and 48-h post-session tiredness/pain scores were recorded each session. RESULTS 6MWT distance increased by 60.8 m (p = 0.006), left hand grip strength by 6 kg (p = 0.038), Sit-Reach test by 4.0 cm (p = 0.017), right shoulder flexibility by 2.9 cm (p = 0.026), FACIT scores by 8.2 (p = 0.041); 24-h post-test tiredness and pain decreased by 1.5 and 1.6, respectively (p = 0.002). There were significant post-intervention increases in exercising heart rates (6MWT 4- and 6-min time points), oxygen saturation at 2-min, and reduced RPE at 4-min. Weekly resting and exercising heart rates increased significantly during the study but RPE decreased; immediately post- and 24-h post-session tiredness decreased significantly. There were no reports of symptom exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS Five weeks of low-moderate intensity aquatic exercise significantly improved exercise capacity, RPE and fatigue. This exercise mode exercise may potentially be a manageable and safe physical activity for CFS/ME patients.
Collapse
|
30
|
Water-based aerobic and combined training in elderly women: Effects on functional capacity and quality of life. Exp Gerontol 2018; 106:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
31
|
Paunksnis MR, Evangelista AL, La Scala Teixeira CV, Alegretti João G, Pitta RM, Alonso AC, Figueira A, Serra AJ, Baker JS, Schoenfeld BJ, Bocalini DS. Metabolic and hormonal responses to different resistance training systems in elderly men. Aging Male 2018; 21:106-110. [PMID: 28937309 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1379489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare acute and sub-acute responses in hormonal profile and metabolic parameters in elderly people who participated in two methods of strength training (ST) with equalized loads. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 12 elder individuals (65 ± 3 years) were randomly assigned to two training methods: constant intensity (CI, 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 75% of 1RM) and variable intensity (VI, 1st set: 12 repetitions at 67% of 1RM > 2nd set: 10 repetitions at 75% of 1RM and 3rd set: 8 repetitions at 80% of 1RM). Both methods included the following exercises: leg press, knee extension, and squat with 1 min rest intervals between sets. Free speed of execution and maximum range of movement were encouraged throughout each set for both protocols. Blood samples were analyzed included glucose, testosterone (T), cortisol (C), T/C rate, growth hormone (GH), and lactate at 2 and 24 h post intervention. RESULTS There were no observed differences in glucose, testosterone, GH, and lactate concentrations both at 2 and 24 h after the execution of the two training methods. However, significant increases in the levels of T/C rate and decrease on cortisol were observed immediately post exercise for both protocols. CONCLUSIONS Although no significant differences were observed between the two interventions in relation to the hormonal and metabolic parameters analyzed, both training methods promoted a favorable response, with a slight superiority noted for the CI method relative to the hormonal profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R Paunksnis
- a Translational Physiology Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Aging Science , São Judas Tadeu University (USJT) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Alexandre L Evangelista
- b Department of Physical Education and Biophotonic , Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cauê V La Scala Teixeira
- c Obesity study Group (GEO), Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Metabolic Disease , Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) , Santos , Brazil
- d Faculty of Physical Education , Praia Grande College (FPG) , Praia Grande , Brazil
| | - Gustavo Alegretti João
- a Translational Physiology Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Aging Science , São Judas Tadeu University (USJT) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rafael M Pitta
- a Translational Physiology Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Aging Science , São Judas Tadeu University (USJT) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Angelica C Alonso
- a Translational Physiology Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Aging Science , São Judas Tadeu University (USJT) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Aylton Figueira
- a Translational Physiology Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Aging Science , São Judas Tadeu University (USJT) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- b Department of Physical Education and Biophotonic , Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Julien S Baker
- e Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Brad Jon Schoenfeld
- f Department of Health Sciences , City University of New York , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Danilo S Bocalini
- a Translational Physiology Laboratory, Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Aging Science , São Judas Tadeu University (USJT) , São Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Costa RR, Reichert T, Coconcelli L, Simmer NM, Bagatini NC, Buttelli ACK, Bracht CG, Stein R, Kruel LFM. Short-term water-based aerobic training promotes improvements in aerobic conditioning parameters of mature women. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2017; 28:131-135. [PMID: 28779920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a decrease in aerobic capacity. Therefore, physical training has been recommended to soften the effects of advancement age. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a short-term water-based aerobic training on resting heart rate (HRrest), heart rate corresponding to anaerobic threshold (HRAT), peak heart rate (HRpeak), percentage value of HRAT in relation to HRpeak and test duration (TD) of mature women. Twenty-two women (65.91 ± 4.83 years) were submitted to a five-week water-based interval aerobic training. Aerobic capacity parameters were evaluated through an aquatic incremental test. After training, there was an increase in TD (16%) and HRAT percentage in relation to HRpeak (4.68%), and a reduction of HRrest (9%). It is concluded that a water-based aerobic interval training prescribed through HRAT of only five weeks is able to promote improvements in aerobic capacity of mature women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Thais Reichert
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Coconcelli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Nicole Monticelli Simmer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Natália Carvalho Bagatini
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Cristine Koch Buttelli
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Gomes Bracht
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 2350 Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Fernando Martins Kruel
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, School of Physical Education, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre City, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Post-exercise hypotension and heart rate variability response after water- and land-ergometry exercise in hypertensive patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180216. [PMID: 28658266 PMCID: PMC5489191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND systemic arterial hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease; physical activity for hypertensive patients is related to several beneficial cardiovascular adaptations. This paper evaluated the effect of water- and land-ergometry exercise sessions on post-exercise hypotension (PEH) of healthy normotensive subjects versus treated or untreated hypertensive patients. METHODS Forty-five older women composed three experimental groups: normotensive (N, n = 10), treated hypertensive (TH, n = 15) and untreated hypertensive (UH, n = 20). The physical exercise acute session protocol was performed at 75% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) for 45 minutes; systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure were evaluated at rest, peak and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes after exercise cessation. Additionally, the heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed by R-R intervals in the frequency domain for the assessment of cardiac autonomic function. RESULTS In both exercise modalities, equivalent increases in SBP were observed from rest to peak exercise for all groups, and during recovery, significant PEH was noted. At 90 minutes after the exercise session, the prevalence of hypotension was significantly higher in water- than in the land-based protocol. Moreover, more pronounced reductions in SBP and DBP were observed in the UH patients compared to TH and N subjects. Finally, exercise in the water was more effective in restoring HRV during recovery, with greater effects in the untreated hypertensive group. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that water-ergometry exercise was able to induce expressive PEH and improve cardiac autonomic modulation in older normotensive, hypertensive treated or hypertensive untreated subjects when compared to conventional land-ergometry.
Collapse
|
34
|
Cunha RM, Vilaça-Alves J, Noleto MV, Silva JS, Costa AM, Silva CNF, Póvoa TIR, Lehnen AM. Acute blood pressure response in hypertensive elderly women immediately after water aerobics exercise: A crossover study. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:17-22. [PMID: 28045559 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1226891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Water aerobics exercise is widely recommended for elderly people. However, little is known about the acute effects on hemodynamic variables. Thus, we assessed the effects of a water aerobic session on blood pressure in hypertensive elderly women. Fifty hypertensive elderly women aged 67.8 ± 4.1 years, 1.5 ± 0.6 m high and BMI 28.6 ± 3.9 kg/m2, participated in a crossover clinical trial. The experiment consisted of a 45-minute water aerobics session (70%-75% HRmax adjusted for the aquatic environment) (ES) and a control session (no exercise for 45 minutes) (CS). Heart rate was monitored using a heart rate monitor and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) measurements were taken using a semi-automatic monitor before and immediately after the sessions, and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes thereafter. It was using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) with Bonferroni's post-hoc test (p < 0.05). At the end of the experimental session, ES showed a rise in SBP of 17.4 mmHg (14.3%, p < 0.001) and DBP of 5.4 mmHg (7.8%, p < 0.001) compared to CS. At 10 minutes after exercise, BP declined in ES by a greater magnitude than in CS (SBP 7.5 mmHg, 6.2%, p = 0.005 and DBP 3.8 mmHg, 5.5%, p = 0.013). At 20 minutes after exercise and thereafter, SBP and DBP were similar in both ES and CS. In conclusion, BP returned to control levels within 10-20 minutes remaining unchanged until 30 minutes after exercise, and post-exercise hypotension was not observed. Besides, BP changed after exercise was a safe rise of small magnitude for hypertensive people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Martins Cunha
- a Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil.,b Exercise Physiology Laboratory, State University of Goiás, Goiás , Goiás , Brazil
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- c Department of Sport Sciences , Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Exercise and Health, Vila Real , Portugal
| | | | - Juliana Sá Silva
- d Institute of Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso , Cuiabá , Mato Grosso , Brazil
| | - Andressa Moura Costa
- b Exercise Physiology Laboratory, State University of Goiás, Goiás , Goiás , Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Machado Lehnen
- a Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul/University Foundation of Cardiology , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Effect of Aqua Aerobics on Selected Somatic, Physiological and Aerobic Capacity Parameters in Postmenopausal Women. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2017.4-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
36
|
Waller B, Ogonowska-Słodownik A, Vitor M, Rodionova K, Lambeck J, Heinonen A, Daly D. The effect of aquatic exercise on physical functioning in the older adult: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2016; 45:593-601. [PMID: 27496935 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ageing and sedentary behaviour cause negative changes in the neuromuscular systems of healthy older adults resulting in a decrease in physical functioning. Exercising in water (aquatic exercise, AE) has been shown to be effective at improving physical functioning in this population; however, no systematic review with meta-analysis has been published. PURPOSE to investigate the effect of AE on physical functioning in healthy older adults compared to control or land-based exercise (LE) through a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, published before 31st December 2015. STUDY SELECTION in total, 28 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review; 24 studies with 1,456 subjects (89% female) and with mean age 66.4 years were included in the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION data were extracted and checked for accuracy by three independent reviewers. DATA SYNTHESIS size of treatment effect was measured using the standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS compared to control interventions, AE had a moderate positive effect on physical functioning 0.70 [95% CI 0.48 to 0.92]. Compared to LE, AE had a small positive effect on physical functioning 0.39 [0.12 to 0.66]. LIMITATIONS there is a high risk of bias and low methodological quality in the studies particularly when comparing AE to LE with possible over estimation of the benefit of AE. CONCLUSIONS AE may improve physical functioning in healthy older people and is at least as effective as LE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Waller
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto 40014, Finland
| | | | - Manuel Vitor
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karina Rodionova
- Department of Physiotherapy, Latvian Academy of Sport Education (LASE), Sport Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity, Riga, Latvia
| | - Johan Lambeck
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylän yliopisto 40014, Finland
| | - Daniel Daly
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Water-based training enhances both physical capacities and body composition in healthy young adult women. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
38
|
Bartels EM, Juhl CB, Christensen R, Hagen KB, Danneskiold‐Samsøe B, Dagfinrud H, Lund H. Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 3:CD005523. [PMID: 27007113 PMCID: PMC9942938 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005523.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease characterized by joint pain, tenderness, and limitation of movement. At present, no cure is available. Thus only treatment of the person's symptoms and treatment to prevent further development of the disease are possible. Clinical trials indicate that aquatic exercise may have advantages for people with osteoarthritis. This is an update of a published Cochrane review. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of aquatic exercise for people with knee or hip osteoarthritis, or both, compared to no intervention. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases up to 28 April 2015: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; the Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2014), MEDLINE (from 1949), EMBASE (from 1980), CINAHL (from 1982), PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), and Web of Science (from 1945). There was no language restriction. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled clinical trials of aquatic exercise compared to a control group (e.g. usual care, education, social attention, telephone call, waiting list for surgery) of participants with knee or hip osteoarthritis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of the included trials. We analysed the pooled results using standardized mean difference (SMD) values. MAIN RESULTS Nine new trials met the inclusion criteria and we excluded two earlier included trials. Thus the number of participants increased from 800 to 1190 and the number of included trials increased from six to 13. Most participants were female (75%), with an average age of 68 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 29.4. Osteoarthritis duration was 6.7 years, with a great variation of the included participants. The mean aquatic exercise duration was 12 weeks. We found 12 trials at low to unclear risk of bias for all domains except blinding of participants and personnel. They showed that aquatic exercise caused a small short term improvement compared to control in pain (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.15; 12 trials, 1076 participants) and disability (SMD -0.32, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.17; 12 trials, 1059 participants). Ten trials showed a small effect on quality of life (QoL) (SMD -0.25, 95% CI -0.49 to -0.01; 10 trials, 971 participants). These effects on pain and disability correspond to a five point lower (95% CI three to eight points lower) score on mean pain and mean disability compared to the control group (scale 0 to 100), and a seven point higher (95% CI 0 to 13 points higher) score on mean QoL compared with control group (scale 0 to 100). No included trials performed a radiographic evaluation. No serious adverse events were reported in the included trials with relation to aquatic exercise. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is moderate quality evidence that aquatic exercise may have small, short-term, and clinically relevant effects on patient-reported pain, disability, and QoL in people with knee and hip OA. The conclusions of this review update does not change those of the previous published version of this Cochrane review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Bartels
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg og FrederiksbergThe Parker InstituteFrederiksbergDenmarkDK‐2000
| | - Carsten B Juhl
- University of Southern Denmark,SEARCH (Research group for synthesis of evidence and research), Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsCampusvej 55Odense MDenmark5230
| | - Robin Christensen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg og FrederiksbergMusculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker InstituteNordre Fasanvej 57CopenhagenDenmarkDK‐2000
| | - Kåre Birger Hagen
- Diakonhjemmet HospitalNational Advisory Unit for Rehabilitation in RheumatologyPO Box 23 VindernOsloNorway0319
| | | | - Hanne Dagfinrud
- Diakonhjemmet HospitalNational Advisory Unit for Rehabilitation in RheumatologyPO Box 23 VindernOsloNorway0319
| | - Hans Lund
- University of Southern DenmarkSEARCH (Research group for synthesis of evidence and research), Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical BiomechanicsCampusvej 55Odense MDenmarkDK‐5230
- Bergen University CollegeCenter for Evidence‐Based PracticeMøllendalsveien 6BergenNorwayN‐5009
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pugh CJA, Sprung VS, Ono K, Spence AL, Thijssen DHJ, Carter HH, Green DJ. The effect of water immersion during exercise on cerebral blood flow. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:299-306. [PMID: 24977699 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regular exercise induces recurrent increases in cerebrovascular perfusion. In peripheral arteries, such episodic increases in perfusion are responsible for improvement in arterial function and health. We examined the hypothesis that exercise during immersion augments cerebral blood flow velocity compared with intensity-matched land-based exercise. METHODS Fifteen normotensive participants were recruited (26 ± 4 yr, 24.3 ± 1.9 kg·m). We continuously assessed mean arterial blood pressure, HR, stroke volume, oxygen consumption, and blood flow velocities through the middle and posterior cerebral arteries before, during, and after 20-min bouts of water- and land-based stepping exercise of matched intensity. The order in which the exercise conditions were performed was randomized between subjects. Water-based exercise was performed in 30°C water to the level of the right atrium. RESULTS The water- and land-based exercise bouts were closely matched for oxygen consumption (13.3 mL·kg·min (95% confidence interval (CI), 12.2-14.6) vs 13.5 mL·kg·min (95% CI, 12.1-14.8), P = 0.89) and HR (95 bpm (95% CI, 90-101) vs 96 bpm (95% CI, 91-102), P = 0.65). Compared with land-based exercise, water-based exercise induced an increase in middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (74 cm·s (95% CI, 66-81) vs 67 cm·s (95% CI, 60-74) P < 0.001), posterior cerebral artery blood flow velocity (47 cm·s (95% CI, 40-53) vs 43 cm·s (95% CI, 37-49), P < 0.001), mean arterial blood pressure (106 mm Hg (95% CI, 100-111) vs 101 mm Hg (95% CI, 95-106), P < 0.001), and partial pressure of expired CO2 (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that water-based exercise augments cerebral blood flow, relative to land-based exercise of similar intensity, in healthy humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J A Pugh
- 1School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA; 2Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Graduate School of Health Science, Kobe University, Hyogo Prefecture, JAPAN; and 4Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, NETHERLANDS
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Handa S, Masuki S, Ohshio T, Kamijo YI, Takamata A, Nose H. Target intensity and interval walking training in water to enhance physical fitness in middle-aged and older women: a randomised controlled study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:203-15. [PMID: 26400416 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the target intensity for fast walking during interval walking training (IWT) in water for middle-aged and older people to enhance physical fitness. METHODS Thirty-one women [59 ± 5 (SD) years old] were randomly divided into two groups: IWT on land (LG, N = 15) and in water (WG, N = 16). All subjects were instructed to perform ≥ 6 sets of fast and slow walking for 3 min each in a day, ≥ 4 days week(-1), for 8 weeks, at an intensity 35% higher than the oxygen consumption rate at the gas exchange threshold (VO2GET), with a subjective feeling of 16-18 points of the Borg scale during fast walking in each condition. Before and after IWT, we measured VO2GET, peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) by graded walking and cycling tests on land and isometric knee extension (F EXT) and flexion (F FLX) forces. RESULTS Before IWT, the VO2GET for walking in water was 14% higher and the heart rate (HR) at a given VO2 was ~10 beats min(-1) lower (P=0.001) than on land. During IWT, subjects in both groups performed IWT for ~4 days week(-1)(P > 0.9) with a 14% higher fast walking intensity in WG than in LG (P < 0.05). After IWT, the VO2peak and VO2GET for cycling, F EXT and F FLX increased more in WG than in LG (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Walking in water elevated VO2GET and decreased HR at a given exercise intensity in middle-aged and older women, which enabled them to perform exercise at a higher metabolic rate than on land due to improved subjective feelings, which, for these subjects, resulted in greater gains in physical fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Handa
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Mimaki Spa Clinic, Tomi, 389-0402, Japan
| | - Shizue Masuki
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takuya Ohshio
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Mimaki Spa Clinic, Tomi, 389-0402, Japan
| | - Yoshi-ichiro Kamijo
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Akira Takamata
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nose
- Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan. .,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pendergast DR, Moon RE, Krasney JJ, Held HE, Zamparo P. Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1705-50. [PMID: 26426465 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Water covers over 70% of the earth, has varying depths and temperatures and contains much of the earth's resources. Head-out water immersion (HOWI) or submersion at various depths (diving) in water of thermoneutral (TN) temperature elicits profound cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and renal responses. The translocation of blood into the thorax and elevation of plasma volume by autotransfusion of fluid from cells to the vascular compartment lead to increased cardiac stroke volume and output and there is a hyperperfusion of some tissues. Pulmonary artery and capillary hydrostatic pressures increase causing a decline in vital capacity with the potential for pulmonary edema. Atrial stretch and increased arterial pressure cause reflex autonomic responses which result in endocrine changes that return plasma volume and arterial pressure to preimmersion levels. Plasma volume is regulated via a reflex diuresis and natriuresis. Hydrostatic pressure also leads to elastic loading of the chest, increasing work of breathing, energy cost, and thus blood flow to respiratory muscles. Decreases in water temperature in HOWI do not affect the cardiac output compared to TN; however, they influence heart rate and the distribution of muscle and fat blood flow. The reduced muscle blood flow results in a reduced maximal oxygen consumption. The properties of water determine the mechanical load and the physiological responses during exercise in water (e.g. swimming and water based activities). Increased hydrostatic pressure caused by submersion does not affect stroke volume; however, progressive bradycardia decreases cardiac output. During submersion, compressed gas must be breathed which introduces the potential for oxygen toxicity, narcosis due to nitrogen, and tissue and vascular gas bubbles during decompression and after may cause pain in joints and the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Pendergast
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard E Moon
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - John J Krasney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Heather E Held
- Biomedical Hyperbarics Research Laboratory, Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Paola Zamparo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Functional Fitness and Self-Reported Quality of Life of Older Women Diagnosed with Knee Osteoarthrosis: A Cross-Sectional Case Control Study. J Aging Res 2015; 2015:841985. [PMID: 26346896 PMCID: PMC4541016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/841985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. Utilizing a cross-sectional case control design, the aim of this study was to evaluate the functional fitness and self-reported quality of life differences in older people diagnosed with knee osteoarthrosis (O) who participated in health promotion groups. Methods. Ninety older women were distributed into two groups: control without O of the knee (C, n = 40) and a group diagnosed with primary and secondary knee O with grade II or higher, with definite osteophytes (OA, n = 50). Functional fitness was evaluated by specific tests, and the time spent in physical activity and quality of life was evaluated by the IPAQ and WHOQOL (distributed in four domains: physical: P, psychological: PS, social: S, and environmental: E) domain questionnaires. Results. No differences were found between ages of groups (C: 66 ± 7; OA: 67 ± 9; years). The values of the chair stand test (rep) in the OA (13 ± 5) group were different when compared to C group (22 ± 5). For the 6-minute walk test (meters), the values obtained for the C (635 ± 142) were higher (P < 0.01) than the OA (297 ± 143) group. The time spent in physical activity (min) was greater (P < 0.001) in the control (220 ± 12) group compared to OA (100 ± 10) group. Higher values (P < 0.001) in all domains were found in the C (P: 69 ± 16, PS: 72 ± 17, S: 67 ± 15, E: 70 ± 15) group compared to OA (P: 48 ± 7, PS: 43 ± 8, S: 53 ± 13, E: 47 ± 14) group. Conclusion. Our data suggests that knee O, in older women, can promote a decline in time spent performing physical activity and functional fitness with decline in quality of life with an increase in sitting time.
Collapse
|
43
|
Antunes AH, Alberton CL, Finatto P, Pinto SS, Cadore EL, Zaffari P, Kruel LFM. Active Female Maximal and Anaerobic Threshold Cardiorespiratory Responses to Six Different Water Aerobics Exercises. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2015; 86:267-273. [PMID: 25774975 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1012577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maximal tests conducted on land are not suitable for the prescription of aquatic exercises, which makes it difficult to optimize the intensity of water aerobics classes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the maximal and anaerobic threshold cardiorespiratory responses to 6 water aerobics exercises. Volunteers performed 3 of the exercises in the sagittal plane and 3 in the frontal plane. METHOD Twelve active female volunteers (aged 24 ± 2 years) performed 6 maximal progressive test sessions. Throughout the exercise tests, we measured heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2). We randomized all sessions with a minimum interval of 48 hr between each session. For statistical analysis, we used repeated-measures 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Regarding the maximal responses, for the peak VO2, abductor hop and jumping jacks (JJ) showed significantly lower values than frontal kick and cross-country skiing (CCS; p < .001; partial η(2) = .509), while for the peak HR, JJ showed statistically significantly lower responses compared with stationary running and CCS (p < .001; partial η(2) = .401). At anaerobic threshold intensity expressed as the percentage of the maximum values, no statistically significant differences were found among exercises. CONCLUSION Cardiorespiratory responses are directly associated with the muscle mass involved in the exercise. Thus, it is worth emphasizing the importance of performing a maximal test that is specific to the analyzed exercise so the prescription of the intensity can be safer and valid.
Collapse
|
44
|
Lambert BS, Shimkus KL, Fluckey JD, Riechman SE, Greene NP, Cardin JM, Crouse SF. Anabolic responses to acute and chronic resistance exercise are enhanced when combined with aquatic treadmill exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E192-200. [PMID: 25425002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00689.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic treadmill (ATM) running may simultaneously promote aerobic fitness and enhance muscle growth when combined with resistance training (RT) compared with land-treadmill (LTM) running. Therefore, we examined acute and chronic physiological responses to RT, concurrent RT-LTM, and concurrent RT-ATM. Forty-seven untrained volunteers (men: n = 23, 37 ± 11 yr, 29.6 ± 4.6 kg/m(2); women: n = 24, 38 ± 12 yr, 27.53 ± 6.4 kg/m(2)) from the general population were tested for V̇o2max, body composition, and strength before and after training. All groups performed 12 wk of RT (2 wk, 3 × 8-12 sets at 60 to approximately 80% 1-repetition maximum). The RT-LTM and RT-ATM groups also performed 12 wk of LTM or ATM training (2 wk immediately post-RT and 1 wk in isolation, 60-85% V̇o2max, 250-500 kcal/session). Additionally, 25 subjects volunteered for muscle biopsy prior to and 24 h post-acute exercise before and after training. Stable isotope labeling (70% (2)H2O, 3 ml/kg) was utilized to quantify 24 h post-exercise myofibrillar fractional synthesis rates (myoFSR). Mixed-model ANOVA revealed that RT-ATM but not RT-LTM training produced greater chronic increases in lean mass than RT alone (P < 0.05). RT-LTM training was found to elicit the greatest decreases in percent body fat (-2.79%, P < 0.05). In the untrained state, acute RT-ATM exercise elicited higher 24-h myoFSRs compared with RT (+5.68%/day, P < 0.01) and RT-LTM (+4.08%/day, P < 0.05). Concurrent RT-ATM exercise and training elicit greater skeletal muscle anabolism than RT alone or RT-LTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Lambert
- Applied Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas;
| | - Kevin L Shimkus
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
| | - James D Fluckey
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Steven E Riechman
- Human Countermeasures Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jessica M Cardin
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephen F Crouse
- Applied Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fedor A, Garcia S, Gunstad J. The Effects of a Brief, Water-Based Exercise Intervention on Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 30:139-47. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
46
|
Stevens SL, Caputo JL, Fuller DK, Morgan DW. Effects of underwater treadmill training on leg strength, balance, and walking performance in adults with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 38:91-101. [PMID: 24969269 PMCID: PMC4293539 DOI: 10.1179/2045772314y.0000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the effects of underwater treadmill training (UTT) on leg strength, balance, and walking performance in adults with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). DESIGN Pre-test and post-test design. SETTING Exercise physiology laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Adult volunteers with iSCI (n = 11). INTERVENTION Participants completed 8 weeks (3 × /week) of UTT. Each training session consisted of three walks performed at a personalized speed, with adequate rest between walks. Body weight support remained constant for each participant and ranged from 29 to 47% of land body weight. Increases in walking speed and duration were staggered and imposed in a gradual and systematic fashion. OUTCOME MEASURES Lower-extremity strength (LS), balance (BL), preferred and rapid walking speeds (PWS and RWS), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and daily step activity (DSA). RESULTS Significant (P < 0.05) increases were observed in LS (13.1 ± 3.1 to 20.6 ± 5.1 N·kg(-1)), BL (23 ± 11 to 32 ± 13), PWS (0.41 ± 0.27 to 0.55 ± 0.28 m·s(-1)), RWS (0.44 ± 0.31 to 0.71 ± 0.40 m·s(-1)), 6MWD (97 ± 80 to 177 ± 122 m), and DSA (593 ± 782 to 1310 ± 1258 steps) following UTT. CONCLUSION Physical function and walking ability were improved in adults with iSCI following a structured program of UTT featuring individualized levels of body weight support and carefully staged increases in speed and duration. From a clinical perspective, these findings highlight the potential of UTT in persons with physical disabilities and diseases that would benefit from weight-supported exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Stevens
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA,Correspondence to: Sandra L. Stevens, Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, PO Box 96, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Jennifer L. Caputo
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Dana K. Fuller
- Department of Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Don W. Morgan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Alberton CL, Antunes AH, Beilke DD, Pinto SS, Kanitz AC, Tartaruga MP, Martins Kruel LF. Maximal and ventilatory thresholds of oxygen uptake and rating of perceived exertion responses to water aerobic exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:1897-903. [PMID: 23037612 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182736e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and first and second ventilatory threshold (1stVT and 2ndVT) V[Combining Dot Above]O2 values and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses of treadmill running (TR) with those of 3 water aerobic exercises: stationary running (SR), jumping jack (JJ), and forward kick (FK). Nine women (22.89 ± 1.81 years, 1.66 ± 0.07 m, 58.46 ± 4.19 kg) performed 1 maximal test session for each of the 4 exercise protocols in a randomized order to determine the V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and V[Combining Dot Above]O2 values and RPE responses corresponding with the 1stVT and 2ndVT. V[Combining Dot Above]O2 values were also expressed as a percentage of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (%V[Combining Dot Above]O2max). A repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used, with α = 0.05 denoting statistical significance. The analyses showed that the V[Combining Dot Above]O2 responses were significantly higher for TR than for the other exercises at all effort intensities (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: p < 0.001; 1stVT and 2ndVT V[Combining Dot Above]O2: p < 0.001), followed by intermediate responses for SR and FK and lower responses for JJ. However, no significant differences between exercises for values of %V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (1stVT: p = 0.099; 2ndVT: p = 0.131) and RPE (1stVT: p = 0.275; 2ndVT: p = 0.477) were found at submaximal intensities, indicating that it is possible to achieve and maintain the same training intensity with these exercises during a typical water fitness lesson. Moreover, the RPE values obtained for the 1stVT and 2ndVT can make the prescription of intensity for these water exercises for young women more simple and practical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristine L Alberton
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gobbo S, Bergamin M, Sieverdes JC, Ermolao A, Zaccaria M. Effects of exercise on dual-task ability and balance in older adults: a systematic review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 58:177-87. [PMID: 24188735 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interest in research on exercise and physical activity effects on dual-task performance has grown rapidly in the last decade due to the aging global population. Most of the available literature is focused on exercise benefits for the risk of falls, attention, and gait-speed; however, there is a lack of evidence reporting the exercise effects on balance in healthy older adults during dual-task performance. The objective of this study was to critically review the existing evidence of a potential relationship between exercise and improvement of static and dynamic balance during dual-task in healthy older adults and secondary outcomes in other physical and cognitive indices. A systematic search using online databases was used to source articles. Inclusion criteria included articles classified as randomized controlled trials (RCT), controlled trials (CT) and uncontrolled trials (UT). Moreover, the studies had to include an exercise or physical activity protocol in the intervention. Eight studies met the eligibility criteria and included 6 RCTs, 1 CT, and 1 UT. Several limitations were identified, mainly focused on the lack of a common and standardized method to evaluate the balance during the dual-task performance. Additionally, exercise protocols were extensively different, and generally lacked reporting measures. Preliminary findings show that the current body of evidence does not support that exercises used in these interventions entail clear and noteworthy benefits on static or dynamic balance improvements during dual-task performance. Innovative measures and exercise programs may need to be developed before efficacious screening and treatment strategies can be used in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gobbo
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bergamin
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - John C Sieverdes
- Technology Applications Center for Healthful Lifestyles, Medical University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Andrea Ermolao
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bergamin M, Ermolao A, Tolomio S, Berton L, Sergi G, Zaccaria M. Water- versus land-based exercise in elderly subjects: effects on physical performance and body composition. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:1109-17. [PMID: 24009416 PMCID: PMC3762608 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s44198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a 24-week exercise protocol carried out in geothermal spring water to improve overall physical function and muscle mass in a group of healthy elderly subjects. A further aim was to compare this water-based protocol with a land-based protocol and a control group. For this purpose, 59 subjects were recruited and randomly allocated to three groups: aquatic group (AG), land group (LG), and control group (CG). AG and LG followed a 6-month, twice-weekly, multimodality exercise intervention. AG underwent the protocol in hot-spring water (36°C) while LG did it in a land-based environment. After the intervention, knee-extension strength was maintained in AG and LG. The 8-foot up-and-go test showed a reduction in both exercise groups (AG −19.3%, P < 0.05; LG −12.6%, P < 0.05), with a significantly greater decrease in AG. The back-scratch test revealed an improvement only in AG (25.8%; P < 0.05), while the sit-and-reach test improved in all groups. Finally, AG reduced fat mass by 4% (P < 0.05), and dominant forearm fat decreased by 9.2% (P < 0.05). In addition, calf muscle density increased by 1.8% (P < 0.05). In summary, both water- and land-based activities were beneficial in maintaining strength and in improving lower-body flexibility. Aquatic exercise appeared a better activity to improve dynamic balance. Thermal swimming pools and the use of rating of perceived exertion as a method of exercise monitoring should be considered potentially useful tools to enhance physical performance and body composition in healthy elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bergamin
- Sports Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Olher RDRV, Bocalini DS, Bacurau RF, Rodriguez D, Figueira A, Pontes FL, Navarro F, Simões HG, Araujo RC, Moraes MR. Isometric handgrip does not elicit cardiovascular overload or post-exercise hypotension in hypertensive older women. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:649-55. [PMID: 23766641 PMCID: PMC3678710 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s40560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial hypertension is a serious health problem affecting mainly the elderly population. Recent studies have considered both aerobic and resistance exercises as a non-pharmacological aid for arterial hypertension treatment. However, the cardiovascular responses of the elderly to isometric resistance exercise (eg, isometric handgrip [IHG]) have not yet been documented. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate cardiovascular responses to different intensities of isometric exercise, as well as the occurrence of post-isometric exercise hypotension in hypertensive elderly people under antihypertensive medication treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twelve women volunteered to participate in the study after a maximal voluntary contraction test (MVC) and standardization of the intervention workload consisting of two sessions of IHG exercise performed in four sets of five contractions of a 10-second duration. Sessions were performed both at 30% of the MVC and 50% of the MVC, using a unilateral IHG protocol. Both intensities were compared with a control session without exercise. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at rest (R), during peak exercise (PE), and after 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes of post-exercise recovery were evaluated. RESULTS No significant changes were observed after isometric exercise corresponding to 30% MVC for either SBP (R: 121 ± 10; PE: 127 ± 14; 5 min: 125 ± 13; 10 min: 123 ± 12; 15 min: 122 ± 11; 30 min: 124 ± 11; 45 min: 124 ± 10; 60 min: 121 ± 10 mmHg) or DBP (R: 74 ± 9; PE: 76 ± 6; 5 min: 74 ± 5; 10 min: 72 ± 8; 15 min: 72 ± 5; 30 min: 72 ± 8; 45 min: 73 ± 6; 60 min: 75 ± 7 mmHg). Similarly, the 50% MVC did not promote post-isometric exercise hypotension for either SBP (R: 120 ± 7; PE: 125 ± 11; 5 min: 120 ± 9; 10 min: 122 ± 9; 15 min: 121 ± 11; 30 min: 121 ± 9; 45 min: 121 ± 9; 60 min: 120 ± 7 mmHg) or DBP (R: 72 ± 8; PE: 78 ± 7; 5 min: 72 ± 7; 10 min: 72 ± 8; 15 min: 71 ± 7; 30 min: 72 ± 8; 45 min: 75 ± 10; 60 min: 75 ± 7 mmHg). CONCLUSION Our data reveal that cardiovascular overload or post-exercise hypotension did not occur in elderly women with controlled hypertension when they undertook an IHG session. Thus this type of resistance exercise, with mild to moderate intensity, with short time of contraction appears to be safe for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reury Frank Bacurau
- Universidade de São Paulo – Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, São Paulo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Milton Rocha Moraes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|