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Osugi K, Kusunoki Y, Ohigashi M, Kusunoki K, Inoue C, Inoue M, Takagi A, Tsunoda T, Kadoya M, Konishi K, Katsuno T, Koyama H. Association between low-carbohydrate diets and continuous glucose monitoring-derived time in ranges. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:659-668. [PMID: 38078864 PMCID: PMC10119912 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Low-carbohydrate diets have become popular in the general community. The mutual relationship between the percentage of total energy intake from carbohydrates (CHO/E), glycemic control indices, and diabetes complications remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 177 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who regularly visited outpatient clinics. In this study, dietary questionnaires were used to assess the intake ratio of the three macronutrients, and the low-carbohydrate-diet score was calculated. We investigated the association between the low-carbohydrate-diet score, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived short-term glycemic control indices, and diabetes complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS The results are presented as medians (interquartile ranges) unless otherwise stated. Hemoglobin A1c was 7.1% (6.6-7.7%), CGM-derived time in range (TIR) was 75.3% (62.8-87.0%), body mass index (BMI) was 24.0 (22.1-26.3) kg/m2, and CHO/E was 49.8% (44.8-55.6%). BMI, triglycerides, and CGM-derived time above range decreased significantly with increasing low-carbohydrate-diet scores. However, no significant association was found between the low-carbohydrate-diet score and glycemic control indices, including TIR, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, and vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION Moderate-carbohydrate diets positively impact weight control and lipid metabolism but may have a limited effect on short-term glycemic variability in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Osugi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Yoshiki Kusunoki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
- Kusunoki ClinicNeyagawa, OsakaJapan
| | - Mana Ohigashi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | | | - Chikako Inoue
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Maki Inoue
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Ayako Takagi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Taku Tsunoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Manabu Kadoya
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Kosuke Konishi
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Katsuno
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of RehabilitationHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, School of MedicineHyogo Medical UniversityNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
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Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Skeletal Muscle, Glycemic Control, and Neuropsychological Performance in Elderly Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193917. [PMID: 36235570 PMCID: PMC9572134 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are known to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis and affect insulin signaling and kynurenine metabolism (the latter being a metabolite of tryptophan associated with depression and dementia), the effects of BCAA supplementation on type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not clear. Therefore, a 24-week, prospective randomized open blinded-endpoint trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of 8 g of BCAA or 7.5 g of soy protein on skeletal muscle and glycemic control as well as adverse events in elderly individuals with T2D. Thirty-six participants were randomly assigned to the BCAA group (n = 21) and the soy protein group (n = 15). Skeletal muscle mass and HbA1c, which were primary endpoints, did not change over time or differ between groups. However, knee extension muscle strength was significantly increased in the soy protein group and showed a tendency to increase in the BCAA group. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance did not significantly change during the trial. Depressive symptoms were significantly improved in the BCAA group but the difference between groups was not significant. Results suggested that BCAA supplementation may not affect skeletal muscle mass and glycemic control and may improve depressive symptoms in elderly individuals with T2D.
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Tian Y, Ma Y, Fu Y, Zheng JS. Application of n-of-1 Clinical Trials in Personalized Nutrition Research: A Trial Protocol for Westlake N-of-1 Trials for Macronutrient Intake (WE-MACNUTR). Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa143. [PMID: 32968703 PMCID: PMC7494402 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized dietary recommendations can help with more effective disease prevention. This study aims to investigate the individual postprandial glucose response to diets with diverse macronutrient proportions at both the individual level and population level, and explore the potential of the novel single-patient (n-of-1) trial for personalization of diet. Secondary outcomes include individual phenotypic responses and the effects of dietary ingredients on the composition of gut microbiota. Westlake N-of-1 Trials for Macronutrient Intake is a multiple crossover feeding trial consisting of 3 successive 12-d dietary intervention pairs including a 6-d washout period before each 6-d isocaloric dietary intervention: a 6-d high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, and a 6-d low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. The results will help provide personalized dietary recommendations for macronutrients in terms of postprandial blood glucose responses. The proposed n-of-1 trial methods could help in optimizing individual health and advancing health care. This trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04125602).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Tian
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Medical nutrition therapy and dietary counseling for patients with diabetes-energy, carbohydrates, protein intake and dietary counseling. Diabetol Int 2020; 11:224-239. [PMID: 32802703 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-020-00437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Matsuba I, Kanamori A, Takihata M, Takai M, Maeda H, Kubota A, Iemitsu K, Umezawa S, Obana M, Kaneshiro M, Kawata T, Takuma T, Takeda H, Machimura H, Mokubo A, Motomiya T, Asakura T, Kikuchi T, Matsuzawa Y, Ito S, Miyakawa M, Terauchi Y, Tanaka Y. Canagliflozin Increases Calorie Intake in Type 2 Diabetes Without Changing the Energy Ratio of the Three Macronutrients: CANA-K Study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2020; 22:228-234. [PMID: 32013567 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2019.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve glycemic control and reduce body weight by increasing glycosuria. Although a compensatory increase of food intake has been reported, the long-term effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on food intake remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of canagliflozin on calorie and nutrient intake over 1 year. Materials and Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 107) were enrolled and followed prospectively while receiving canagliflozin at 100 mg/day for 12 months. Intake of nutrients was investigated by using the food frequency questionnaire. Hemoglobin A1c, body weight, and satisfaction with diabetes treatment (assessed by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire: DTSQ) were also investigated. Results: The baseline total energy intake was 1723 ± 525 kcal/day and it showed a persistent increase during treatment with canagliflozin, being 132 kcal higher at 6 months (P = 0.0058) and 113 kcal higher at 12 months (P = 0.0516). Intake of all three macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) was significantly increased after 6 months of canagliflozin treatment (P = 0.0129, P = 0.0160, and P = 0.0314, respectively), but their ratio was unchanged. The DTSQ score improved significantly and both hemoglobin A1c and body weight showed a significant decrease throughout treatment (all P < 0.0001). Conclusions: After patients with type 2 diabetes commenced canagliflozin, their calorie intake increased without changing the ratio of the three macronutrients. Despite elevation of the calorie intake, glycemic control improved and weight loss was achieved. Satisfaction with treatment of diabetes also increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuro Matsuba
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Akira Kanamori
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takihata
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takai
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Hajime Maeda
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Akira Kubota
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Kotaro Iemitsu
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Shinichi Umezawa
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Obana
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kaneshiro
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kawata
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takuma
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Hideo Machimura
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Atsuko Mokubo
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Motomiya
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Taro Asakura
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kikuchi
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzawa
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyakawa
- The Study Group of the Diabetes Committee, Kanagawa Physicians Association, Yokoyama City, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanaka
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki City, Japan
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Yamakawa T, Sakamoto R, Takahashi K, Suzuki J, Matuura‐Shinoda M, Takahashi M, Shigematsu E, Tanaka S, Kaneshiro M, Asakura T, Kawata T, Yamada Y, Osada UN, Isozaki T, Takahashi A, Kadonosono K, Terauchi Y. Dietary survey in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and the influence of dietary carbohydrate on glycated hemoglobin: The Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa study. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:309-317. [PMID: 30070047 PMCID: PMC6400148 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The present study investigated the relationship between the macronutrient energy ratio, dietary carbohydrate and glycated hemoglobin levels in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, to generate a potential optimal dietary intake of macronutrients for such patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 3,032 patients participating in the Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa study were evaluated. Their diets were assessed for macronutrient content through a brief self-administered dietary history questionnaire. Relevant biochemical assays were carried out. RESULTS The mean energy intake (±standard deviation) was 1,711 ± 645 kcal/day. The proportion of energy supplied by protein, fat and carbohydrate were 16.3, 26.8 and 52.3%, respectively. Total fiber intake was 12.6 ± 5.7 g/day. The high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) group (HbA1c >8%) had significantly lower protein and higher carbohydrate intake than the low HbA1c group (HbA1c <6.5%). Higher HbA1c levels were positively correlated with unfavorable metabolic factors, including elevated body mass index and excess carbohydrate intake, and negatively correlated with age, protein intake and fiber intake. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant association between HbA1c and carbohydrate intake after adjusting for sex, age and body mass index (0.104, P < 0.0001). Additionally, patients within the uppermost tertile for the percentage of total energy intake from carbohydrate (>60%) were most likely to have high HbA1c levels. HbA1c was significantly correlated with carbohydrate (%E) in all age groups and in patients taking one or two antidiabetic drugs. CONCLUSIONS The dietary carbohydrate:energy ratio has a positive correlation with HbA1c, suggesting that avoiding excessive carbohydrate intake (>60%) might help foster glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yamakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Rika Sakamoto
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Kenichiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Minori Matuura‐Shinoda
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Mayumi Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Erina Shigematsu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismYokohama Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- International University of Health and Welfare, Atami HospitalAtamiJapan
| | | | | | | | - Kazuaki Kadonosono
- Department of OphthalmologyYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismYokohama City University School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
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Haimoto H, Watanabe S, Komeda M, Wakai K. The impact of carbohydrate intake and its sources on hemoglobin A1c levels in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes not taking anti-diabetic medication. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:53-64. [PMID: 29563823 PMCID: PMC5849919 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s154839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although postprandial glucose levels largely depend on carbohydrate intake, the impact of carbohydrate and its sources on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels has not been demonstrated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) probably because, in previous studies, more than 50% of patients were taking anti-diabetic medication, and the researchers used energy percent of carbohydrate as an indicator of carbohydrate intake. PATIENTS AND METHODS We recruited 125 Japanese men (mean age 58±12 years) and 104 women (mean age 62±10 years) with T2DM who were not taking anti-diabetic medication and dietary therapy. We used 3-day dietary records to assess total carbohydrate intake and its sources, computed Spearman's correlation coefficients, and conducted multiple regression analyses for associations of carbohydrate sources with HbA1c by sex. RESULTS Mean HbA1c and total carbohydrate intake were 8.2%±1.9% and 272.0±84.6 g/day in men and 7.6%±1.3% and 226.7±61.5 g/day in women, respectively. We observed positive correlation of total carbohydrate intake (g/day) with HbA1c in men (rs=0.384) and women (rs=0.251), but no correlation for % carbohydrate in either sex. Regarding carbohydrate sources, we found positive correlations of carbohydrate from noodles (rs=0.231) and drinks (rs=0.325), but not from rice, with HbA1c in men. In women, carbohydrate from rice had a positive correlation (rs=0.317), but there were no correlations for carbohydrate from noodles and drinks. The association of total carbohydrate intake (g/day) and carbohydrate from soft drinks with HbA1c in men remained significant even after adjustment for total energy by multiple regression analyses. CONCLUSION Our findings warrant interventional studies for moderate low-carbohydrate diets that focus on carbohydrate sources and sex differences in order to efficiently decrease HbA1c in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Haimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence: Hajime Haimoto, Department of Internal Medicine, Haimoto Clinic, 1-80 Yayoi, Kasugai, Aichi 486-0838, Japan, Tel +81 56 885 8226, Fax +81 56 885 8315, Email
| | - Shiho Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Haimoto Clinic, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Komeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Jinsenkai Hospital, Morofuku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Huh IS, Kim H, Jo HK, Lim CS, Kim JS, Kim SJ, Kwon O, Oh B, Chang N. Instant noodle consumption is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors among college students in Seoul. Nutr Res Pract 2017; 11:232-239. [PMID: 28584580 PMCID: PMC5449380 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Increased consumption of instant noodles has recently been reported to be positively associated with obesity and cardiometabolic syndrome in South Korea, which has the highest per capita instant noodle consumption worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the association between instant noodle consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors among college students in Seoul. SUBJECTS/METHODS The study subjects consisted of 3,397 college students (1,782 male; 1,615 female) aged 18-29 years who participated in a health checkup. Information on instant noodle consumption was obtained from the participants' answers to a question about their average frequency of instant noodle intake over the 1 year period prior to the survey. RESULTS Statistical analysis using a general linear model that adjusted for age, body mass index, gender, family income, health-related behaviors, and other dietary factors important for cardiometabolic risk, showed a positive association between the frequency of instant noodle consumption and plasma triglyceride levels, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels in all subjects. Compared to the group with the lowest frequency of instant noodle intake (≤ 1/month), the odds ratio for hypertriglyceridemia in the group with an intake of ≥ 3/week was 2.639 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.393–5.000] for all subjects, while it was 2.149 (95% CI, 1.045–4.419) and 5.992 (95% CI, 1.859–21.824) for male and female students, respectively. In female students, diastolic blood pressure was also higher among more frequent consumers of instant noodles. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that frequent consumption of instant noodles may be associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors among apparently healthy college students aged 18–29 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sil Huh
- Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyesook Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Jo
- Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- Health Promotion Center, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bumjo Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, SMG - SNU Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Namsoo Chang
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Jung CH, Choi KM. Impact of High-Carbohydrate Diet on Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040322. [PMID: 28338608 PMCID: PMC5409661 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), whether dietary carbohydrates have beneficial or detrimental effects on cardiometabolic risk factors has drawn attention. Although a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet and a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet have gained popularity for several decades, there is scarce review focusing on the effects of HC diet on glucose, lipids and body weight in patients with T2DM. In this review, we examined recently-published literature on the effects of HC diets on metabolic parameters in T2DM. HC diets are at least as effective as LC diets, leading to significant weight loss and a reduction in plasma glucose, HbA1c and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The major concern is that HC diets may raise serum triglyceride levels and reduce high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, these untoward effects were not a persistent consequence and may be ameliorated with the consumption of a low glycemic index (GI)/low glycemic load (GL) and high fiber. Carbohydrate intake should be individualized, and low caloric intake remains a crucial factor to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce body weight; however, an HC diet, rich in fiber and with a low GI/GL, may be recommendable in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hee Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-Ro, Wonmi-Gu, Bucheon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 420-767, Korea.
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 80 Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul 152-050, Korea.
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Horikawa C, Yoshimura Y, Kamada C, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, Takahashi A, Hanyu O, Araki A, Ito H, Tanaka A, Ohashi Y, Akanuma Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Dietary intake in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Analysis from Japan Diabetes Complications Study. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:176-87. [PMID: 24843758 PMCID: PMC4023581 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Though there are many differences in dietary habits and in the metabolic basis between Western and Asian people, the actual dietary intake in Asian patients with diabetes has not been investigated in a nationwide setting, unlike in Western countries. We aimed to clarify dietary intake among Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes, and identify differences in dietary intake between Japanese and Western diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nutritional and food intakes were surveyed and analyzed in 1,516 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40-70 years from outpatient clinics in 59 university and general hospitals using the food frequency questionnaire based on food groups (FFQg). RESULTS Mean energy intake for all participants was 1737 ± 412 kcal/day, and mean proportions of total protein, fat, and carbohydrate comprising total energy intake were 15.7, 27.6 and 53.6%, respectively. They consumed a 'low-fat energy-restricted diet' compared with Western diabetic patients, and the proportion of fat consumption was within the suggested range that has been traditionally recommended in Western countries. As a protein source, consumption of fish (100 g) and soybean products (71 g) was larger than that of meat (50 g) and eggs (29 g). These results imply that dietary content and food patterns among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes are quite close to those reported as suitable for prevention of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and total mortality in Europe and America. CONCLUSIONS A large difference was shown between dietary intake by Japanese and Western patients. These differences are important to establish ethnic-specific medical nutrition therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Horikawa
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical MedicineTsukubaJapan
| | - Yukio Yoshimura
- Training Department of Administrative DietitiansShikoku UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Chiemi Kamada
- Training Department of Administrative DietitiansShikoku UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Shiro Tanaka
- EBM Research CenterKyoto University School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- Translational Research CenterKyoto University School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Akane Takahashi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Preventive Health SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Osamu Hanyu
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
| | - Atsushi Araki
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Nutrition ClinicKagawa Nutrition UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuo Ohashi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Preventive Health SciencesUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yasuo Akanuma
- Institute for Adult Diseases Asahi Life FoundationTokyoJapan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamada
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical MedicineTsukubaJapan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and MetabolismNiigata University Faculty of MedicineNiigataJapan
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Kamada C. [Nutritional intake and the relationship between diet and diabetes]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2013; 50:68-71. [PMID: 23925096 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.50.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Iimuro S, Yoshimura Y, Umegaki H, Sakurai T, Araki A, Ohashi Y, Iijima K, Ito H. Dietary pattern and mortality in Japanese elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Does a vegetable- and fish-rich diet improve mortality? An explanatory study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12 Suppl 1:59-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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